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distance from water. It is a shallow scrape on the ground lined with plant material and down. The female lays seven to nine cream-coloured eggs at the rate of one per day; the eggs are 55 mm × 38 mm (2.2 in × 1.5 in) in size and weigh 45 g (1.6 oz), of which 7% is shell. If predators destroy the first clutch, the female can produce a replacement clutch as late as the end of July. The hen alone incubates the eggs for 22 to 24 days before they hatch. The
834:
103:
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78:
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403:. It is highly gregarious when not breeding, forming large mixed flocks with other species of duck. This duck's population is affected by predators, parasites and avian diseases. Human activities, such as agriculture, hunting and fishing, have also had a significant impact on numbers. Nevertheless, owing to the huge range and large population of this species, it is not threatened globally.
314:
599:
The pintail walks well on land, and swims well. In water, the swimming posture is forward leaning, with the base of the neck almost flush with the water. It has a very fast flight, with its wings slightly swept-back, rather than straight out from the body like other ducks. In flight, the male shows a
856:
Among the earliest species to breed in the spring, northern pintails typically form pairs during migration, or even while still on wintering grounds. Breeding takes place between April and June, with the nest being constructed on the ground and hidden amongst vegetation in a dry location, often some
591:
The adult female is mainly scalloped and mottled in light brown with a more uniformly grey-brown head, and its pointed tail is shorter than the male's; it is still easily identified by its shape, long neck, and long grey bill. In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake pintail looks similar to the
383:
This is a large duck, and the male's long central tail feathers give rise to the species' English and scientific names. Both sexes have blue-grey bills and grey legs and feet. The drake is more striking, having a thin white stripe running from the back of its chocolate-coloured head down its neck to
1075:
Pintails in North
America at least have been badly affected by avian diseases, with the breeding population falling from more than 10 million in 1957 to 3.5 million by 1964. Although the species has recovered from that low point, the breeding population in 1999 was 30% below the long-term average,
819:
The northern pintail's breeding habitat is open unwooded wetlands, such as wet grassland, lakesides or tundra. In winter, it will utilise a wider range of open habitats, such as sheltered estuaries, brackish marshes and coastal lagoons. It is highly gregarious outside the breeding season and forms
889:
The pintail feeds by dabbling and upending in shallow water for plant food mainly in the evening or at night, and therefore spends much of the day resting. Its long neck enables it to take food items from the bottom of water bodies up to 30 cm (12 in) deep, which are beyond the reach of
1023:
This species' preferred habitat of shallow water is naturally susceptible to problems such as drought or the encroachment of vegetation, but this duck's habitat might be increasingly threatened by climate change. Populations are also affected by the conversion of wetlands and grassland to arable
587:
male has a chocolate-brown head and white breast with a white stripe extending up the side of the neck. Its upperparts and sides are grey, but elongated grey feathers with black central stripes are draped across the back from the shoulder area. The vent area is yellow, contrasting with the black
578:
of 23.6–28.2 cm (9.3–11.1 in) and wingspan of 80–95 cm (31–37 in). The male is 59–76 cm (23–30 in) in length and weighs 450–1,360 g (0.99–3.00 lb), and therefore is considerably larger than the female, which is 51–64 cm (20–25 in) long and weighs
1019:
The northern pintail is a popular species for game shooting because of its speed, agility, and excellent eating qualities, and is hunted across its range. Although one of the world's most numerous ducks, the combination of hunting with other factors has led to population declines, and local
852:
Both sexes reach sexual maturity at one year of age. The male mates with the female by swimming close to her with his head lowered and tail raised, continually whistling. If there is a group of males, they will chase the female in flight until only one drake is left. The female prepares for
1024:
crops, depriving the duck of feeding and nesting areas. Spring planting means that many nests of this early breeding duck are destroyed by farming activities, and a
Canadian study showed that more than half of the surveyed nests were destroyed by agricultural work such as ploughing and
1064:
The northern pintail has a large range, estimated at 41,900,000 km (16,200,000 sq mi), and a population estimated at 4.8–4.9 million individuals. The IUCN has categorised the northern pintail as not being threatened globally, however it is endangered in Europe.
