Ashdown Forest - Knowledge

2467:, who owned the land on which the forest stood. In a test case, the Earl challenged the right of Hale to cut litter. Hale, who claimed ownership of his estate made him a commoner of the forest, argued that he was entitled to send his men onto the forest to cut and remove bracken, fern, heather and other plants. The Earl maintained that the commoners' rights of pasturage and herbage granted under the 1693 decree only entitled them to graze their animals on the commons. At the end of a protracted and complicated legal case, the court ruled against the commoners, who included some of the wealthiest landowners in Sussex. They appealed, and their appeal was upheld in 1881, but only on one ground, that it had been a long-standing practice for commoners to cut and take away litter from the forest, and they were therefore entitled to continue to do so under the 2412:, brought a legal suit against 133 commoners in the court of the Duchy of Lancaster. The court decided to appoint commissioners to divide up Ashdown Forest's 13,991 acres (5,662 ha) in a way that would meet the needs of both defendants and plaintiffs. The commissioners made their award on 9 July 1693. They set aside 6,400 acres (2,600 ha), mostly in the vicinity of farms and villages, as common land, where the commoners were granted sole right of pasturage and the right to cut birch, alder and willow (but no other trees). The commoners were however excluded forever from the rest of the forest, about 55 per cent of its area, which was assigned for "inclosure and improvement" (though substantial areas had already been enclosed by then, so in such cases the decree was merely confirming the status quo). 396:) that provided them with food and cover. Forest law prescribed severe penalties, particularly in the 11th and 12th centuries, for those who transgressed, and for a time it governed large parts of the English countryside, including entire counties such as Surrey and Essex. However, while forest land was legally set aside by the crown for hunting and protected its sovereign right to all wild animals, commoners were still able to exercise—within strict limits—many of their traditional or customary rights, for example, to pasture their swine in the woods or collect wind-blown branches and trees. Thus, in the 13th century, the commoners of Ashdown were recorded as grazing large numbers of swine and cattle on the forest alongside the many deer that were kept for aristocratic sport and the provision of 1913:

reads: "Newbridge Furnace. At the behest of King Henry VII, the first English blast furnace, for the smelting of iron, was established in this place. 13 December A.D. 1496. Here, the water from the pond, held back by the dam or bay, gave power to the bellows of the furnace to make cast iron; and to a finery where the 'great water hammer' enabled immigrant French workers to forge bars of wrought iron. The works had a modest output, which cannot have exceeded 150 tons of iron a year. Early products included the ironwork of gun carriages for a military campaign in Scotland, and were soon to number guns and shot as well. From small beginnings, in this secluded corner of Sussex, grew the ironworks of the Weald, and subsequently the iron and steel industry throughout Great Britain."

2804: 42: 2703: 2602: 2039:, and his son's nanny, Olive, going "in single file threading the narrow paths that run through the heather". Christopher, who was an only child born in 1920 and whose closest childhood relationship was with his nanny, spent his early years happily exploring the forest. It is the Ashdown Forest landscape, and Christopher's reports of his experiences and discoveries there, that provided inspiration and material for A.A. Milne's stories. As Christopher Milne wrote later: "Anyone who has read the stories knows the forest and doesn't need me to describe it. Pooh’s Forest and Ashdown Forest are identical". 3029:

The structure of the board, originally composed entirely of commoners, altered significantly during the 20th century. Currently, of its sixteen members, nine are appointed by East Sussex County Council (one of whom represents the lord of the manor, the Ashdown Forest Trust), two by Wealden District Council, and the remaining five are elected by the commoners, of whom four must be commoners. The day-to-day management of the forest is the responsibility of a director, Mrs Pat Buesnel, the clerk to the conservators, Mrs Ros Marriott, and a number of supporting staff, including a team of forest rangers.

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scheme. A flock of Hebridean sheep, ultimately 300 in number, was guided by a shepherd and an assistant to graze unenclosed areas of the forest heathland. Among the advantages of this approach were that no fencing was required and grazing could be targeted on the most overgrown areas; among the disadvantages were its high labour intensity, high costs and low impact. The conservators have now begun using temporary electric fencing, which can be moved around to isolate different parts of the heathland, to enable the flock to graze without requiring close supervision by a shepherd.

2503: 2401:, Earl of Bristol, and it was formally disafforested to allow Bristol a free hand to improve it. His attempts to do so were however frustrated "by the crossness of the neighbourhood"; the fences he erected were thrown down and the crops he sowed were trampled by cattle. He defaulted on his rental payments to the Crown and left. Subsequent Lords of the Manor suffered similar opposition from the commoners. Compromise proposals were made to divide up the forest that would leave sufficient common land to meet the needs of commoners, while giving the rest up for improvement. 465: 1659: 1888: 1922: 1545:. The loss of trees caused such concern for the Crown that as early as 1520 it was lamented that "much of the King's woods were cut down and coled for the iron mills, and the forest digged for Irne by which man and beast be in jeopardy". This ravaging of the forest's woodlands was later mitigated by the adoption of coppice management for the provision of sustainable supplies of charcoal. The impact of the industry on the forest, although significant, was however ultimately short-lived, as it died out in the 17th century. 3025:(by then living and working in Devon), who were concerned that the earl's stated intention, in the absence of a purchase of the forest by the county council, was to sell it piecemeal into private hands, a possibility which seemed to become more likely when the earl died before the contract could be completed. Fortunately, the county council was able to complete the purchase from the executors, the council matching the amount raised by the public campaign to enable the asking price of over £1 million to be met. 58: 3088: 2913:, if they would buy it; otherwise he would probably sell the forest piecemeal on the open market. On 25 November 1988 this threat to split up the forest was averted when, with the benefit of donations from many sources, including the proceeds of a public appeal, East Sussex County Council purchased the freehold of Ashdown Forest from the executors of the Earl, who had died the previous February. The freehold was then vested by the council in a newly created charitable trust, the Ashdown Forest Trust. 1537:

firewood and for other uses; by cutting dead bracken, fern and heather for use as bedding for their livestock in winter; by periodically burning areas of heathland to maintain pasture; and so on. At times, the numbers of livestock being grazed on the forest was very large: at the end of the 13th century the commoners were turning out 2,000-3,000 cattle, alongside the 1,000-2,000 deer that were also present, while according to a 1293 record the forest was being grazed by more than 2,700 swine.

619:. Of the 2,472 ha of forest common land, 55% (1365 ha) is heathland while 40% (997 ha) is mixed woodland. Lowland heathland is a particularly valuable but increasingly threatened habitat harbouring rare plant and animal species, which lends the forest importance at a European level. The survival of the forest's extensive heathlands has become all the more important when set against the large-scale loss of English lowland heathland over the last 200 years; within the county of 612:

generally wetter, cooler and windier than the surrounding area owing to the forest's elevation, which rises from 200 feet (61 m) to over 700 feet (210 m) above sea level, gives rise to sandy, largely podzolic soils that are characteristically acid, clay, and nutrient-poor. On these poor, infertile soils have developed heathland, valley mires and damp woodland. These conditions have never favoured cultivation and have been a barrier to agricultural improvement.

1554: 899: 604: 3431:'Forest' is derived from the term 'forestis', which first appeared in the early Middle Ages in deeds of donation of the Merovingian and Frankish kings and is thought to refer to wilderness that had not been cultivated and which had no clear owner; such wilderness lay beyond land that was cultivated and settled and which did have a clear owner. The majority view of scholars about the origin of the concept of "forestis" is that it is derived from the Latin 417: 1487: 1339: 3062:(HLS) scheme, which requires the conservators to achieve certain objectives, such as restoring the heathlands to "favourable condition". Grants from the local authorities and the Ashdown Forest Trust accounted for another fifth. In 2009-10 there was a small surplus of income over expenditure (57% of which was staff costs). Cuts in local government expenditure and the ending of the current programme of HLS funding in 2016 present major challenges. 5354: 2977: 1524:] Forest, which is a heath, with here and there a few birch scrubs upon it, verily the most villainously ugly spot I saw in England. This lasts you for five miles (8.0 km), getting, if possible, uglier and uglier all the way, till, at last, as if barren soil, nasty spewy gravel, heath and even that stunted, were not enough, you see some rising spots, which instead of trees, present you with black, ragged, hideous rocks. 1592:

the forest, having only become 'commonable' since 1900) are particularly useful because they graze scrub and in places that are difficult to mow. In 1996 the Secretary of State for the Environment gave permission for a 550 hectares (1,400 acres) fenced enclosure, representing about one-third of the forest's 1,500 ha of heathland, to be created in the south and west chases to allow commoners to graze their livestock in safety.

1808: 2390:, in 1660, it was in a state where "the whole forest laid open and made waste". Attempts to enclose and improve the forest (for example, by introducing rabbit farming, or sowing crops) were however strongly opposed throughout by the local commoners, who claimed rights of common on the forest, having exercised them "from time out of mind", as well as by neighbouring estates who claimed right of pasture there. 1904:

erected by the mother of Sergeant P.V.R. Sutton, who was aged 24 at the time of his death. A short public service takes place each year on Remembrance Sunday when a wreath is laid by an Ashdown Forest Ranger, at the request of Mrs Sutton, together with one from the Ashdown Forest Riding Association. The Ashdown Forest Centre has published a circular walk to the memorial, starting from Hollies car park.

1982: 498:, is surrounded by successive concentric bands of younger sandstones and clays, and finally chalk. These form hills or vales depending on their relative resistance to erosion. Consequently, what the viewer sees when looking north or south across the Weald from the heights of Ashdown Forest is a series of successively younger geological formations. These include heavily wooded lowlands formed on 2262:

includes Iron Age stock and hunting enclosures with recent finds of leaf-cut flint arrow heads dated to the middle Bronze Age period now on display in the East Grinstead Museum. (2013). The Hilltop hunting settlement is thought to have been constructed by the local Wealden Chieftain named Crugh who was gifted lands by his High Wealden Chieftain Uncle who lived at Marks Cross in East Sussex.

2158: 1859: 2107: 1880: 65: 993:, defined as woodland that has been continuously wooded since 1600. Almost all the latter that exists within the medieval forest pale is found on land that was set aside in the 1693 division of the forest for private ownership and exploitation. Some wooded ghylls however do contain older trees and there are a few individual old trees, especially beech, that mark former boundaries. 1871:, which stands just north of the Nutley to Duddleswell road, is thought to be about 300 years old and is a rare example of an open-trestle post mill (the whole body of the mill can be rotated on its central post to face the wind). It has been restored to full working order and is open to the public. It is within easy walking distance of Friend's Clump car-park. 3439:, which means "outside", "outside it" and "outside the settlement". Forest law introduced by the Normans came to govern for a time almost one-third of England, before being rolled back in the 13th century. Unlike the case on the European continent, it also applied to areas that did have a clear owner. See Vera (2000), pp.103-108 and Langton and Jones (2008). 2300:. This rape was strategically and economically important, extending as it did inland northwards from the English Channel coast towards London, and was guarded, as was the case with the other six Sussex rapes, by a castle. It was awarded to Robert, along with several hundred manors across England, in recognition of his support for William during the 3021:

East Sussex County Council. Ownership was vested in the trust after the council bought the freehold from the executors of the Lord of the Manor, the 10th Earl De La Warr, in November 1988. This purchase was the culmination of a high-profile and passionate fund-raising campaign by members of the public, which included a £175,000 endorsement by

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the Ministry of Defence's Pippingford Park Dry Training Area, accounting for 11% (346 hectares (1.3 sq mi)) of the SSSI, Hindleap Warren, Broadstone Warren and Old Lodge, which covers 76 hectares (0.3 sq mi). The SPA covers 3,207 hectares (12.4 sq mi) while the SAC covers 2,729 hectares (10.5 sq mi).

