1198:
32:
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specifications compatible with standard definition television. Therefore, the pixel aspect ratio of digital video must be calculated from the specification of common traditional equipment rather than the specifications of digital video. Otherwise, any pixel aspect ratio that is calculated from a digital video source is only usable in certain cases for the same kind of video sources and cannot be considered/used as a general pixel aspect ratio of any standard definition television system.
1285:
him or her with the choices of "4:3" and "16:9". Sometimes, these choices may be "PAL 4:3", "NTSC 4:3", "PAL 16:9" and "NTSC 16:9". In such situations, the video editing program is implicitly asking for the pixel aspect ratio of the video file by asking for information about the video system from which the video file originated. The program then uses a table (similar to the one below) to determine the correct pixel aspect ratio value.
1131:
video standards (a relatively rare situation). Special effects software products must also take the pixel aspect ratio into consideration, since some special effects require calculation of the distances from a certain point so that they look visually correct. An example of such effects would be radial blur, motion blur, or even a simple image rotation.
97:
89:
171:
518:) specified that standard-definition television pictures are made of lines of exactly 720 non-square pixels. ITU-R BT.601 did not define the exact pixel aspect ratio but did provide enough information to calculate the exact pixel aspect ratio based on industry practices: The standard luma sampling rate of precisely
1093:
To neutrally judge the accuracy and/or feasibility of these sources, please note that as the digital motion picture was invented years after the traditional motion picture, all video pictures targeted for standard definition television and compatible media, digital or otherwise, have (and must have)
1288:
Generally speaking, to avoid confusion, it can be assumed that video editing products never ask for the storage aspect ratio as they can directly retrieve or calculate it. Non-square-pixel–aware applications also need only to ask for either pixel aspect ratio or display aspect ratio, from either of
1280:
Storage aspect ratio is the ratio of the image width to height in pixels, and can be easily calculated from the video file. Display aspect ratio is the ratio of image width to height (in a unit of length such as centimeters or inches) when displayed on screen, and is calculated from the combination
1126:
Directly mapping an image with a certain pixel aspect ratio on a device whose pixel aspect ratio is different makes the image look unnaturally stretched or squashed in either the horizontal or vertical direction. For example, a circle generated for a computer display with square pixels looks like a
403:
evolved separately, it resulted in video frame differences that must be addressed using pixel aspect ratio. Digital video frames are generally defined as a grid of pixels used to present each sequential image. The horizontal component is defined by pixels (or samples), and is known as a video line.
1284:
However, users who know the definition of these concepts may get confused as well. Poorly crafted user-interfaces or poorly written documentations can easily cause such confusion: Some video-editing software applications often ask users to specify an "aspect ratio" for their video file, presenting
1130:
Pixel aspect ratio must be taken into consideration by video editing software products that edit video files with non-square pixels, especially when mixing video clips with different pixel aspect ratios. This would be the case when creating a video montage from various cameras employing different
944:
Unfortunately, not all standard TV pictures are exactly 4:3: As mentioned earlier, in analog video, the center of a picture is well-defined but the edges of the picture are not standardized. As a result, some analog devices (mostly PAL devices but also some NTSC devices) generated motion pictures
1097:
In addition, unlike digital video that has well-defined picture edges, traditional video systems have never standardized a well-defined edge for the picture. Therefore, the pixel aspect ratio of common standard television systems cannot be calculated based on edges of pictures. Such a calculated
952:
This requirement, however, had implications for PAL motion pictures. PAL pixel aspect ratios for standard (4:3) and anamorphic wide screen (16:9), respectively 59:54 and 118:81, were awkward for digital image processing, especially for mixing PAL and NTSC video clips. Therefore, video editing
937:
323:
Non-square pixels arise often in early digital TV standards, related to digitalization of analog TV signals – whose vertical and "effective" horizontal resolutions differ and are thus best described by non-square pixels – and also in some digital video cameras and computer
