51:
854:
489:
509:-bearing, meaning the harvest is heavier in alternate years. Peak production is reached around 20 years. Trees are usually pruned to size to make the harvest easier. One male tree produces enough pollen for 8 to 12 drupe-bearing females. Harvesting in the United States and in Greece is often accomplished using equipment to shake the drupes off the tree. After hulling and drying, pistachios are sorted according to open-mouth and closed-mouth shells, then roasted or processed by special machines to produce pistachio kernels.
962:. The mold contamination may occur from soil or poor storage, and be spread by pests. High levels of mold growth typically appear as gray to black filament-like growth. Eating mold-infected and aflatoxin-contaminated pistachios is unsafe. Aflatoxin contamination is a frequent risk, particularly in warmer and humid environments. Food contaminated with aflatoxins has been found as the cause of frequent outbreaks of acute illnesses in parts of the world. In some cases, such as in Kenya, this has led to several deaths.
378:
800:
470:
100:
1001:
481:. It has been reported to grow well when irrigated with water having 3,000–4,000 ppm of soluble salts. Pistachio trees are fairly hardy in the right conditions and can survive temperatures ranging between −10 °C (14 °F) in winter and 48 °C (118 °F) in summer. They need a sunny position and well-drained soil. Pistachio trees do poorly in conditions of high humidity and are susceptible to
75:
966:
exposure to contamination much easier. Some pistachios undergo so-called "early split", wherein both the hull and the shell split. Damage or early splits can lead to aflatoxin contamination. In some cases, a harvest may be treated to keep contamination below strict food safety thresholds; in other cases, an entire batch of pistachios must be destroyed because of aflatoxin contamination.
836:
872:
818:
719:
began a school breakfast program that included packets of pistachios. This resulted in a decline of pistachio exports from Iran, resulting in increased prices in other countries and additional incentives to plant pistachio trees in
California. The first commercial pistachio harvest in California took
1756:
suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces (42.5 g) per day of most nuts, such as pistachios, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease". Although a typical serving of pistachios supplies substantial food energy (nutrition table), their
731:
By 2020, there were 150,000 pistachio farmers in Iran, approximately 70% of whom were small-scale producers using inefficient manual picking and processing techniques. There were 950 far larger U.S. producers, using highly efficient mechanized production techniques. Between them, the U.S. and Iran
965:
Pistachio shells typically split naturally prior to harvest, with a hull covering the intact seeds. The hull protects the kernel from invasion by molds and insects, but this hull protection can be damaged in the orchard by poor orchard management practices, by birds, or after harvest, which makes
1082:
The shell of the pistachio is naturally a beige color, but it may be dyed red or green in commercial pistachios. Originally, dye was applied to hide stains on the shells caused when the nuts were picked by hand. In the 21st century, most pistachios are harvested by machine and the shells remain
2120:
Native P. vera forests are located in north eastern part of Iran particularly in
Sarakhs region. This native P. vera is the origin of cultivated pistachio trees in Iran . P. mutica is a wild species indigenous to Iran, growing with almond, oak and other forest trees common to most Alpine
727:
By 2008, U.S. pistachio production rivaled that of Iran. Drought and unusually cold weather in Iran led to severe declines in production there, while U.S. production was increasing. At that time, pistachios were Iran's second-most important export product, after the oil and gas sector.
401:. The fruit has a hard, cream-colored exterior shell. The seed has a mauve-colored skin and light green flesh, with a distinctive flavor. When the fruit ripens, the shell changes from green to an autumnal yellow/red and abruptly splits partly open. This is known as
3117:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
732:
control 70% of the world export market, with the U.S. in the lead. Worldwide demand exceeds production, so both countries have the ability to sell their production to various export markets.
1614:
916:
In 2022, world production of pistachios was one million tonnes (2.2 billion pounds), with the United States, Iran, and Turkey together accounting for 88% of the total (table).
773:), and can damage entire pistachio orchards. In 2004, the rapidly growing pistachio industry in California was threatened by panicle and shoot blight first discovered in 1984. In 2011,
2752:
3095:
1079:, which includes fresh pistachios or pistachio pudding, whipped cream, and canned fruit. Indian cooking uses pounded pistachios with grilled meats, and in pilao rice dishes.
777:
fungus caused a sudden 50% loss in the
Australian pistachio harvest. Several years of severe drought in Iran around 2008 to 2015 caused significant declines in production.
535:
shows that pistachio seeds were a common food as early as 6750 BCE. The earliest evidence of pistachio consumption goes back to the Bronze Age
Central Asia and comes from
2997:
4083:
724:, resulting in an end to trade between the United States and Iran, providing additional incentives for American farmers to plant dramatically more pistachio trees.
4261:
4122:
1712:, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is 30% of total fat. Relative to other tree nuts, pistachios have a lower amount of fat and food energy, but higher amounts of
3255:
3379:
3283:"The effect of tree nut, peanut, and soy nut consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials"
2089:
2683:
542:
Pistachio trees were introduced from Asia to Europe in the first century AD by the Romans. They are cultivated across
Southern Europe and North Africa.
485:
in winter if they get too much water and the soil is not sufficiently free-draining. Long, hot summers are required for proper ripening of the fruit.
2524:
4031:
2023:
These pale green nuts covered with a papery skin grow on a small deciduous tree native to Persia, the area that still produces the best pistachios.
