154:
40:
52:
995:
108:
711:
adopted the principal concepts, and vocabulary, of
Georgian feudalism. Rather than being instantiated on the ground, however, the principles of hierarchy, interdependence between lord and vassal, land tenure, military and labour tribute, etc., were projected onto the cosmological plane, and
757:
The refractory independence of Pkhovi's mountainous clans led to the sporadic incursions of royal troops bent on forcing them into submission. One of the most devastating expeditions against the
Pkhovians was organized,
746:, has at least one church dating from the 5th to the 18th century, Pkhovi appears to be devoid of Georgian Orthodox churches. Instead, the region abounds in sacred sites, of which the most venerated are referred to as
754:, meaning "an icon" and "a cross" in standard Georgian usage, but denoting, beyond these sacred images, the sanctuaries in which they are housed, and the deity believed to preside over the sanctuary in Pkhovi.
943:
1479:
1474:
494:
699:
of medieval
Georgia, and remained relatively little affected by implantation of aristocratic landowners as well as foreign intrusions. However, as Professor
936:
730:
and
Christian beliefs. This has reflected in the religious architecture of Pkhovi: whereas each village of other highland provinces of Georgia, such as
912:
557:
39:
510:
929:
137:
542:
654:
Pkhovi, which may derive from a
Georgian root meaning "brave, valiant", is first attested in a passage from the seventh-century chronicle
374:
506:
1271:
482:
338:
51:
68:
498:
398:
1153:
681:
390:
1423:
567:
502:
386:
238:
145:
865:
841:
704:
354:
170:
552:
370:
294:
1350:
537:
378:
262:
234:
207:
153:
837:
774:. The contemporary chronicle recounts a bloody three-month campaign of pacification by Tamar's general Ivane the
673:
475:
462:
446:
350:
250:
362:
242:
723:
656:
562:
450:
230:
100:
174:
1062:
1388:
442:
322:
306:
1304:
712:
superimposed upon beliefs inherited from the common
Georgian (or possibly pan-Caucasian) religious system.
358:
290:
438:
1211:
994:
665:
621:
411:
298:
1360:
904:
856:
Tuite, Kevin (2003). Political and social significance of highland shrines in post-Soviet
Georgia.
366:
326:
226:
163:
1370:
1163:
1105:
1100:
771:
696:
692:
547:
514:
486:
434:
430:
422:
342:
314:
302:
1206:
647:
highlanders known for their warlike character and frequent disobedience to the royal authority.
1428:
1231:
1201:
1082:
1221:
1173:
1110:
953:
888:
880:
684:). These pressures are reported to have forced several Pkhovian families to move southeast to
625:
601:
583:
426:
334:
318:
222:
125:
113:
1261:
1226:
1077:
1256:
1115:
1072:
1039:
763:
661:
617:
532:
275:
258:
186:
182:
490:
454:
394:
382:
254:
1438:
1398:
458:
418:
346:
330:
1468:
1418:
781:
The term Pkhovi disappeared in the 15th century and was replaced with the toponyms:
1380:
1342:
1140:
218:
691:
Although the population of this region was nominally under the direct rule of the
1433:
984:
921:
907:
Ethnic history of the
Georgians and historical-ethnographic provinces of Georgia
700:
597:
282:
1365:
1251:
1011:
861:
810:
786:
767:
609:
83:
70:
1453:
1408:
1327:
1322:
1284:
1216:
1067:
759:
644:
286:
905:á„áá áááááá ááááááŁá á ááĄáąáá áá áá áĄáá„áá áááááᥠááĄáąáá ááŁá-áááááá áá€ááŁáá ááźáá áááá. (
1448:
1443:
1393:
1186:
1181:
1158:
1148:
1125:
1016:
961:
739:
727:
669:
310:
1413:
1403:
1355:
1332:
1294:
1279:
1241:
1130:
1092:
1057:
1049:
979:
974:
969:
794:
731:
685:
651:
214:
190:
178:
832:
Tuite, Kevin (2002). Real and imagined feudalism in highland
Georgia.
1317:
1312:
1191:
1120:
1034:
1003:
782:
775:
677:
628:
613:
605:
246:
194:
120:
30:
1289:
1246:
1236:
1026:
743:
735:
616:, and in three alpine valleys just north of the main crest of the
789:. It has survived, however, in the name of the village Shuapkho (
726:
was also weak, and the
Pkhovians professed a curious mixture of
925:
778:, that left several Pkhovian villages and shrines destroyed.
695:, they had never been completely integrated into the
660:
which refers to the defiance of local highlanders to
1379:
1341:
1303:
1270:
1172:
1139:
1091:
1048:
1025:
1002:
960:
119:
99:
21:
639:Inhabitants of Pkhovi â the Pkhovians (á€áźááááá,
709:
600:term for the mountainous district in northeast
44:A Pkhovian landscape with the Lebaiskari tower.
16:Historical region in Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia
587:
937:
495:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
8:
828:
826:
944:
930:
922:
132:
56:Map highlighting the historical region of
18:
913:National Parliamentary Library of Georgia
793:- meaning "middle" in Georgian), and the
1480:Historical regions of Georgia (country)
852:
850:
822:
604:comprising the latter-day provinces of
144:
98:
63:
48:
36:
1475:Former provinces of Georgia (country)
383:Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia
118:
7:
883:Dusheti District/Historical excursus
881:ááŁášáááᥠá ááááá/ááĄáąáá ááŁáá áá„áĄááŁá áĄá. (
507:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
14:
1272:Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
762:1212, at the behest of the queen
483:Georgia within the Russian Empire
339:Unification of the Georgian realm
993:
915:. Accessed on November 22, 2007.