2129:, which is open to the public, lies outside the forest on the northern edge of Posingford Wood, near Chuck Hatch. A path leads to the bridge from a car-park on Chuck Hatch Lane, just off the B2026 Maresfield to Hartfield road. The original bridge was built in 1907, restored in 1979 and completely rebuilt in 1999. So popular is the game of 2959:, drew his raw materials from the southern part of the forest. However, the huge demand for raw materials and fuel, particularly charcoal, heavily depleted Ashdown Forest's woodlands, causing much concern and prompting commissions of enquiry by the king. In due course coppice management was used to ensure a more sustainable supply. 1816:

permanent display about the forest's history and wildlife, details of walks in the forest and much other useful information for visitors, and an exhibition area for local craft and art work. It is open 7 days a week during the summer, weekends in the winter, and on bank holidays except Christmas Day and Boxing Day.

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bunkers (at the insistence of the conservators). As elsewhere in Ashdown Forest, trees and bracken scrub have invaded following the cessation of grazing and decreased wood cutting by the commoners, and the club is working with the conservators to restore the golf courses to their original heathland character.

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was the main iron-producing region of Britain, namely in the first 200 years of the Roman period (1st to 3rd centuries AD) and in the Tudor period (late 15th and 16th centuries). Ashdown was favoured by the widespread presence of iron-ore, extensive woodlands for the production of charcoal, and deep,

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who were killed when it crashed in the forest on the morning of 31 July 1941 on its return from a raid on Cologne during World War II. The memorial, which is a simple stone-walled enclosure on the heathland west of Duddleswell, shelters a white cross surrounded by a tiny garden of remembrance and was

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Ashdown Forest is the largest public access space in south east England, and the largest area of open, uncultivated countryside. A 2008 visitor survey estimated that at least 1.35 million visits are made each year. The most common reason given for visiting the forest was its "openness". Most visitors

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The forest is regulated and protected by an independent Board of Conservators established under the Ashdown Forest Act 1885. The creation of the board followed the resolution of the protracted 19th-century dispute between the commoners and the 7th Earl De La Warr over rights of common on the forest.

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The land award of 1693 is largely responsible for shaping the map of Ashdown Forest today. The common land is highly fragmented and irregular in shape, broken up by many private enclosures, large and small. It tends to lie on the periphery of the forest near existing settlements. Some of the largest

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Several of the sites described in the books can be easily identified, although their names have been changed. For example, Five Hundred Acre Wood, which is a dense beech wood that was originally sold off from the forest in 1678 and is today privately owned, and which Christopher would sometimes walk

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when the commoners' exploitation of the forest - exercising their rights of common to graze livestock, cut bracken, etc. - declined to very low levels. The result was a regeneration of woodland and the loss of heathland: the proportion of heathland in the forest fell from 90% in 1947 to 60% in 2007.

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for hunting, were both commonly hunted in the forest until the 17th century; around that time, the red deer had disappeared completely from the forest while fallow deer numbers had sharply declined. The depletion of the woodlands (which provided deer with cover), the deterioration of the forest pale

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The common land of Ashdown Forest, amounting to some 6,400 acres (2,600 ha), consists of specific areas of the forest, registered under the Commons Registration Act 1965, which only those who possess particular rights of common - commoners - are entitled to use and exploit in certain specified

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The freehold of Ashdown Forest, which essentially consists of the common land set aside in 1693, when the ancient forest was divided up by decree of the Duchy of Lancaster, plus a number of later land acquisitions, is owned by the Ashdown Forest Trust, a registered charity controlled and managed by

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An Act to provide for the vesting in the Secretary of State for War of certain lands in the county of Sussex forming part of Ashdown Forest and for the acquisition and addition to the forest of other lands in exchange therefor to make provision for the use of the forest for the purposes of military

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A memorial plaque to Milne and Shepard can be found at Gill's Lap. Its heading is a quotation from the Pooh stories: "...and by and by they came to an enchanted place on the very top of the forest called Galleons Lap". The dedication reads: "Here at Gill's Lap are commemorated A. A. Milne 1882-1956

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are also nearby. Two bus services cross the forest, the 261 service from East Grinstead railway station to Uckfield and the 270 service from East Grinstead railway station to Haywards Heath. London Gatwick Airport is about 30 minutes away by car, and London Heathrow Airport is around 1 hour away by

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The areas covered by the statutory designations are not identical to and are generally larger than the area of forest administered by the conservators. The SSSI covers 3,144 hectares (12.1 sq mi), mainly because, in addition to the forest land covered by the conservators, it also includes

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The enclosure of the common lands of the forest with fencing to enable grazing was and remains somewhat controversial with some members of the public. Exploring alternatives to enclosure, the conservators undertook a close-shepherded grazing pilot project from 2007 to 2010 with funding from the HLS

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Ashdown Forest has a rich archaeological heritage. It contains much evidence of prehistoric human activity, with the earliest evidence of human occupation dating back to 50,000 years ago. There are important Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Romano-British remains. The forest was the centre of a nationally

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have been passed by the conservators under the 1974 act to protect the forest and to preserve its perceived special character, particularly its tranquillity. These include prohibitions on off-roading driving, mountain-biking, horse-riding (except by permit), camping, the lighting of fires, digging

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It shall be the duty of the Conservators at all times as far possible to regulate and manage the forest as an amenity and place of resort subject to the existing rights of common upon the forest and to protect such rights of common, to protect the forest from encroachments, and to conserve it as a

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An Act to alter the constitution of, and to incorporate, the Conservators of Ashdown Forest; to alter the arrangements for meeting the expenses of the Conservators; to amend or repeal enactments relating to the Conservators and the forest and to confer further powers upon the Conservators; and for

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1693 – Ashdown Forest (the former Lancaster Great Park) is divided up, and it assumes its present-day shape. Just over half of it – in portions of widely varying sizes, but with the largest ones tending to be located towards the centre of the forest – is allotted for 'inclosure and improvement' by

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Despite such large numbers of visitors, the forest has retained its celebrated tranquillity and sense of openness. The commons are freely open to the public, who are attracted by the large, elevated expanse of unspoiled heaths and woodlands where they may walk, picnic or simply sit while taking in

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The conservators have taken steps to promote livestock grazing on the forest as part of their heathland management policy. Grazing is considered to be a cheaper and more effective way of restoring and maintaining heathland than the use of mowing machinery. Sheep (which are a recent introduction to

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Many deer are involved in collisions with motor vehicles on local roads, especially as they move around the forest to feed at dawn and dusk, and many are killed. In 2009, forest rangers dealt with 244 deer casualties, compared with 266 the year before; however, this is likely to be a significantly

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The two most common forms of forest woodland are oak woods on acid brown earth soils, including hazel and chestnut coppice (62% of the total woodland area), and birch woods with oak in degenerating heathlands (27%). Alder trees growing in wet and waterlogged peaty soils account for about 1% of the

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Ashdown Forest is one of the largest single continuous blocks of lowland heath, semi-natural woodland and valley bog in south east England. Its geology is a major influence on its biology and ecology. The underlying sandstone geology of the Ashdown Sands, when combined with a local climate that is

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A sharp decline in commoning after the end of World War II resulted in a rapid loss of the forest's open heathland to scrub and trees, threatening the many specialised and rare plants and animals that depend on the heathland and jeopardising the forest's famous open landscape with its magnificent

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Ashdown Forest is rich in archaeology: there are more than 570 archaeological sites, including Bronze Age round barrows, Iron Age enclosures, prehistoric field systems, Roman iron workings, the medieval pale, medieval and post-medieval pillow mounds for the rearing of rabbits, and remains of late

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Although the 1693 land award envisaged enclosure and improvement for profitable gain, the land it allotted to private exploitation has in fact largely remained uncultivated; this has helped Ashdown Forest to retain the appearance of being an extensive area of wild country that is so valued today.

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Furthermore, the landscapes depicted in Shepard’s illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh stories, which are very evocative of Ashdown Forest, can in many cases be matched up to actual views, allowing for a degree of artistic licence. Shepard's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are now

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by pedestrians. These names survive in local place-names such as Chuck Hatch and Chelwood Gate. Some of these entrances were, and still are, marked by pubs, for example the 18th-century Hatch Inn at Coleman's Hatch, which occupies three former cottages believed to date to 1430 that later may have

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The Ashdown Forest Centre, situated opposite Ashdown Park Hotel between Wych Cross and Coleman's Hatch, houses a visitor centre and is the administrative base for the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest. Completed in 1983, it consists of three old reconstructed barns. The visitor centre has a

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A second important factor was the heavy depletion of the forest's woodlands by the local iron industry, which grew very rapidly in the late 15th and 16th centuries, following the introduction of the blast furnace in the 1490s, which led to a huge demand for charcoal. For example, large-scale tree

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The commoners played an important role in maintaining the forest as a predominantly heathland area by exercising their rights of common to exploit its resources in a variety of ways: by grazing livestock such as pigs and cattle, which suppressed the growth of trees and scrub; by cutting trees for

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At the foot of Kidd's Hill, in woods lying west of the road from Coleman's Hatch to Gills Lap, are the largely grassed-over remains of a 15th-century ironworks that mark the beginnings of Britain's modern iron and steel industry. A dedication placed at the site by the Wealden Iron Research Group

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Old Lodge Nature Reserve, managed by Sussex Wildlife Trust, offers open vistas of the forest's heathland. A well-marked nature trail leads round most of the hilly 76 hectare reserve, which contains acidic ponds and areas of pine woodland. The reserve is notable for dragonfly, nightjar, redstart,

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occupies a large area of leasehold land in the northern part of the forest near Forest Row. It is a traditional members' club founded in 1888 at the instigation of Earl De La Warr, lord of the manor, who became its first president. Its two 18-hole heathland courses are notable for the absence of

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motorways. There are over 40 car parks across the forest to discourage drivers from parking their vehicles on roadsides. In January 2022 the Conservators announced the findings of a public consultation and then voted to introduce car parking charges to the forest for the first time The nearest

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in his illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh stories is essentially man-made: in the absence of human intervention, heathlands such as Ashdown's are quickly taken over by scrub and trees. Ashdown's heathlands date back to medieval times, and quite possibly earlier. Two elements were important in

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in the pale, still remembered in place names such as Chuck Hatch and Chelwood Gate, allowed local people to enter to graze their livestock, collect firewood, and cut heather and bracken for animal bedding. The forest continued to be used by the monarchy and nobility for hunting into Tudor times,

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In 1994 the Board of Conservators, with the help of funding from East Sussex County Council, purchased 28 hectares (69 acres) of woodland at Chelwood Vachery (an estate that dates back to at least 1229), including an early 20th-century garden and lake system, after the estate was divided up and

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At the highest points of the Ashdown Forest are the remains of several Barrow Mounds dated by the University of Sussex to the late Iron Age. At the nearby Pippingford Army Training Area there is a large hilltop settlement mound that is a Class A Listed Protection Ancient Monument site. The site

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when, in 1496, England's first blast furnace was built at Newbridge, near Coleman's Hatch, marking the beginning of Britain's modern iron and steel industry. In 1693, more than half the forest was taken into private hands, with the remainder set aside as common land. The latter today covers 9.5

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charcoal and ironstone. This ultimately led to an appeal to King James, soon after his accession to the throne, for Ashdown's forest fences to be repaired in order to preserve the king's game. However, the pale seems to have fallen into almost complete disrepair by the end of the 17th century.