4291:
4096:
4044:
2776:
685:
2354:
4194:
3061:
3129:
1011:
Large quantities of pistachios are self-heating in the presence of moisture due to their high oil content in addition to naturally occurring
2745:
2880:
673:
In the 19th century, the pistachio was cultivated commercially in parts of the
English-speaking world, such as Australia and in the US in
4005:
2202:
2175:
2016:
1933:
1907:
3124:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
4301:
304:
3087:
2968:
2913:
715:. That encouraged California farmers to plant pistachio trees, because they were still eligible for such tax breaks. In 1972, the
1810:
Participants of the FFI/IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red
Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11–13 July 2006) (2007).
4070:
931:
3005:
4311:
4281:
4276:
4271:
3409:
3322:
Muley, Arti (2021). "Effect of tree nuts on glycemic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review".
2837:
2422:
1908:
Towards a comprehensive documentation and use of
Pistacia genetic diversity in Central and West Asia, North Africa and Europe
4173:
4101:
2552:
2498:
3143:
2553:"Fresno leads nation in almond, pistachio production:The county amassed a record value of just over $ 8 billion last year"
335:
that are widely consumed as food. The word can be countable or uncountable, meaning its plural is with or without an 's'.
3251:
2368:
1831:
3083:
1741:
3930:
2288:
2138:
3281:
Mohammadifard, N; Salehi-Abargouei, A; Salas-Salvadó, J; Guasch-Ferré, M; Humphries, K; Sarrafzadegan, N (May 2015).
4207:
2278:
2261:
748:
697:
663:
604:
31:
4127:
3252:"Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0505)"
2853:
412:
Each mature pistachio tree averages around 50 kilograms (110 pounds) of seeds, or around 50,000, every two years.
3531:
2996:
Shaker
Ardakai, A.; Mir Damadiha, F.; Salehi, F.; Shahedi, M.; Kabir, G. H.; Javan Shah, A.; et al. (2007).
736:
99:
2112:
4296:
3559:
3536:
405:, and happens with an audible pop. The splitting open is a trait that has been selected by humans. Commercial
4212:
1842:
958:
693:
586:
4023:
3945:
1910:, Report of the IPGRI Workshop, 14–17 December 1998, Irbid, Jordan – S.Padulosi and A. Hadj-Hassan, editors
4018:
3873:
3834:
3631:
2343:(in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris: A. Franck. pp. 245–248 (ch. 7 – Article 14).
2090:"Effects of Rootstock on Nutrient Acquisition by Leaf, Kernel and Quality of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)"
1610:
755:
3935:
3829:
2769:
2338:
1785:
1485:
1016:
716:
667:
216:
4049:
2942:
1601:
50:
4286:
4137:
3979:
3851:
3712:
3653:
3504:
3462:
2274:
1689:
1685:
1537:
1498:
627:
2793:
Doster and Michailides (1994). "Aspergillus Moulds and Aflatoxins in Pistachio Nuts in California".
2035:
505:, and take around 7 to 10 years to reach significant production. Production is alternate-bearing or
488:
3757:
3637:
3457:
3053:
2442:
1753:
1196:
1186:
1036:
402:
64:
4233:
4199:
3971:
3911:
3762:
3677:
3402:
3347:
2633:
2104:
1819:
1791:
1644:
1628:
1472:
1452:
1216:
952:
721:
94:
1882:
1772:. A 2021 review found that pistachio consumption for three months or less significantly reduced
1631:(table). In a 100-gram reference amount, pistachios provide 2,351 kilojoules (562 kcal) of
4088:
2895:
2829:
2822:
4266:
4158:
3953:
3658:
3526:
3484:
3445:
3339:
3304:
3232:
3191:
3135:
3125:
2833:
2709:"Pistachio production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
2418:
2414:
2344:
2300:
2292:
2198:
2171:
2165:
2012:
1929:
1769:
1324:
1000:
377:
328:
3373:
2943:"Effect of roasting conditions on hardness, moisture content and colour of pistachio kernels"
2192:
1921:
692:
to California collected from China, but it was not promoted as a commercial crop until 1929.
4163:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3521:
3494:
3331:
3294:
3222:
3181:
2802:
2613:
2334:
2316:
2006:
1815:
1663:
1341:
642:
248:
4114:
1987:
4306:
4145:
3811:
3702:
3682:
3624:
3609:
3489:
3472:
3450:
2402:
2308:
1076:
1005:
681:
582:
137:
79:
3027:
1613:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
4186:
2970:
The vital role of pistachio processing industries in development of Iran non-oil exports
2578:
2282:
4181:
3499:
2974:
2919:
2472:
1765:
1693:
1032:
927:
770:
761:
753:
Pistachio trees are vulnerable to numerous diseases and infestation by insects such as
652:
635:
506:
469:
455:
424:
124:
30:
This article is about the culinary nut and the tree that bears it. For other uses, see
2711:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024
739:
accounted for about 40% of U.S. pistachio production, with a value of $ 722 million.
4255:
4109:
3744:
3707:
3697:
3395:
3368:
3351:
3227:
3210:
2407:
2235:. Vol. 1. Translated by Sir Arthur Hort. London: William Heinemann. p. 317.
1749:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1640:
1176:
1142:
970:
805:
712:
522:
478:
443:
342:, with the United States, Iran, and Turkey combined accounting for 88% of the total.
324:
232:
183:
84:
3168:
Bulló, M; Juanola-Falgarona, M; Hernández-Alonso, P; Salas-Salvadó, J (April 2015).
2380:
4238:
3958:
3779:
3671:
3599:
3516:
2660:
2108:
2060:
1976:
1949:
1860:
1773:
1745:
1701:
1624:
1118:
545:
526:
3922:
2730:
3250:
Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements (23 July 2003).
