87:. Rather than target individual behaviors one at a time, PRT targets pivotal areas of a child's development such as motivation, responsiveness to multiple cues, self-management, and social initiations. By targeting these critical areas, PRT ideally results in collateral improvements in other social, communicative, and behavioral areas that are not specifically targeted.
54:. PRT advocates contend that behavior hinges on "pivotal" behavioral skills—motivation and the ability to respond to multiple cues—and that development of these skills will result in collateral behavioral improvements. It's an alternative approach to ABA from the more common form, sometimes called discrete trial training (DTT).
95:
training, and the use of direct and natural reinforcers. The child plays a crucial role in determining the activities and objects that will be used in the PRT exchange. Intentful attempts at the target behavior are rewarded with a natural reinforcer (e.g., if a child attempts to request for a stuffed
127:
concluded there was a statistically significant positive effect of PRT on expressive language skills, social interaction, and reducing repetitive behaviour. However it also notes the quality of evidence was low, so further research about the effectiveness of PRT was required. One 2019 study, not
74:
to develop verbal communication in children with autism. They theorized that, if effort was focused on certain pivotal responses, intervention would be more successful and efficient. As they saw it, developing these pivotal behaviors would result in widespread improvement in other areas.
2382:
1662:
1093:
90:
The underlying motivational strategies of PRT are incorporated throughout intervention as often as possible, and they include child choice, task variation, interspersing maintenance tasks, rewarding attempts,
2245:
128:
covered by the review, directly compared PRT and DTT found its effects were heterogenous; DTT worked better in some children, whereas PRT worked better in others, depending on the child's characteristics.
70:. Though effective, limitations included significant time investment, considerable expense, and limited generalization to new environments. Lynn and Robert Koegel incorporated ideas from the
2230:
759:
2220:
2331:
1820:
1226:
884:
96:
animal, the child receives the animal, not a piece of candy or other unrelated reinforcer). Pivotal response treatment is used to teach language, decrease disruptive/
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1733:
1708:
1280:
1200:
1991:
892:
1632:
897:
2076:
1800:
1354:
1083:
723:
1657:
1164:
1068:
2443:
2009:
2001:
1728:
1486:
1372:
1221:
286:
1833:
718:
1174:
103:
The two primary pivotal areas of pivotal response therapy are motivation and self-initiated activities. Three others are self-management,
1027:
2387:
914:
2060:
907:
571:"Varied treatment response in young children with autism: A relative comparison of structured and naturalistic behavioral approaches"
1382:
992:
764:
115:: the child makes choices that direct the therapy. Emphasis is also placed upon the role of parents as primary intervention agents.
2082:
744:
655:
2300:
2027:
1976:
1850:
2014:
1956:
1273:
1195:
1596:
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1576:
1551:
1169:
1078:
1017:
839:
112:
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2116:
1971:
1946:
1510:
107:, and the ability to respond to multiple signals, or cues. Play environments are used to teach pivotal skills, such as
2346:
1606:
1159:
929:
794:
436:
Koegel RL, O'Dell MC, Dunlap G (1988). "Producing speech use in nonverbal autistic children by reinforcing attempts".
124:
71:
1866:
151:"Effects of Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): a Systematic Review"
2361:
2235:
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1986:
1377:
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1002:
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2136:
1961:
1951:
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1713:
1586:
1571:
1497:
1470:
1367:
1266:
1116:
957:
849:
713:
522:"Extended reductions in stereotypic behavior of students with autism through a self-management treatment package"
97:
84:
67:
39:
302:
180:
Koegel RL, O'Dell MC, Koegel LK (1987). "A natural language teaching paradigm for nonverbal autistic children".
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1504:
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1007:
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1073:
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698:
688:
1828:
693:
250:
Schreibman L, Charlop MH, Koegel RL (1982). "Teaching autistic children to use extra stimulus prompts".
51:
2240:
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683:
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Pivotal response treatment is a naturalistic intervention model derived from the principles of
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1981:
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Ona, Hanne
Nordvik; Larsen, Kenneth; Nordheim, Lena Victoria; Brurberg, Kjetil Gundro (2020).
92:
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1996:
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641:
17:
2383:
Everybody Is
Different: A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism
570:
2366:
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2255:
2154:
1861:
1806:
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1647:
1387:
1088:
977:
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364:
339:
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2402:
2356:
2106:
1966:
1440:
1334:
1022:
987:
263:
47:
340:"The influence of child-preferred activities on autistic children's social behavior"
2121:
1923:
1838:
1534:
1449:
1362:
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2126:
1616:
1581:
1454:
1408:
854:
829:
824:
789:
108:
228:
166:
2351:
869:
819:
473:"Response-reinforcer relationships and improved learning in autistic children"
594:
586:
537:
404:
355:
310:
2131:
1637:
1530:
864:
488:
612:
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457:
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373:
318:
271:
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1611:
1601:
919:
859:
236:
628:
66:
were mostly unsuccessful and in the 1960s researchers began to focus on
449:
193:
104:
1301:
1289:
664:
43:
1258:
2246:
Freaks, Geeks, and
Asperger Syndrome: A User Guide to Adolescence
2202:
1900:
1683:
1425:
1262:
637:
285:
Koegel LK, Camarata S, Valdez-Menchaca M, Koegel RL (1998).
