Matsés language - Knowledge (XXG)

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ergative, while the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb is weighed as the absolutive. To identify core arguments based on noun phrases, absolutive argument are identified via noun or noun phrase that are not the final part of a larger phrase and occur without an overt marker. Non-absolutive nominals are marked in one of the three following ways i) case-marking ii) phonologically independent, directly following postposition word or iii) occurs as a distinct form, that generally incorporates a nasal. In contrast, ergative arguments are identifiable through ergative nouns or noun phrases’ that are "case-marked with the enclitic -n, identical to instrumental and genitive case markers, and to the locative/temporal postpositional enclitic." Important to note, is that pronoun forms are easier distinctive, in form and/or distribution. There are four pronominal forms associated with the four -n enclitics and this suggests that there are four independent markers in contrast to a single morpheme with a broader range of functions. Enclitics suggest that the four markers could be either: ergative, genitive, instrumental and locative, where each enclitic represent different kinds of morphemes. The locative noun phrase can be replaced by deictic adverbs where as an ergative, genitive, and instrumental are replaced by pronouns in the language. The locative postpositional enclitic -n is the core argument marker, and additionally is phonologically identified to the ergative case marker. This means, that it can code two different semantic roles, locative and temporal. Ergative and absolutive are imposed by predicates and are later identified as cases, since they are lexically specified by the verbs, and never occur optionally. Adjacently, genitive cases are not governed by predicates but rather the structure of the possessive noun phrase. Since, most possessive noun phrases require the possessor to be marked as a genitive, some postposition require their objects to be in the genitive case if human. Together with, coding ownership, interpersonal relation, or a part-whole relation, the genitive marker obtains the syntactic function of marking the genitive noun as subordinate to a head noun. Finally, instrumental is that least prototypical case however, like the ergative, instrumental is allowed per clause. Unlike the ergative, it occurs optionally. Instrumental cases also require remote causative constructions of inanimate causes to appear and if there is an overt agent in a passive clause, than by definition it is an instrumental case.

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massacre of that particular Pano group's Indigenous men, so that their women and children became powerless due to lack of protection. The Matsés, consequently, would inflict their superiority and dominance by killing off warrior men of the other Indigenous’ groups so that the women and children of the other groups would have no other choice but to join the Matsés, where they would have to learn to assimilate to their new family and lifestyle. From approximately the 1870s to about the 1920s, the Matsés lost their access to the Javari River due to the boom of the rubber industry which was centered in the Amazon basin, where the extraction and commercialization of rubber threatened the Matsés lifestyle. During this period, the Matsés avoided conflict with non-Indigenous people and relocated to interfluvial areas, while maintaining a pattern of dispersal that allowed them to avoid the rubber extraction fronts. Direct contact between the Matsés and non-Indigenous people commenced around the 1920s. In a 1926 interview between Romanoff and a Peruvian man working on the Gálvez river, the Peruvian declared that rubber bosses were unable to set up on the Choba river due to Indigenous attacks. These attacks ignited a response from the non-Indigenous people, who kidnapped Matsés woman and children. This resulted in intensified warfare, and successful Matsés attacks meant that they were able to recover their people, along with firearms and metal tools. Meanwhile, warfare between the Matsés and other Indigenous groups continued. By the 1950s, the wave of rubber tappers fizzled and was later replaced by "logging activity and the trade in forest game and skins, mainly to supply the towns of Peruvian Amazonia."

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language have the tendency to involve 3 to 4. Half of the Matsés language makes use of simple morphemes, while "verbal inflectional suffixes, transitivity agreement enclitics, and class-changing suffixes are, with very few exceptions, portmanteau morphemes." Morphemes normally, imply a one-to-one association between the two domains, but the Matsés language permits portmanteau morphemes to be part of the morphology. The distinction applies to morphemes, as productive synchronically segmented forms, while a formative morpheme includes "historical forms that are fossilized sub-morphemic elements with form-meaning associations." Interestingly, root words in the language, possess lexical meaning and needs to occupy the nuclear parts of the word. What helps identify the nuclear word, is when it involves the use of free morphemes within the phrase, also if it occurs alone without other phonologically attached material. Free and bound morphemes also distinguish roots from affixes/clitics. It is important to note that roots are morphemes that can also occur with inflectional morphology. With that being said, some adverbs must be inflected for a transitivity agreement as well as verbs that are not being used in the imperative mode, or that occur alone as monomorphemic words. Reason being, semantically monomorphemic words are incompatible with the imperative mode. All roots in the language can occur with no phonologically attached material, or with inflectional morphology. A stem is combined with either a root with one, none, or multiple affixes/clitics. While, words are defined as a stem that is combined with inflectional suffixes, when it is necessary to do so.

360:(1994). A Pano-Takana bibliography, that was written by Chavarría Mendoza in 1983, is outdated but still has relevant and interesting information about some linguistic and anthropological works on the Matsés. Missionaries from the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) produced the first descriptions of the Matsés language, those involved included Harriet Kneeland and Harriet L. Fields. Interestingly, researchers utilized escaped captives as consultants and were able to study the language and culture from captives verbal affirmations, before being able to make contact in 1969. The most extensive published grammatical description of this language is education work done by the SIL, which was intended to teach the Matsés language to Spanish speakers. This work focused on the morphology of the language, as well as the phonology and syntax systems. Literature that included phonological descriptions, grammatical descriptions, collections of texts and word lists can be found in the work published by Fields and Kneeland, from approximately the years from 1966 to 1981. In Kneeland 1979, there is an extensive modern lexicon for Matsés which includes approximately an 800-word Matsés -Spanish glossary, along with some sample sentences. Whereas, Wise 1973 contains a Spanish-Matsés word list with approximately 150 entries. 373:

contribute to having control of their territories, clarifying the role of the State and protecting and guaranteeing their constitutional rights. This organization operates on the Indigenous Lands located in the Amazon, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest Biomes (Centro de Trabalgo Indigenista, 2011). The general coordinator of this organization is Gilberto Azanha and the program coordinator is Maria Elisa Ladeira. The Socio-Environmental Institute (ISA) that was founded on April 22, 1994, is an organization of Civil Society of Public Interest by people with training and experience in the fight for environmental and social rights. The objective of this organization is to defend social, collective and diffuse goods and rights that have to do with cultural heritage, the environment, or humans right. The ISA is in charge of research and various studies, they implement projects and programs that promote social and environmental sustainability as well as valuing cultural and biological diversity of the country. The board of directors of this organization include Neide Esterci, Marina Kahn, Ana Valéria Araújo, Anthony Gross, and Jurandir Craveiro Jr (Centro de Trabalgo Indigenista, 2011).

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prevention methods has resulted in high levels of deaths among the Matsés. The main problem is that most Indigenous communities lack medications and/or medical tools – microscopes, needles, thermometers – that help make basic diagnoses of infections and diseases. For instance, Matsés today suffer "high levels of hepatitis B and D infections" and hepatic complications such as hepatitis D can cause death in just a matter of days. It is unfortunate that the organization responsible for health care in the IT fails to live up to their responsibilities and as a result the Indigenous population is negatively impacted. It also causes the Matsés communities to distrust the use of vaccines. These people now fear falling ill, and do not receive clear information as to what caused the symptoms of their deceased kin. Sadly, "The Matsés do not know how many of them are infected, but the constant loss of young people, most of them under 30 years old, generates a pervasive mood of sadness and fear."

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promote Indigenous teacher training. The state education secretary for the Amazons has been formally running a training course, yet the lack of organization means that the classes are offered sporadically (De Almeida Matos, 2003). Presently, there only exists two Matsés schools located in the "Flores and Três José villages" constructed by the Atalaia do Norte municipal council. Despite complaints from the Matsés communities, funding and construction of official Matsés schools are rare. As consequent, Matsés parents, in the hope to provide their family with higher education and greater job opportunities, send their children out to neighbouring towns for their education. The lack of Matsés schools - that would have focused on Indigenous knowledge, culture, and language - consequently raises the likelihood of children assimilating to a culture unlike their own. Therefore, decreasing the chances of cultural transmission onto the next generation of Matsés children.

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first anthropologist to work among the Matsés was Steven Romanoff, but he has only published an article on Matsés land use and a short article on Matsés women as hunters, in addition to his Ph.D. dissertation. Erikson 1990a, 1992a, and 2001 are all useful published ethnographic studies about the Matis in Brazil, which are relevant to the description of the Mayoruna subgroup, but it does not have data on the Matsés. Luis Calixto Méndez, a Peruvian anthropologist has also been working with the Matsés for several years. At first he did some ethnographic research among the Matsés, but in recent years his research has been restricted to administrative work for the Non-Government Organization Centre for Amazonian Indigenous Development.

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occurs by adding an affix to the word, which would make the new word have a different word class from the original. In Matsés, inflection normally only occurs on verbs as a lexical-class-wide and syntactic-position-wide phenomenon. There are a set of suffixes that include finite inflection and class-changing suffixes that must occur on finite verbs. Adjectives are also a word class that have a lexical-class-wide inflection. Adverbs and postpositions have a marginal inflectional category known as transitivity agreement.

289:. It is important to note that this term, which was previously used by Jesuits to refer to inhabitants of that area, is not formally a word in the Matsés language. The language is vigorous and is spoken by all age groups in the Matsés communities. In the Matsés communities several other Indigenous languages are also spoken by women who have been captured from neighboring tribes and some mixture of the languages occur. Dialects are Peruvian Matsés, Brazilian Matsés, and the extinct Paud Usunkid. 348:

family. Like the Matsés, the subset includes other Indigenous groups, including Matis, Kulina-Pano, Maya, Korubo, in addition to, other groups that presently evade contact with the outside world (De Almeida Matos, 2003). Not only is this subset culturally similar, but also recognizes that they all share mutually intelligible languages. With this in mind, compared to the other groups in the northern Pano subset, the Matsés are known to have the largest of populations.

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on Matsés phonology, more specifically, it is based on an optimality theory treatment of Matsés syllable structure and many other aspects of the phonology of this language. In addition to this work, she published an article about Matsés tense and aspect, an article on split ergativity, and an unpublished paper on negation in Matsés and Marubo.

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language Matsés, does not confirm this generalization. In Matsés there are various different meanings that have to do with reduplication, which includes iconic, non-iconic, and "counter-iconic" reduplication. A summary of the different functions and meanings of reduplication in Matsés are shown in Table 3.