526:
is much less marked in the southern pintails, with the male's breeding appearance being similar to the female plumage. Unusually for a species with such a large range, northern pintail has no geographical subspecies if Eaton's pintail is treated as a separate species.
2418:
600:
black speculum bordered white at the rear and pale rufous at the front, whereas the female's speculum is dark brown bordered with white, narrowly at the front edge but very prominently at the rear, being visible at a distance of 1,600 m (1 mi).
1047:
were the species with the highest levels of lead shot ingestion, higher than in northern countries of the western
Palearctic flyway, where lead shot has been banned. In the United States, Canada, and many western European countries, all shot used for
853:
copulation, which takes place in the water, by lowering her body; the male then bobs his head up and down and mounts the female, taking the feathers on the back of her head in his mouth. After mating, he raises his head and back and whistles.
320:
318:
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693:
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downy chicks are then led by the female to the nearest body of water, where they feed on dead insects on the water surface. The chicks fledge in 46 to 47 days after hatching, but stay with the female until she has completed
384:
its mostly white undercarriage. The drake also has attractive grey, brown, and black patterning on its back and sides. The hen's plumage is more subtle and subdued, with drab brown feathers similar to those of other female
1076:
despite years of major efforts focused on restoring the species. In 1997, an estimated 1.5 million water birds, the majority being northern pintails, died from avian botulism during two outbreaks in Canada and Utah.
317:
3020:
54:
558:, with accession numbers NML-VZ T11792 (male immature), NML-VZ T11795 (female adult) and NML-VZ T11797 (female adult). The specimens were collected by J. V. Arundel in Sydney Island (
869:
Around three-quarters of chicks live long enough to fledge, but not more than half of those survive long enough to reproduce. The maximum recorded age is 27 years and 5 months for a
633:
2171:
Mateo, Rafael; Martínez-Vilalta, Albert; Guitart, Raimon (1997). "Lead shot pellets in the Ebro delta, Spain: Densities in sediments and prevalence of exposure in waterfowl".
592:
female, but retains the male upperwing pattern and long grey shoulder feathers. Juvenile birds resemble the female, but are less neatly scalloped and have a duller brown
1846:
Williams, N.A.; Calverley, B.K.; Mahrt, J.L. (1977). "Blood parasites of mallard and pintail ducks from central
Alberta and the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories".
1153:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
1816:
316:
3183:
881:
1000:, blood parasites and external feather lice, and is also affected by other avian diseases. It is often the dominant species in major mortality events from avian
3248:
2446:
2031:
3426:
3325:
1889:
1072:, breeding populations are declining in much of the range, including its stronghold in Russia. In other regions, populations are stable or fluctuating.
588:
underside of the tail, which has the central feathers elongated to as much as 10 cm (3.9 in). The bill is bluish and the legs are blue-grey.
712:
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3134:
3196:
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1594:
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2015:
1990:
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1180:
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657:
677:
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700:
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1243:
621:
583:, but is more slender, elongated and gracile, with a relatively longer neck and (in males) a longer tail. The unmistakable breeding
1083:) applies, but it has no special status under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (
3456:
3372:
1341:
1438:
1079:
The northern pintail is one of the species to which the
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (
897:
of aquatic plants, but the pintail sometimes feeds on roots, grain and other seeds in fields, though less frequently than other
3085:
416:
217:
1955:
1013:
3201:
1923:
1824:
1170:
3235:
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953:. The adults can take flight to escape terrestrial predators, but nesting females in particular may be surprised by large
2254:
2228:
2061:
2911:
2432:
2402:
728:
41:
2971:
3364:
1301:"A phylogenetic analysis and classification of recent dabbling ducks (Tribe Anatini) based on comparative morphology"
2039:
925:
579:
454–1,135 g (1.001–2.502 lb). The northern pintail broadly overlaps in size with the similarly widespread
3103:
1624:
551:
3253:
1761:"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Wild Ducks along the Rio Grande River Valley in Southern New Mexico"
1671:
1491:
645:
3116:
2383:
1940:
3441:
3436:
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1300:
1197:
761:
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which nests on the ground, often some distance from water. It feeds by dabbling for plant food and adds small
3403:
3451:
2482:
102:
2398:
3266:
2958:
2864:
485:
2537:
1386:
Wildfowl: An
Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World (Helm Identification Guides)
3346:
2976:
2761:
465:
197:
2032:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Duck Hunting Regulations, Limited Canvasback Season Re-Opened"
1130:
3162:
3377:
3286:
3046:
2940:
2922:
2129:
1772:
575:
563:
3126:
2635:
2557:
2507:
2120:
Scheuhammer, A.M.; Norris, S.L. (1996). "The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights".
