31:
418:
87:
404:). In favorable conditions, it makes a tree to 20 metres (65 feet), rarely 25 m (80 ft) tall. On exposed tree line sites, mature trees are much smaller, reaching heights of only 5–10 m (15–35 ft). In steeply-sloping, rocky, and windswept terrain in the Rocky Mountains of southern Alberta, limber pine is even more stunted, occurring in old stands where mature trees are consistently less than 3 m (10 ft) in height.
271:
434:
62:
556:) where they occur together in the northern Rockies and the Sierra Nevada east slope. The most useful clue here is that limber pine needles are entire (smooth when rubbed gently in both directions), whereas Western white pine needles are finely serrated (feeling rough when rubbed gently from tip to base). Limber pine needles are also usually shorter, 4–7 cm (
778:, where it has not yet been found. However, there is little hope of controlling the blister rust in existing trees. Research is under way, locating and breeding from the occasional naturally resistant limber pines, and by studying the resistance mechanisms of the European and Asian white pines (e.g.
407:
One of the world's oldest living limber pine trees grows on the banks of the upper North
Saskatchewan River at Whirlpool Point in Alberta. Recent measurements give a maximum girth of 185". In 1986, a core sample 10 cm was retrieved by two researchers who counted 400 rings. Extrapolating this
538: in) long, dark purple when immature, and do not open on drying, but are fragile and are pulled apart by birds to release the seeds. A useful clue is that whitebark pines almost never have intact old cones lying under them, whereas limber pines usually do.
731:, the latter being an important distributor of seeds. There is evidence that limber pines co-evolved with Clark's nutcrackers, which are the primary dispersers of the seeds. In a relic, low elevation population, seeds are also dispersed by small rodents.
712:; and in the southern part of its range, it grows mainly at high elevations in the subalpine zone near the upper tree line. It can more often be found at the outer fringes of a forest than in the forest itself.
2157:
348:, has been documented as over 2,000 years old, and another one was confirmed at 1,140 years old. Another candidate for the oldest limber pine was identified in 2006 near the
2177:
692:. It is found at a wide range of altitudes depending on the latitude, from 850 to 3,810 m (2,790 to 12,500 ft). In the northern half of its range, it grows in the
510:–6 in) long where the species overlap, green when immature, and open to release the seeds; the scales are not fragile. In whitebark pine, the cones are 4–7 cm (
2207:
2187:
2172:
1928:
417:
2202:
1993:
2142:
2044:
1154:
1876:
1941:
1889:
1281:
2065:
2212:
1137:
1101:
1507:
Moyes, Andrew B.; Kueppers, Lara M.; Pett-Ridge, Jennifer; Carper, Dana L.; Vandehey, Nick; O'Neil, James; Frank, A. Carolin (2016-04-01).
496:), also a white pine, is very much more difficult, and can only easily be done by the cones. In limber pine, the cones are 6–15 cm (
30:
2167:
827:
The
Southwestern white pine is popular as a windbreak tree or an ornamental tree due to its drought tolerance. It is also grown as a
482:, with two needles per fascicle, and the bristlecone pines, which share five needles per fascicle but have a semi-persistent sheath.
2192:
2152:
1621:
661:
86:
774:, a fungus that was introduced accidentally from Europe. Limber pine mortality is high in many areas throughout its range, except
433:
1915:
1742:
758:
and resistant to fire, but does not thrive in dense habitats, instead occurring in areas relatively hostile to other species.
2197:
1972:
1946:
378: in) long and a dark, blueish green. Its bark is heavily creased and dark grey. Its pale wood is lightweight and soft.
1508:
2182:
1277:
633:
1010:
940:
1011:"Ancient limber pine, likely Oregon's oldest living tree, draws twin brothers to Wallowas quest (photo essay, video)"
2078:
1998:
2162:
1967:
968:
936:
202:
1263:
641:
352:
in Utah; called "Twister", the tree was confirmed to be at least 1,700 years old and thought to be even older.
39:
2083:
767:
584: in) long, while western white pine needles are 5–10 cm (2–4 in), though the ranges overlap.