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Comprehensive descriptions of the general Matsés culture can be found in Romanoff's 1984 dissertation, discussion of the Mayoruna subgroups history and culture can be found in Erikson's 1994 and information about Matsés contemporary culture and history can be found in Matlock's 2002 dissertation. The

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may be optionally attached to a noun that refers to humans, but excluding pronouns. This is used to specify that the referent involves a homogeneous category, shown in example 1, but it could also occur with a non-human reference to show a heterogeneous category, although this is quite rare (example

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There was a generalization put forth by Payne (1990) stating that in lowland South American languages, all cases of reduplication is iconic. This means that it is indicating imperfective action, greater intensity, progressive aspect, iterative, plurality, or onomatopoeia of repeated sounds. But, the

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A Brazilian fieldworker and linguist named Carmen Teresa Dorigo de Carvalho, has been conducting linguistic analyses that are based on her work about the Brazilian Matsés. Her contributions to the study of this language included her Master's thesis on Matsés sentence structure and a PhD dissertation

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Inflection is the change in the form of a word, usually by adding a suffix to the ending, which would mark distinctions such as tense, number, gender, mood, person, voice and case. Whereas, derivation is a formation of a new word or injectable stem that comes from another word or stem. This usually

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From research gathered in 2003, Fleck states that the Matsés language is spoken by approximately 2000-2200 Amerindians, since being contacted back in 1969. In Brazil, the Matsés inhabit the Vale do Javari Indigenous Territory (IT) that covers 8,519,800 hectares of land. The land is distributed into

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in Brazil, is an Indigenous language utilized by the inhabitants of the border regions of Brazil-Peru. A term that hailed from Quechua origin, Mayoruna translates in English to mayu = river; runa = people. Colonizers and missionaries during the 17th century used this term to refer to the Indigenous

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The Indigenous Brazilian language, Matsés is a language that falls into the classification of both an isolating and a polysynthetic language. Typically, single-morpheme words are common, and some longer words could include to about 10 morphemes. Still, the general use of morphemes per word in the

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The non-governmental organization, Indigenous Word Center (CTI) was founded in March 1979 by anthropologists and indigenists who had already done prior work with some Indigenous people in Brazil. This organization has a mark of its identity with the Indigenous people that way they can effectively

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In Brazil, Matsés communities are known to be a monolingual group, therefore, all villages contained a teacher from the community itself. Teachers tend to be elders, that the community trusts to teach the youth, but have never completed formal teacher training. Attempts have been made, to try and

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The origin of the Matsés population is directly related to the merger of various Indigenous communities that did not always speak mutually intelligible languages. Historically, the Matsés participated in looting and planned raids on other Pano groups. The incentive for these attacks involved the

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states: "Only those people who have worked or studied in the surrounding Peruvian or Brazilian towns speak Portuguese or Spanish fluently." This strongly indicates that the language will sustain itself throughout generations. One of the most important functions of language is to produce a social

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It is very common for Matsés families in the northern Pano group to shift between villages including villages across national borders. As a result, it becomes difficult to establish trustworthy data for the Matsés populations in Brazil and Peru. Currently, Matsés in Brazil identify themselves as

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The Indigenous Brazilian language known as Matsés, is considered to be an ergative-absolutive system. Sentences in this language case mark the subject of an intransitive sentence equal to the object of a transitive sentence. In particular, the subject of a transitive sentence is treated as the

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by David Fleck, he uses the term "derivational" to refer to only meaning-changing and valence-changing morphology. This is due to the fact that class-changing morphology patterns are closely related to inflectional suffixes. For the verbs in Matsés, the inflectional suffixes and class-changing

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Currently, the Matsés belongs to one of the largest subsets within the Northern Pano region. Notably, Panoan suggests, a family of languages that are geographically known to be spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. The Panoan language, in more detail, falls under the larger Pano-Tacanan

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Presently, the Matsés have failed to receive adequate health care for over a decade. Consequently, diseases such as "malaria, worms, tuberculosis, malnutrition and hepatitis" have continued without reduction. The lack of organization and distribution of appropriate vaccinations, medication and

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demonstrative. Each of these types of pronouns include three case-specific forms, that are known as absolutive, ergative/instrumental and genitive. Pronouns in this language are not distinguished by number, gender, social status or personal relations between the participants in the discourse.

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A pronoun is a word used as a substitute for a noun, it may function alone or as a noun phrase to refer either to the participants in the discourse or to something mentioned in the discourse. Typically, in Matsés, pronouns are divided into four types: personal, interrogative, indefinite, and

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Matsés has 21 distinctive segments: 15 consonants and 6 vowels. Along with these vowels and consonants, contrastive stress also is a part of the phoneme inventory. The following charts contain the consonants and vowels of the language, as well as their major allophones that are indicated in

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eight communities that are mostly located within the IT borders. According to a more recent census (2007), the population of Matsés in Brazil was 1,143 people. Meanwhile, in 1998, the Peruvian Matsés population reached a total of 1,314 people.

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reality that is reflective of that language's culture. When children are raised learning the language, the continuation of the cultural traditions, values, and beliefs is enabled, reducing the chances of that language becoming endangered.

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monolingual, since most children in Matsés communities are nurtured and taught exclusively in the Indigenous language. For this reason, the level of endangerment of this language is relatively low. The

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The vowel system of Matsés is peculiar in that no vowels are rounded. Both of its back vowels should accurately be represented as and but the convention is to transcribe them orthographically with

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is used to either indicate a set of people in a group (4a), a category of people (4a, and 5), or with numerous people who are acting separately (4a, and 6). In addition to the suffix

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suffixes are in pragmatic contrast, (shown in example 1), so it could be concluded that all verbs in this language either require class-changing morphology or inflection.

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peoples that occupied the lower Ucayali Region (Amazonian region of Peru), Upper Solimões (upper stretches of the Amazon River in Brazil) and Vale do Javari (largest

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suffix and let the speaker figure out the plurality from the context, or if number is important in the context, the speaker would use a quantitative adverb such as

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Erikson, Philippe; Illius, Bruno; Kensinger, Kenneth; Sueli de Aguilar, María (1994). "Kirinkobaon kirika ("Gringo's Books). An annotated Panoan bibliography".

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Erikson, Philippe (2000). "Bibliografía anotada de Fuentes con interés para la etnología y etnohistoria de los Pano setentrionales (Matses, Matis, Korubo...)".