519:
67:
3227:
1244:"The evolution of postcopulatory displays in dabbling ducks (Anatini): a phylogenetic perspective"
833:
2731:
2153:
1871:
1323:
1274:
1224:
769:
266:
97:
2090:
473:
377:
3351:
3188:
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in waterfowl, which often feed off the bottom of lakes and wetlands where the shot collects. A
488:, 1824), an arrangement supported by morphological, molecular and behavioural data. The famous
3333:
3214:
3007:
2827:
2675:
2549:
2512:
2467:
2299:
2188:
2145:
2011:
1986:
1863:
1798:
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1590:
1569:
1539:
1414:
1389:
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1176:
593:
523:
507:
2424:
1440:
Type
Specimens of Birds in the Merseyside County Museums (formerly City of Liverpool Museums)
3338:
3149:
2807:
2766:
2622:
2472:
2180:
2137:
1935:
1855:
1788:
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1645:
1315:
1258:
1216:
1125:
1069:
966:
846:
453:
3359:
2963:
2902:
3294:
2492:
1009:
992:
986:
349:
2602:
2280:
1713:
BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in
Britain & Ireland (BTO Research Report 407)
1616:
1282:
1107:
3276:
2133:
1776:
3111:
3098:
2847:
2650:
2597:
2497:
2477:
2206:
1044:
1036:
539:
515:
400:
361:
357:
2184:
1793:
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1345:
3431:
3420:
3209:
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2502:
2487:
1148:
1116:
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813:
777:
737:
489:
412:
385:
213:
87:
82:
2999:
2157:
1875:
1704:
1278:
841:
2927:
2842:
2817:
2802:
2751:
2582:
2562:
962:
902:
793:
764:. It mainly winters south of its breeding range, reaching almost to the equator in
562:), Phoenix Islands in 1885 and came to the Liverpool national collection via Canon
559:
555:
531:
456:
name, refers to the pointed tail of the male in breeding plumage. Within the large
396:
289:
226:
154:
3012:
1784:
3090:
2986:
2366:
2319:
1242:
Johnson, Kevin P.; McKinney, Frank; Wilson, Robert; Sorenson, Michael D. (2000).
547:
3240:
3222:
3170:
2896:
2822:
2522:
1087:), which regulates international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants.
1020:
restrictions on hunting have been introduced at times to help conserve numbers.
870:
809:
608:
496:
492:
373:
1859:
1736:
The
Raptors of Europe & the Middle East: A Handbook of Field Identification
3385:
2710:
2705:
2645:
2607:
2567:
2258:
981:
914:
773:
741:
684:
369:
353:
2328:
Agreement on the conservation of
African-Eurasian migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)
550:), the extinct subspecies, are held in the vertebrate zoology collections of
3390:
3059:
3025:
2695:
2690:
2640:
2612:
1049:
974:
954:
858:
303:
114:
2887:
2192:
2149:
1802:
1564:
Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (2001).
1270:
1262:
464:, the northern pintail's closest relatives are other pintails, such as the
3077:
1956:"Avian influenza tests complete on wild northern pintail ducks in Montana"
2881:
2756:
2655:
2527:
2386:
was created from a revision of this article dated 14 April 2009
1867:
1001:
933:
Pintail nests and chicks are vulnerable to predation by mammals, such as
910:
816:
and the northwestern United States, the pintail may be present all year.
797:
749:
664:
457:
164:
134:
2950:
17:
3398:
3299:
3139:
2935:
2837:
2832:
2781:
2776:
2587:
2572:
2141:
1327:
1228:
1032:
1005:
997:
894:
785:
704:
668:
612:
584:
580:
392:
368:. Unusually for a bird with such a large range, it has no geographical
365:
1157:
A. cauda acuminata elongata subtus nigra, occipite utrinque linea alba
1016:
strain of which is highly pathogenic and occasionally infects humans.