4057:
3905:
3619:
3427:
3418:
3335:
1729:
1636:
1632:
1102:
774:
704:
564:
532:
518:
398:
332:
3119:
3819:
3799:
3737:
3724:
3574:
3259:
3186:
3169:
2618:
2601:
1725:
1717:
1705:
1659:
1652:
1524:
1358:
1307:
1277:
1072:
974:
947:
674:
431:
394:
173:
4010:
2634:"California Pistachio Industry Threatened By Potentially Devastating Disease"
2348:
2304:
1846:
1748:
specific to consumption of seeds (including pistachios) to lower the risk of
3992:
3824:
3750:
3643:
3564:
3299:
3282:
2320:
2312:
1713:
1678:
1674:
1511:
1430:
1417:
1404:
1391:
1270:
946:
is found in poorly harvested or processed pistachios. Aflatoxins are potent
943:
600:
595:, "well known among us", was one of the trees unique to Syria, and that the
549:
536:
406:
393:, which is the edible portion. The seed, commonly thought of as a nut, is a
367:
363:
359:
351:
3896:
3343:
3308:
3236:
3195:
3139:
2142:
4225:
4150:
720:
place in 1976. The Shah was forced into exile in January, 1979 during the
703:
In 1969 and 1971, changes to the tax code in the United States eliminated
17:
4220:
3890:
3841:
3769:
3665:
3511:
3479:
3467:
2806:
2708:
1975:
New Mexico State University, Cooperative Extension Service, Circular 532
1290:
1068:
1064:
990:
689:
608:
576:
482:
193:
150:
2284:
Anthimi De observatione ciborum epistula ad Theudericum, regem Francorum
4036:
3966:
3856:
3604:
3589:
3584:
2529:
1758:
1648:
1250:
1052:
1048:
1040:
994:
901:
708:
557:
502:
501:
The pistachio tree may live up to 300 years. The trees are planted in
371:
355:
4062:
2888:
Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources
1708:
is the most common monounsaturated fatty acid (52% of total fat). and
3846:
3692:
3648:
3594:
3579:
3569:
3554:
2973:. Acta Horticulturae. Vol. 726. pp. 579–581. Archived from
2941:
Shakerardekani, A.; Karim, R.; Mohd Ghazali, H.; Chin, N. L. (2011).
2918:. Acta Horticulturae. Vol. 726. pp. 565–568. Archived from
2731:""Pistacchio verde di Bronte" - La Denominazione di Origine Protetta"
1836:
1670:
1374:
1274:
1012:
986:
841:
766:
666:
were said to have contained pistachio trees during the reign of King
612:
553:
163:
3867:
3372:
2247:
Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature,
1757:
consumption in normal amounts is not associated with weight gain or
1658:(100% DV) (table). Pistachios are a moderate source (10–19% DV) of
3997:
3732:
3614:
3546:
3440:
3435:
1132:
1060:
1056:
1044:
999:
982:
978:
919:
877:
859:
677:
and California, where it was introduced in 1854 as a garden tree.
656:
487:
468:
439:
386:
376:
339:
111:
4075:
2167:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Volume 1
2296:
1550:
1020:
823:
659:
in northeastern Iraq for the consumption of Atlantic pistachio.
596:
390:
3984:
3871:
3391:
1031:
The kernels are often eaten whole, either fresh or roasted and
2684:"Scarred Riverbeds and Dead Pistachio Trees in a Parched Iran"
2661:"Australia Pistachio Disaster Hints at Agricultural Breakdown"
1162:
2036:"Pistacia vera L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
1051:, pistachio butter, pistachio paste, and confections such as
641:
An article on pistachio tree cultivation was brought down in
446:
266:
2499:"Pistachios: The Quirks of Agricultural Trade in a Nutshell"
3211:"Pistachio nuts: composition and potential health benefits"
3170:"Nutrition attributes and health effects of pistachio nuts"
2854:"Pistachio Nuts – RF Self-heating / Spontaneous combustion"
2600:
Parfitt, D.E.; Arjmand, N.; Michailides, T.J. (July 2003).
358:
leaves 10–20 centimetres (4–8 inches) long. The plants are
278:
272:
3088:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2467:
2429:; Commissioner of Horticulture of the State of California,
2340:
Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah)
296:
269:
759:
in North America. Among these is infection by the fungus
293:
254:
2915:
Optimizing of the process of pistachio butter production
2579:"Leaf-footed bug implicated in pistachio epicarp lesion"
2076:
The pistachio tree is believed to be indigenous to Iran.
338:
In 2022, world production of pistachios was one million
3387:
3054:"Remember Red Pistachios? Here's What Happened To Them"
2881:"Optimizing Formulation of Pistachio Butter Production"
434:, superseded in the 16th century by forms from Italian
362:, with separate male and female trees. The flowers are
1812:
Pistacia vera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
477:
Pistachio is a desert plant and is highly tolerant of
350:
The tree grows up to 10 metres (33 feet) tall. It has
1684:
The fat profile of raw pistachios consists mainly of
305:
287:
260:
2602:"Resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea in pistachio"
1764:
One review found that pistachio consumption lowered
290:
263:
251:
3880:
3810:
3723:
3545:
3425:
3004:. Iran Pistachio Research Institute. Archived from
2879:Ardekani, A. S. H.; Shahedi, M.; Kabir, G. (2009).