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and lay just beyond the northern boundary of Ashdown Forest, about a mile from the ancient forest entrance at Chuck Hatch. The family would stay at Cotchford Farm at weekends and in the Easter and summer holidays. It was easy to walk from the farmhouse up onto the forest, and these walks were

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The condition of the forest pale seems to have deteriorated significantly during the Tudor period. This coincided with, and may be partly linked to, the rapid growth under the Tudors of the local iron-making industry with its huge demand for raw materials in and around Ashdown Forest, such as

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Landscaped in 1925 by Col. Gavin Jones for F.J. Nettlefold, this 'lost' forest garden is situated in a remote, secluded steep-sided valley near Wych Cross. It was acquired by the conservators in 1994 and is now undergoing restoration. Already uncovered are a 250 metre gorge constructed using

456:, as part of a policy to extend the amount of land that they regulate and protect within the pale. According to the definition used by the conservators, which relates to the land for which they have statutory responsibility, the area of Ashdown Forest is 2,472 hectares (9.5 sq mi). 407:

does not have the modern meaning of "heavily wooded". Medieval hunting forests like Ashdown consisted of a mixture of heath, woodland and other habitats in which a variety of game could flourish, and where deer in particular could find both open pasture for browsing and woodland thickets for

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In 1693 the forest assumed its present-day shape when just over half its then 13,991 acres (5,662 ha) was assigned for private enclosure and improvement, while the remainder, about 6,400 acres (2,600 ha), was set aside as common land. Much of the latter was distributed in a rather

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Contrary to widespread belief, a 'common' in England is not 'public land'. However, in the case of Ashdown Forest, the conservators have given the public open access to the common land, subject to compliance with bye-laws that largely aim to preserve the special character of the forest.

2463:(heather and bracken for livestock bedding and other uses) on behalf of Bernard Hale, his employer and the owner of a local estate, by a keeper, George Edwards. Edwards was a well-known and unpopular local man who was acting as the representative of the Lord of the Manor of Duddleswell, 2311:

1100–1130 – Ashdown Forest is first referred to by name when Henry I confirms that monks can continue to use a road across the forest of "Essendone". The monks' claim that they have held the right since the Conquest implies the area was known by this name at least as far back as then.

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The boundary of the forest can be defined in various ways, but the most important is that given by the line of the medieval pale, which goes back to its origins as a hunting forest. The pale, first referred to in a document of 1283, consisted of a ditch and bank surmounted by an oak

2304:. Two important conditions applied to a forest like Pevensel: the king could keep and hunt deer there, while the commoners – tenant farmers who had smallholdings near the forest – could continue to graze their livestock there and cut wood for fuel and bracken for livestock bedding. 3159:

illustrations. The Board of Conservators has responded by moving beyond its original administrative and regulatory functions to play a more active, interventionist role in combating the invasion of scrub and trees with the aim of restoring the heathland to a favourable condition.

3069:, which has almost 1000 members. Fundraising by the Friends has helped towards the purchase of capital equipment for forest management such as motor vehicles and enabled the conservators to buy back parcels of land within the ancient pale for re-incorporation into the forest. 2444:

That said, there is nevertheless a visible contrast between the areas of common land, maintained by the conservators, which are predominantly heathland, and the extensive privately held lands, which are generally either quite heavily wooded or cleared for pasture.

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ways. These common rights are attached to certain landholdings around the forest, not to individual people, and are passed on when properties are sold or inherited. Since 1885 the common land has been regulated and protected by a statutory Board of Conservators.

1933:. This consisted of an earth bank 4–5 feet high surmounted by an oak paling fence with a deep ditch on the forest side that allowed deer to enter but not to leave. It enclosed an area of over 20½ square miles (5,300 hectares). Entry was via 34 gates and hatches, 3142:

land; conversely, a person selling a commonable property ceases to be a commoner. Where a commonable property is sold off in smaller portions, the commonable rights are apportioned in accordance with the area of each portion. All commoners are obliged to pay a

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spent their honeymoon at the forest, during October – November 1917, at the Ashdown Forest Hotel, Forest Row, East Sussex, which was renamed and is now called Royal Ashdown Forest Golf Club. During the course of their honeymoon, the couple experimented with

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An Act to confirm the Provisional Order for the Regulation of Ashdown Forest, situate in the parishes of East Grinstead, Hartfield, Withyham, Buxted, Maresfield, and Fletching, in the county of Sussex, in pursuance of a report of the Land Commissioners for

2337:, Duke of Lancaster. It becomes known as Lancaster Great Park. The park then reverts to the Crown along with the rest of the Duchy of Lancaster after John of Gaunt's death in 1399. But for the next 300 years, until 1672, the forest is still referred to as 2896:

was established by act of Parliament in 1885 to oversee the forest bye-laws, including the protection of commoner's rights. More acts of Parliament followed, which further refined the governance of the forest, culminating in the Ashdown Forest Act 1974.

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1881 – the commoners of Ashdown Forest reach a successful conclusion to their defence of a lawsuit brought by the Lord of the Manor which contested the nature and extent of their rights of common on the forest (known as the "Great Ashdown Forest Case").

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the glorious views. Various bye-laws passed by the conservators help protect the forest environment for the public good, prohibiting such activities as, for example, mountain biking, off-road driving of motor vehicles, camping and the lighting of fires.

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The earliest known trace of human activity in Ashdown Forest is a stone hand axe found near Gills Lap, which is thought to be about 50,000 years old. The vast majority of finds date from the Mesolithic (10,000-4,000 BC) and onwards into the modern era.

1577:

The conservators have taken various steps to prevent natural regeneration of woodland. Regular mowing of bracken is carried out: an area of 266 ha out of the 400 ha on the forest has been mown twice a year since 2000. Large areas of the highly invasive

930:, birch and oak, cut through the soft sandstone forming steep-sided valleys (ghylls) that are sheltered from winter frosts and remain humid in summer, creating conditions more familiar in the Atlantic-facing western coastal regions of Britain. Uncommon 1945:

It is not known precisely when the pale was built. Forest management accounts of 1283 refer to the cost of repairing the pale and building new lengths. However, the granting of the "Free-chase of Ashdon" to John of Gaunt in 1372 and its renaming as

2369:

1988 – the freehold of the forest is acquired by East Sussex County Council from the executors of the Lord of the Manor, forestalling the possibility that the remaining common land of the forest would be broken up and sold off into private hands.

494:, a process which has left the dome's oldest layers, the resistant sandstones that form its central east–west axis, as a high forest ridge that includes Ashdown, St. Leonard's, and Worth forests. This forest ridge, the most prominent part of the 2307:

1095 – death of Robert de Mortain. Ashdown is then held by the lords of Pevensey Castle – a succession of high status members of the Norman and Plantagenet aristocracy, including several queens of England – for most of the next 200 years.

1829:, many unusual trees and a string of small lakes connected by sluices and weirs. The garden, which is open to the public, is part of Chelwood Vachery, a medieval estate dating back to at least 1229, and whose name may come from the French 1457:

low estimate, as the rangers cannot deal with all the accidents that occur. The forest conservators have identified a need to reduce the deer population and have begun working with neighbouring private landowners on measures to cull them.

289:

Ashdown Forest notably lacks any significant settlements within the large boundary defined by its medieval pale. There are however a number of villages situated on the edge of the forest adjacent to the pale or close to it. These include

2950:

Spurred by the development of blast furnaces, the iron industry grew very rapidly during the 16th century and would become noted for the casting of cannons and cannonballs for the English navy. The celebrated ironmaster and gunfounder

1972:

A survey and research of the Pale of Ashdown Forest was undertaken as part of the Historic Environment Awareness Project, run by East Sussex County Council's Archaeology team, over 2011/2012 and the final report was published online.

3057:

Finding adequate funding for the regulation and conservation of the forest has been a persistent issue. The income of the conservators in 2009-10 was £751,000, of which almost half was accounted for by funding from the government's

2360: 442:

when people speak of Ashdown Forest, they may mean either a whole district of heaths and woodland that includes many private estates to which there is no public access, or they may be talking of the where the public are free to

2474:

Resolution of the case in favour of the commoners led directly to today's framework of forest governance, with the passing of the first Ashdown Forest Act in 1885 and the establishment of a board of conservators for the forest.

440:). Many present-day references to Ashdown Forest, including those made by the conservators, treat the forest as synonymous and co-terminous with this residual common land; this can lead to confusion: according to one authority " 3794: 2076:

A free leaflet, “Pooh Walks from Gill's Lap”, which is available from the Ashdown Forest Centre and downloadable from its website, describes a walk that takes in many locations familiar from the Pooh stories including

2619:

An Act to alter the constitution of the Conservators of Ashdown Forest to confer further powers upon the said Conservators and to provide for contributions towards their expenses by certain authorities and for other

432:. 23 miles (37 km) in length, it enclosed an area of some 20.5 square miles (5,300 ha). The original embankment and ditch, albeit now rather degraded and overgrown, can still be discerned in places today. 479:. This forms a layer varying from 500 to 700 feet (150 to 210 m) thick, consists of fine-grained, silty interbedded sandstones and siltstones with subordinate amounts of shale and mudstone. It is the oldest 588:, which occurs as both nodules and in tabular masses, are distributed discontinuously in a horseshoe shape around Ashdown Forest, which has influenced the historical geography of iron-working around the forest. 3147:(based on the area of commonable land held) to contribute towards the administration of the forest by the Board of Conservators, and they are entitled to elect five commoners' representatives to the Board. 3720: 5846: 3841: 2832: 2386:(enclose) and develop the forest. Under James I and Charles I parcels of land were sold off piecemeal. During the Interregnum the condition of the forest deteriorated so much that by the time of the 3124:: today, understood to be the right to cut birch, willow or alder for use in the "ancestral hearth", which may only be exercised at certain times and in certain areas designated by the conservators. 5841: 5416: 1533:

shaping this landscape: the local population of commoners, who exploited the forest's resources over many centuries; and the iron industry of the forest, which flourished in the 16th century.

987:

Woodland covers nearly 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of the forest, 40% of its area Most of the woodland on the common land of the forest is young and contains few older trees; there is little

1779:

training here. Off-road cycling and mountain biking is prohibited for environmental reasons, except along public bridleways. A local pressure group is campaigning for this ban to be lifted.

1756:

There are 82 miles (132 km) of tracks on the forest that may be ridden by horse once an annual permit has been obtained from the conservators. The main horse-riding organisation is the

1472:

habitat balanced by preventing scrub encroachment. The Exmoor ponies are not truly domesticated; rather, they are managed by the Ashdown Forest which keeps them enclosed within large areas.

1566:

The forest conservators have now committed to maintaining the proportion of heathland at 60% and to returning it to 'favourable' condition. Their efforts are being funded under a ten-year

1426:. The population roaming the forest has grown sharply in the last three decades, in-common with deer herds elsewhere in England, and they now number in their thousands. Also present are 1833:, referring to the grazing of cattle here by Michelham Priory. A leaflet describing a walk through Chelwood Vachery is available from the Ashdown Forest Centre. The nearest car-park is 452:, acquired quite recently by the forest conservators, extends outside. The conservators have acquired other tracts in recent years as suitable opportunities have arisen, for example at 2265:

Prior to the conquest, Ashdown seems simply to have been an unnamed part of the vast, sparsely populated, and in places dense and impenetrable woodland known to the Anglo-Saxons as

541:

in turn represent the oldest part of the series of Cretaceous geological formations that make up the Weald-Artois Anticline, comprising (in sequence, from oldest to youngest) the

4248: 3111:

On Ashdown Forest the rights of common have varied over time. Those that remain today, which are subject to local byelaws and are under the control of the conservators, are:

5856: 3497:

The iron ore is a clay ironstone, a low grade iron ore largely consisting of siderite. It is distributed widely across the Wealden geology. See Gallois (1965), pp. 24-26

781:). The marsh gentian, noted for its bright blue trumpet-like flowers, has a flowering season lasting from July well into October and is found in about a dozen colonies. 2366:

1984 – a significant part of the forest was set a blaze by a local school boy, Anthony Martin. Eight fire engines were called to the scene and the fire was controlled.