303:
10.1352/0895-8017(1998)102<0346:SGOQBC>2.0.CO;2
287:"Generalization of question asking in children with autism"
215:
Koegel RL, Egel AL (1979). "Motivating autistic
Children".
100:, and increase social, communication, and academic skills.
633:
389:"Motivating autistic children through stimulus variation"
760:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
2231:
Aspergirls: Empowering
Females with Asperger's Syndrome
2221:
The
Accidental Teacher: Life Lessons from My Silent Son
155:
Review
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
2411:
2375:
2324:
2213:
2173:
2099:
2092:
2069:
2047:
1939:
1932:
1911:
1819:
1793:
1786:
1747:
1701:
1694:
1625:
1544:
1523:
1463:
1438:
1396:
1353:
1322:
1235:
1209:
1183:
1152:
1107:
1051:
948:
883:
780:
737:
671:
2332:The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
111:, communication, and language. This training is
42:used as an early intervention for children with
2434:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
2083:Maia Chung Autism and Disabilities Foundation
1274:
649:
438:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
182:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
8:
1734:Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
1709:Association for Science in Autism Treatment
2210:
2199:
2096:
1936:
1908:
1897:
1790:
1698:
1691:
1680:
1435:
1422:
1418:
1281:
1267:
1259:
1201:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale
656:
642:
634:
1992:Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee
893:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
602:
545:
496:
412:
363:
898:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
471:Williams JA, Koegel RL, Egel AL (1981).
252:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
2077:Autistic Society of Trinidad and Tobago
1801:Center for Autism and Related Disorders
1658:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
1084:Multiple complex developmental disorder
136:
1165:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
291:American Journal on Mental Retardation
123:A 2020 meta analysis which included 5
2444:Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
2010:National Database for Autism Research
2002:National Alliance for Autism Research
1729:National Alliance for Autism Research
1597:Relationship development intervention
1487:Picture exchange communication system
7:
1834:Eden II School for Autistic Children
526:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
477:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
393:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
344:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
144:
142:
140:
915:Developmental coordination disorder
338:Koegel RL, Dyer K, Bell LK (1987).
2061:Autism Resource Centre (Singapore)
25:
2006:National Council on Severe Autism
1175:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale
993:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
765:Childhood disintegrative disorder
68:behavioral intervention therapies
2388:Ian's Walk: A Story about Autism
745:Pervasive developmental disorder
2301:Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues
1977:Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation
1851:New England Center for Children
2015:The Autism Community in Action
1957:Autistic Self Advocacy Network
1196:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test
217:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1:
1769:Conditions and research areas
1577:Gluten-free, casein-free diet
1552:Auditory integration training
1170:Childhood Autism Rating Scale
1018:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
908:obsessive–compulsive disorder
840:Pathological demand avoidance
724:Societal and cultural aspects
520:Koegel RL, Koegel LK (1990).
2117:Autism Awareness Campaign UK
1947:Autism Network International
1663:Structured teaching (TEACCH)
1511:Cognitive behavioral therapy
569:Jobin, Allison (July 2019).
387:Dunlap G, Koegel RL (1980).
264:10.1016/0022-0965(82)90060-1
38:, is a naturalistic form of
1607:Sensory integration therapy
1160:Autism Diagnostic Interview
930:Sensory processing disorder
795:Autism and LGBTQ identities
72:natural language procedures
2493:
2034:Domus Instituto de Autismo
1987:Interactive Autism Network
1493:Pivotal response treatment
1345:World Autism Awareness Day
1038:Tuberous sclerosis complex
1028:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
1003:MECP2 duplication syndrome
983:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
935:Global developmental delay
229:10.1037/0021-843X.88.4.418
167:10.1007/s40489-019-00180-z
98:self-stimulatory behaviors
28:Pivotal response treatment
2393:Marcelo in the Real World
2209:
2198:
2150:
2137:National Autistic Society
2023:
1972:Centro Ponceño de Autismo
1962:Autism Society of America
1952:Autism Science Foundation
1907:
1896:
1764:
1724:Kennedy Krieger Institute
1719:Autism Science Foundation
1714:Autism Research Institute
1690:
1679:
1587:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
1572:Facilitated communication
1498:Positive behavior support
1471:Applied behavior analysis
1439:Psychotropic medication (
1434:
1421:
1417:
1368:Autism in popular culture
1297:
1117:Facilitated communication
958:22q11.2 deletion syndrome
629:UCSB Koegel Autism Center
85:applied behavior analysis
40:applied behavior analysis
36:pivotal response training
18:Pivotal response training
2261:Like Colour to the Blind
1867:Sunfield Children's Home
1505:Early Start Denver Model
1191:Autism-spectrum quotient
1008:Neurofibromatosis type I
587:10.1177/1362361319859726
538:10.1901/jaba.1990.23-119
405:10.1901/jaba.1980.13-619
356:10.1901/jaba.1987.20-243
2236:Autism's False Prophets
2181:Luke Priddis Foundation
1879:Western Autistic School
1739:Yale Child Study Center
1477:Discrete trial training
1122:Lancet MMR autism fraud
1064:Critical autism studies
963:22q13 deletion syndrome
925:Intellectual disability
875:Emotional dysregulation
772:High-functioning autism
489:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-53
34:), also referred to as
2226:Animals in Translation
1919:Autism rights movement
1755:Autism Research Centre
1561:Judge Rotenberg Center
1516:Social skills training
1340:Communication Shutdown
1132:Rapid prompting method
1074:Double empathy problem
1059:Autism rights movement
2079:(Trinidad and Tobago)
1829:Alpine Learning Group
1217:Autism-related topics
781:Associated conditions
2241:Extreme Love: Autism