1586:
1574:
1549:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1450:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1373:
1357:
1340:
1323:
1306:
1289:
1269:
1248:
1213:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1159:
1141:
1131:
1115:
1101:
1096:
284:
257:
3121:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2821:
2406:
696:pistachios from Syria had already fruited well at
1462:
1260:
769:(symptoms include death of the flowers and young
2061:"Pistachio | Description, Uses, & Nutrition"
922:produces a low quantity of pistachios, with the
2525:"Iran faces U.S. challenge in "pistachio war""
2139:"History and Agriculture of the Pistachio Nut"
2097:American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci
1920:Nugent, Jeff; Julia Boniface (30 March 2005).
1097:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
3403:
2413:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p.
8:
3383:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3256:Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
3163:
3161:
2828:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p.
2447:Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: II.Crops
1820:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63497A12670823.en
1091:
1019:if stored with a combustible fabric such as
2468:"California Pistachios With Perfect Timing"
275:
3868:
3410:
3396:
3388:
3287:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3084:United States Food and Drug Administration
3047:
3045:
1635:and are a rich source (20% or more of the
1623:Raw pistachios are 4% water, 45% fat, 28%
1230:
1090:
409:vary in how consistently they split open.
73:
49:
38:
3298:
3289:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
3226:
3185:
2912:Ardakani; Shahedi, M.; Kabir, G. (2006).
2617:
1967:
1965:
1963:
779:
655:have found evidence from excavations at
2746:"Prevention of aflatoxin in pistachios"
2379:. University of Georgia. Archived from
1803:
1696:(table). Saturated fatty acids include
686:United States Department of Agriculture
599:was introduced into Italy by the Roman
3064:from the original on 16 September 2019
2461:
2459:
2453:"Importance of plant introduction" p.
2170:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 199.
1928:. Permanent Publications. p. 41.
1863:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 30 May 2024
4262:IUCN Red List near threatened species
2682:Erdbrink, Thomas (18 December 2015).
2492:
2490:
2133:
2131:
2129:
7:
4138:414e607d-fc25-479e-9c12-0118c0dda116
2782:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2758:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1988:"Pistachio cultivation (translated)"
950:chemicals produced by molds such as
3052:Spiegel, Alison (2 February 2015).
2950:International Food Research Journal
2551:Fitchette, Todd (28 October 2022).
2088:V. Tavallali and M. Rahemi (2007).
645:'s 12th-century agricultural work,
618:The early sixth-century manuscript
492:Dormant pistachio trees, California
3098:from the original on 27 March 2024
2860:. The German Insurance Association
2523:Dahl, Frederick (8 October 2008).
2466:Blackburn, Mark (3 October 1979).
25:
1973:Growing pistachios in New Mexico,
1055:, pistachio chocolate, pistachio
969:Like other members of the family
765:, which causes panicle and shoot
634:remained well known in Europe in
327:, is a small tree originating in
3228:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00467.x
3174:The British Journal of Nutrition
2497:Durkin, Andrea (14 April 2020).
2197:. Oxford Symposium. p. 84.
1926:Permaculture Plants: A Selection
1740:In July 2003, the United States
870:
852:
834:
816:
798:
517:The pistachio tree is native to
247:
98:
4213:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:70280-1
3146:from the original on 9 May 2024
2659:Keim, Brandon (26 April 2011).
607:(in office in 35 AD), and into
4292:Trees of Mediterranean climate
2577:Bolkan, Hasan (1 March 1984).
1:
1744:approved the first qualified
1107:2,351 kJ (562 kcal)
1041:traditional Persian ice cream
993:, an irritant that can cause
2998:"Pistachio Halva Production"
1742:Food and Drug Administration
1609:Percentages estimated using
571:(πιστάκια), recognizable as
473:Leaves of the pistachio tree
3336:10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00397
2894:(47): 49–59. Archived from
2289:Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner
2164:D. T. Potts (21 May 2012).
2008:Encyclopedia of Jewish Food
1736:Research and health effects
1602:Link to USDA database entry
781:Pistachio production, 2022
27:Member of the cashew family
4328:
2770:"Aflatoxins in pistachios"
2040:Plants of the World Online
942:As with other tree seeds,
749:List of pistachio diseases
746:
664:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
624:On the Observance of Foods
605:Lucius Vitellius the Elder
447:
389:, containing an elongated
32:Pistachio (disambiguation)
29:
3209:Dreher, ML (April 2012).
3187:10.1017/S0007114514003250
2820:Mabberley, D. J. (1993).
2619:10.21273/HORTSCI.38.4.529
2219:Oxford Companion to food,
1814:2007: e.T63497A12670823.
1692:, with a small amount of
1608:
1598:
1594:
1570:
1562:
1446:
1442:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1209:
1205:
1155:
1151:
1111:
898:
788:
785:
737:Fresno County, California
222:
215:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
57:
48:
41:
4302:Plants described in 1753
3835:Queensland macadamia nut
3180:(Supplement 2): S79–93.
2775:. European Union. 2008.
2663:. Wired Magazine-Science
743:Diseases and environment
465:Distribution and habitat
3380:Encyclopædia Britannica
3300:10.3945/ajcn.114.091595
2751:. FAO, United Nations.
2409:The World Was My Garden
2262:Pliny's Natural History
2221:Oxford University Press
2141:. IRECO. Archived from
2065:Encyclopedia Britannica
1971:Esteban Herrera (1997)
1843:Oxford University Press
1611:US recommendations
1035:, and are also used in
700:, California, by 1917.
620:De observatione ciborum
533:Archaeological evidence
3632:Johnstone River almond
3324:JBI Evidence Synthesis
3002:Document Number: 29328
2583:California Agriculture
2194:Cooks and Other People
2191:Harlan Walker (1996).