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Bibliographies that are about Panoan and Matsés/Mayoruna linguistic and anthropological sources can be found in Fabre (1998), Erikson (2000), and Erikson

1790:. This suffix is used to specify that all members are being included and it can even include members that are in similar categories, whereas the suffix 746: 2587: 2614: 2377: 2126: 2086: 2067: 2740: 713: 54: 2699:

Kneeland, Harriet (1982). "El 'ser como' y el 'no ser como' de la comparación en matsés". In Wise, Mary Ruth; Boonstra, Harry (eds.).

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Saúde na Terra Indígena Vale do Javari: Diagnóstico médico-antropológico: subsídios e recomendações para uma política de assistência

72: 2004:(Pisahua), is a purported Panoan language spoken by approximately 600 people in Peru and formerly in Brazil, where it was known as 3567: 3897: 2008:(Maya, Maia) and was evidently the language known as Quixito. However, no linguistic data is available, and it is reported to be 849:

Traditionally, derivational morphology includes meaning-changing, valence-changing and class-changing morphology. In the reading

695: 661: 3186: 2733: 2703:. Serie Lingüística Peruana. Vol. 19. Lima: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. pp. 77–126. 235: 478: 469: 2938: 46: 688: 654: 448: 271: 1061:

Table 2 displays the differences between derivational and inflectional/class-changing morphology in the language Matsés.

3228: 3054: 2824: 1984: 681: 647: 221: 2852: 441: 3626: 2960: 3902: 3430: 3179: 2931: 724: 605: 592: 455: 3407: 3912: 2795: 494: 3682: 3869: 3776: 3636: 2817: 245: 2716:

Kneeland, Harriet (1973). "La frase nominal relativa en mayoruna y su ambigüedad". In Loos, Eugene E. (ed.).

2989: 622: 611: 598: 3864: 3425: 3307: 2756: 3130: 2720:. Serie Lingüística Peruana. Vol. 11. Yarinacocha: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. pp. 53–105. 3345: 2009: 563: 556: 3796: 3282: 3277: 2594: 3445: 3370: 3351: 3330: 3297: 3125: 3060: 2995: 3876: 3644: 3453: 3325: 528: 1586: 1013: 3747: 3701: 3580: 3529: 3468: 3365: 3260: 3233: 3089: 3067: 3021: 1885:‘My younger sisters and younger female parallel cousins (and others sisters, and female cousins)’ 575: 523: 3709: 2955: 1582: 1017: 1009: 3826: 3790: 3786: 3575: 3558: 3548: 3519: 3481: 3476: 3384: 3292: 3287: 3202: 3146: 3135: 3112: 3073: 3005: 2983: 2966: 2924: 2917: 2789: 2704: 2687: 2610: 1794:

only refers to a subset of a kinship category. This difference is shows in example 7a and 7b.

543: 533: 3836: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3755: 3724: 3672: 3664: 3611: 3605: 3543: 3524: 3514: 3506: 3494: 3218: 3210: 3094: 3049: 3033: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2867: 2773: 2764: 2677: 2669: 2642: 518: 154: 127: 3831: 3801: 3760: 3737: 3732: 3714: 3654: 3538: 3458: 3435: 3397: 3392: 3269: 3140: 3120: 3000: 2846: 1933: 538: 146: 2657: 3841: 3781: 3596: 3489: 3420: 3317: 3302: 3223: 3162: 3027: 2830: 736: 1976: 213: 3891: 3677: 3649: 3616: 3415: 3335: 423: 285:

basin of the Amazon, which forms a boundary between Brazil and Peru; hence the term

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Pano-Tacanan languages (Matses-Mayoruna language is indicated with an arrow)

2708: 1960: 197: 2725: 2673: 1193:= partly (i.e., adjective only applies to part of the prefixed body part) 253: 241: 586: 368:

Organizations that Promote Indigenous Rights and Documentation Projects

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are used to specify collective semantics, used either with or without

17: 3241: 2682: 1914: 275: 117: 3171: 1463:'By contrast, other kinds of sinnad palms grow deep in the hills .' 1263: 1136:= distributive (iterative, plural, habitual, spatial, distribution) 940: 99: 1743: 1669: 1595: 1521: 1443: 1259: 816: 2662:

Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History

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The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide

1910: 1739: 1591: 1517: 3175: 2729: 1864: 1818: 1728: 1723: 1646: 1641: 1563: 1505: 1428: 1416: 1364: 1328: 1282: 783: 779: 2593:(Report). Centro de Trabalho Indigenista. 2011. Archived from 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 1650: 1432: 1311:‘All of them have died off, the now deceased one… those ones.’ 1248: 1029: 889: 812: 29: 2664:. American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers. 960: 885: 1267: 944: 1786:

Another plurality indicator in this language is the suffix

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characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

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Some animal names mimic animal call with repetitive notes

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Conjunciones y otros nexos en tres idiomas amazónicos