831:
718:
As stated above, ITU-R BT.601 specified that standard-definition television pictures are made of lines of 720 non-square pixels, sampled with a precisely specified sampling rate. A simple mathematical calculation reveals that a 704 pixel width would be enough to contain a
1150:
The pixel aspect ratio support is also required to display, without distortion, legacy digital images from computer standards and video-games what existed in the 80s. In that generation, square pixels were too expensive to produce, so machines and video cards like the
703:. However, due to significant difference with practices in effect by industry and the computational load that they imposed upon the involved hardware, SMPTE RP 187 was simply ignored. SMPTE RP 187 information annex A.4 further suggested the use of 10:11 for
311:
PAL image has a SAR of 720/576 = 5:4, but if displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3) the PAR is 4/3 : 5/4 = 16:15 ≈ 1.066. This means that the pixels of the PAL picture must be "stretched" by this amount to fit in the 4:3
421:" and a well-defined picture center. However, there is not a standard-definition television standard that properly defines image edges or explicitly demands a certain number of picture elements per line. Furthermore, analog video systems such as
410:
standards and practices were developed as broadcast technologies and intended for terrestrial broadcasting, and were therefore not designed for digital video presentation. Such standards define an image as an array of well-defined horizontal
1073:
1085:
Commonly found on the
Internet and in various other published media are numerous sources that introduce different and highly incompatible values as the pixel aspect ratios of various video pictures and video systems. (See the
1012:
1212:
Pixel aspect ratio is often confused with different types of image aspect ratios; the ratio of the image width and height. Due to non-squareness of pixels in
Standard-definition TV, there are two types of such aspect ratios:
605:
680:
1118:) use non-square pixels internally for image storage, as a way to reduce the amount of data that must be processed, thus limiting the necessary transfer rates and maintaining compatibility with existing interfaces.
1318:
Note that sources differ on PARs for common formats – for example, 576 lines (PAL) displayed at 4:3 (DAR) corresponds to either PAR of 12:11 (if 704×576, SAR = 11:9), or a PAR of 16:15 (if 720×576, SAR = 5:4). See
842:
258:. If an image is displayed with square pixels, then these ratios agree; if not, then non-square, "rectangular" pixels are used, and these ratios disagree. The aspect ratio of the pixels themselves is known as the
398:
is presented as a sequential series of images called video frames. Historically, video frames were created and recorded in analog form. As digital display technology, digital broadcast technology, and digital
1098:
aspect ratio value would not be entirely wrong, but also cannot be considered as the general pixel aspect ratio of any specific video system. The use of such values would be restricted only to certain cases.
949:(16:9) pictures. Therefore, to maintain a safe margin of error, ITU-R BT.601 required sampling 16 more non-square pixels per line (8 more at each edge) to ensure saving all video data near the margins.
736:
138:
Use of pixel aspect ratio mostly involves pictures pertaining to standard-definition television and some other exceptional cases. Most other imaging systems, including those that comply with
339:
Actual displays do not generally have non-square pixels, though digital sensors might; they are rather a mathematical abstraction used in resampling images to convert between resolutions.
1297:
Pixel aspect ratio values for common standard-definition video formats are listed below. Note that for PAL video formats, two different types of pixel aspect ratio values are listed:
953:
products chose the almost equivalent values, respectively 12:11 and 16:11, which were more elegant and could create PAL digital images at exactly 704 pixels wide, as illustrated:
1139:
Pixel aspect ratio value is used mainly in digital video software, where motion pictures must be converted or reconditioned to use video systems other than the original. The
2085:
2002:
135:
motion pictures, display an image as a grid of rectangular pixels, in which the pixel width and height are different. Pixel aspect ratio describes this difference.
1966:
459:
were made to overcome this incompatibility. To convert analog video lines into a series of square pixels, the industry adopted a default sampling rate at which
1023:
2890:
962:
710:
As of this writing, ITU-R BT.601-6, which is the latest edition of ITU-R BT.601, still implies that the pixel aspect ratios mentioned above are correct.