2771:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2700:
2660:
1924:"Disease emergence in birds: Challenges for the twenty-first century"
970:
958:
950:
938:
906:
781:
765:
757:
753:
745:
124:
3175:
2858:
1319:
1220:
548:
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, p.79. pl. VII
538:, appears to be indistinguishable from the nominate form. The three
3064:
3038:
2410:
2257:. British Association for Shooting and Conservation. Archived from
3033:
2715:
2670:
1759:
Kuhn, Ryan C.; Rock, Channah M.; Oshima, Kevin H. (January 2002).
1084:
1040:
924:
880:
863:
840:
832:
801:
789:
784:, where a few hundred birds winter on the main islands in shallow
727:
427:
312:
3051:
2069:
Common birds in decline; a state of the birds report, summer 2007
1922:
Friend, Milton; McLean, Robert G.; Dein, F. Joshua (April 2001).
3312:
2680:
1080:
1053:
946:
942:
805:
388:. Hens make a coarse quack and the drakes a flute-like whistle.
345:
174:
144:
27:
Migratory duck that breeds in northern Eurasia and North America
2862:
2428:
2296:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
1894:
Wildpro - the electronic encyclopaedia and library for wildlife
800:, Canada, was shot by a hunter in England nine days later, and
2665:
1101:
1099:
1031:
Hunting with lead shot, along with the use of lead sinkers in
934:
893:
The winter diet is mainly plant material including seeds and
804:-ringed birds have been recovered from six US states east to
2536:
2364:
1941:
10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0290:DEIBCF]2.0.CO;2
352:
that breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the
1458:. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
1052:
must now be non-toxic, and therefore may not contain any
499:
gave this name to his daughter, the artist Dafila Scott.
1202:): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence"
901:
ducks. During the nesting season, this bird eats mainly
1454:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1992).
615:-like descending quack, and a low croak when flushed.
2298:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 222–225.
1198:"Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus
1155:(in Latin). Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii. p. 126.
480:). The pintails are sometimes separated in the genus
2207:"Service continues to expand non-toxic shot options"
2871:
2795:
2724:
2621:
2548:
2460:
2294:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
2062:"Losing ground: The top 10 common birds in decline"
574:The northern pintail is a fairly large duck with a
518:, and was formerly considered conspecific with the
1985:. Creative Publishing International. p. 123.
1983:Dressing & Cooking Wild Game (Complete Hunter)
1131:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680301A153882797.en
977:, have the speed and power to catch flying birds.
2209:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 25 October 2000
2038:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
1196:Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, Michael D. (1999).
792:journeys also occur: a bird that was caught and
283:
1490:Robinson, Jerry (2002). Johansson, Carl (ed.).
2377:
1738:. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–25.
1568:. Princeton University Press. pp. 48–49.
2440:
1344:. Society of Wildlife Artists. Archived from
1175:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 31, 46.
8:
1531:Ducks of Britain and the Northern Hemisphere
1172:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
969:, will take ducks from the ground, and some
2010:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 97.
566:'s collection which was purchased in 1896.
446:
438:
431:
2859:
2455:Game animals and shooting in North America
2447:
2433:
2425:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1502:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
1409:Hume, Julian P.; Walters, Michael (2012).
1143:
1141:
1035:, has been identified as a major cause of
820:very large mixed flocks with other ducks.
452:, "to sharpen"; the species term like the
225:
76:
40:
31:
1939:
1917:
1915:
1792:
1485:
1129:
2394:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
380:is considered to be a separate species.
304:Listen to Northern Pintail on xeno-canto
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1095:
1043:study showed that northern pintail and
890:other dabbling ducks like the mallard.
617:
391:The northern pintail is a bird of open
1765:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1388:. Christopher Helm. pp. 222–224.
2413:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
2281:"Anas acuta European regional status"
2006:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
1890:"Feather Lice Infection in Waterfowl"
1597:from the original on 1 September 2009
1528:Gooders, John; Boyer, Trevor (1997).
