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may be tuned in any of several ways: (1) by lengthening or shortening the vibrating length of the reed tongue by means of a wire protruding from the boot of the pipe; (2) by adjusting the effective speaking length of the resonator; (3) by adjusting the metal flap in the side of the resonator or the
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Another important preparation step is to stabilize the temperature of the building in which the organ resides. Ideally, the temperature should be the same as that at which the organ will be typically used, and the temperature should have been stable for many hours before beginning the tuning. The
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Humidity is a factor in maintaining wooden pipes. Many churches use humidifiers/dehumidifiers in an attempt to keep the organ loft from drying or becoming too moist. These devices must be carefully monitored and managed to avoid creating the opposite problem.
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pipe organ on the campus of
Wichita State University in Kansas is carefully kept at 72 degrees Fahrenheit and 50% humidity year round and requires tuning and maintenance only once every four years. Its Danish caretakers credit meticulous climate control.
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In fact, controlling the climate around a pipe organ can have a significant impact on its tuning and maintenance schedule. For example, while many pipe organs require tuning or other maintenance more than once a year, the
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of the instrument, often A=440 Hz in modern instruments, but this also is far from universal. The pitch of an organ cannot be significantly changed without major work, as pipes need to be shortened or lengthened.
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Small metal pipes are often "cone tuned", whereby the top of each pipe is deformed inward or outward using a heavy hollow cone. Such tuning is extremely stable, but causes gradual damage to the pipe over
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Once the tuning stop is fully in tune with itself, the rest of the stops are tuned. Most stops are tuned to the tuning stop, though some stops are more easily tuned to stops other than a 4 ft
Principal.
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Organ pipes are so sensitive to temperature that the body heat of the organ tuner can affect the tuning. If one holds a small metal flue pipe briefly in one's hand and then returns it to the chest (
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cap on the top of the pipe (especially with fractional length pipes). All of these methods can also affect the tonal regulation of the pipe, so tuning reed pipes is trickier than tuning flue pipes.
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rather than the fundamentals. The audibility of these harmonics is extremely sensitive to the position of one's ears relative to the pipes. Eliminating the beats brings the pipe into tune.
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The most common tuning tool is called a "tuning knife". It is a piece of metal used to tap gently on the tuning mechanism of a pipe, so as to avoid touching the pipe with the hands.
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On a slotted metal pipe, some or all of the metal cut out to make the slot is rolled up so the slot can effectively be shortened or lengthened, thus changing the pitch of the pipe.
154:) in each division. The middle octave is usually tuned first, either by ear, or using some sort of electronic tuning device. The rest of the tuning stop is tuned to itself, in
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If two pipes of the same pitch stand close to each other on the chest, they can draw each other into tune, even though their pitches are slightly off when played individually.
74:, each of which produces a single pitch and timbre. The goal of tuning a pipe organ is to adjust the pitch of each pipe so that they all sound in tune with each other.
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The actual tuning process begins with the tuning of the "tuning stop", the stop to which most or all other stops will be tuned in turn. The tuning stop is usually the
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reason for this is that the pitch of organ pipes varies significantly with temperature, and not all pipes vary at the same rate relative to temperature.
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pitch) in parts of
Germany. Organs were often tuned differently than ensembles, even within the same region or town. The modern tuning standard of a
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A conical metal pipe will sometimes have a tuning slide, but often is tuned by moving the large ears on either side of the pipe's mouth.
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An open wooden pipe may have a metal flap partially covering its top, which can be rolled or unrolled, or bent upward or downward.
130:. Generally speaking, the temperament of a pipe organ is part of its design, and is not lightly changed during its lifetime.
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An open metal pipe usually has a sliding collar ("tuning slide") at the top of the pipe that can be moved to change the pitch.
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The pitch of very low-pitched pipes (in the 16 ft and 32 ft octaves) can be inaudible close to the pipe.
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is very common, but by no means universal. Along with the temperament goes the overall
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On a slotted wooden pipe, a wooden slider is provided to shorten or lengthen the slot.
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86:(the standard note for tuning musical instruments), for example, could range from a
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A stopped pipe (wood or metal) is usually tuned by moving its stopper up or down.
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A brief history of the establishment of international standard pitch a=440 hertz
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This article describes the process and techniques involved in the tuning of a
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For many years, there was no pitch standard across Europe. The frequency of a
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A capped pipe is usually tuned by moving its cap up or down.
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A pipe organ produces sound via hundreds or thousands of
110:=262 Hz) was proposed in 1939, and accepted by the
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music theory online: pitch, temperament & timbre
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284:The Esoteric Keyboard Temperaments of J. S. Bach
126:The first task of an organ tuner is to select a
112:International Organization for Standardization
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271:A Brief History of Musical Pitch in Europe
177:vary with the construction of the pipe:
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67:typically do not require tuning.
42:and remove advice or instruction.
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322:Danish tuner travels to Wichita
232:Organ tuners often listen for
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282:Francis, John Charles (2005)
118:) in 1955 and again in 1975.
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173:The techniques for tuning
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299:. Accessed May 6, 2007.
286:. Accessed May 6, 2007.
94:in parts of France to a
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308:Cavanagh, Lynn (n.d.)
273:. Accessed May 6, 2007
295:Blood, Brian (n.d.)
269:Poletti, Paul (2002)
150:Octave or Principal (
166:Tools and techniques
40:rewrite this article
565:Trompette militaire
436:Combination action
618:Historical Society
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445:Tubular-pneumatic
440:Electro-pneumatic
325:The Wichita Eagle
132:Equal temperament
65:Electronic organs
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33:a manual or guide
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415:Expression pedal
395:Eight-foot pitch
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31:is written like
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106:=440 Hz (c
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674:Musical tuning
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98:=465 Hz (
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215:Miscellaneous
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136:concert pitch
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29:This article
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570:Voix céleste
560:Registration
530:Tibia Clausa
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377:Construction
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38:Please help
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580:Zimbelstern
364:Pipe organs
128:temperament
72:organ pipes
669:Pipe organ
663:Categories
633:Repertoire
603:Fairground
575:Vox humana
550:Ophicleide
470:En chamade
257:References
208:Reed pipes
175:flue pipes
100:Cornet-ton
61:pipe organ
623:Portative
555:Plein-jeu
427:Swell box
422:Tremulant
250:Marcussen
238:harmonics
221:windchest
48:July 2023
628:Positive
385:Builders
236:between
152:Diapason
643:Theatre
545:Mixture
540:Gedackt
520:Bourdon
485:Voicing
480:Scaling
432:Tracker
390:Console
156:octaves
122:Process
613:German
608:French
593:Barrel
535:Cornet
497:Tuning
405:Pedals
400:Manual
116:ISO 16
648:Water
638:Shoes
598:Crawl
525:Tibia
507:Stops
462:Pipes
234:beats
203:time.
90:=392
78:Pitch
511:List
492:Reed
475:Flue
450:Stop
368:list
148:4 ft
114:(as
63:.
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92:Hz
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509:(
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366:(
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