1615:the National Academies
1008:
989:), pistachios contain
756:Leptoglossus clypealis
493:
474:
382:
4312:Symbols of California
4282:Flora of Western Asia
4277:Flora of Central Asia
4272:Edible nuts and seeds
3560:Australian cashew nut
3374:"Pistachio Nut"
2433:1905/06, vol. II:392.
2367:Rieger, Mark (2012).
2287:(in Latin). Leipzig:
2231:Theophrastus (1916).
2118:on 24 February 2019.
1839:UK English Dictionary
1786:List of culinary nuts
1647:, and the B vitamins
1235:Vitamins and minerals
1017:spontaneously combust
1003:
904:of the United Nations
668:Marduk-apla-iddina II
575:by its comparison to
539:, modern Uzbekistan.
491:
472:
380:
2807:10.1094/phyto-84-583
2335:Ibn al-'Awwam, Yaḥyá
1887:Cambridge Dictionary
1690:polyunsaturated fats
1686:monounsaturated fats
924:Pistacchio di Bronte
611:at the same time by
331:. The tree produces
3638:Irvingia gabonensis
3058:The Huffington Post
3008:on 31 December 2018
2744:E. Boutrif (1998).
2443:Liberty Hyde Bailey
2264:, xiii.10.5, xv.22.
2233:Enquiry into Plants
2005:Marks, Gil (2010).
1768:in persons without
1754:Scientific evidence
1700:(10% of total) and
1639:or DV) of protein,
1342:Pantothenic acid (B
1093:
1092:Pistachio nuts, raw
1037:pistachio ice cream
782:
694:Walter T. Swingle's
688:introduced hardier
647:Book on Agriculture
323:), a member of the
65:Conservation status
3795:Single-leaf pinyon
2901:on 19 August 2011.
2688:The New York Times
2383:on 30 October 2014
2377:Mark's Fruit Crops
2357:–248 (Article XIV)
2245:James Strong, ed.
1792:Pistacia lentiscus
1576:Other constituents
1009:
995:allergic reactions
953:Aspergillus flavus
780:
722:Iranian Revolution
680:In 1904 and 1905,
548:described it as a
494:
475:
383:
310:-shee-oh, -
4249:
4248:
4159:Open Tree of Life
3874:Taxon identifiers
3865:
3864:
3763:Monkey-puzzle nut
3625:Shellbark hickory
3610:Mockernut hickory
3570:Borneo tallow nut
3215:Nutrition Reviews
3131:978-0-309-48834-1
3028:"Pistachio Salad"
2967:Ardakani (2006).
2640:. 12 January 2004
1849:on 22 March 2020.
1770:diabetes mellitus
1621:
1620:
1566:
1565:
1075:. Americans make
926:(pistachios from
909:
908:
905:
792:
239:
238:
88:
16:(Redirected from
4319:
4242:
4241:
4229:
4228:
4216:
4215:
4203:
4202:
4190:
4189:
4177:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4154:
4153:
4141:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4118:
4117:
4105:
4104:
4092:
4091:
4079:
4078:
4066:
4065:
4053:
4052:
4040:
4039:
4027:
4026:
4014:
4013:
4001:
4000:
3988:
3987:
3975:
3974:
3962:
3961:
3949:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3926:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3869:
3620:Shagbark hickory
3522:Malabar chestnut
3412:
3405:
3398:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3356:
3355:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3258:. Archived from
3247:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2827:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2463:
2454:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2412:
2403:Fairchild, David
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2217:Davidson (1999)
2215:
2209:
2208:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2111:. Archived from
2094:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1994:. 18 March 2019.
1992:www.infoagro.com
1984:
1978:
1969:
1958:
1957:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1922:"Pistachio Nuts"
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1845:. Archived from
1828:
1822:
1808:
1645:dietary minerals
1466:
1378:
1362:
1345:
1328:
1311:
1294:
1271:Vitamin A equiv.
1264:
1231:
1094:
973:(which includes
899:
876:
874:
873:
858:
856:
855:
840:
838:
837:
822:
820:
819:
804:
802:
801:
790:
783:
613:Flaccus Pompeius
556:-like nuts from
552:-like tree with
450:
449:
313:
309:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
228:
103:
102:
82:
77:
76:
53:
39:
21:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4297:Italian cuisine
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4237:
4232:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4206:
4198:
4193:
4185:
4180:
4172:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4149:
4146:Observation.org
4144:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4113:
4108:
4100:
4095:
4087:
4082:
4074:
4069:
4061:
4056:
4048:
4043:
4035:
4030:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3978:
3970:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3806:
3780:Colorado pinyon
3719:
3541:
3421:
3416:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3330:(5): 966–1002.
3321:
3320:
3316:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3262:on 17 June 2008
3249:
3248:
3244:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3132:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2977:on 3 April 2013
2966:
2965:
2961:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2922:on 3 April 2013
2911:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2441:
2437:
2431:Biennial report
2425:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2115:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1782:
1738:
1667:
1656:
1604:
1599:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1479:
1467:
1437:
1424:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1343:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1309:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1265:
1236:
1225:
1220:
1197:Polyunsaturated
1187:Monounsaturated
1171:
1166:
1127:
1122:
1089:
1077:pistachio salad
1029:
1006:Turkish delight
940:
914:
871:
869:
853:
851:
835:
833:
817:
815:
799:
797:
789:
751:
745:
682:David Fairchild
670:about 700 BCE.