4713:

See Willard (1989), pp. 167-176, for a first-hand account of the fund-raising campaign. She herself had served for many years as a member of the Board of Conservators.

5816: 3082: 2432:, mostly lying towards the centre of the forest, were used for a time for intensive rabbit farming. Some of these enclosures have today acquired interesting uses: 3742: 1561:

The open heathland landscape of Ashdown Forest described by Cobbett in the 1820s and depicted by Shepard in the 1920s changed dramatically soon after the end of

5836: 1621: 997:

woodland, while birch and willow trees growing in wet areas each account for less than 1%. Beechwoods growing on acid brown earth soils account for another 3%.

164: 1965:

The bank and ditch associated with the pale are still visible in places around Ashdown Forest today, for example at Legsheath and adjacent to the car-park for

4274: 424:

Ashdown Forest is shaped, roughly speaking, like an inverted triangle, some 7 miles (11 km) from east to west and the same distance from north to south.

5851: 2440:, remains an important military training area, Broadstone Warren is a scout camp and activity centre, while Hindleap Warren is an outdoor education centre. 2273:

derives its name. The Weald, of which Ashdown Forest is the largest remaining part, stretched for 30 miles (48 km) between the chalk escarpments of the

5407: 1351:

The forest supports a rich invertebrate fauna, with many heathland specialities. Half of Britain's 46 breeding species of damselflies and dragonflies (the

958:

The damming of streams, digging for marl, and quarrying have produced several large ponds containing, particularly in former marl pits, localised rafts of

1040:(the forest has all-year resident populations of this, Britain's scarcest heathland bird species, which has seen a resurgence since the early 1990s) and 2123:

and E.H. Shepard 1879-1976 who collaborated in the creation of "Winnie-the-Pooh" and so captured the magic of Ashdown Forest and gave it to the world".

171:, England. Rising to an elevation of 732 feet (223 m) above sea level, its heights provide expansive vistas across the heavily wooded hills of the 3131:: the right to cut brake (bracken) and heather and to collect litter for the principal purpose of bedding down livestock in winter on the land-holding. 1646:, which aims to focus conservation bodies, local government and statutory agencies on work to conserve and enhance the habitats and species of Sussex. 4373: 3008:, crosses Ashdown Forest in a north–south direction, and would have been used to transport iron products from the forest to London and the coast. The 595:

ice sheets, but the whole area was subject at times to a severe periglacial environment that has contributed to its geology and shaped its landforms.

334:

of 1086. The area that was to become known as Ashdown Forest was merely an unidentified part of the Forest of Pevensel, a Norman creation within the

3065:

Large numbers of volunteers support the work of the conservators by undertaking conservation work in the forest. Many of these are recruited by the

4900: 3552: 3135:

Today, to a varying degree, every property possessing common rights has some or all of these rights over the registered common land of the forest.

2906: 2464: 2326:

1282 – first documentary references to the forest pales appear in accounts prepared by a ranger recording the costs of timber that have been cut;

420:

Map of Ashdown Forest, showing, in green, the distribution of its common land. The major private enclosures are shown with abbreviated blue text.

57: 4867: 2827: 2726: 2625: 2526: 1763:

The forest, with its attractive landscapes, vistas and hills, is a popular destination for road cyclists, races and cyclosportives such as the

354:

confirmed the right of monks to use a road across the forest of "Essessdone", a right which the monks claimed to have held since the Conquest.

5121: 5083: 4743: 3572: 2405: 41: 3118:(or grazing rights): the right to graze sheep, cattle, goats, geese or mill horses (horses that provide power for the mill) on the forest. 5831: 5826: 5715: 5507: 4698: 2922: 1605: 243: 1125:

Open areas of grassland, heather or gorse, with some bogs, interspersed with single trees or clumps of trees, particularly Scots pine:

5821: 5562: 5335: 5256: 5102: 4051: 3368: 1929:

Possibly as early as the 13th century, Ashdown Forest was enclosed as a hunting park, mainly for deer, by a 24-mile (39 km) long

132: 5316: 5237: 5215: 5182: 5159: 5140: 5064: 5045: 5026: 4998: 4963: 4944: 4825: 4795: 4252: 3646: 3325: 3228: 2971: 2398: 2241: 3251:, a joint experience that greatly influenced the poetry of Yeats and led to the publication of his philosophical - esoterical book 3107:...a right, which one or more persons may have, to take or use some portion of that which another man's soil naturally produces... 2352:

private interests. The rest is retained as common land for use by those local landowners and tenants who possess rights of common.

392:

that was designed to protect, for the king's benefit, the beasts of the chase, such as deer and wild boar, and the vegetation (the

97: 5200:

Excavations in the Iron Age Hill Fort and Roman-British Iron-working Settlement at Garden Hill, Hartfield, East Sussex (1968–1978)

3911: 3825: 2997: 2808: 2707: 2606: 2507: 4348:"Ashdown Forest Tourism Association - Local Information, Places to Visit and News & Events from the Heart of the High Weald" 2943:

commissioned it for the production of heavy metalwork for gun carriages for his war against the Scots. Immigrants from Northern

2139:, situated on the High Street in Hartfield village, sells Winnie-the-Pooh related products and offers information for visitors. 1528:

The predominantly open, heathland landscape of Ashdown Forest described so vividly by Cobbett in 1822 and later immortalised by

815:) are scattered across the heath, in places forming extensive areas of secondary woodland and scrub. Older woodlands consist of 5400: 4222: 3216:, former British Prime Minister, lived at Birch Grove, near Chelwood Gate; the Macmillan Clump of trees is named in his honour. 2175: 2015:, also illustrated by Shepard, was published in 1928. These hugely popular stories were set in and inspired by Ashdown Forest. 5861: 2222: 2179: 1753:

produces a series of leaflets detailing walks in various parts of the forest, which may also be downloaded from its website.

1693: 1016:, who lived at Birch Grove, on the edge of the forest at Chelwood Gate), Kennedy Clump (commemorating a visit to the area by 534: 4723: 3764: 2194: 5775: 5725: 5537: 5368: 3050: 4626: 3885: 5652: 5482: 4841: 1613: 251: 4528: 4347: 468:

A geological north–south cross-section through the Wealden dome some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of Ashdown Forest

5710: 5457: 3524:

Note: the figures quoted here refer to the land administered by the conservators, and exclude all privately held land.

2201: 1481: 281:

drew on the landscapes of Ashdown Forest as inspiration for many of the illustrations he provided for the Pooh books.

3073:

offered for sale by its owner. The land is now undergoing restoration as a forest garden and is open to the public.

1437:), the only native deer still roaming the forest, and two recently-introduced Asian species, the "barking deer", or 1020:, when he stayed with Macmillan), Millennium Clump and Friends Clump, planted in 1973 to mark the Year of the Tree. 5866: 5393: 5376: 2910: 2301: 2070: 1887: 1658: 1617: 1367:, which flies from mid-June to early September. Of the forest's 34 species of butterfly, the most spectacular, the 3180:, having bought the old farmhouse, situated about a mile from the ancient forest entrance at Chuck Hatch, in 1925. 2675: 2288:

of 1086 but, as part of the forest of Pevensel, the sub-division of the Weald that the Normans created within the

1012:. 20th-century plantings comprise Macmillan Clump near Chelwood Gate (commemorating former British prime-minister 572:

Much of the iron ore that provided the raw material for the iron industry of Ashdown Forest was obtained from the

3059: 2776: 2289: 335: 3658:

Indeed, according to Oliver Rackham, the beginnings of Wealden heathland, including Ashdown's, which he calls a

2962:

In the 17th century the industry would die out as a result of competition from lower-cost iron-producing areas.

2939:

The forest is the site of Britain's first confirmed blast furnace, at Newbridge, which began operation in 1496.

2208: 4001: 2297: 2011: 742: 2574: 2018:

Alan Milne, a writer who was born and lived in London, bought a country retreat for himself and his family at

1921: 584:(the latter encircles Ashdown Forest forming an extensive district of hilly, wooded countryside). Outcrops of 5811: 4482: 3479:

Tunbridge Wells Sand consists of Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand, Grinstead Clay, and Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand.

3037: 3022: 2319:, Ashdown Forest is vested in the Crown in perpetuity. The forest was subsequently used for deer hunting by 2168: 2036: 1697: 1609: 1364: 1048: 942: 530: 361:, is of Anglo-Saxon origin. It is probably derived from the personal name of an individual or people called 274: 247: 2190: 5765: 5657: 5647: 5462: 3947: 3220: 3087: 3033: 3001: 2630: 2001: 1468:

graze on the Ashdown Forest to help tackle a variety of fast-growing botanical species, and thus keep the

1411: 491: 1004:

that form such a distinctive, iconic hilltop feature of Ashdown Forest were first planted in 1816 by the

238:

square miles (25 km; 6,100 acres; 2,500 ha) and is the largest area with open public access in

5705: 5472: 4908: 4575: 3556: 3005: 2928: 2884: 2816: 2715: 2614: 2515: 2468: 2429: 2394: 2379: 2330: 1632: 1604:

Ashdown Forest is an area of European ecological importance. It is designated by the UK government as a

1580: 856: 774: 750: 734: 719: 637: 581: 295: 4134: 2731: 2425: 2421: 416: 5385: 2404:

These unresolved tensions came to a head when, in 1689, a major landowner and 'Master of the Forest',

936: 623:, heathland has shrunk by 50% over the last 200 years, and most of what remains is in Ashdown Forest. 453: 5780: 5735: 5592: 5542: 5527: 4078: 3009: 2940: 2417: 2320: 2316: 1900: 1847: 1679:

Most visitors come by car, and access is straightforward. The forest is crossed by a major road, the

1628: 1375:, is by contrast plentiful, with the main food plants of its caterpillars being gorses and heathers. 1311: 1253: 973: 449: 4877: 2363:

introduces bye-laws to regulate and protect the forest, and a Board of Conservators is established.

1588:, and now carried on by local volunteers. Birch and other tree saplings are cut down in the winter. 436:

fragmentary way around the periphery of the forest close to existing settlements and smallholdings (

5770: 5720: 5672: 5662: 5607: 5567: 5432: 3235: 2989:

18th-century military kitchen mounds that are among the only surviving ones in the United Kingdom.

2387: 1705: 1585: 1419:(which allowed them to escape) and the depredations of poachers were all factors in their decline. 1386:

have been a major feature of Ashdown Forest, at least since its days as a medieval hunting forest.