1868:
1255:
922:
1863:
1806:
1757:
1181:
218:
1225:
657:
645:
440:
322:
245:
1894:
1661:
728:
1645:
2008:
1827:
1572:
1465:
1407:
1360:
1311:
1300:"Selection by a predispersal seed predator constrains the evolution of avian seed dispersal in pines"
665:
629:
459:
424:
341:
1855:
1795:
1734:
1691:. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
732:
705:
701:
653:
637:
186:
51:
1985:
896:
2114:
2070:
1746:
1588:
1489:
1093:
987:
832:
549:
283:
81:
1159:
to drought stress on contrasting slope aspects in
Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada"
1933:
2029:
1814:
1673:
1665:
1617:
1541:
1533:
1481:
1431:
1423:
1376:
1329:
1133:
1107:
1097:
744:
669:
649:
475:
2034:
1641:
1613:
1607:
1580:
1523:
1509:"Evidence for foliar endophytic nitrogen fixation in a widely distributed subalpine conifer"
1473:
1415:
1396:"Seed Predation and Selection Exerted by a Seed Predator Influence Subalpine Tree Densities"
1368:
1319:
1273:
1173:
891:
740:
601:
393:
292:
270:
1959:
1561:"Stand dynamics of Pinus flexilis -dominated subalpine forests in the Colorado Front Range"
384:
is typically a high-elevation pine, often marking the tree line either on its own, or with
2016:
809:
783:
593:
1349:"Convergent Patterns in the Selection Mosaic for Two North American Bird-Dispersed Pines"
843:
The large seeds are edible, and were reportedly consumed by Native
Americans in Montana.
2057:
1576:
1469:
1411:
1364:
1315:
2147:
2052:
828:
755:
709:
479:
397:
385:
111:
1718:
2136:
1954:
1449:
1324:
1299:
1015:
982:
935:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
882:
751:
has a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that inhabit the needles.
724:
349:
71:
66:
1688:
Proactive Limber Pine
Conservation for the Greater Rocky Mountain National Park Area
1493:
930:
873:
2119:
1819:
1041:
954:
736:
693:
689:
677:
1477:
1128:
Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Tufts, Craig; Mathews, Daniel; et al. (2008).
1454:"Life on the edge for limber pine: Seed dispersal within a peripheral population"
2106:
1980:
1902:
1789:
1453:
852:
790:
685:
617:
1036:
1710:
1657:
1111:
779:
609:
124:
1780:
1726:
1537:
1485:
1427:
1380:
1333:
1198:
1840:
697:
2096:
1677:
1545:
1452:; Schoettle, Anna W.; Chevalier, Kristen E.; Jones, Cheri A. (2005-01-01).
1435:
1087:
478:(bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. This distinguishes it from the
360:
Its pliant branches gives it the common name "limber" and specific epithet
2021:
1089:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
2091:
1774:
1395:
963:
802:
681:
605:
318:
164:
1881:
1592:
1560:
1348:
775:
597:
470:
261:
154:
144:
134:
1686:
1528:
1419:
1907:
1153:
Letts, M.G.; Nakonechny, K.N.; Van Gaalen, K.E.; Smith, C.M. (2009).
813:
673:
621:
613:
345:
330:
326:
43:
1751:
1584:
1372:
1177:
474:, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in
548:
In the absence of cones, limber pine can also be hard to tell from
1920:
1845:
1130:
National
Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America
464:
98:
1832:
1669:
625:
314:
311:
174:
1755:
831:, liked for the soft needles but with stiffer branches than an
723:
is an important source of food for several species, including
1559:
Rebertus, A. J.; Burns, B. R.; Veblen, T. T. (August 1991).
793:
epidemics, particularly at drought-affected low elevations.
492:
Distinguishing limber pine from the related whitebark pine (
739:
may raid squirrel caches for limber pine nuts. Squirrels,
820:, though it is usually listed in nursery catalogs under
1394:
Siepielski, Adam M.; Benkman, Craig W. (October 2008).
929:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
592:
The largest part of the limber pine's range is in the
1293:
1291:
747:
often nest in the trees. There is some evidence that
1262:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
1764:
1609:
Western
Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)
1347:Siepielski, Adam M.; Benkman, Craig W. (May 2007).
672:. There are small disjunct populations in eastern
808:'Vanderwolf's Pyramid' is widely available as an
708:, it grows on windswept sites in the montane and
786:), which are strongly resistant to the disease.
1735:High Elevation White Pine Educational Website:
1298:Siepielski, A. M.; Benkman, C. W. (June 2007).