1432:
1430:
732:Non-breeding males wintering in India
426:. The scientific name comes from two
260: Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)
7:
3404:80A55F67-4EE3-469F-99B9-367FC3A3A386
3287:648fcc1a-72fd-4d79-92a9-decf43e29f77
3117:eb1cb67a-0e4d-40c4-b4b2-7829e067d3a3
740:breeds across northern areas of the
502:Eaton's pintail has two subspecies,
411:This species was first described by
3427:IUCN Red List least concern species
1384:Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988).
1117:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
788:and flooded agricultural habitats.
701:Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge
1456:Handbook of the Birds of the World
530:A claimed extinct subspecies from
25:
2411:Explore Species: Northern Pintail
1589:Towell, Larry (23 January 2008).
885:Up-ending to feed (male on right)
812:. In parts of the range, such as
2376:
1962:. U.S. Department of Agriculture
1676:The National Wildlife Federation
1534:. Collins & Brown. pp.
1437:R. Wagstaffe (1 December 1978).
980:It is susceptible to a range of
718:Female in flight, California, US
711:
692:
676:
656:
644:
632:
627:Northern pintail female wingspan
620:
607:whistle, similar to that of the
288:
101:
3447:Birds of the Dominican Republic
2229:"Crunch time for lead shot ban"
2099:Fire Effects Information System
1715:. British Trust for Ornithology
1106:BirdLife International (2019).
639:Northern pintail male in flight
596:with a narrower trailing edge.
2419:Northern pintail photo gallery
1413:. London: Poyser. p. 50.
1:
2185:10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00046-8
1821:Parasite species summary page
1785:10.1128/AEM.68.1.161-165.2002
348:species with wide geographic
2421:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1848:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
444:, which comes from the verb
49:Male and female (left–right)
3462:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3163:northern-pintail-anas-acuta
905:animals, including aquatic
776:. Small numbers migrate to
611:, whereas the female has a
506:(the Kerguelen pintail) of
3478:
2255:"Lead & Non-Lead Shot"
2036:News Release 1 August 2003
1860:10.7589/0090-3558-13.3.226
1625:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
603:The male's call is a soft
552:National Museums Liverpool
2534:
1709:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
1169:Jobling, James A (2010).
1124:: e.T22680301A153882797.
360:and winters south of its
356:and North America. It is
272:
265:
233:
224:
203:
196:
98:Scientific classification
96:
74:
65:
48:
39:
34:
1981:Marrone, Teresa (2000).
1960:News release No. 0402.06
1008:, and can also contract
762:Midwestern United States
724:Distribution and habitat
514:(the Crozet pintail) of
3457:Birds described in 1758
2173:Environmental Pollution
1703:Robinson, R.A. (2005).
651:Northern pintail female
399:to its diet during the
2661:Cougar (mountain lion)
2542:
2372:
2352:Listen to this article
1734:Forsman, Dick (2008).
1591:"From Tokyo to Tupelo"
1299:Livezey, B.C. (1991).
1263:10.1006/anbe.1999.1399
930:
886:
849:
838:
780:islands, particularly
733:
534:, Tristram's pintail,
447:
439:
436:, meaning "duck", and
432:
327:
3347:Paleobiology Database
2540:
2371:
2101:. USDA Forest Service
928:
884:
844:
836:
731:
520:Northern Hemisphere's
512:A. e. drygalskyi
466:yellow-billed pintail
415:in his landmark 1758
323:
3112:Fauna Europaea (new)
2513:Snipe (common snipe)
2493:Ring-necked pheasant
2403:More spoken articles
1817:"Cotugnia fastigata"
1500:Animal Diversity Web
564:Henry Baker Tristram
2508:Sharp-tailed grouse
2478:Hungarian partridge
2134:1996Ecotx...5..279S
2091:"Wildlife species:
1900:on 10 December 2014
1827:on 10 December 2014
1777:2002ApEnM..68..161K
68:Conservation status
2732:American alligator
2543:
2373:
2142:10.1007/BF00119051
1672:"Northern Pintail"
1652:. 13 November 2014
1646:"Northern Pintail"
1617:"Northern Pintail"
1288:on 5 January 2006.