1372: 1360: 1245: 872: 840: 291: 4740: 3569: 3204:, on the eastern edge of the forest. Locations around the forest found their way into his stories. 1745:

cross the forest and meet near Old Lodge. The Wealdway passes through Five Hundred Acre Wood, the

1553: 898: 506:

escarpment that rises prominently to the north, and, on the horizon, the chalk escarpments of the

5790: 5627: 4108: 3613: 3210:, nature writer, lived at Crowborough for a period while he wrote some of his most famous essays. 3193: 3187: 2437: 1303: 1174: 1067: 959: 864: 680: 558: 351: 239: 196:

enclosing an area of some 20 square miles (52 km; 13,000 acres; 5,200 ha). Thirty-four

5357: 1667:(85%) coming by car travelled 10 km or less and there were 62 dogs for every 100 visitors. 603: 242:. The ecological importance of Ashdown Forest's heathlands is reflected by its designation as a 2254:

Ashdown Forest came into existence as a Norman deer hunting forest in the period following the

464: 5760: 5700: 5642: 5612: 5597: 5552: 5547: 5492: 5331: 5312: 5252: 5233: 5211: 5178: 5155: 5136: 5117: 5098: 5079: 5060: 5041: 5022: 4994: 4959: 4940: 3933: 3821: 3642: 3321: 3312: 3248: 3243: 3207: 2126: 2045: 1896: 1746: 1725:

is the main visitor centre for the forest. The forest's principal tourism organisation is the

1486: 1338: 1234: 1210: 1198: 1158: 1041: 1005: 951: 888: 766: 526: 518: 487: 476: 262: 4695: 2133:

that the surrounding area has been denuded of twigs and small branches by the many visitors.

5755: 5677: 5637: 5582: 5522: 5502: 5286: 3213: 2531: 2433: 2215: 1709: 1395: 1319: 1226: 1083: 1059: 1034: 1013: 1001: 989: 880: 848: 808: 695: 473: 347: 210: 4210: 4055: 2976: 5785: 5750: 5667: 5622: 5587: 5437: 5380: 4872: 4829: 4799: 4747: 4702: 3576: 3344: 3197: 3173: 2255: 1991: 1868: 1862: 1776: 1571: 1499: 1356: 1261: 1166: 1017: 966: 917: 832: 824: 816: 703: 562: 550: 503: 350:. The first recorded reference to Ashdown Forest by name is in the period 1100–1130, when 327: 266: 187: 5617: 4819: 4792: 1541:

cutting took place in the south of the forest to feed the iron works of the cannon maker

5353: 2049:. The hilltop of Gills Lap, crowned by pine trees and visible from miles around, became 490:

has been exposed by the erosion, over many millions of years, of a geological dome, the

5602: 5477: 5447: 5225: 4576:"London Youth - Supporting and challenging young people to become the best they can be" 2409: 2087: 2019: 1701: 1507: 1422:

Fallow deer returned in the 20th century, probably escapees from the Sackville estate,

1327: 1268: 1190: 1126: 792: 784: 672: 566: 346:, which itself was a part of the prehistoric forest cover of the British landmass, the 315: 3919: 3012:

of the road, whose foundations include iron slag, can be seen at Roman Road car park.

2436:, in the very centre of the forest, occupied by the army in 1939 as a defence against 1807: 5805: 5745: 4783:

Quotation is from Cooke’s Inclosure Acts, in Halsbury’s The Laws of England (4th ed).

4322: 3863: 3542:

Strategic Forest Plan of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2008-2016, p. 9.

3533:

Strategic Forest Plan of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2008-2016, p. 2.

3470:, a thin limestone, are at Heathfield, Brightling and Mountfield, all in east Sussex. 2334: 2285: 2115: 2006: 1826: 1107: 1091: 926: 800: 585: 577: 573: 542: 538: 522: 331: 278: 230: 5171: 4226: 2323:, who built a hunting lodge near Nutley that was later to be used by John of Gaunt. 448:

Most of today's common land lies within the medieval pale, although one tract, near

5740: 5695: 5572: 5512: 5497: 4668:, may have come into operation slightly earlier than the one at Newbridge, in 1490. 4483:"Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP 40/541, year: 1396" 3467: 2893: 2845: 2744: 2643: 2544: 2031: 1895:

The Airman's Grave is not in fact a grave, but a memorial to the six man crew of a

1738: 1688: 1684: 1562: 1529: 1407: 1368: 1206: 1182: 1099: 1075: 1033:

Important populations of heath and woodland birds are found on the forest, notably

758: 694:. The heath and bracken communities form a mosaic with acid grassland dominated by 689: 652: 385: 234: 222: 1981: 1937:

being used for access by wheeled vehicles, commoners' animals and mounted groups,

537:, and which are now thought to be predominantly fluvial flood-plain deposits. The 4727: 3515:

The remaining 5% (112 ha) consists of car parks, picnic areas, golf courses, etc.

357:"Ashdown Forest" consists of words from two different languages. The first word, 186:

Ashdown Forest's origins lie as a medieval hunting forest created soon after the

5577: 5517: 5487: 5467: 3975: 3772: 3390: 3239: 3201: 3183: 3169: 2281:

and for over 90 miles (140 km) from east to west from Kent into Hampshire.

2278: 2274: 2157: 2111: 2027: 1996: 1858: 1542: 1465: 1399: 1115: 620: 569:. Ashdown Forest is itself situated on a local dome, the Crowborough Anticline. 511: 507: 472:

The underlying geology of Ashdown Forest is mostly sandstone, predominantly the

311: 270: 255: 218: 192: 180: 176: 168: 84: 17: 3674:

Strategic Forest Plan of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2008-2016.

3662:, can be traced back to before the Norman Conquest. See Rackham (1997), p. 134. 2984:

of the London-Lewes Roman road, visible at Roman Road car park, Ashdown Forest.

2348:

by Charles II, giving free rein to the Earl of Bristol to make 'improvements'.

2106: 1879: 1498:

Ashdown Forest's landscape in the early 19th century was famously described by

5730: 5687: 5557: 5452: 5424: 4634: 3889: 3152: 2955:, who in 1543 made the first one-piece, cast-iron cannon in England at nearby 2952: 2130: 2035:

frequently family occasions which would see Milne, his wife, Daphne, his son,

2030:, in 1925. This old farmhouse was situated on the banks of a tributary of the 1966: 1772: 1768: 1737:

Ashdown Forest is very popular with walkers. Two long-distance footpaths, the

1696:, which receives frequent train services from London. The railway stations at 1574:; signed in August 2006, it is the largest such scheme in South East England. 1511: 1279: 1244:

Scrub areas, especially on the boundary between woodland and heath/grassland:

1150: 947: 711: 660: 592: 546: 499: 495: 480: 389: 303: 299: 206: 4845: 3701:

Annual Report of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2007/2008, p. 2.

565:, was created soon after the end of the Cretaceous period as a result of the 326:

Ashdown Forest does not seem to have existed as a distinct entity before the

167:. It is situated some 30 miles (48 km) south of London in the county of 112: 99: 5632: 5532: 4532: 4351: 3570:

Annual Report of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2009/2010, p.4.

3177: 2023: 1625: 1446: 1295: 1287: 1134: 1009: 931: 307: 214: 2490:

Commons Regulation (Ashdown Forest) Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1885

2361:

Commons Regulation (Ashdown Forest) Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1885

2296:, it had already been granted by William the Conqueror to his half-brother 258:

network as it hosts some of Europe's most threatened species and habitats.

4759: 4741:

Annual Report of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2009/2010 p.9

2061:

are in Wren’s Warren Valley, a short walk north-east of Gill's Lap, as is

1950:(see below) implies that the forest may only have been recently enclosed ( 636:

Ashdown Forest is noted for its heathland plants and flowers, such as the

4451: 4187:"Hotels in Sussex - Ashdown Park Luxury Spa Hotel East Grinstead, Sussex" 3253: 2293: 1742: 1680: 1515: 1427: 1423: 1387: 1278:

Mixed woodlands of oak, birch and sweet chestnut, often with Scots pine:

1218: 1142: 730: 429: 374: 339: 5373: 5275:"A Middle-Saxon Iron Smelting Site at Millbrook, Ashdown Forest, Sussex" 5249:

The Ashdown Forest Dispute, 1876-1882: Environmental Politics and Custom

4664:

According to recent research, another blast furnace, at Queenstock near

2947:

brought with them the technology for a furnace that they would operate.

2452:

In 1876-82 a renewed challenge to commoners' rights became known as the

384:, is a term here used by the Normans to denote land that was subject to 190:

of England. By 1283 the forest was fenced in by a 23 miles (37 km)

4793:

See the website of the Conservators of Ashdown Forest: Rights of Common

3820:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 115. 3224: 2936:) that could be dammed to provide water power for furnaces and forges. 2378:

During the 17th century, under both the Stuart monarchy and during the

2182: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1794:, a listed 19th-century mansion house set in 186 acres (0.75 km). 1491: 1438: 1415: 1352: 644: 397: 4554: 591:

Like the rest of the Weald, Ashdown lay beyond the southern limits of

4665: 3588: 2956: 2944: 2759: 2658: 1640:

Western Ouse Streams and Ashdown Forest Biodiversity Opportunity Area

1638:

Though not a statutory designation, Ashdown Forest forms part of the

879:) found particularly under beech. In the woodlands can also be found 5291: 5274: 3032:

The conservators are required to act in accordance with a number of

1846:

woodcock, tree pipit, stonechat and adder. It has been designated a

640:, but it also provides other distinctive or unusual plant habitats. 5301:

Ashdown Forest, Or As It Was Sometimes Called, Lancaster Great Park

3369:"Ashdown Forest background (where it all happened): Shepard, E. H." 2927:

Ashdown Forest's iron industry flourished in the two eras when the

273:. Milne lived on the northern edge of the forest and took his son, 3086: 2975: 2270: 2105: 1980: 1920: 1886: 1878: 1857: 1806: 1657: 1552: 1485: 1469: 1337: 922: 912: 897: 602: 557:, Upper Greensand, and Chalk. The anticline, which stretches from 554: 463: 415: 343: 172: 160: 4583: 4409: 3320:. Vol. 1. Vancouver, Canada: Greatest Escapes. p. 287. 2909:, offered Ashdown Forest for sale direct to the local authority, 1925:

The Hatch Inn, Coleman's Hatch, at an entrance to Ashdown Forest.

5363: 4161: 3280: 2892:

Following the conclusion of the Ashdown Forest case, a board of

1383: 342:

that had been carved out of a much larger area of woodland, the

5389: 4026: 1942:

housed ironworkers from the nearby blast furnace at Newbridge.

1058:

Open lowland heath, with various species of gorse and heather:

143: 5012:. London: Council for British Archaeology, Research Report 29. 2456:, one of the most famous legal disputes of Victorian England. 2151: 1520: 4442:

Brandon (2003), Chapters 2 and 6. Note that the Saxon prefix

4186: 4086: 2459:

On 13 October 1877 John Miles was seen on the forest cutting

4297: 3637:

William Cobbett, Sussex Journal entry of 8 January 1822, in

3353:. Quoted from the Introduction, p. xi, by Christopher Milne. 261:

Ashdown Forest is famous for serving as inspiration for the

5116:(2nd ed.). Oxford: St John's College Research Centre. 4138: 377:, which have never been common given the soil conditions. 4627:"The Weald - Books, directories, magazines and pamphlets" 702:) mingled with many specialised heathland plants such as 4251:. Local Nature Reserves. Natural England. Archived from 4211:

http://www.ashdownforest.org/about/forest_centre.phphere

4052:"Ashdown Forest, home of the Conservators and Pooh Bear" 4002:"Bus travel in East Sussex – East Sussex County Council" 3466:

There are only three older outcrops, which are Jurassic

1557:

Ashdown Forest's Hebridean sheep flock awaiting shearing

5369:

Videos about Ashdown Forest, its history and management

3745:. Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England 3723:. Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England 1355:) have been recorded, the scarcer among them being the 314:

abuts the forest on its eastern side while the town of

254:

for its heathland habitats. It is part of the European

4844:. The Weald of Kent, Surrey and Sussex. Archived from 4112: 3948:"Getting around by train – East Sussex County Council" 5847:

Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1953

5114:

Forests and Chases of England and Wales c.1500-c.1850

4472:

Victoria County History of Sussex, Volume II, p. 315.