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1983: 1967: 1951: 1946: 1930: 1920: 1906: 1896: 220: 204: 188: 183: 143: 133: 123: 109: 87: 2605:Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Veronica, eds. (2012). 316:Contact with Indigenous and Non-Indigenous People 2557: 2142:Manual de las Lenguas Indigenas Sudamericanas II 2120: 1304:all-AUG die-DUR-DISTR-Narr.PAST deceased.person- 1347:‘Different types of shotguns’/ ‘shotguns, etc.’ 49:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 3187: 2741: 2668:. American Museum of Natural History: 1–112. 2066:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFieldsWise1976 ( 1767:Usually a Matsés speaker would leave out the 1763:‘My late father and my uncles wait for them ’ 1467:With human subjects, the plurality indicator 278:that border Peru) (De Almeida Matos, 2003). 8: 1480: 293:Number of Speakers and Level of Endangerment 1686:-ERG-only-AUG nine.banded.armadillo eat-HAB 1383:‘Woolly monkeys and other types of monkeys’ 980:‘The one who made the dog run off has left’ 3563: 3265: 3256: 3194: 3180: 3172: 2874: 2778: 2769: 2748: 2734: 2726: 2061: 1893: 1475:indicating plurality, the verbal suffixes 98: 84: 2681: 2646: 1689:‘Only old men eat nine-banded armadillos’ 1187:= de-intensification (i.e., ‘somewhat X’) 281:Matsés communities are located along the 73:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Indigenous language on Brazil–Peru border 3908:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia 2376:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPayne1990 ( 2085:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFleck2006 ( 1121: 1096:Obligatory (at least in some situations) 1063: 1057:‘After making the dogs run off, he left’ 509: 409: 2021: 1197:Uncliticized postposition reduplication 1181:n = incompletely, improperly, hurriedly 1073:Inflectional/Class-changing morphology 246:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 2569: 2524: 2512: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2405: 2393: 2371: 2359: 2340: 2328: 2313: 2298: 2286: 2269: 2254: 2242: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2188: 2099: 2080: 2049: 1146:Cliticized postposition reduplication 7: 1839:‘My younger female parallel cousins’ 1102:Almost all are portmanteau morphemes 908:‘I’m going to make the dog run off’ 2658:"Panoan languages and linguistics" 1297:Abitedi-mbo uënës-bud-ne-ac mëdin- 1185:Unprefixed adjective reduplication 25: 745: 723: 712: 694: 687: 680: 660: 653: 646: 629: 621: 610: 604: 597: 591: 574: 562: 555: 493: 477: 468: 454: 447: 440: 1191:Prefixed adjective reduplication 34: 2641:(PhD thesis). Rice University. 1545:‘Women are coming (one by one)’ 1089:Most lexical classes have them 1: 2637:Fleck, David William (2003). 2609:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 1623:‘A group of women are coming’ 1541:‘A group of women are coming’ 1456:By.contrast palm.genus other- 2558:Campbell & Grondona 2012 1179:Unsuffixed verb reduplicatio 1105:Most are restricted to verbs 2632:. Instituto Socioambiental. 2624:De Almeida Matos, Beatriz. 1679:-n-uid-quio sedudie pe-quid 1134:Suffixed verb reduplication 3929: 3861:Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign 3156: 2630:Povos Indígenas no Brasil 2144:. München: Lincom Europa. 1901: 836:'me and others'/'me too!' 803:'you and them'/'you too!' 232: 97: 92: 3870:Inmaculada Sign Language 2656:Fleck, David W. (2013). 1070:Derivational Morphology 841:Inflection vs Derivation 304:Instituto Socioambiental 3898:Agglutinative languages 2547:(subscription required) 2039:(subscription required) 1481: 1453:mannan-n-quio cani-quid 822: 808: 789: 775: 3865:Peruvian Sign Language 2757:Pano-Tacanan languages 2062:Fields & Wise 1976 1543:‘Women (always) come.’ 1231:In Matsés, the suffix 272:Indigenous territories 265:, also referred to as 234:This article contains 2140:Fabre, Alain (1998). 2121:De Almeida Matos 2003 2010:mutually intelligible 1756:1Gen father deceased- 1660:nine.banded.armadillo 1460:hill-LOC-AUG grow-HAB 311:History of the People 2674:10.5531/sp.anth.0099 1878:1Gen younger.sister- 1837:‘My younger sisters’ 1831:1Gen younger.sister- 1449:Padnuen sinnad utsi- 1199:: de-intensification 1140:Adverb reduplication 3877:Sivia Sign Language 2825:Jandiatuba Mayoruna 2639:A grammar of Matses 2178:. 19, Supplement 1. 1760:-ERG wait-NPAST-IND 1124: 1066: 1052:CAUS-after:S/A>S 851:A Grammar of Matsés 512: 412: 3770:Isolates and other 2939:Tarauacá Kashinawa 2853:Tabatinga Mayoruna 1213:Case and Agreement 1164:Noun reduplication 1122: 1064: 510: 410: 53:You can assist by 3903:Languages of Peru 3885: 3884: 3850: 3849: 3696: 3695: 3568:Cajamarca–Cañaris 3379: 3378: 3238: 3211:Spanish varieties 3203:Languages of Peru 3169: 3168: 3163:extinct languages 3107: 3106: 3103: 3102: 2932:Blanco River Remo 2862: 2861: 2616:978-3-11-025513-3 2545:(18th ed., 2015) 2037:(18th ed., 2015) 1995: 1994: 1890:Pisabo "language" 1205: 1204: 1173:"Counter-iconic" 1166:= adjectivization 1111: 1110: 1099:Further from root 973:dog run.off-CAUS- 902:dog run.off-CAUS- 759: 758: 503: 502: 405:⟨o⟩ 401:⟨u⟩ 352:Literature Review 260: 259: 242:rendering support 238:phonetic symbols. 