931:
887:
850:
839:
770:sub-Saharan Africa
734:
699:Male flying above
536:A. a. modesta
522:northern pintail.
328:
254: Non-breeding
3414:
3413:
3334:Open Tree of Life
2865:Taxon identifiers
2856:
2855:
2828:Waterfowl hunting
2676:White-tailed deer
2541:Waterfowl hunters
2369:
2305:978-0-19-854099-1
2042:on 20 August 2007
2017:978-0-7011-6907-7
1992:978-0-86573-108-0
1745:978-0-85661-098-1
1575:978-0-691-05054-6
1545:978-1-85585-570-0
1420:978-1-4081-5725-1
1395:978-0-7470-2201-5
1182:978-1-4081-2501-4
1149:Linnaeus, Carolus
967:northern goshawks
941:, and birds like
540:syntype specimens
524:Sexual dimorphism
508:Kerguelen Islands
504:A. e. eatoni
321:
310:
309:
281:
280:
91:
35:Northern pintail
16:(Redirected from
3469:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3380:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3328:
3326:northern-pintail
3316:
3315:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3277:northern-pintail
3270:
3269:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3241:NBNSYS0000000189
3231:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3150:northern-pintail
3143:
3142:
3130:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
3016:
3015:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2941:56CCA7179C9FA71D
2931:
2930:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2860:
2808:Big-game hunting
2593:Northern pintail
2449:
2442:
2435:
2426:
2393:
2391:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2008:Birds Britannica
2003:
1997:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1896:. Archived from
1886:
1880:
1879:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1823:. Archived from
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1487:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1381:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1281:. Archived from
1251:Animal Behaviour
1248:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1206:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1103:
973:, including the
847:Museum Wiesbaden
845:Egg, Collection
715:
696:
680:
660:
648:
636:
624:
470:A. georgica
450:
442:
435:
417:10th edition of
372:if the possibly
336:northern pintail
322:
292:
284:
259:
253:
247:
241:
229:
209:
106:
105:
85:
80:
79:
61:
60:
59:
57:
44:
32:
21:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3442:Birds of Africa
3437:Holarctic birds
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3295:Observation.org
3293:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2791:
2720:
2651:Bison (buffalo)
2617:
2544:
2532:
2483:Prairie chicken
2456:
2453:
2407:
2406:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2384:This audio file
2381:
2374:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1621:All About Birds
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1566:Birds of Europe
1563:
1562:
1553:
1546:
1527:
1526:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1489:
1488:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1348:on 16 July 2011
1340:
1339:
1335:
1320:10.2307/4088089
1303:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1221:10.2307/4089339
1204:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1062:
1010:avian influenza
987:Cryptosporidium
923:
879:
831:
826:
744:south to about
726:
719:
716:
707:
697:
688:
681:
672:
661:
652:
649:
640:
637:
628:
625:
572:
474:Eaton's pintail
419:Systema Naturae
409:
378:Eaton's pintail
313:
311:
306:
301:
300:
298:Songs and calls
261:
257:
255:
251:
249:
245:
243:
239:
220:
211:
205:
192:
100:
92:
81:
77:
70:
55:
53:
52:
51:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3452:Birds of Haiti
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3395:
3382:
3369:
3356:
3343:
3330:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3281:
3271:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3144:
3131:
3121:
3108:
3099:Fauna Europaea
3095:
3082:
3069:
3056:
3043:
3030:
3017:
3004:
2991:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2945:
2932:
2919:
2908:
2893:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2848:Upland hunting
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Bobwhite quail
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2396:
2382:
2375:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:External links
2344:
2342:
2341:
2311:
2304:
2286:
2272:
2261:on 25 May 2006
2246:
2235:. 5 April 1997
2220:
2198:
2179:(3): 335–341.
2163:
2128:(5): 279–295.
2112:
2082:
2053:
2023:
2016:
1998:
1991:
1973:
1947:
1934:(2): 290–303.
1911:
1881:
1854:(3): 226–229.
1838:
1808:
1771:(1): 161–165.