354:
resolution, since each line is an analog signal. However, by a standardized sampling rate, the effective horizontal resolution can be determined by the
1110:, especially those that comply with SMPTE standards and practices, only square pixels are used for broadcast and display. However, some formats (ex.,
2561:
1127:
vertical ellipse on a standard-definition NTSC television that uses vertically rectangular pixels. This issue is more evident on wide-screen TVs.
320:
of analog images the resulting digital image has pixels, hence SAR (and accordingly PAR, if displayed at the same aspect ratio as the original).
932:{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{576}}\times {\frac {59}{54}}={\frac {4}{3}}\Rightarrow x={\frac {576\times 54\times 4}{59\times 3}}\approx 702.915254}
545:
2197:
620:
1143:
software may use pixel aspect ratio to properly render digital video on screen. Video editing software uses pixel aspect ratio to properly
1152:
1140:
199:
131:
systems display an image as a grid of tiny, square pixels. However, some imaging systems, especially those that must be compatible with
365:, some of the lines at the top and bottom of the raster are not visible, as are some of the possible image on the left and right – see
2885:
1929:
1859:
217:
75:
53:
2126:
1941:"EBU Technical Recommendation R92-1999: Active picture area and picture centring in analogue and digital 625/50 television systems"
1854:
As of the retrieval date, a free membership of ITU Online
Bookstore would allow free download of up to three ITU-R Recommendations.
826:{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{480}}\times {\frac {10}{11}}={\frac {4}{3}}\Rightarrow x={\frac {480\times 11\times 4}{10\times 3}}=704}
2852:
2837:
1636:
SAR = DAR : PAR = 4/3 : 59/54 = 72/59 (But it is still not explained why
1838:"Recommendation BT.601-6: Studio encoding parameters of digital television for standard 4:3 and wide screen 16:9 aspect ratios"
2734:
2667:
2038:
1324:
439:
or interlaced half-frames displayed in an interwoven manner to reduce flicker and double the image rate for smoother motion.
407:
132:
1882:, specifies 16:15 (1.0666) as the pixel aspect ratio of 4:3 576i/p and 8:9 (0.888) as the pixel aspect ratio of 4:3 480i/p.
1327:
for a table of storage, display and pixel aspect ratios. Also note that CRT televisions do not have pixels, but scanlines.
837:
A 4:3 576-line picture, digitized with the Rec. 601-recommended sampling rate, would be 702.915254 non-square pixels wide.
342:
There are several complicating factors in understanding PAR, particularly as it pertains to digitization of analog video:
1277:. This article uses only the terms pixel aspect ratio, display aspect ratio and storage aspect ratio to avoid ambiguity.
1306:, a Rec.601-compliant value, which is considered the real pixel aspect ratio of standard-definition video of that type.
380:
the lines. Thus either the pixels are twice as tall as they would be without interlacing, or the image is deinterlaced.
2880:
2875:
2554:
456:
452:
304:
image has a SAR of 640/480 = 4:3, and if displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3) has square pixels, hence a PAR of 1:1.
731:
A 4:3 480-line picture, digitized with the Rec. 601-recommended sampling rate, would be 704 non-square pixels wide.
2779:
2190:
1107:
244:
for TV, DAR was traditionally 4:3 (a.k.a. fullscreen), with 16:9 (a.k.a. widescreen) now the standard for HDTV. In
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40:
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57:
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An in depth analysis on the discrepancies of the pixel aspect ratios provided in various specifications.
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946:
1985:
1314:, which is roughly equivalent to Rec.601 and is more suitable to use in Digital Video Editing software.
369:. Also, the resolution may be rounded (DV NTSC uses 480 lines, rather than the 486 that are possible).
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236:
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192:
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20:
350:, and thus has a well-defined vertical resolution (the lines of the raster), but not a well-defined
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1233:
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In analog images such as film there is no notion of pixel, nor notion of SAR or PAR, but in the
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SAR = DAR : PAR = 16/9 : 118/81 = 72/59
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181:
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1836:
International
Telecommunication Union - Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) (January 2007).