139:2,200 (2006) 83: 82: 75: 16:(Redirected from 3920: 3913:Panoan languages 3564: 3266: 3257: 3236: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3173: 3055:Ibuaçu Kashinawa 2925:Atsawaka-Yamiaka 2875: 2779: 2770: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2727: 2721: 2718:Estudios panos 2 2712: 2695: 2685: 2652: 2650: 2633: 2620: 2601: 2599: 2592: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2273: 2267: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2157:Amazonia Peruana 2152: 2146: 2145: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2118: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2026: 2000:, also known as 1979: 1963: 1956: 1936: 1894: 1866: 1820: 1745: 1741: 1730: 1725: 1671: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1565: 1523: 1519: 1507: 1484: 1445: 1434: 1430: 1418: 1366: 1330: 1284: 1280:deceased.person- 1269: 1265: 1261: 1250: 1125: 1086:Simple morphemes 1067: 1036:adverbialization 1031: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 962: 950: 946: 942: 937: 891: 887: 882: 818: 814: 785: 781: 749: 727: 716: 698: 691: 684: 664: 657: 650: 633: 625: 614: 608: 601: 595: 578: 566: 559: 513: 497: 481: 472: 458: 451: 444: 413: 406: 402: 216: 200: 193: 149: 102: 85: 78: 71: 67: 64: 58: 38: 37: 30: 21: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3846: 3777:Candoshi-Shapra 3765: 3742: 3719: 3692: 3659: 3631: 3585: 3553: 3501: 3486:Achuar–Shiwiar 3463: 3440: 3402: 3375: 3354: 3340: 3312: 3252: 3246: 3205: 3200: 3170: 3165: 3152: 3099: 3078: 3038: 3010: 2972: 2961:Olivença Kulina 2944: 2903: 2870: 2868:Mainline Panoan 2858: 2835: 2818:Amazon Mayoruna 2805: 2774:Mayoruna Panoan 2759: 2754: 2724: 2715: 2698: 2655: 2636: 2623: 2617: 2604: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2537:Matsés language 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2385: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2276: 2268: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2119: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052:, pp. 4–5. 2048: 2044: 2038: 2027: 2023: 2018: 1975: 1959: 1952: 1942: 1937: 1934:Language family 1932: 1926:600 (2006) 1923: 1922:Native speakers 1892: 1887: 1870: 1862:younger.sister- 1853: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1823: 1816:younger.sister- 1807: 1799: 1765: 1747: 1732: 1711: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1673: 1662: 1654: 1629: 1625: 1599: 1569: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1525: 1510: 1494: 1465: 1447: 1436: 1421: 1405: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1369: 1353: 1349: 1333: 1317: 1313: 1295: 1287: 1271: 1255:uënës-bud-ne-ac 1252: 1241: 1229: 1224: 1215: 1210: 1116: 1059: 1041: 1033: 1022: 994: 986: 982: 964: 953: 925: 917: 914: 910: 894: 870: 862: 859: 843: 838: 828: 820: 805: 795: 787: 764: 508: 404: 400: 397: 388: 379: 377:Other Materials 370: 354: 345: 343:Language Family 336: 327: 318: 313: 295: 240:Without proper 212: 196: 189: 179: 150: 147:Language family 145: 136: 135:Native speakers 105: 79: 68: 62: 59: 52: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3926: 3924: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3890: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3858: 3856: 3855:Sign languages 3852: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3799: 3794: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3752: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3627:Yauyos–Chincha 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3431:Nüpode Huitoto 3428: 3423: 3421:Minica Huitoto 3418: 3412: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2990:Jaquirana Remo 2986: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2881: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2785: 2783: 2776: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2730: 2723: 2722: 2713: 2696: 2653: 2634: 2621: 2615: 2602: 2600:on 2018-12-06. 2583: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2562: 2560:, p. 102. 2550: 2529: 2527:, p. 275. 2517: 2515:, p. 273. 2500: 2498:, p. 831. 2488: 2486:, p. 830. 2476: 2474:, p. 829. 2461: 2459:, p. 827. 2449: 2447:, p. 826. 2437: 2435:, p. 825. 2425: 2423:, p. 824. 2410: 2408:, p. 828. 2398: 2396:, p. 220. 2383: 2374:, p. 218. 2364: 2362:, p. 213. 2345: 2343:, p. 212. 2333: 2331:, p. 244. 2318: 2316:, p. 240. 2303: 2301:, p. 207. 2291: 2289:, p. 206. 2274: 2272:, p. 204. 2259: 2257:, p. 72). 2247: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2193: 2181: 2166: 2147: 2132: 2104: 2092: 2083:, p. 542. 