588:Natural History
583:Pliny the Elder
515:
499:
467:
418:
385:The fruit is a
348:
311:
307:
283:
250:
246:
235:
230:
224:
211:
97:
89:
80:Near Threatened
78:
74:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4325:
4323:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4239:wfo-0000393766
4230:
4217:
4204:
4191:
4178:
4168:
4155:
4142:
4132:
4119:
4106:
4093:
4080:
4067:
4054:
4041:
4028:
4015:
4002:
3989:
3976:
3963:
3950:
3940:
3927:
3917:
3902:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Mexican pinyon
3787:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3708:English walnut
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3654:Planted karuka
3646:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3532:Red bopple nut
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:European hazel
3492:
3487:
3485:American hazel
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:Sweet chestnut
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:European beech
3448:
3446:American beech
3438:
3432:
3430:
3428:botanical nuts
3423:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3371:, ed. (1911).
3369:Chisholm, Hugh
3363:
3362:External links
3360:
3358:
3357:
3314:
3293:(5): 966–982.
3273:
3242:
3221:(4): 234–240.
3201:
3157:
3130:
3109:
3075:
3041:
3030:. RecipeSource
3019:
2988:
2959:
2933:
2904:
2871:
2845:
2838:
2824:The Plant Book
2812:
2801:(6): 583–590.
2795:Phytopathology
2785:
2761:
2736:
2722:
2700:
2674:
2651:
2625:
2592:
2569:
2543:
2515:
2486:
2473:New York Times
2455:
2435:
2423:
2394:
2359:
2326:
2266:
2254:
2238:
2223:
2210:
2204:978-0907325727
2203:
2183:
2177:978-1405189880
2176:
2156:
2145:on 8 July 2006
2125:
2103:(3): 240–246.
2080:
2052:
2027:
2018:978-0544186316
2017:
1997:
1979:
1959:
1954:Dictionary.com
1941:
1935:978-1856230292
1934:
1912:
1900:
1874:
1852:
1823:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1766:blood pressure
1737:
1734:
1722:phytochemicals
1720:, and certain
1704:(2%) (table).
1694:saturated fats
1665:
1654:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1085:
1028:
1025:
959:A. parasiticus
939:
936:
913:
910:
907:
906:
896:
895:
890:
884:
883:
880:
866:
865:
862:
848:
847:
844:
830:
829:
826:
812:
811:
808:
794:
793:
787:
762:Botryosphaeria
744:
741:
653:Archaeologists
636:late antiquity
567:' writings as
563:It appears in
514:
511:
498:
495:
466:
463:
456:Middle Persian
425:Middle English
417:
414:
347:
344:
237:
236:
231:
220:
219:
213:
212:
205:
203:
199:
198:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
154:
153:
148:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4324:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3913:
3912:Pistacia vera
3907:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3882:Pistacia vera
3879:
3875:
3870:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Macadamia nut
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Chilgoza pine
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3738:Burrawang nut
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Chilean hazel
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3537:Yellow walnut
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3113:
3110:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2558:
2557:Farm Progress
2554:
2547:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2371:pistacia vera
2369:"Pistachio –
2363:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:Valentin Rose
2276:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1750:heart disease
1747:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:, vitamin K,
1715:
1711:
1710:linoleic acid
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:palmitic acid
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1651:(73% DV) and
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:dietary fiber
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:carbohydrates
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1308:Riboflavin (B
1305:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1143:Dietary fiber
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:Carbohydrates
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1002:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:Anacardiaceae
967:
963:
961:
960:
955:
954:
949:
945:
937:
935:
933:
932:DOP-protected
929:
925:
921:
917:
911:
903:
897:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
879:
868:
867:
863:
861:
850:
849:
845:
843:
832:
831:
827:
825:
814:
813:
809:
807:
806:United States
796:
795:
791:metric tonnes
784:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:
758:
757:
750:
742:
740:
738:
733:
729:
725:
723:
718:
714:
713:citrus fruits
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
648:
644:
643:Ibn al-'Awwam
639:
637:
633:
630:implies that
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
585:wrote in his
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
538:
534:
530:
528:
524:
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
496:
490:
486:
484:
480:
471:
464:
462:
460:
457:
453:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
423:is from late
422:
415:
413:
410:
408:
404:
400:
399:botanical nut
396:
392:
388:
379:
375:
373:
370:and borne in
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
325:cashew family
322:
321:
320:Pistacia vera
316:
315:
301:
244:
234:
229:
227:
226:Pistacia vera
221:
218:
217:Binomial name
214:
210:
209:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:Anacardiaceae
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:Tracheophytes
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
81:
70:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
43:Pistacia vera
40:
37:
33:
19:
3881:
3842:Paradise nut
3749:
3698:Black walnut
3687:
3672:Panda oleosa
3670:
3636:
3490:Beaked hazel
3378:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3260:the original
3245:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3177:
3173:
3148:. Retrieved
3120:
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3091:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3057:
3032:. Retrieved
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:the original
3001:
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2975:the original
2969:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2914:
2907:
2896:the original
2891:
2887:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2857:
2848:
2823:
2815:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2764:
2739:
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:ScienceDaily
2637:
2628:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2528:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2503:Global Trade
2502:
2477:. Retrieved
2471:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2408:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2381:the original
2376:
2370:
2362:
2339:
2329:
2283:
2269:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2193:
2186:
2166:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2119:
2113:the original
2100:
2096:
2083:
2075:
2068:. Retrieved
2064:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:
2030:
2022:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1972:
1953:
1944:
1925:
1915:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1855:
1847:the original
1835:
1826:
1811:
1806:
1790:
1774:triglyceride
1763:
1746:health claim
1739:
1730:phytosterols
1718:γ-tocopherol
1702:stearic acid
1683:
1622:
1580:
1575:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1215:
1161:
1117:
1081:
1059:, pistachio
1030:
1010:
968:
964:
957:
951:
948:carcinogenic
941:
923:
918:
915:
892:
887:
760:
754:
752:
734:
730:
726:
717:Shah of Iran
705:tax shelters
702:
679:
672:
661:
651:
646:
640:
631:
623:
619:
617:
592:
587:
581:
572:
568:
562:
546:Theophrastus
544:
541:
531:
527:Central Asia
516:
500:
476:
458:
451:
435:
427:
420:
419:
411:
395:culinary nut
384:
349:
337:
319:
318:
242:
240:
225:
223:
208:P. vera
207:
206:
194:
157:
144:
131:
118:
42:
36:
4287:Fruit trees
4187:kew-2407011
4058:iNaturalist
3906:Wikispecies
3852:Peanut tree
3812:Angiosperms
3785:Korean pine
3725:Gymnosperms
3659:Wild karuka
3505:Asian hazel
2606:HortScience
2562:21 February
2536:21 February
2508:21 February
2479:21 February
2149:27 February
1950:"Pistachio"
1893:17 February
1883:"pistachio"
1861:"Pistachio"
1832:"Pistachio"
1726:carotenoids
1637:Daily Value
1633:food energy
1291:Thiamine (B
1083:unstained.