3683:

Victoria County History of Sussex, Volume II, p. 314.

3190:

also lived at Cotchford Farm, and died there in 1969.

2269:("the forest of Andred"), from which the present-day 679:) is dominant over large areas. On the damper heath, 229:

important iron industry on two occasions, during the

4555:"Broadstone Warren Scout Site & Activity Centre" 4433:

The Conservator's of Ashdown Forest Newsletter 1987.

3970: 3968: 2333:

grants the "Free-chase of Ashdon" to his third son,

5842:

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex

5686: 5423: 5417:

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex

5198:Money, J.H. & Streeten, A.D.F. (date unknown). 3036:pertaining to the forest, of which the latest, the 2883: 2876: 2859: 2854: 2844: 2839: 2826: 2815: 2789: 2775: 2768: 2758: 2753: 2743: 2738: 2725: 2714: 2688: 2674: 2667: 2657: 2652: 2642: 2637: 2624: 2613: 2587: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2553: 2543: 2538: 2525: 2514: 2488: 1051:and it is a popular destination for bird-watchers. 138: 128: 91: 80: 34: 5170: 3318:Literary Trips: Following in the Footsteps of Fame 3311: 643:The extensive areas of dry heath are dominated by 483:geological formation that crops out in the Weald. 4686:Ashdown Forest Life, issue 8, Autumn/Winter 2009. 940:and a range of ferns including the mountain fern 5374:Historical documents relating to Ashdown Forest. 3797:. Special Areas of Conservation. Natural England 1989:Ashdown Forest is famous as the setting for the 1410:from mainland Europe—, present in Sussex in the 1398:since as far back as 6,000-8,000 years ago, and 4498:entries 4 & 5, asserting his hunting rights 3083:The common land and commoners of Ashdown Forest 3042: 1837:on the A22 road between Wych Cross and Nutley. 1047:. Because of this, it has been designated as a 5019:British Regional Geology: The Wealden District 4993:(2nd ed.). Cardiff: Merton Priory Press. 3614:"Heathland and moorland | The Wildlife Trusts" 3077:Ashdown Forest's common land and its commoners 2005:, was published in 1926 with illustrations by 1883:Detail of the Airman's Grave at Ashdown Forest 1371:, can be hard to see. Another speciality, the 729:In the wet areas are found several species of 388:, a harsh and much resented supplement to the 318:lies 3 miles (4.8 km) to the north-west. 5401: 4901:"An Imperfect Life: On George and W.B. Yeats" 3670: 3668: 3076: 3045:quiet and natural area of outstanding beauty. 1790:The principal hotel within the forest is the 1622:High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 1054:The forest contains four main bird habitats: 561:into northern France, and is breached by the 373:—the hill of Æsca. It has no connection with 165:High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 163:occupying the highest sandy ridge-top of the 8: 3391:"An Introduction To Britain's Lost Wildwood" 3231:, lived in a grey stone house in the forest. 5202:. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 16-26. 5021:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 4977:. The Society of Friends of Ashdown Forest. 3138:To become a commoner a person must acquire 1733:Recreational, sports and leisure activities 1584:have been cleared, initially funded by the 5408: 5394: 5386: 5230:The Illustrated History of the Countryside 3842:"Designated Sites View: Old Lodge, Nutley" 2786: 2685: 2584: 2485: 1490:Ashdown Forest viewed from the gardens of 31: 5290: 5269:. Sussex Archaeological Society, 121-135. 3004:that connected London with the important 2393:In 1662 the forest was granted to one of 2242:Learn how and when to remove this message 72:Location of Ashdown Forest in East Sussex 5857:Special Areas of Conservation in England 4450:, the name of the Romans' stronghold at 4277:. Local Nature Reserves. Natural England 3844:. Local Nature Reserves. Natural England 2901:Sale of the forest into public ownership 1506:At about three miles (4.8 km) from 955:thrive in this “Atlantic” microclimate. 667:). Important lichen communities include 5303:. Sussex Archaeological Society, 36-64. 5135:. Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd. 5036:Glyn, Philip; Prendergast, Hew (1995). 4989:Cleere, Henry; Crossley, David (1995). 4939:. Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd. 4603: 4601: 4298:"Wealden Iron Research Group Home Page" 4068:Source of Ashdown Forest walks leaflets 3795:"Designated Sites View: Ashdown Forest" 3721:"Designated Sites View: Ashdown Forest" 3363: 3361: 3359: 3339: 3337: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3176:stories, lived at Cotchford Farm, near 2907:William Sackville, 10th Earl De La Warr 2465:Reginald Sackville, 7th Earl De La Warr 2284:Ashdown Forest is not mentioned in the 1891:142 Squadron report of Wellington crash 1363:. It is also an important home for the 5817:11th-century establishments in England 2932:steep-sided valleys (locally known as 2479:Formation of the Board of Conservators 369:, Old English for hill or down, hence 64: 5112:Langton, John; Jones, Graham (2008). 4954:Brandon, Peter; Short, Brian (1990). 3103:A right of common may be defined as: 2885:Text of statute as originally enacted 2777:Text of statute as originally enacted 2676:Text of statute as originally enacted 2575:Text of statute as originally enacted 1792:Ashdown Park Hotel & Country Club 1510:you come to a pretty village, called 1414:era and particularly favoured by the 615:The forest predominantly consists of 7: 5837:Forests and woodlands of East Sussex 5195:. In Drewett (1978), pp. 38–40. 5193:Aspects of the Iron Age in the Weald 5095:Forest Camera: a Portrait of Ashdown 5038:Ashdown Forest, An Illustrated Guide 4985:. In Drewett (1978), pp. 59–63. 4810:Glyn & Prendergast (1995) p. 15. 4374:"Tracing the Pale of Ashdown Forest" 3091:A gate into Ashdown Forest at sunset 2905:In the 1980s the Lord of the Manor, 2180:adding citations to reliable sources 2043:through to reach the forest, became 1749:of the Winnie-the-Pooh stories. The 687:) becomes dominant with deer-grass ( 521:is the lowest (oldest) layer of the 330:of 1066, nor is it mentioned in the 79: 27:Natural area in East Sussex, England 5852:Special Protection Areas in England 5716:Dungeness, Romney Marsh and Rye Bay 5508:Dungeness, Romney Marsh and Rye Bay 5309:The Forest - Ashdown in East Sussex 4876:. 25 September 1939. Archived from 4225:. 20 September 2007. Archived from 4223:"Sussex Wildlife Trust - Old Lodge" 4079:"Ashdown Forest Riding Association" 3934:"Parking charges on Ashdown Forest" 3349:The Forest – Ashdown in East Sussex 3313:"Winnie-the-Pooh in Ashdown Forest" 2923:The iron industry of Ashdown Forest 2917:The iron industry of Ashdown Forest 2382:, there were repeated proposals to 2374:The 1693 division of Ashdown Forest 1985:Poohsticks Bridge in Ashdown Forest 1606:Site of Special Scientific Interest 525:, which comprise (in sequence) the 244:Site of Special Scientific Interest 5563:Kingston Escarpment and Iford Hill 5328:Grazing Ecology and Forest History 5232:. London: Orion Publishing Group. 5131:Leslie, Kim; Short, Brian (1999). 3976:"How to Get Here - Ashdown Forest" 3593:The Conservators of Ashdown Forest 1727:Ashdown Forest Tourism Association 1631:, most of which is managed by the 576:, which is sandwiched between the 133:The Conservators of Ashdown Forest 46:Vanguard Way across Ashdown Forest 25: 5279:Sussex Archaeological Collections 5267:Ashdown Forest and Its Inclosures 4899:Longenbach, James (18 May 2011). 4529:"History | Pippingford Park" 4111:. 11 January 2010. Archived from 3886:"Sussex Biodiversity Action Plan" 3506:Leslie and Short (1999), pp. 4-5. 2972:The archaeology of Ashdown Forest 1758:Ashdown Forest Riding Association 1683:, which provides access from the 5352: 5330:. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. 5251:. Lewes: Sussex Record Society. 5010:Archaeology in Sussex to AD 1500 4724:"List of Ashdown Forest Byelaws" 4151:Ashdown Cycling Campaign website 3488:Leslie & Short (1999), p. 2. 2809:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2802: 2721:training and for other purposes. 2708:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2701: 2607:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2600: 2508:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2501: 2156: 1954:denoted an open hunting ground, 1760:, which has around 200 members. 1662:Cyclists crossing Ashdown Forest 175:to the chalk escarpments of the 63: 56: 40: 4760:"friends of the ashdown forest" 4677:Hodgkinson (2008) p. 63 et seq. 4109:"The Hell of Ashdown - Welcome" 2344:1662 – Lancaster Great Park is 2167:needs additional citations for 1644:Sussex Biodiversity Action Plan 1642:, and is thus a subject of the 911:Forest streams, often lined by 607:King's Standing, Ashdown Forest 4991:The Iron Industry of the Weald 3888:. 11 July 2002. Archived from 3816:Ratcliffe, Derek, ed. (1977). 3310:Hope, Yvonne Jefferey (2000). 2063:The Dark and Mysterious Forest 1784:Royal Ashdown Forest Golf Club 1767:. Former Tour de France rider 1518:, you cross Ashurst [ 535:Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation 1: 5776:Southerham Machine Bottom Pit 5726:Hastings Cliffs to Pett Beach 5538:Hastings Cliffs to Pett Beach 5133:An Historical Atlas of Sussex 5078:. Stroud: The History Press. 3414:A. Mawer & F.M. Stenton, 3316:. In Brooks, Victoria (ed.). 3067:Friends of the Ashdown Forest 2448:The Great Ashdown Forest Case 2110:Memorial plaque dedicated to 1624:. An area of 103 hectares is 209:, who had a hunting lodge at 5483:Clayton to Offham Escarpment 5360:travel guide from Wikivoyage 5008:Drewett, Peter, ed. (1978). 4983:Roman Sussex—The Weald 4764:Friendsofashdownforest.co.uk 3818:A Nature Conservation Review 3151:vistas, so well captured in 3054:and the dumping of rubbish. 3016:Ownership and administration 1969:Bridge on Chuck Hatch Lane. 1675:Travelling to Ashdown Forest 1614:Special Area of Conservation 277:, walking there. The artist 252:Special Area of Conservation 5711:Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs 5458:Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs 5169:Milne, Christopher (1974). 5074:Hodgkinson, Jeremy (2008). 5017:Gallois, R.W., ed. (1965). 4956:The South East from AD 1000 4937:The Kent & Sussex Weald 4027:"Welcome to Ashdown Forest" 3641:. Constable, London. 1982. 3281:"Welcome to Ashdown Forest" 2878:Status: Current legislation 1514:, and then, on the road to 1482:Landscape of Ashdown Forest 1476:Landscape of Ashdown Forest 837:Hyacinthinoides non-scripta 749:) and specialities such as 231:Roman occupation of Britain 159:is an ancient area of open 5883: 5832:Environment of East Sussex 5827:Stone Age sites in England 5208:Portrait of Ashdown Forest 4446:was probably derived from 4275:"Map of Old Lodge, Nutley" 4135:"Ashdown Cycling Campaign" 3351:. Sussex: Sweethaws Press. 