128:
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2671:
1176:
2057:
This source calculates different pixel aspect ratio values for 480i and 576i pictures.
1860:"CEA Standard CEA-861-E: A DTV Profile for Uncompressed High Speed Digital Interfaces"
2869:
2437:
2025:
1989:
1144:
448:
436:
245:
121:
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Sample aspect ratios with predefined indicators in the H.26x family of video codecs
1068:{\displaystyle {\frac {16}{9}}\div {\frac {704}{576}}=\color {blue}{\frac {16}{11}}}
2504:
2403:
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1007:{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\div {\frac {704}{576}}=\color {blue}{\frac {12}{11}}}
460:
413:
325:
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SMPTE RP 187 further attempted to standardize the pixel aspect ratio values for
347:
333:
262:(PAR) – for square pixels this is 1:1 – and these are related by the identity:
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2469:
2309:
2266:
2252:
2238:
2215:
2175:
2081:
Creative
Commons Attribution, Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Germany (CC by-sa)
2003:"Pixel aspect ratio and frame aspect ratio (-> Common Pixel Aspect Ratios)"
945:
that were horizontally (slightly) wider. This also proportionately applies to
308:
2539:
2490:
2224:
1115:
404:
The vertical component is defined by the number of lines, as in 480 lines.
1905:
600:{\displaystyle 12{\tfrac {3}{11}}\div 13{\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {10}{11}}}
2626:
2395:
2333:
2170:
2065:"The importance of the ITU-R BT.601 for the PAR (Translated from German)"
1837:
675:{\displaystyle 14{\tfrac {3}{4}}\div 13{\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {59}{54}}}
514:
509:
366:
362:
2039:"A Quick Guide to Digital Video Resolution and Aspect Ratio Conversions"
1889:
2783:
2352:
2147:
2787:
2612:
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This source specifies 12:11 (1.09) as the pixel aspect ratio of 576i.
1995:
This source specifies 12:11 (1.09) as the pixel aspect ratio of 576i.
1940:
1265:
1201:
DVD Flick 1.3.0.7: Example of a computer program that has mislabeled
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96:
88:
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2693:
1602:
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395:
139:
117:
113:
87:
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The ratio of the width to the height of an image is known as the
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2703:
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values were extracted into pixels. The luma sampling rate for
447:
As a result of computers becoming powerful enough to serve as
435:, instead of employing progressively displayed frames, employ
429:
301:
164:
25:
2127:"Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services"
376:– each image (frame) is sent as two "fields", each with
346:
First, analog video does not have pixels, but rather a
661:
646:
628:
586:
571:
553:
16:
Proportion between the width and the height of a pixel
1026:
965:
845:
739:
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548:
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2577:
2461:
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1967:"Aspect Ratios (-> Common Pixel Aspect Ratios)"
1081:Inconsistency in defined pixel aspect ratio values
1067:
1006:
931:
825:
674:
599:
1922:Digital Video and HDTV: Algorithms and Interfaces
1334:Non-square aspect ratios of common video formats
1302:
1281:of pixel aspect ratio and storage aspect ratio.
1858:Consumer Electronics Association (March 2008).
2555:
2191:
1924:. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
1310:
367:Overscan: Analog to digital resolution issues
8:
1360:
1342:
142:standards and practices, use square pixels.
1293:Pixel aspect ratios of common video formats
2562:
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2198:
2184:
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1642:can have two Storage Aspect Ratios: 11:9
1054:
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738:
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336:between resolutions with different SARs.
218:Learn how and when to remove this message
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1660:
1364:
1332:
1259:) in some industrial standards (such as
1196:
391:Aspect ratio (image) § Distinctions
282:
266:
95:
39:This article includes a list of general
2097:
1629:
1269:). Note the reuse of the abbreviations
2022:Adobe After Effects CS4 Documentations
1878:This standard, which is the basis for
1147:and render a video into a new format.