1751:
1744:
1726:
1688:
1663:
1637:
1608:
1581:
1574:
1551:
1544:
1513:
1461:
1446:
1426:
1419:
1401:
1394:
1359:
1342:"Dafila Scott"
1333:
1314:(3): 471–507.
1291:
1257:(5): 953–963.
1234:
1215:(3): 792–805.
1188:
1181:
1161:
1137:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1061:
1058:
1045:common pochard
1037:lead poisoning
922:
919:
878:
875:
830:
827:
825:
822:
725:
722:
721:
720:
717:
710:
708:
698:
691:
689:
682:
675:
673:
662:
655:
653:
650:
643:
641:
638:
631:
629:
626:
619:
571:
568:
544:Dafila modesta
516:Crozet Islands
484:(described by
478:A. eatoni
408:
405:
401:nesting season
386:dabbling ducks
362:breeding range
308:
307:
302:
296:
294:
282:
279:
278:
270:
269:
263:
262:
256:
250:
244:
242: Breeding
238:
231:
230:
222:
221:
212:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
75:
72:
71:
66:
63:
62:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3474:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Bison hunting
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2787:Snowshoe hare
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Gray squirrel
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Mountain goat
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Bighorn sheep
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Greater scaup
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Spruce grouse
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Ruffed grouse
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Mourning dove
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2385:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2234:
2233:New Scientist
2230:
2224:
2221:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:Ecotoxicology
2116:
2113:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:Extinct Birds
1405:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1347:
1343:
1337:
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189:A. acuta
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2872:
2843:Wolf hunting
2818:Deer hunting
2803:Bear hunting
2752:Fox squirrel
2725:Other quarry
2603:Ross's goose
2592:
2583:Lesser scaup
2563:Canada goose
2332:. Retrieved
2327:
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560:Manra Island
556:World Museum
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532:Manra Island
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350:distribution
340:
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297:
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275:Dafila acuta
274:
273:
235:
206:
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188:
187:
175:
155:Anseriformes
29:
3262:Neotropical
3223:NatureServe
3171:iNaturalist
2897:Wikispecies
2823:Fox hunting
2334:12 February
1070:Palaearctic
915:crustaceans
810:Mississippi
768:, northern
609:common teal
605:proop-proop
570:Description
497:Peter Scott
374:conspecific
3421:Categories
3391:Anas-acuta
3386:Xeno-canto
3026:anas-acuta
2928:Anas_acuta
2903:Anas acuta
2873:Anas acuta
2711:Polar bear
2706:Dall sheep
2646:Brown bear
2636:Black bear
2608:Snow goose
2568:Canvasback
2558:Black duck
2461:Game birds
2399:Audio help
2390:2009-04-14
2322:Anas acuta
2265:15 January
2239:15 January
2213:15 January
2105:15 January
2093:Anas acuta
2075:15 January
2046:15 January
1966:14 January
1904:14 January
1831:14 January
1719:13 January
1707:Anas acuta
1630:14 January
1601:23 January
1506:13 January
1494:Anas acuta
1352:16 January
1110:Anas acuta
1091:References
1004:and avian
984:including
965:, such as
955:carnivores
774:South Asia
742:Palearctic
685:California
576:wing chord
546:Tristram (
424:Anas acuta
370:subspecies
354:Palearctic
341:Anas acuta
325:Anas acuta
207:Anas acuta
2696:Pronghorn
2691:Mule deer
2641:Razorback
2613:Wood duck
2550:Waterfowl
2498:Ptarmigan
2071:. Audubon
1705:"Pintail
1050:waterfowl
1026:harrowing
998:tapeworms
982:parasites
975:gyrfalcon
859:precocial
824:Behaviour
752:, and in
358:migratory
234:Range of
183:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
3228:2.103829
3215:22680301
3189:10587754
3052:45510569
2964:22680301
2959:BirdLife
2948:BioLib:
2882:Wikidata
2796:See also
2757:Gray fox
2623:Big game
2528:Woodcock
2401: ·
2193:15093399
2158:40092400
2150:24193869
1876:10120000
1803:11772622
1681:31 March
1656:31 March
1595:Archived
1593:. ESPN.
1279:28172603
1271:10860522
1151:(1758).