775:anthracnose
565:Dioscorides
519:Afghanistan
497:Cultivation
479:saline soil
454:, and from
346:Description
138:Angiosperms
4256:Categories
4182:Plant List
3943:Calflora:
3820:Brazil nut
3800:Stone pine
3745:Ginkgo nut
3575:Breadfruit
3217:(Review).
3176:(Review).
3068:9 December
3034:17 January
2956:: 704–710.
2864:5 November
2858:tis-gdv.de
2839:0521340608
2612:(4): 529.
2424:068684310X
2387:16 January
2321:Q130283165
1799:References
1706:Oleic acid
1660:riboflavin
1643:, several
1627:, and 20%
1525:Phosphorus
1278:zeaxanthin
1073:mortadella
1015:, and can
1004:Pistachio
975:poison ivy
912:Production
747:See also:
675:New Mexico
603:in Syria,
436:pistacchio
432:Old French
403:dehiscence
174:Sapindales
18:Pistachios
4024:200012704
3825:Macadamia
3758:Bunya nut
3751:Araucaria
3703:Butternut
3688:Pistachio
3678:Pekea nut
3600:Gabon nut
3565:Betel nut
3517:Kurrajong
3463:Candlenut
3426:True, or
3352:226250006
2349:780050566
2313:16829336M
2305:882735061
1714:potassium
1681:(table).
1679:vitamin K
1675:vitamin E
1664:vitamin B
1653:vitamin B
1538:Potassium
1512:Manganese
1499:Magnesium
1431:Vitamin K
1418:Vitamin E
1405:Vitamin D
1392:Vitamin C
1375:Folate (B
1359:Vitamin B
1325:Niacin (B
1177:Saturated
1087:Nutrition
1069:cold cuts
944:aflatoxin
893:1,026,803
735:In 2021,
690:cultivars
601:proconsul
577:pine nuts
550:terebinth
537:Djarkutan
452:pistákion
448:πιστάκιον
421:Pistachio
416:Etymology
407:cultivars
381:Pistachio
368:unisexual
364:apetalous
360:dioecious
352:deciduous
243:pistachio
202:Species:
108:Kingdom:
4267:Pistacia
4221:Tropicos
4089:10206336
3891:Wikidata
3770:Pine nut
3713:Heartnut
3683:Pili nut
3666:Mongongo
3644:Jack nut
3527:Palm nut
3512:Kola nut
3480:Hazelnut
3468:Chestnut
3458:Breadnut
3344:33141798
3309:25809855
3237:22458696
3196:26148925
3144:Archived
3140:30844154
3102:28 March
3096:Archived
3086:(2024).
3062:Archived
2777:Archived
2753:Archived
2715:20 April
2589:: 16–17.
2449:, 1917,
2405:(1938).
2337:(1864).
2317:Wikidata
2297:34013844
2277:(1877).
2121:regions.
1780:See also
1776:levels.
1724:such as
1581:Quantity
1459:Quantity
1453:Minerals
1369:1.700 mg
1336:1.300 mg
1319:0.160 mg
1257:Quantity
1251:Vitamins
1201:13.744 g
1191:23.820 g
1071:such as
1065:biscotti
991:urushiol
938:Toxicity
900:Source:
846:239,289
828:241,669
810:400,070
786:Country
632:pistacia
628:Anthimus
609:Hispania
593:pistacia
569:pistákia
507:biennial
503:orchards
483:root rot
397:, not a
372:panicles
195:Pistacia
180:Family:
151:Eudicots
85:IUCN 3.1
58:Roasted
4226:1300829
4076:70280-1
4037:3190585
3967:Ecocrop
3857:Soybean
3605:Hickory
3590:Coconut
3500:Filbert
3266:17 June
3150:21 June
2693:9 March
2667:9 March
2644:9 March
2530:Reuters
2281:(ed.).
2275:Anthimi
2109:7346114
2011:. HMH.