1106:In modern digital imaging systems and
532: MHz. Based on this information:
278:Rearranging (solving for PAR) yields:
240:(DAR) – the aspect ratio of the image
124:compared to the height of that pixel.
2778:
2666:
2588:
2585:
2007:Adobe After Effect CS4 Documentations
1986:Adobe Premiere Pro CS4 Documentations
1971:Adobe Premiere Pro CS4 Documentations
1906:"Programmers' Guide to Video Systems"
7:
1939:European Broadcasting Union (1999).
1289:which they can calculate the other.
286:PAR = DAR / SAR
270:SAR × PAR = DAR
1187:Confusion with display aspect ratio
307:By contrast, a 720 × 576
1263:) and output of programs (such as
1053:
992:
248:, there is a distinction with the
116:that describes how the width of a
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2891:Computer graphics data structures
193:Aspect ratio (image)#Distinctions
153:, though it can be confused with
2171:The Pixel Aspect Ratio Acid Test
372:Third, analog video signals are
332:(CGA). Today they arise also in
169:
30:
1320:
1890:"Square and Non-Square Pixels"
1102:Modern standards and practices
882:
776:
408:Standard-definition television
191:content overlaps with section
133:standard-definition television
1:
1323:for sources giving both, and
443:Analog-to-digital conversion
254:(SAR), which is the ratio of
2001:Adobe Systems Incorporated.
1965:Adobe Systems Incorporated.
695:. It designated 177:160 for
457:analog-to-digital converters
453:digital-to-analog converters
1183:etc had non-square pixels.
1122:Issues of non-square pixels
1108:high-definition televisions
611:The pixel aspect ratio for
536:The pixel aspect ratio for
189:. The specific problem is:
2922:
2148:"ffprobe shows PAR as SAR"
1190:
484:and for 576i pictures was
417:", well-defined vertical "
388:
18:
2886:Film and video technology
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2571:Digital video resolutions
1920:Poynton, Charles (2002).
1555:
1546:
1538:
1510:
1507:
1466:
1463:
1435:
1432:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1135:Use of pixel aspect ratio
714:Digital video processing
234:, or more precisely the
19:Not to be confused with
2024:is also available from
1988:is also available from
60:more precise citations.
1209:
1069:
1008:
933:
827:
727:standard 4:3 picture:
676:
601:
508:was first coined when
330:Color Graphics Adapter
300:A 640 × 480
101:
100:Pixel aspect ratio 2:1
93:
92:Pixel aspect ratio 1:1
2477:Anamorphic widescreen
2084:English translation:
1959:Supplementary sources
1200:
1088:Supplementary sources
1070:
1009:
947:anamorphic widescreen
934:
828:
677:
602:
145:PAR is also known as
99:
91:
2600:Progressive (frames)
1842:ITU Online Bookstore
1240:picture aspect ratio
1224:display aspect ratio
1215:storage aspect ratio
1203:picture aspect ratio
1193:Aspect ratio (image)
1024:
963:
843:
737:
621:
546:
251:storage aspect ratio
237:display aspect ratio
200:improve this section
185:to meet Knowledge's
155:storage aspect ratio
112:) is a mathematical
21:Picture aspect ratio
2597:Interlaced (fields)
2369:Super Panavision 70
2361:Ultra Panavision 70
1866:on November 7, 2011
1663:
1335:
1253:sample aspect ratio
1251:) is also known as
615:would be 59:54 as:
540:would be 10:11 as:
512:(commonly known as
358:, as is done below.
147:sample aspect ratio
108:(often abbreviated
2881:Digital television
2876:Engineering ratios
2818:24, 30, 60; 25, 50
2803:24, 30, 60; 25, 50
2589:Definition (lines)
2045:on August 16, 2014
1661:
1333:
1245:pixel aspect ratio
1234:image aspect ratio
1210:
1207:pixel aspect ratio
1065:
1064:
1004:
1003:
929:
823:
672:
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655:
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597:
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506:pixel aspect ratio
260:pixel aspect ratio
106:Pixel aspect ratio
102:
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2537:
2536:
2528:Shoot and protect
2452:Anamorphic format
2422:
2421:
2318:Modern anamorphic
2106:"Dot clock rates"
2020:A PDF version of
1984:A PDF version of
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1821:
1627:
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1048:
1035:
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699:or 1035:1132 for
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401:video compression
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187:quality standards
178:This section may
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2901:Digital geometry
2896:Image processing
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2129:. p. 25 (7)
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2041:. Archived from
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2015:
2013:
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1977:
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1952:
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1935:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1904:Pirazzi, Chris.