1002:botulism
961:. Large
957:such as
911:molluscs
895:rhizomes
864:moulting
829:Breeding
802:Japanese
798:Labrador
786:wetlands
760:and the
750:Mongolia
683:Male in
665:Jamnagar
663:Male in
594:speculum
585:plumaged
486:Stephens
407:Taxonomy
393:wetlands
267:Synonyms
236:A. acuta
214:Linnaeus
165:Anatidae
161:Family:
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
88:IUCN 3.1
18:Pintails
3399:ZooBank
3140:2498112
3000:bob1890
2936:Avibase
2838:Fishing
2833:Whaling
2782:Red fox
2777:Raccoon
2767:Opossum
2656:Caribou
2598:Redhead
2588:Mallard
2573:Gadwall
2388: (
2359:minutes
2130:Bibcode
1928:The Auk
1773:Bibcode
1650:Audubon
1328:4088089
1308:The Auk
1229:4089339
1209:The Auk
1068:In the
1041:Spanish
1033:angling
1006:cholera
993:Giardia
971:falcons
959:bobcats
951:magpies
939:badgers
907:insects
877:Feeding
778:Pacific
705:Wyoming
671:, India
669:Gujarat
613:mallard
581:mallard
490:British
454:English
430:words:
366:equator
364:to the
344:) is a
332:pintail
171:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
86: (
3378:158939
3339:855474
3313:158939
3284:NZOR:
3274:NZBO:
3267:norpin
3202:175074
3147:GNAB:
3124:FEIS:
3086:EURING
3065:ANAXAC
3039:norpin
2987:norpin
2916:norpin
2888:Q25450
2772:Rabbit
2747:Coyote
2742:Bobcat
2737:Badger
2716:Whales
2701:Muskox
2523:Turkey
2473:Chukar
2330:. AEWA
2302:
2191:
2156:
2148:
2014:
1989:
1874:
1868:410954
1866:
1801:
1794:126547
1791:
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1269:
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1179:
1060:Status
1012:, the
921:Health
873:bird.
794:ringed
782:Hawaii
766:Panama
758:Alaska
754:Canada
746:Poland
687:, U.S.
510:, and
482:Dafila
472:) and
460:genus
448:acuere
258:
252:
246:
240:
3373:WoRMS
3352:83435
3254:28680
3184:IRMNG
3104:96504
3073:EUNIS
3034:eBird
2984:BOW:
2977:12142
2671:Moose
2154:S2CID
2065:(PDF)
1872:S2CID
1536:58–61
1324:JSTOR
1304:(PDF)
1286:(PDF)
1275:S2CID
1247:(PDF)
1225:JSTOR
1205:(PDF)
1085:CITES
947:crows
943:gulls
935:foxes
871:Dutch
736:This
440:acuta
428:Latin
376:duck
3432:Anas
3365:1699
3321:ODNR
3308:OBIS
3249:NCBI
3210:IUCN
3197:ITIS
3176:6933
3135:GBIF
3127:anac
3091:1890
3060:EPPO
3013:DGMX
2972:BOLD
2951:8461
2681:Wolf
2336:2015
2300:ISBN
2267:2008
2241:2008
2215:2008
2189:PMID
2146:PMID
2107:2008
2077:2008
2048:2008
2012:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1968:2008
1906:2008
1864:PMID
1833:2008
1799:PMID
1740:ISBN
1721:2008
1683:2022
1658:2022
1632:2008
1603:2008
1570:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1508:2008
1415:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1354:2008
1267:PMID
1200:Anas
1177:ISBN
1122:2019
1081:AEWA
1054:lead
1014:H5N1
949:and
937:and
913:and
899:Anas
808:and
806:Utah
748:and
495:Sir
462:Anas
433:anas
346:duck
330:The
218:1758
176:Anas
145:Aves
56:Call
3360:TSA
3300:160
3236:NBN
3158:IBC
3078:864
3047:EoL
3021:CMS
3008:CoL
2995:BTO
2923:ADW
2912:ABA
2666:Elk
2181:doi
2138:doi
1936:doi
1932:118
1856:doi
1789:PMC
1781:doi
1316:doi
1312:108
1259:doi
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1126:doi
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