2073: 2054: 2042: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2014: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1949: 1948: 1947:Language codes 1944: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1908: 1907:Native to 1904: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1888: 1854: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1808: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1749:cun papa pado- 1733: 1712: 1704: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1663: 1655: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1570: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1538:come-NPAST-IND 1511: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1437: 1422: 1406: 1398: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1377:woolly.monkey- 1362:woolly.monkey- 1354: 1351: 1350: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1288: 1272: 1253: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148:= distributive 1143: 1142:= distributive 1137: 1129: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083:Closer to root 1081: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1034: 1023: 995: 987: 984: 983: 954: 926: 918: 916:nominalization 915: 912: 911: 871: 863: 860: 857: 856: 842: 839: 833:1.ABS etc./too 821: 807: 806: 800:2.ERG etc./too 788: 774: 773: 763: 760: 757: 756: 754: 752: 750: 743: 741: 739: 733: 732: 730: 728: 721: 719: 717: 710: 704: 703: 701: 699: 692: 685: 678: 676: 670: 669: 667: 665: 658: 651: 644: 642: 636: 635: 626: 619: 617: 615: 602: 589: 583: 582: 580: 571: 569: 567: 560: 553: 547: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 507: 504: 501: 500: 498: 491: 489: 483: 482: 475: 473: 466: 460: 459: 452: 445: 438: 432: 431: 426: 421: 416: 396: 393: 387: 384: 378: 375: 369: 366: 353: 350: 344: 341: 335: 332: 326: 323: 317: 314: 312: 309: 294: 291: 258: 257: 244:, you may see 230: 229: 224: 218: 217: 210: 202: 201: 194: 186: 185: 184:Language codes 181: 180: 178: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 172: 171: 153: 151: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 111: 110:Native to 107: 106: 103: 95: 94: 90: 89: 81: 80: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3925: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3426:Murui Huitoto 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3308:Nomatsiguenga 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2909:Madre de Dios 2906: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2871:(Nawa Panoan) 2869: 2865: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2245:, p. 72. 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2230:, p. 47. 2229: 2224: 2221: 2218:, p. 46. 2217: 2212: 2209: 2206:, p. 43. 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2191:, p. 41. 2190: 2185: 2182: 2177: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2102:, p. ii. 2101: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2015: 2013: 2012:with Matses. 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1867: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1840: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1710: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1644: 1637: 1635: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1589: 1577: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1524: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1435: 1425: 1424:mannan-n-quio 1420: 1419: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1359: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1324: 1323: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1256: 1251: 1245: 1237: 1234: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1212: 1207: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1114:Reduplication 1113: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1001: 1000: 993: 990: 981: 978: 976: 971: 969: 963: 957: 952: 951: 932: 931: 924: 921: 909: 906: 905: 900: 899: 893: 892: 877: 876: 869: 866: 855: 852: 847: 840: 837: 834: 831: 827: 824: 819: 810: 804: 801: 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165:Matses group 69: 63:January 2024 60: 47:copy editing 45:may require 44: 3645:Chachapoyas 3408:Bora–Witoto 3331:Mashco Piro 3298:Machiguenga 1753:-n cain-e-c 1636:-n-uid-quio 1395:By.contrast 1244:Abitedi-mbo 1158:Non-iconic 797:mimbi chedo 708:Approximant 511:Consonants 248:instead of 3892:Categories 3581:Lambayeque 3454:Chayahuita 3446:Cahuapanan 3251:Indigenous 3234:Equatorial 3043:Headwaters 2648:1911/18526 2580:References 2570:Fleck 2013 2542:Ethnologue 2525:Fleck 2003 2513:Fleck 2003 2496:Fleck 2003 2484:Fleck 2003 2472:Fleck 2003 2457:Fleck 2003 2445:Fleck 2003 2433:Fleck 2003 2421:Fleck 2003 2406:Fleck 2003 2394:Fleck 2003 2372:Payne 1990 2360:Fleck 2003 2341:Fleck 2003 2329:Fleck 2003 2314:Fleck 2003 2299:Fleck 2003 2287:Fleck 2003 2270:Fleck 2003 2255:Fleck 2003 2243:Fleck 2003 2228:Fleck 2003 2216:Fleck 2003 2204:Fleck 2003 2189:Fleck 2003 2163:: 231–287. 2100:Fleck 2003 2081:Fleck 2006 2050:Fleck 2003 2034:Ethnologue 1872:cun chibi- 1825:cun chibi- 1620:-NPAST-IND 1403:palm.genus 1236:2 and 3). 