1900:
1898:
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1888:Pirazzi, Chris.
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1862:. Archived from
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1336:
1325:SDTV: Resolution
1231:, also known as
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1072:
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1066:
1063:
1055:
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1041:
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356:sampling theorem
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267:
256:pixel dimensions
223:
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149:and abbreviated
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56:this article by
47:inline citations
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2906:Digital imaging
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2206:Motion picture
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2011:
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1975:
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361:Second, due to
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129:digital imaging
82:
71:
65:
62:
52:Please help to
51:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2586:Usage examples
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2165:External links
2163:
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2118:
2108:. pineight.com
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2063:Brother John.
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1191:Main article:
1188:
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1018:For PAL 16:9:
1016:
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578:
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560:
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551:
444:
441:
386:
383:
382:
381:
370:
359:
314:
313:
305:
292:
291:
288:
287:
276:
275:
272:
271:
246:digital images
226:
225:
177:
175:
168:
162:
159:
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2918:
2907:
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2902:
2899:
2897:
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2884:
2882:
2879:
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2462:Video framing
2460:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:Academy ratio
2435:
2434:
2432:
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2425:
2413:
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2222:
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2209:
2201:
2196:
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2187:
2182:
2181:
2178:
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2169:
2168:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1931:1-55860-792-7
1927:
1923:
1918:
1907:
1902:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1856:
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1839:
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1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:Aspect ratio
1669:
1666:
1665:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1633:
1630:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1572:
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1558:
1553:
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1530:
1527:
1524:
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1515:
1514:
1501:
1498:
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1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1346:
1339:Video system
1338:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1255:(abbreviated
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1227:(abbreviated
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1017:
998:
995:
989:
984:
981:
976:
971:
968:
959:
958:
957:For PAL 4:3:
956:
955:
954:
950:
948:
926:
923:
917:
914:
911:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
888:
885:
877:
874:
869:
864:
861:
856:
851:
848:
839:
838:
836:
820:
817:
811:
808:
805:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
782:
779:
771:
768:
763:
758:
755:
750:
745:
742:
733:
732:
730:
729:
728:
726:
722:
713:
711:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
666:
663:
657:
651:
648:
642:
639:
633:
630:
624:
617:
616:
614:
610:
591:
588:
582:
576:
573:
567:
564:
558:
555:
549:
542:
541:
539:
535:
534:
533:
517:
516:
511:
507:
502:
500:
483:
467:pictures was
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:tools, video
450:
449:video editing
442:
440:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424:
420:
419:Line Duration
416:
415:
409:
405:
402:
397:
392:
384:
379:
375:
371:
368:
364:
360:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
343:
340:
337:
335:
331:
327:
326:display modes
321:
319:
310:
306:
303:
299:
298:
297:
296:
285:
284:
281:
280:
279:
269:
268:
265:
264:
263:
261:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:as displayed;
239:
238:
233:
222:
219:
211:
201:
196:
194:
188:
184:
183:
176:
167:
166:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
136:
134:
130:
125:
123:
122:digital image
119:
115:
111:
107:
98:
90:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2853:60, 120, 180
2505:Pan and scan
2428:Aspect ratio
2414: (1958)
2406: (1958)
2404:Kinopanorama
2398: (1952)
2379: (1970)
2355: (1955)
2336: (1982)
2328: (1960)
2320: (1957)
2304: (1954)
2296: (1953)
2278:Film formats
2246:17.5 mm
2208:film formats
2152:. Retrieved
2150:. ffmpeg.org
2142:
2131:. Retrieved
2121:
2110:. Retrieved
2100:
2070:November 26,
2068:. Retrieved
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2010:. Retrieved
2006:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:
1947:. Retrieved
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1893:. Retrieved
1870:September 1,
1868:. Retrieved
1864:the original
1845:. Retrieved
1841:
1830:Main sources
1816:
1678:
1651:
1643:
1632:
1329:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1149:
1141:video player
1138:
1129:
1125:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1084:
951:
943:
717:
709:
686:
513:
510:ITU-R BT.601
505:
503:
485:
468:
446:
418:
412:
406:
394:
377:
373:
351:
341:
338:
322:
318:digitization
317:
315:
295:For example:
294:
293:
277:
259:
249:
241:
235:
232:aspect ratio
229:
214:
205:
198:Please help
190:
179:
161:Introduction
150:
146:
144:
137:
126:
109:
105:
103:
72:
63:
44:
2578:Designation
2412:Cinemiracle
2326:Techniscope
2302:VistaVision
2294:CinemaScope
2232:9.5 mm
2216:Film gauges
2049:January 25,
2037:Jukka Aho.