1086:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
656:. Continuing south the species is found in the
1685:Schoettle, Anna; et al. (February 2019).
1654:Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains
1284:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
897:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42363A2975338.en
8:
2158:Flora of the West Coast of the United States
932:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1123:
1121:
2178:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1752:
1249:
1247:
269:
60:
29:
20:
1527:
1323:
895:
700:; in the middle of its range between the
2208:Least concern flora of the United States
2188:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
408:data gives an age close to 3,000 years.
1282:United States Department of Agriculture
864:
413:
364:. Its needles are about 8 centimeters (
2173:Flora of the California desert regions
816:. 'Vanderwolf's Pyramid' derives from
1081:
1079:
1009:Richard, Terry (September 24, 2012).
916:
914:
423:Male cones of a limber pine, eastern
7:
2203:Least concern flora of North America
2009:84e012e7-170f-4e3d-8f7c-77bd94b0d17b
1232:. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
321:that occurs in the mountains of the
2143:IUCN Red List least concern species
1166:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
883:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
872:Schoettle, A.; Stritch, L. (2013).
1211:Michael P. Frank's Cone Collection
1132:. New York: Sterling. p. 81.
789:The tree has also been damaged by
14:
1092:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
2084:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262945-1
1325:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01261.x
432:
416:
85:
16:Pine tree found in North America
616:. It is also found through the
1155:"Physiological acclimation of
766:Limber pine is susceptible to
1:
1565:Journal of Vegetation Science
1478:10.2980/i1195-6860-12-4-519.1
1213:. Arboretum de Villardebelle.
2213:Flora of the Rocky Mountains
1612:. New York: Knopf. pp.
1278:United States Forest Service
612:into the northern states of
941:Harvard University Herbaria
2229:
1660:(illustrations). Chicago:
1650:(Limber-pine, White-pine)"
291:Apinus flexilis (E.James)
2168:Trees of Northern America
1606:Whitney, Stephen (1985).
1037:"Stay Flexible, Grow Old"
969:Missouri Botanical Garden
937:Missouri Botanical Garden
754:The species is generally
335:Rocky Mountain white pine
289:
282:
277:
268:
251:
244:
82:Scientific classification
80:
58:
49:
37:
28:
23:
2193:San Bernardino Mountains
2153:Trees of the Great Basin
1745:Documentary produced by
1270:Silvics of North America
1254:Steele, Robert (1990).
768:white pine blister rust
1662:A.C. McClurg & Co.
1096:. pp. 26, 43–49.
939:, St. Louis, MO &
439:Limber pine cone from
2198:San Gabriel Mountains
1711:Gymnosperm Database:
1353:Ecological Monographs
921:Kral, Robert (1993).
658:San Jacinto Mountains
646:San Gabriel Mountains
441:San Jacinto Mountains
323:Western United States
890:: e.T42363A2975338.
733:American black bears
666:Hot Springs Mountain
662:Santa Rosa Mountains
342:Eagle Cap Wilderness
333:. It is also called
2183:Flora of California
1577:1991JVegS...2..445R
1470:2005Ecosc..12..519T
1412:2008Ecol...89.2960S
1365:2007EcoM...77..203S
1316:2007FuEco..21..611S
772:Cronartium ribicola
729:Clark's nutcrackers
654:Southern California
638:Northern California
458:is a member of the
310:, is a species of
52:Conservation status
1747:Oregon Field Guide
1304:Functional Ecology
1094:Mountaineers Books
988:Oregon Field Guide
833:Eastern white pine
745:mountain bluebirds
550:Western white pine
2130:
2129:
2030:Open Tree of Life
1758:Taxon identifiers
1642:Chase, J. Smeaton
1529:10.1111/nph.13850
1450:Tomback, Diana F.
1420:10.1890/08-0072.1
1406:(10): 2960–2966.
1139:978-1-4027-3875-3
1103:978-1-68051-329-5
741:Northern flickers
670:Peninsular Ranges
650:Transverse Ranges
628:, in the eastern
600:and southeastern
596:, from southwest
394:bristlecone pines
392:), either of the
340:A limber pine in
299:
298:
75:
2220:
2163:Trees of Alberta
2123:
2122:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1753:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1664:pp. 48–50.