1867:16 July
1759:obesity
1649:thiamin
1629:protein
1545:1025 mg
1493:3.92 mg
1473:Calcium
1438:13.2 μg
1353:0.52 mg
1302:0.87 mg
1284:1205 μg
1224:20.27 g
1217:Protein
1181:5.556 g
1170:45.39 g
1126:27.51 g
1053:baklava
1049:spumoni
1013:lipases
902:FAOSTAT
882:45,467
864:81,700
709:almonds
684:of the
573:P. vera
558:Bactria
513:History
459:pistakē
430:, from
428:pistace
356:pinnate
190:Genus:
170:Order:
112:Plantae
83: (
4307:Drupes
4195:PLANTS
4164:200787
4151:149616
4135:NZOR:
4102:506470
4063:122975
4011:150951
3985:483483
3936:254593
3923:131954
3920:APDB:
3897:Q36071
3847:Peanut
3693:Walnut
3649:Karuka
3595:Durian
3580:Cashew
3555:Almond
3547:Drupes
3350:
3342:
3307:
3235:
3194:
3138:
3128:
2836:
2421:
2347:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2252:"Nut".
2201:
2174:
2107:
2070:24 May
2045:24 May
2015:
1932:
1837:Lexico
1728:, and
1677:, and
1671:folate
1558:2.2 mg
1532:490 mg
1519:1.2 mg
1506:121 mg
1480:105 mg
1425:2.3 mg
1399:5.6 mg
1275:lutein
1147:10.3 g
1137:7.66 g
1133:Sugars
1103:Energy
1067:, and
1033:salted
987:cashew
985:, and
930:town)
928:Bronte
875:
857:
842:Turkey
839:
821:
803:
771:shoots
767:blight
554:almond
438:, via
340:tonnes
329:Persia
164:Rosids
4200:PIVE3
4171:PFI:
4128:55513
4115:63497
4084:IRMNG
4050:28655
4006:EUNIS
3998:PIAVE
3959:77MJ8
3946:12781
3754:spp.
3733:Cycad
3615:Pecan
3441:Beech
3436:Acorn
3348:S2CID
3012:4 May
2981:4 May
2946:(PDF)
2926:4 May
2899:(PDF)
2884:(PDF)
2780:(PDF)
2773:(PDF)
2756:(PDF)
2749:(PDF)
2353:(pp.
2116:(PDF)
2105:S2CID
2093:(PDF)
1889:. CUP
1587:Water
1386:51 μg
1061:lokum
1057:halva
1045:kulfi
983:mango
979:sumac
920:Italy
888:World
878:Syria
860:China
698:Niles
657:Jarmo
626:) by
591:that
444:Greek
442:from
440:Latin
387:drupe
333:seeds
312:STASH
158:Clade
145:Clade
132:Clade
119:Clade
4208:POWO
4174:3033
4123:NCBI
4110:IUCN
4097:ITIS
4071:IPNI
4045:GRIN
4032:GBIF
3993:EPPO
3972:2386
3931:BOLD
3419:Nuts
3340:PMID
3305:PMID
3268:2008
3233:PMID
3192:PMID
3152:2024
3136:PMID
3126:ISBN
3104:2024
3070:2023
3036:2011
3014:2011
2983:2011
2928:2011
2866:2007
2834:ISBN
2717:2024
2695:2017
2669:2017
2646:2017
2564:2022
2538:2023
2510:2023
2481:2023
2451:s.v.
2419:ISBN
2389:2023
2345:OCLC
2301:OCLC
2293:LCCN
2250:s.v.
2199:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2151:2012
2072:2019
2047:2019
2013:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1895:2024
1869:2024
1688:and
1551:Zinc
1486:Iron
1412:0 μg
1367:100%
1027:Uses
1021:jute
956:and
824:Iran
711:and
707:for
662:The
597:seed
525:and
523:Iran
391:seed
366:and
308:STAH
306:pih-
241:The
4234:WFO
4019:FNA
3980:EoL
3954:CoL
3332:doi
3295:doi
3291:101
3223:doi
3182:doi
3178:113
3092:FDA
2803:doi
2614:doi
2415:174
2355:245
1816:doi
1752:: "
1590:4 g
1556:20%
1543:34%
1530:39%
1517:52%
1504:29%
1491:22%
1464:%DV
1436:11%
1423:15%
1384:13%
1351:10%
1317:12%
1300:73%
1262:%DV
1163:Fat
1063:or
4258::
4236::
4223::
4210::
4197::
4184::
4161::
4148::
4125::
4112::
4099::
4086::
4073::
4060::
4047::
4034::
4021::
4008::
3995::
3982::
3969::
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3933::
3908::
3893::
3377:.
3346:.
3338:.
3328:19
3326:.
3303:.
3285:.
3254:.
3231:.
3219:70
3213:.
3190:.
3172:.
3160:^
3142:.
3134:.
3094:.
3090:.
3060:.
3056:.
3044:^
3000:.
2954:18
2952:.
2948:.
2892:13
2890:.
2886:.
2856:.
2832:.
2830:27
2799:84
2797:.
2686:.
2636:.
2610:38
2608:.
2604:.
2587:38
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2581:.
2555:.
2527:.
2501:.
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2470:.
2458:^
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2417:.
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1761:.
1732:.
1673:,
1669:,
1662:,
1478:8%
1410:0%
1397:6%
1334:8%
1047:,
1043:,
1039:,
1023:.
997:.
981:,
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934:.
649:.
638:.
615:.
579:.
560:.
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461:.
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354:,
317:;
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282:,-
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267:ɑː
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297:ʃ
294:æ
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288:s
285:ˈ
276:.
273:i
270:ʃ
264:t
261:s
258:ˈ
255:ɪ
252:p
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245:(
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