2012:January 25,
1976:January 25,
1679:unspecified
1605:1440 × 1080
1376:Width (px)
348:raster scan
334:transcoding
202:if you can.
58:introducing
2870:Categories
2846:2160, 4320
2829:Ultra-high
2809:1080, 1440
2739:480, 540 (
2724:Enhanced,
2657:Standard,
2646:24, 30; 25
2635:240, 288 (
2521:Open matte
2512:Fullscreen
2470:Widescreen
2310:Technirama
2267:70 mm
2260:35 mm
2253:28 mm
2239:16 mm
2154:2022-06-10
2133:2022-06-10
2112:2018-09-23
1911:October 1,
1895:October 1,
1847:October 1,
1825:References
1508:1024, 512
1488:1026, 513
1373:(decimal)
1349:dimensions
1321:references
1090:section.)
927:702.915254
389:See also:
385:Background
374:interlaced
352:horizontal
328:, such as
41:references
2592:Rate (Hz)
2498:Windowbox
2491:Pillarbox
2484:Letterbox
2430:standards
2388:35 mm × 3
2225:8 mm
2028:web site.
1992:web site.
1639:704 × 576
1585:853, 427
1568:640, 320
1550:704 × 480
1519:720 × 576
1484:456790123
1470:704 × 576
1444:720 × 576
1433:768, 384
1413:769, 385
1395:704 × 576
1243:). Also,
1116:DVCPRO HD
1038:÷
977:÷
924:≈
915:×
904:×
898:×
883:⇒
857:×
809:×
798:×
792:×
777:⇒
751:×
640:÷
565:÷
504:The term
499: MHz
482: MHz
66:July 2009
2743:), 576 (
2688:), 576 (
2396:Cinerama
2334:Super 35
1949:June 12,
1817:extended
1511:digital
1491:Rec.601
1436:digital
1416:Rec.601
1165:Hercules
515:Rec. 601
363:overscan
312:display.