2112:The Autism Directory
1643:Occupational therapy
1567:Chelation of mercury
1373:Fictional characters
1222:Fictional characters
950:Associated syndromes
62:Initial attempts to
2477:Treatment of autism
2424:Autism in Adulthood
2028:Centro Ann Sullivan
1099:Violence and autism
885:Comorbid conditions
2398:Rage: A Love Story
2376:For younger people
2362:The Winter Journey
2296:Somebody Somewhere
2266:Look Me in the Eye
2251:In a Different Key
2161:Aspies For Freedom
1378:Films about autism
998:Fragile X syndrome
805:Autistic catatonia
450:10.1007/BF02211871
194:10.1007/BF01495055
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2291:The Reason I Jump
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2169:
2168:
2055:Action for Autism
2043:
2042:
1982:Generation Rescue
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1845:Exceptional Minds
1815:
1814:
1782:
1781:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1383:Circle of Friends
1256:
1255:
1153:Diagnostic scales
1043:Williams syndrome
968:Angelman syndrome
850:Special interests
815:Autistic meltdown
755:Asperger syndrome
46:that invented by
16:(Redirected from
2484:
2439:Molecular Autism
2276:My Autobiography
2211:
2200:
2097:
1937:
1909:
1898:
1873:TreeHouse School
1856:Pathlight School
1791:
1699:
1692:
1681:
1557:Aversion therapy
1436:
1423:
1419:
1404:Sensory friendly
1283:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1248:Sensory friendly
1184:Screening scales
1033:Timothy syndrome
940:Verbal Dyspraxia
903:Anxiety disorder
835:Nonverbal autism
810:Autistic masking
800:Autistic burnout
658:
651:
644:
635:
617:
616:
606:
566:
560:
559:
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517:
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468:
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384:
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335:
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212:
206:
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177:
171:
170:
146:
52:Lynn Kern Koegel
21:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2448:
2429:Autism Research
2407:
2371:
2320:
2316:Unstrange Minds
2271:Mother Warriors
2205:
2186:
2165:
2146:
2088:
2065:
2039:
2019:
1997:LENA Foundation
1928:
1903:
1884:
1811:
1778:
1760:
1743:
1686:
1667:
1633:ADHD medication
1621:
1592:Holding therapy
1540:
1519:
1459:
1430:
1413:
1392:
1349:
1330:Autism-friendly
1318:
1293:
1287:
1257:
1252:
1243:Autism-friendly
1231:
1205:
1179:
1148:
1103:
1047:
1013:Noonan syndrome
973:CHARGE syndrome
944:
879:
845:Savant syndrome
782:
776:
733:
714:Pathophysiology
667:
662:
625:
620:
568:
567:
563:
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15:
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2405:
2400:
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2379:
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2369:
2367:With the Light
2364:
2359:
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2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
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2319:
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2298:
2293:
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2286:Nobody Nowhere
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Life, Animated
2253:
2248:
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2203:
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2184:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
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2164:
2163:
2158:
2155:Specialisterne
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2094:
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2012:
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1999:
1994:
1989:
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1901:
1894:
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1889:
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1885:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1862:Rebecca School
1859:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1807:MIND Institute
1804:
1797:
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1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1748:United Kingdom
1745:
1744:
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1741:
1736:
1731:
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1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Speech therapy
1650:
1648:Social Stories
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1548:
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1538:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1441:antipsychotics
1432:
1431:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1397:Accommodations
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1388:Neurodiversity
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
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1320:
1319:
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1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1236:Accommodations
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
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1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1094:TEACCH program
1091:
1089:Neurodiversity
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Discrimination
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1052:Related issues
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
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2183:(Australia)
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1881:(Australia)
1858:(Singapore)
1774:Researchers
1617:Vitamin B12
1582:Hug machine
1455:Risperidone
1409:KultureCity
1127:MMR vaccine
855:Infodumping
830:Monotropism
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109:turn-taking
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820:Hyperlexia
324:2008-07-18
132:References
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2157:(Denmark)
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1638:Melatonin
1531:Floortime
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1323:Awareness
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865:Echolalia
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729:Therapies
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311:0895-8017
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1933:Americas
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613:31311289
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