3080: 2969: 2920: 2911:East Sussex County Council 2784:United Kingdom legislation 2683:United Kingdom legislation 2582:United Kingdom legislation 2483:United Kingdom legislation 2302:Norman conquest of England 1620:site. It lies within the 1618:Nature Conservation Review 1479: 1233:); and in winter, rarely, 1114:); and in winter, rarely, 310:to the north. The town of 5822:Iron Age sites in England 5653:St Dunstan's Farm Meadows 5307:Willard, Barbara (1989). 5150:Margary, Ivan D. (1965). 5076:The Wealden Iron Industry 4973:Christian, Garth (1967). 4842:"Jefferies, John Richard" 3553:"Birds of Ashdown Forest" 3416:The Place Names of Sussex 3395:South-coast-central.co.uk 2801: 2796: 2700: 2695: 2599: 2594: 2500: 2495: 2454:Great Ashdown Forest Case 1811:The Ashdown Forest Centre 1803:The Ashdown Forest Centre 51: 39: 5379:27 February 2009 at the 5265:Straker, Ernest (1940). 4820:Ashdown Forest website: 4701:25 November 2010 at the 3457:Christian (1967), p. 28. 3060:Higher Level Stewardship 2298:Robert, Count of Mortain 2012:The House at Pooh Corner 1841:Old Lodge Nature Reserve 1568:Higher Level Stewardship 1359:, brilliant emerald and 1209:; in spring and autumn, 1008:to provide habitats for 948:hay-scented buckler fern 747:Eriophorum angustifolium 5299:Turner, Edward (1862). 5210:. London: Robert Hale. 5152:Roman Ways in the Weald 4935:Brandon, Peter (2003). 4518:Christian (1967), p. 2. 4509:Straker (1940), p. 124. 3866:. Sussex Wildlife Trust 3743:"Map of Ashdown Forest" 3692:Straker (1940), p. 123. 3448:Straker (1940), p. 121. 3040:, states (section 16): 3038:Ashdown Forest Act 1974 3023:Christopher Robin Milne 2869:Ashdown Forest Act 1949 2866:Ashdown Forest Act 1937 2791:Ashdown Forest Act 1974 2764:Ashdown Forest Act 1974 2690:Ashdown Forest Act 1949 2663:Ashdown Forest Act 1974 2631:1 Edw. 8 & 1 Geo. 6 2589:Ashdown Forest Act 1937 2562:Ashdown Forest Act 1949 2315:1268 – in the reign of 1825:limestone brought from 1610:Special Protection Area 1394:), an integral part of 1365:golden-ringed dragonfly 1342:Golden-ringed dragonfly 1334:) (occasional visitor). 1171:Phoenicurus phoenicurus 1049:Special Protection Area 531:Wadhurst Clay Formation 248:Special Protection Area 5766:Seaford to Beachy Head 5658:Stockland Farm Meadows 5648:Seaford to Beachy Head 5463:Burgh Hill Farm Meadow 5364:Ashdown Forest website 5273:Tebbutt, C.F. (1982). 5055:Hinde, Thomas (1987). 4981:Cleere, Henry (1978). 4655:Willard (1989), p.167. 3618:www.wildlifetrusts.org 3221:Edward Dudley Metcalfe 3194:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 3109: 3092: 3047: 2985: 2732:12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6 2119: 1986: 1926: 1892: 1884: 1865: 1812: 1692:railway station is at 1663: 1654:Recreation and leisure 1600:Statutory designations 1558: 1526: 1495: 1343: 943:Oreopteris limbosperma 934:such as the liverwort 903: 763:Wahlenbergia hederacea 759:ivy-leaved bell flower 669:Pycnothelia papillaria 608: 514:(see diagram, right). 492:Weald-Artois Anticline 469: 421: 265:, the setting for the 5862:English royal forests 5706:Brede Pit and Cutting 5326:Vera, F.W.M. (2000). 5247:Short, Brian (1997). 5093:Kirby, Peter (1998). 4463:Small (1988), p. 156. 4327:Users.globalnet.co.uk 3105: 3090: 3006:Wealden iron industry 2979: 2469:Prescription Act 1832 2109: 1984: 1924: 1890: 1882: 1874: 1861: 1820:Vachery Forest Garden 1810: 1751:Ashdown Forest Centre 1723:Ashdown Forest Centre 1661: 1633:Sussex Wildlife Trust 1581:Rhododendron ponticum 1570:(HLS) agreement with 1556: 1549:Conservation measures 1504: 1489: 1341: 1163:Caprimulgus europaeus 1045:Caprimulgus europaeus 960:broad-leaved pondweed 901: 861:Lonicera periclymenum 779:Lycopodiella inundata 755:Gentiana pneumonanthe 739:Narthecium ossifragum 724:Dactylorhiza maculata 606: 582:Tunbridge Wells Sands 467: 419: 5781:Southerham Works Pit 5736:Houghton Green Cliff 5593:Marline Valley Woods 5528:Folkington Reservoir 5206:Penn, Roger (1984). 5191:Money, J.H. (1978). 5173:The Enchanted Places 5059:. Sphere Books Ltd. 4911:on 22 September 2017 4848:on 20 September 2008 4730:on 3 September 2009. 4607:Hinde (1987), p. 66. 4399:Milne (1974), p. 61. 4390:Milne (1974), p. 62. 4229:on 20 September 2007 4089:on 21 September 2017 3710:Penn (1984), p. 195. 3559:on 12 February 2010. 2416:enclosures, such as 2339:Lancaster Great Park 2176:improve this article 2101:Sad and Gloomy Place 1995:stories, written by 1948:Lancaster Great Park 1848:Local Nature Reserve 1629:Local Nature Reserve 1324:Regulus ignicapillus 1312:Eurasian sparrowhawk 1250:Emberiza schoeniclus 977:Equisetum fluviatile 720:heath spotted orchid 250:for birds, and as a 113:51.07250°N 0.04306°E 5771:Southerham Grey Pit 5721:Hastingford Cutting 5673:Willingford Meadows 5663:Weir Wood Reservoir 5608:Paines Cross Meadow 5568:Leasam Heronry Wood 5433:Arlington Reservoir 5311:. Sweethaws Press. 5177:. London: Methuen. 5097:. Sweethaws Press. 4958:. London: Longman. 4828:14 May 2011 at the 4798:14 May 2011 at the 4746:14 May 2011 at the 4535:on 13 November 2012 4249:"Old Lodge, Nutley" 4058:on 23 February 2010 3775:on 28 February 2006 3575:14 May 2011 at the 2998:London to Lewes Way 2397:'s closest allies, 2083:The Enchanted Place 2009:. The second book, 1798:Visitor attractions 1765:Hell of the Ashdown 1717:Visitor information 1586:Forestry Commission 1373:silver-studded blue 1361:small red damselfly 1258:Streptopelia turtur 1246:common reed bunting 1187:Gallinago gallinago 1104:Emberiza citrinella 1096:Carduelis cannabina 877:Epipactis purpurata 845:Vaccinium myrtillus 743:common cotton-grass 677:Pteridium aquilinum 269:stories written by 129:Governing body 109: / 5791:Winchelsea Cutting 5628:Plashett Park Wood 5057:Forests of Britain 4880:on 26 October 2012 4586:on 28 January 2016 4580:Londonyouth.org.uk 4414:Pooh-country.co.uk 4378:High Weald website 4302:Wealdeniron.org.uk 4166:Royalashdown.co.uk 4115:on 11 January 2010 3936:. 26 October 2021. 3223:, best friend and 3200:stories, lived at 3188:the Rolling Stones 3093: 3034:acts of Parliament 2986: 2438:Operation Sea Lion 2430:Crowborough Warren 2120: 1999:. The first book, 1987: 1958:an enclosed one). 1927: 1893: 1885: 1875:The Airman's Grave 1866: 1813: 1664: 1559: 1496: 1344: 1304:Eurasian bullfinch 1252:); in the summer, 1203:Scolopax rusticola 1175:spotted flycatcher 1141:); in the summer, 1082:); in the summer, 967:bulrush (reedmace) 963:Potamogeton natans 904: 889:common wood sorrel 873:violet helleborine 869:Neottia nidus-avis 767:white-beaked sedge 681:cross-leaved heath 609: 559:South East England 470: 422: 408:protective cover. 240:South East England 205:including notably 5867:Forest governance 5799: 5798: 5701:Blackhorse Quarry 5643:Sapperton Meadows 5613:Park Corner Heath 5598:Milton Gate Marsh 5553:Herstmonceux Park 5548:Hemingfold Meadow 5493:Dallington Forest 5154:. Phoenix House. 5123:978-0-9544975-4-5 5085:978-0-7524-4573-1 5040:. Essedon Press. 4637:on 4 January 2009 4296:Singleton, Tony. 4031:Ashdownforest.com 4006:Eastsussex.gov.uk 3980:Ashdownforest.com 3952:Eastsussex.gov.uk 3285:Ashdownforest.org 3249:Automatic Writing 3208:Richard Jefferies 2890: 2889: 2855:Other legislation 2797:Act of Parliament 2782: 2781: 2754:Other legislation 2696:Act of Parliament 2681: 2680: 2653:Other legislation 2595:Act of Parliament 2580: 2579: 2554:Other legislation 2532:48 & 49 Vict. 2496:Act of Parliament 2426:Broadstone Warren 2422:Prestridge Warren 2406:Charles Sackville 2252: 2251: 2244: 2226: 2127:Poohsticks Bridge 2069:exhibited at the 2046:Hundred Acre Wood 2037:Christopher Robin 1908:Newbridge Furnace 1897:Wellington bomber 1747:Hundred Acre Wood 1443:Muntiacus muntjak 1406:)—brought by the 1318:); in the summer 1308:Pyrrhula pyrrhula 1235:great grey shrike 1231:Loxia curvirostra 1215:Oenanthe oenanthe 1211:northern wheatear 1199:Eurasian woodcock 1179:Muscicapa striata 1155:Anthus sylvestris 1131:Carduelis cabaret 1072:Saxicola rubecola 1042:European nightjar 1006:Lord of the Manor 952:Dryopteris aemula 907:Streams and ponds 893:Oxalis acetosella 865:birds-nest orchid 831:). These contain 771:Rhynchospora alba 696:purple moor-grass 617:lowland heathland 527:Ashdown Formation 519:Ashdown Formation 488:Ashdown Formation 477:Ashdown Formation 380:The second word, 302:to the south and 275:Christopher Robin 263:Hundred Acre Wood 154: 153: 118:51.07250; 0.04306 16:(Redirected from 5874: 5678:Wilmington Downs 5583:Lullington Heath 5523:Firle Escarpment 5503:Ditchling Common 5410: 5403: 5396: 5387: 5356: 5341: 5322: 5296: 5294: 5262: 5243: 5221: 5188: 5176: 5165: 5146: 5127: 5108: 5089: 5070: 5051: 5032: 5013: 5004: 4978: 4969: 4950: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4907:. Archived from 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4838: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4802: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4756: 4750: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4726:. Archived from 4720: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4633:. Archived from 4623: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4582:. Archived from 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4531:. Archived from 4525: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4350:. Archived from 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4219: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4158: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4141:on 4 August 2009 4137:. Archived from 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4085:. Archived from 4075: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4054:. Archived from 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3922:on 14 June 2021. 3918:. Archived from 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3771:. Archived from 3765:"Ashdown Forest" 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3663: 3660:heathland forest 3656: 3650: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3585: 3579: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3555:. Archived from 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3365: 3354: 3352: 3345:Willard, Barbara 3341: 3332: 3331: 3315: 3307: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3277: 3214:Harold Macmillan 3196:, author of the 3172:, author of the 2806: 2805: 2792: 2787: 2770:Status: Repealed 2705: 2704: 2691: 2686: 2669:Status: Repealed 2604: 2603: 2590: 2585: 2505: 2504: 2491: 2486: 2434:Pippingford Park 2247: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2191:"Ashdown Forest" 2184: 2160: 2152: 1320:common firecrest 1273:Acanthis cabaret 1265:Carduelis spinus 1227:common crossbill 1223:Saxicola rubetra 1084:Eurasian skylark 1080:Anthus trivialis 1060:Dartford warbler 1035:Dartford warbler 1014:Harold Macmillan 990:ancient woodland 937:Nardia compressa 885:Anemone nemorosa 853:Blechnum spicant 813:Pinus sylvestris 700:Molinia caerulea 649:Calluna vulgaris 474:Lower Cretaceous 454:Chelwood Vachery 412:Shape and extent 365:, combined with 348:British wildwood 217:and who courted 211:Bolebroke Castle 183:on the horizon. 