208:May 2023
180:require
2842:UHD BRD
2741:NTSC-HQ
2726:HMP@HML
2353:Todd-AO
1784:160∶99
1479:118∶81
1354:px × px
1347:Picture
1311:Digital
1303:Rec.601
527:⁄
494:⁄
477:⁄
182:cleanup
54:improve
2849:
2813:60; 50
2799:
2788:HD DVD
2769:High,
2754:24, 30
2750:
2745:PAL-HQ
2709:24, 30
2642:
2371:(1959)
2363:(1957)
2312:(1956)
1928:
1776:64∶33
1768:15∶11
1760:18∶11
1752:80∶33
1744:32∶11
1736:20∶11
1728:24∶11
1720:40∶33
1712:16∶11
1704:10∶11
1696:12∶11
1646:72:59)
1576:40∶33
1559:10∶11
1556:22∶15
1528:64∶45
1499:16∶11
1476:72∶59
1453:16∶15
1424:12∶11
1404:59∶54
1401:72∶59
1266:ffmpeg
1221:) and
1181:X68000
437:fields
43:, but
2838:UHDTV
2771:MP@HL
2694:SECAM
2684:480 (
2659:MP@ML
2613:MP@LL
2610:Low,
2345:70 mm
2286:35 mm
2093:Notes
2026:Adobe
1990:Adobe
1944:(PDF)
1667:Index
1623:1920
1599:16∶9
1595:HDCAM
1573:16∶9
1496:11∶9
1464:16∶9
1421:11∶9
1379:Type
1261:H.264
1177:PC-88
1145:scale
414:Lines
396:Video
140:SMPTE
127:Most
120:in a
118:pixel
114:ratio
2780:HDTV
2735:EDTV
2686:NTSC
2672:SVCD
2668:SDTV
2623:LDTV
2445:14:9
2377:IMAX
2072:2010
2051:2009
2014:2009
1978:2009
1951:2011
1926:ISBN
1913:2008
1897:2008
1880:HDMI
1872:2009
1849:2008
1808:2∶1
1800:3∶2
1792:4∶3
1688:1∶1
1614:4∶3
1611:4∶3
1544:4∶3
1540:NTSC
1525:5∶4
1450:5∶4
1389:4∶3
1273:and
1237:and
1153:SNES
725:576i
721:480i
705:480i
701:576i
697:480i
693:576i
691:and
689:480i
613:576i
538:480i
465:480i
461:luma
455:and
433:576i
428:and
426:480i
423:NTSC
378:half
2796:720
2792:HDV
2690:PAL
2676:DVD
2637:SIF
2631:HTV
2627:VCD
1813:255
1644:and
1591:HDV
1531:1.4
1456:1.0
1409:925
1407:1.0
1385:PAL
1371:PAR
1366:PAR
1361:SAR
1343:DAR
1275:SAR
1271:PAR
1257:SAR
1249:PAR
1229:DAR
1219:SAR
1205:as
1173:MSX
1169:C64
1161:EGA
1157:CGA
1112:HDV
1046:576
1043:704
985:576
982:704
895:576
852:576
821:704
789:480
746:480
723:or
430:PAL
309:D-1
302:VGA
151:SAR
110:PAR
2872::
2840:,
2790:,
2786:,
2784:BD
2782:,
2758:25
2756:;
2713:25
2711:;
2704:50
2702:;
2700:60
2680:DV
2678:,
2674:,
2670:,
2629:,
2625:,
2005:.
1969:.
1840:.
1805:16
1797:15
1789:14
1781:13
1773:12
1765:11
1757:10
1617:1.
1593:/
1581:21
1579:1.
1564:90
1562:0.
1504:45
1502:1.
1482:1.
1429:09
1427:1.
1357:)
1179:,
1175:,
1171:,
1167:,
1163:,
1159:,
1155:,
1114:,
1060:11
1057:16
1030:16
999:11
996:12
912:59
901:54
865:54
862:59
806:10
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759:11
756:10
707:.
667:54
664:59
643:13
625:14
592:11
589:10
568:13
559:11
550:12
520:13
501:.
487:14
479:11
470:12
157:.
104:A
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2696:)
2692:/
2639:)
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2199:e
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2185:v
2157:.
2136:.
2115:.
2074:.
2053:.
2016:.
1980:.
1953:.
1934:.
1915:.
1899:.
1874:.
1851:.
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1725:6
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1247:(
1217:(
1051:=
1033:9
990:=
972:3
969:4
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889:=
886:x
878:3
875:4
870:=
849:x
818:=
812:3
801:4
783:=
780:x
772:3
769:4
764:=
743:x
658:=
652:2
649:1
634:4
631:3
583:=
577:2
574:1
556:3
529:2
525:1
522:+
496:4
492:3
489:+
475:3
472:+
411:"
221:)
215:(
210:)
206:(
195:.
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
23:.
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