1628:
1627:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1531:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1274:Washington, D.C.
1251:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1230:Montana Outdoors
1226:"Whitebark Pine"
1221:
1215:
1214:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1180:. Archived from
1163:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1083:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
979:
973:
972:
951:
945:
944:
943:, Cambridge, MA.
918:
909:
908:
906:
904:
899:
869:
602:British Columbia
583:
582:
578:
575:
569:
568:
564:
561:
537:
536:
532:
529:
523:
522:
518:
515:
509:
508:
504:
501:
487:Pinus albicaulis
436:
420:
390:Pinus albicaulis
377:
376:
372:
369:
273:
257:
237:P. flexilis
223:
207:
90:
89:
69:
64:
63:
33:
21:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2017:Observation.org
2015:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1760:
1722:, Jepson Manual
1707:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1640:
1637:
1635:Further reading
1632:
1631:
1624:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1585:10.2307/3236026
1558:
1557:
1553:
1516:New Phytologist
1511:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1373:10.1890/06-0929
1346:
1345:
1341:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1272:. Vol. 1.
1253:
1252:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1178:10.1139/X08-206
1161:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1104:
1085:
1084:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
981:
980:
976:
953:
952:
948:
920:
919:
912:
902:
900:
871:
870:
866:
861:
849:
841:
810:ornamental tree
799:
784:Macedonian pine
764:
718:
710:subalpine zones
696:near the lower
634:White Mountains
594:Rocky Mountains
590:
580:
576:
573:
571:
566:
562:
559:
557:
546:
543:Pinus monticola
534:
530:
527:
525:
520:
516:
513:
511:
506:
502:
499:
497:
490:
453:
451:Similar species
448:
447:
446:
443:
437:
428:
421:
374:
370:
367:
365:
358:
264:
259:
253:
240:
221:
205:
84:
76:
65:
61:
54:
40:Spruce Mountain
38:Limber pine on
17:
12:
11:
5:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:wfo-0000481474
2111:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2045:pinus-flexilis
2039:
2026:
2013:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1801:
1796:Pinus flexilis
1786:
1770:
1768:
1766:Pinus flexilis
1762:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1737:Pinus flexilis
1732:
1728:Pinus flexilis
1724:
1720:Pinus flexilis
1716:
1713:Pinus flexilis
1706:
1705:External links
1703:
1702:
1701:
1682:
1648:Pinus flexilis
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1598:
1571:(4): 445–458.
1551:
1522:(2): 657–668.
1499:
1464:(4): 519–529.
1441:
1386:
1359:(2): 203–220.
1339:
1310:(3): 611–618.
1287:
1258:Pinus flexilis
1243:
1224:Roady, Laura.
1216:
1190:
1187:on 2011-07-16.
1172:(3): 629–641.
1157:Pinus flexilis
1145:
1138:
1117:
1102:
1055:
1028:
1001:
974:
957:Pinus flexilis
946:
925:Pinus flexilis
910:
876:Pinus flexilis
863:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
848:
845:
840:
837:
829:Christmas tree
798:
795:
763:
760:
756:shade tolerant
721:Pinus flexilis
717:
714:
706:40th parallels
642:San Bernardino
604:south through
589:
586:
545:
540:
489:
484:
480:lodgepole pine
456:Pinus flexilis
452:
449:
445:
444:
438:
431:
429:
422:
415:
412:
411:
410:
402:Pinus contorta
398:lodgepole pine
386:whitebark pine
382:Pinus flexilis
357:
354:
303:Pinus flexilis
297:
296:
287:
286:
280:
279:
278:Natural range
275:
274:
266:
265:
260:
255:Pinus flexilis
249:
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91:
78:
77:
59:
56:
55:
50:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2225:
2214:
2211:
2209:
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2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
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350:Alta Ski Area
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246:Binomial name
243:
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208:Quinquefoliae
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110:
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67:Least Concern
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36:
32:
27:
22:
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1693:. Retrieved
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1234:. Retrieved
1229:
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1193:
1182:the original
1169:
1165:
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1047:. Retrieved
1042:BYU Magazine
1040:
1031:
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1014:
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993:. Retrieved
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826:
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817:
805:
801:The popular
800:
788:
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720:
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694:montane zone
690:South Dakota
678:North Dakota
591:
588:Distribution
554:P. monticola
553:
547:
542:
493:
491:
486:
469:
463:
455:
454:
427:, California
406:
401:
389:
381:
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359:
339:
334:
317:-the family
307:
302:
301:
300:
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254:
252:
236:
235:
219:
215:Subsection:
203:
191:
187:
175:
125:Gymnospermae
118:
105:
24:Limber pine
18:
2058:kew-2562108
1981:NatureServe
1903:iNaturalist
1790:Wikispecies
1730:cone photos
1658:Eytel, Carl
903:19 November
853:Burmis Tree
822:P. flexilis
806:P. flexilis
797:Cultivation
791:bark beetle
749:P. flexilis
686:Black Hills
618:Great Basin
356:Description
308:limber pine
2137:Categories
2053:Plant List
1804:Calflora:
1458:Écoscience
1112:1141235469
1049:2015-02-18
1022:2015-02-18
995:2010-02-21
983:"Old Tree"
859:References
818:P. reflexa
780:Swiss pine
620:states of
610:New Mexico
460:white pine
183:Subgenus:
131:Division:
1869:233500936
1538:1469-8137
1486:1195-6860
1428:0012-9658
1381:0012-9615
1334:0269-8463
1203:subgenus
698:tree line
476:fascicles
468:subgenus
231:Species:
199:Section:
145:Pinopsida
135:Pinophyta
95:Kingdom:
2104:VASCAN:
2097:24900193
2092:Tropicos
1986:2.140758
1934:10193664
1921:262945-1
1775:Wikidata
1743:Old Tree
1670:11004975
1644:(1911).
1546:27000956
1494:86330607
1436:18959333
1280:(USFS),
1265:Conifers
1236:15 March
964:Tropicos
847:See also
803:cultivar
682:Nebraska
606:Colorado
362:flexilis
319:Pinaceae
284:Synonyms
222:subsect.
165:Pinaceae
161:Family:
72:IUCN 3.1
1968:MoBotPF
1882:5285551
1833:1061756
1781:Q594993
1695:7 March
1678:3477527
1593:3236026
1573:Bibcode
1466:Bibcode
1408:Bibcode
1400:Ecology
1361:Bibcode
1312:Bibcode
1205:Strobus
814:gardens
776:Arizona
762:Threats
716:Ecology
668:of the
648:of the
598:Alberta
579:⁄
565:⁄
533:⁄
519:⁄
505:⁄
471:Strobus
462:group,
373:⁄
293:Rydberg
262:E.James
224:Strobus
192:Strobus
171:Genus:
155:Pinales
151:Order:
141:Class:
99:Plantae
70: (
2066:PLANTS
2035:799605
2022:211196
2006:NZOR:
1999:151559
1973:284996
1947:183343
1856:pinfle
1853:FEIS:
1676:
1668:
1620:
1614:407–08
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991:. 2010
743:, and
674:Oregon
664:, and
622:Nevada
614:Mexico
346:Oregon
331:Canada
329:, and
327:Mexico
306:, the
190:subg.
44:Nevada
2148:Pinus
2071:PIFL2
2042:PPE:
1960:42363
1929:IRMNG
1908:78585
1895:28449
1846:PIUFL
1820:4J273
1589:JSTOR
1512:(PDF)
1490:S2CID
1201:Pinus
1185:(PDF)
1162:(PDF)
465:Pinus
396:, or
206:sect.
176:Pinus
119:Clade
106:Clade
2107:7186
2079:POWO
1994:NCBI
1955:IUCN
1942:ITIS
1916:IPNI
1890:GRIN
1877:GBIF
1841:EPPO
1807:6514
1697:2019
1674:OCLC
1666:LCCN
1618:ISBN
1542:PMID
1534:ISSN
1482:ISSN
1432:PMID
1424:ISSN
1377:ISSN
1330:ISSN
1238:2015
1134:ISBN
1108:OCLC
1098:ISBN
905:2021
888:2013
839:Uses
812:for
735:and
727:and
704:and
702:45th
680:and
644:and
632:and
626:Utah
624:and
608:and
315:tree
312:pine
2115:WFO
1864:FNA
1828:EoL
1815:CoL
1581:doi
1524:doi
1520:210
1474:doi
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1369:doi
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688:of
652:in
636:of
220:P.
204:P.
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