861:inflection 762:Morphology 674:Affricates 506:Consonants 55:editing it 3797:Harákmbut 3576:Cajamarca 3530:Kashinawa 3366:Chamicuro 3283:Ashéninga 3278:Asháninka 3253:languages 3161:indicate 3090:Kasharari 3068:Tuchinawa 2692:0065-9452 2683:2246/6448 2176:Amerindia 1970:Glottolog 1954:ISO 639-3 1721:deceased- 1439:cani-quid 1335:chompian- 1320:chompian- 1222:Semantics 1054:go-Past-3 830:ubi chedo 640:Fricative 529:Retroflex 386:Phonology 334:Education 207:Glottolog 191:ISO 639-3 124:Ethnicity 3827:Taushiro 3787:Ese Ejja 3748:Zaparoan 3702:Tucanoan 3673:Ayacucho 3665:Southern 3612:Pacaraos 3606:Huallaga 3559:Quechuan 3549:Yaminawa 3520:Iskonawa 3482:Huambisa 3477:Aguaruna 3469:Jivaroan 3371:Yanesha' 3352:Resígaro 3293:Caquinte 3288:Axininca 3261:Arawakan 3237:(Tumbes) 3219:Amazonic 3147:Toromona 3136:Reyesano 3131:Ese’ejja 3126:Cavineña 3074:Yaminawa 3061:Môa Remo 3006:Poyanawa 2996:Môa Nawa 2984:Iskonawa 2977:Poyanawa 2967:Katukina 2918:Arazaire 2898:Karipuna 2878:Bolivian 2790:Demushbo 2626:"Matsés" 1977:pisa1244 1783:‘many’. 1735:cain-e-c 1682:old.man- 1639:old.man- 1618:Coll:S/A 1531:choe-e-c 1513:choe-e-c 1341:shotgun- 1326:shotgun- 1308:that.one 1293:that.one 1123:Table 3 1080:Optional 1065:Table 2 1047:nid-o-sh 1028:go-Past- 1025:nid-o-sh 1003:run.off- 997:cuen-me- 934:run.off- 928:cuen-me- 904:INTENT.1 879:run.off- 873:cuen-me- 826:etc./too 793:etc./too 524:Alveolar 267:Mayoruna 254:Help:IPA 214:mats1244 159:Mayoruna 93:Mayoruna 3837:Urarina 3822:Puquina 3817:Munichi 3812:Mochica 3808:family) 3793:family) 3791:Tacanan 3756:Arabela 3637:Lowland 3602:Huánuco 3590:Central 3544:Shipibo 3525:Kashibo 3515:Amawaka 3495:Shiwiar 3385:Aymaran 3359:Western 3326:Iñapari 3229:Coastal 3159:Italics 3113:Tacanan 3095:Kashibo 3050:Amawaka 3034:Shipibo 2892:Chokobo 2886:Chiriba 2709:9663970 2002:Pisagua 1882::Cat.Ex 1868::Cat.Ex 1779:‘few’, 1775:‘two’, 1675:tsësio- 1665:pe-quid 1657:sedudie 1632:tsësio- 1616:) come- 1612:women(- 1561:women(- 1477:–cueded 1392:Padnuen 1371:poshto- 1356:poshto- 1227:Plurals 1128:Iconic 1008:-after: 977:go-INFR 609: 596: 587:Plosive 544:Glottal 534:Palatal 424:Central 411:Vowels 250:Unicode 3832:Ticuna 3806:Arauan 3802:Kulina 3761:Iquito 3738:Omagua 3733:Cocama 3725:Tupian 3715:Secoya 3710:Orejón 3655:Kichwa 3597:Ancash 3539:Pisabo 3535:Matsés 3507:Panoan 3490:Achuar 3459:Jebero 3436:Ocaina 3398:Jaqaru 3393:Aymara 3242:Loncco 3224:Andean 3141:Tacana 3121:Araona 3001:Nukini 2956:Marubo 2949:Marubo 2847:Korubo 2801:Matsés 2796:Kulino 2782:Matses 2765:Panoan 2707: 2690: 2613: 2029:Matsés 1998:Pisabo 1990:Matsés 1915:Brazil 1897:Pisabo 1856:chibi- 1810:chibi- 1781:dadpen 1709:father 1649:-only- 1607:cueded 1605:) cho- 1601:chido( 1574:cueded 1554:chido( 1550:(4) b) 1534:woman- 1527:chido- 1503:woman- 1497:chido- 1493:(4) a) 1489:(4b). 1482:–beded 1414:other- 1400:sinnad 1274:mëdin- 1266:-Narr. 1208:Syntax 1039: 970:nid-ac 956:nid-ac 886:INTENT 519:Labial 395:Vowels 358:et el. 325:Health 276:Brazil 263:Matsés 227:Matsés 169:Matsés 155:Panoan 128:Matsés 118:Brazil 88:Matsés 18:Pisabo 3842:Yagua 3782:Culle 3678:Cusco 3650:Lamas 3617:Wanka 3303:Nanti 3270:Campa 3083:Other 3028:Sensi 3015:Chama 2840:Other 2831:Matis 2810:Matis 2598:(PDF) 2591:(PDF) 2016:Notes 1740:NPAST 1738:wait- 1714:pado- 1592:NPAST 1581:Coll: 1579:come- 1518:NPAST 1516:come- 1442:grow- 1427:hill- 1408:utsi- 1264:DISTR 823:chedo 790:chedo 776:mimbi 551:Nasal 539:Velar 436:Close 419:Front 3688:Puno 3622:Yaru 3416:Bora 3336:Yine 3318:Piro 3022:Pano 2705:OCLC 2688:ISSN 2611:ISBN 2378:help 2127:help 2087:help 2068:help 2006:Mayo 1911:Peru 1902:Mayo 1851:1Gen 1844:(7b) 1805:1Gen 1798:(7a) 1788:-ado 1777:tëma 1773:daëd 1706:papa 1701:1Gen 1668:eat- 1609:-e-c 1576:-e-c 1572:cho- 1268:PAST 1258:die- 1247:all- 1016:> 1006:CAUS 985:(1c) 968:boed 961:INFR 949:NMLZ 936:CAUS 930:boed 913:(1b) 881:CAUS 858:(1a) 737:Flap 487:Open 429:Back 403:and 162:Mayo 114:Perú 2678:hdl 2670:doi 2643:hdl 2539:at 2031:at 1985:ELP 1961:pig 1874:ado 1858:ado 1848:cun 1802:cun 1792:-bo 1769:-bo 1744:IND 1729:ERG 1698:cun 1694:(6) 1670:HAB 1651:AUG 1647:ERG 1628:(5) 1603:-bo 1596:IND 1556:-bo 1522:IND 1487:–bo 1479:or 1473:–bo 1469:-bo 1444:HAB 1433:AUG 1429:LOC 1388:(3) 1301:aid 1290:aid 1260:DUR 1249:AUG 1240:(1) 1233:-bo 1045:ash 999:ash 992:dog 989:opa 959:go- 945:PST 941:REC 923:dog 920:opa 868:dog 865:opa 817:ABS 809:ubi 784:ERG 464:Mid 274:in 236:IPA 222:ELP 198:mcf 3894:: 2686:. 2676:. 2666:99 2660:. 2628:. 2503:^ 2464:^ 2413:^ 2386:^ 2348:^ 2321:^ 2306:^ 2277:^ 2262:^ 2235:^ 2196:^ 2161:27 2159:. 2107:^ 1913:, 1880:PL 1865:PL 1833:PL 1827:bo 1819:PL 1812:bo 1758:PL 1751:bo 1724:PL 1718:-n 1716:bo 1684:PL 1677:bo 1642:PL 1634:bo 1614:PL 1564:PL 1536:PL 1529:bo 1506:PL 1499:bo 1458:PL 1451:bo 1417:PL 1410:bo 1379:PL 1373:bo 1365:PL 1358:bo 1352:b) 1343:PL 1337:bo 1329:PL 1322:bo 1316:a) 1306:PL 1299:bo 1283:PL 1276:bo 898:nu 875:nu 696:tʃ 689:tʂ 682:ts 634:) 579:) 407:. 116:, 3804:( 3789:( 3608:) 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