150: 147: 145: 124: 123: 121: 120: 119: 114: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 67: 66: 60: 44: 32: 21: 18:Pippingford Park 5882: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5786:Waldron Cutting 5682: 5668:Willingdon Down 5623:Pevensey Levels 5588:Maplehurst Wood 5543:Heathfield Park 5438:Ashburnham Park 5419: 5414: 5381:Wayback Machine 5349: 5344: 5338: 5325: 5319: 5306: 5292:10.5284/1085544 5272: 5259: 5246: 5240: 5226:Rackham, Oliver 5224: 5218: 5205: 5185: 5168: 5162: 5149: 5143: 5130: 5124: 5111: 5105: 5092: 5086: 5073: 5067: 5054: 5048: 5035: 5029: 5016: 5007: 5001: 4988: 4972: 4966: 4953: 4947: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4868:"Good Old Duke" 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4830:Wayback Machine 4822:Commoners Today 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800:Wayback Machine 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4748:Wayback Machine 4739: 4735: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703:Wayback Machine 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4491: 4489: 4487:Aalt.law.uh.edu 4481: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4323:"The Hatch Inn" 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4255:on 4 March 2016 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4191:Ashdownpark.com 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4144: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4083:Afranews.org.uk 4077: 4076: 4072: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3982:. 25 March 2014 3974: 3973: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3892:on 11 July 2002 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3657: 3653: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3577:Wayback Machine 3568: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3430: 3426: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3357: 3343: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3309: 3308: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3269: 3264: 3242:, and his wife 3198:Sherlock Holmes 3174:Winnie-the-Pooh 3166: 3157:Winnie-the-Pooh 3085: 3079: 3046: 3018: 3000:, one of three 2974: 2968: 2925: 2919: 2903: 2879: 2872: 2860:Repeals/revokes 2822:other purposes. 2811: 2803: 2790: 2785: 2771: 2710: 2702: 2689: 2684: 2670: 2609: 2601: 2588: 2583: 2569: 2568:Status: Amended 2510: 2502: 2489: 2484: 2481: 2450: 2418:Hindleap Warren 2376: 2256:Norman Conquest 2248: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2185: 2183: 2173: 2161: 2150: 2145: 2091:and Lone Pine, 2002:Winnie-the-Pooh 1992:Winnie-the-Pooh 1979: 1977:Winnie-the-Pooh 1919: 1917:The forest pale 1910: 1877: 1869:Nutley Windmill 1863:Nutley Windmill 1856: 1854:Nutley Windmill 1843: 1822: 1805: 1800: 1777:Lance Armstrong 1735: 1719: 1698:Tunbridge Wells 1677: 1656: 1602: 1572:Natural England 1551: 1500:William Cobbett 1484: 1478: 1463: 1396:Wealden culture 1381: 1349: 1316:Accipiter nisus 1292:Parus palustris 1262:Eurasian siskin 1239:Lanius exubitor 1167:common redstart 1147:Lullula arborea 1139:Regulus regulus 1112:Cuculus canorus 1088:Alauda arvensis 1031: 1026: 1018:John F. Kennedy 985: 974:water horsetail 970:Typha latifolia 918:Alnus glutinosa 909: 829:Castanea sativa 821:Fagus sylvatica 801:pedunculate oak 775:marsh club moss 712:creeping willow 708:Genista anglica 634: 629: 601: 563:English Channel 551:Lower Greensand 504:Greensand Ridge 462: 450:Chelwood Beacon 414: 328:Norman Conquest 324: 287: 267:Winnie-the-Pooh 188:Norman conquest 142: 117: 115: 111: 108: 103: 100: 98: 96: 95: 76: 75: 74: 73: 70: 69: 68: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5880: 5878: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5812:Ashdown Forest 5804: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5603:Offham Marshes 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5478:Chailey Common 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5448:Bingletts Wood 5445: 5443:Ashdown Forest 5440: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5358:Ashdown Forest 5348: 5347:External links 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337:978-0851994420 5336: 5323: 5317: 5304: 5297: 5270: 5263: 5258:978-0854450411 5257: 5244: 5238: 5222: 5216: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5183: 5166: 5160: 5147: 5141: 5128: 5122: 5109: 5104:978-0951179550 5103: 5090: 5084: 5071: 5065: 5052: 5046: 5033: 5027: 5014: 5005: 4999: 4986: 4979: 4975:Ashdown Forest 4970: 4964: 4951: 4945: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4891: 4859: 4833: 4812: 4803: 4785: 4776: 4751: 4733: 4715: 4706: 4696:Ashdown Forest 4688: 4679: 4670: 4657: 4648: 4618: 4609: 4597: 4567: 4546: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4435: 4426: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4365: 4354:on 28 May 2009 4339: 4314: 4288: 4266: 4240: 4214: 4203: 4178: 4153: 4126: 4100: 4070: 4043: 4018: 3993: 3964: 3939: 3925: 3916:Ashdown Forest 3903: 3877: 3855: 3833: 3826: 3808: 3786: 3756: 3734: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3664: 3651: 3630: 3605: 3580: 3562: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3424: 3407: 3382: 3355: 3333: 3326: 3297: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3232: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3191: 3181: 3165: 3164:Notable people 3162: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3081:Main article: 3078: 3075: 3043: 3017: 3014: 2970:Main article: 2967: 2964: 2921:Main article: 2918: 2915: 2902: 2899: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2449: 2446: 2410:Earl of Dorset 2375: 2372: 2267:Andredes weald 2250: 2249: 2164: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2088:Heffalump Trap 2071:V&A Museum 2020:Cotchford Farm 1978: 1975: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1876: 1873: 1855: 1852: 1842: 1839: 1821: 1818: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1775:and has taken 1734: 1731: 1718: 1715: 1694:East Grinstead 1676: 1673: 1655: 1652: 1601: 1598: 1550: 1547: 1480:Main article: 1477: 1474: 1462: 1459: 1424:Buckhurst Park 1412:Romano-British 1392:Cervus elaphus 1380: 1377: 1369:purple emperor 1348: 1345: 1336: 1335: 1328:common buzzard 1276: 1269:lesser redpoll 1260:); in winter, 1242: 1195:Falco subbuteo 1191:Eurasian hobby 1127:lesser redpoll 1123: 1120:Circus cyaneus 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1000:The clumps of 984: 981: 915:trees such as 908: 905: 825:sweet chestnut 797:Betula pendula 789:Ulex europaeus 733:together with 685:Erica tetralix 673:Common bracken 633: 630: 628: 625: 600: 597: 567:Alpine orogeny 461: 458: 413: 410: 323: 320: 316:East Grinstead 286: 283: 157:Ashdown Forest 152: 151: 146:.ashdownforest 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 93: 89: 88: 82: 78: 77: 71: 62: 61: 55: 54: 53: 52: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 35:Ashdown Forest 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5879: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 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4460: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4415: 4411: 4410:"Pooh Corner" 4405: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4289: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4207: 4204: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3647:0-09-464060-2 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3554: 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H. Shepard 2113: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2099:and Eeyore’s 2098: 2097:100 Aker Wood 2094: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2079:Galleon's Lap 2074: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:Galleon's Lap 2048: 2047: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2007:E. H. 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Milne 256:Natura 2000 233:and in the 219:Anne Boleyn 181:South Downs 177:North Downs 169:East Sussex 116: / 92:Coordinates 85:East Sussex 5806:Categories 5751:River Line 5731:High Rocks 5688:Geological 5558:High Woods 5453:Bream Wood 5425:Biological 4905:The Nation 4884:11 January 4852:11 January 4358:18 January 3870:10 January 3848:10 January 3801:10 January 3749:11 January 3727:11 January 3262:References 3153:EH Shepard 3140:commonable 2817:Long title 2734:. c. xlvii 2716:Long title 2615:Long title 2559:Amended by 2516:Long title 2395:Charles II 2331:Edward III 2202:newspapers 2131:Poohsticks 2093:North Pole 2055:North Pole 1967:Poohsticks 1773:Forest Row 1769:Sean Yates 1608:(SSSI), a 1512:Forest-Row 1280:stock dove 1151:tree pipit 1002:Scots pine 965:, beds of 932:bryophytes 809:Scots pine 716:Salicaceae 704:petty whin 692:cespitosum 665:Ulex minor 593:Quaternary 547:Weald Clay 500:Weald Clay 496:High Weald 481:Cretaceous 403:Note that 390:common law 386:forest law 371:Æsca's dūn 304:Forest Row 300:Maresfield 221:at nearby 207:Henry VIII 101:51°04′21″N 5633:Rock Wood 5533:Fore Wood 5285:: 19–35. 3912:"Parking" 3589:"Grazing" 3178:Hartfield 3116:pasturage 2941:Henry VII 2620:purposes. 2321:Edward II 2317:Henry III 2258:of 1066. 2024:Hartfield 1771:lives at 1626:Old Lodge 1612:(SPA), a 1508:Grinstead 1470:heathland 1435:capreolus 1432:Capreolus 1404:Dama dama 1296:tawny owl 1288:marsh tit 1135:goldcrest 1068:stonechat 1010:blackgame 849:hard fern 718:sp.) and 632:Heathland 375:ash trees 308:Hartfield 215:Hartfield 161:heathland 104:0°02′35″E 87:, England 5746:Northiam 5377:Archived 5228:(1997). 4826:Archived 4796:Archived 4744:Archived 4699:Archived 4452:Pevensey 4448:Anderida 4444:Andredes 4281:4 August 4259:4 August 4233:30 March 4145:16 March 4062:17 March 3896:30 March 3573:Archived 3418:(1929), 3375:26 April 3347:(1989). 3254:A Vision 3122:estovers 2828:Citation 2727:Citation 2633:. c. lii 2626:Citation 2527:Citation 2521:England. 2294:Pevensey 2232:May 2021 1743:Wealdway 1710:Uckfield 1516:Uckfield 1428:roe deer 1388:Red deer 1219:whinchat 1159:nightjar 1143:woodlark 983:Woodland 946:and the 841:bilberry 833:bluebell 430:palisade 340:Pevensey 322:Toponymy 296:Danehill 81:Location 3371:V&A 3225:equerry 3051:byelaws 2384:inclose 2329:1372 – 2216:scholar 2143:History 2022:, near 1939:hatches 1492:Standen 1439:muntjac 1416:Normans 1353:Odonata 1347:Insects 1205:), and 863:) with 599:Ecology 460:Geology 438:see map 398:venison 359:Ashdown 352:Henry I 246:, as a 202:hatches 139:Website 5334: 5315: 5255: 5236: 5214: 5181: 5158: 5139: 5120: 5101: 5082: 5063: 5044: 5025: 4997: 4962: 4943: 4666:Buxted 4162:"Home" 3824: 3645: 3422:,1, 2. 3324: 3219:Major 3129:litter 2957:Buxted 2945:France 2934:ghylls 2835:c. xxi 2461:litter 2408:, 6th 2218: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2085:, the 2053:. 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