891:. Accessed on November 22, 2007.
152:
106:
50:
38:
797:designation for the Khevsurs â
612:along the upper reaches of the
499:Democratic Republic of Georgia
399:Collapse of the Georgian realm
375:Kingdom of Georgia (1256â1329)
1:
887:. Regional Administration of
391:Turkoman invasions of Georgia
620:. Today it is territory of
503:Red Army invasion of Georgia
387:Timurid invasions of Georgia
672:, a 4th-century apostle of
371:Mongol invasions of Georgia
295:Umayyad invasion of Georgia
1496:
991:
379:Kingdom of Western Georgia
263:Christianization of Iberia
235:Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
588:
463:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
447:Principality of Mingrelia
351:Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
251:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
64:
49:
37:
28:
724:Georgian Orthodox Church
707:has recently suggested,
657:The Conversion of Kartli
451:Principality of Abkhazia
231:Georgia in the Roman era
443:Principality of Svaneti
355:ByzantineâGeorgian wars
323:Kingdom of the Iberians
171:ShulaveriâShomu culture
1305:Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
952:Historical regions of
903:Topchishvili, Roland.
866:Université de Montréal
842:Université de Montréal
838:Online text, pp. 4, 16
766:who presided over the
720:
705:Université de Montréal
359:Great Turkish Invasion
291:Principality of Iberia
439:Principality of Guria
722:The position of the
664:efforts of the king
643:) â were a tribe of
622:Dusheti Municipality
412:Early modern history
363:GeorgianâSeljuk wars
299:Arab rule in Georgia
243:IberianâArmenian War
367:Georgian Golden Age
327:Kingdom of Abkhazia
227:Pharnavazid dynasty
175:KuraâAraxes culture
164:Prehistoric Georgia
80: /
862:Online text, p. 10
772:Kingdom of Georgia
515:Russo-Georgian War
511:Georgia since 1991
487:1832 Georgian plot
435:Kingdom of Imereti
431:Kingdom of Kakheti
423:Samtskhe-Saatabago
343:Kingdom of Georgia
315:Bagrationi dynasty
303:Emirate of Tbilisi
239:Campaign of Pompey
146:History of Georgia
1462:
1461:
1174:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
889:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
717:Tuite 2002, 2004.
626:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
592:), also known as
577:
576:
427:Kingdom of Kartli
335:Duchy of Kldekari
319:Kingdom of Hereti
311:Duchy of Klarjeti
223:Kingdom of Iberia
179:Legend of Kartlos
131:
130:
126:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
84:42.500°N 45.000°E
31:Historical region
1487:
1212:Tskhradzmiskhevi
997:
946:
939:
932:
923:
916:
902:
898:
892:
879:
875:
869:
854:
845:
830:
764:Tamar of Georgia
718:
618:Greater Caucasus
591:
590:
553:Military history
527:History by topic
259:Chosroid dynasty
187:Colchian culture
183:Trialeti culture
156:
133:
112:
110:
109:
95:
94:
92:
91:
90:
85:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
54:
42:
19:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1375:
1337:
1299:
1266:
1168:
1135:
1087:
1044:
1021:
998:
989:
956:
950:
920:
919:
900:
899:
895:
877:
876:
872:
855:
848:
831:
824:
819:
807:
719:
716:
674:eastern Georgia
637:
596:(á€áźáááá), is a
573:
572:
528:
520:
519:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
491:Gurian Republic
489:
485:
478:
468:
467:
461:
457:
455:Safavid Georgia
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
404:
403:
397:
395:Duchy of Aragvi
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
331:Theme of Iberia
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
278:
268:
267:
261:
257:
255:Sasanian Iberia
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
210:
208:Ancient history
200:
199:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
166:
107:
105:
88:
86:
82:
79:
74:
71:
69:
67:
66:
60:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1361:Maghrandvaleti
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1000:
999:
992:
990:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
966:
964:
958:
957:
951:
949:
948:
941:
934:
926:
918:
917:
893:
870:
846:
821:
820:
818:
815:
814:
813:
806:
803:
714:
693:Georgian crown
662:Christianizing
636:
633:
575:
574:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
479:
476:Modern history
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
459:Childir Eyalet
419:Duchy of Ksani
415:
410:
409:
406:
405:
402:
401:
347:Duchy of Racha
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
211:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
149:
148:
142:
141:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
103:
97:
96:
89:42.500; 45.000
62:
61:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1492:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
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1412:
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1407:
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1402:
1400:
1397:
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1390:
1387:
1386:
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1378:
1372:
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1359:
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1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1295:Kvemo Svaneti
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
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1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
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1210:
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1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
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1175:
1171:
1165:
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1157:
1155:
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1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
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1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
963:
959:
955:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
928:
927:
924:
914:
910:
908:
901:(in Georgian)
897:
894:
890:
886:
884:
878:(in Georgian)
874:
871:
867:
863:
859:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
829:
827:
823:
816:
812:
809:
808:
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:feudal system
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
648:
646:
642:
634:
632:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
585:
581:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
524:
523:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:
480:
477:
472:
471:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
416:
413:
408:
407:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
280:
277:
272:
271:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
212:
209:
204:
203:
196:
192:
188:
184:
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172:
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168:
165:
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159:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:
127:
124:
122:
115:
104:
102:
93:
65:Coordinates:
59:
53:
41:
32:
27:
20:
1381:Tao-Klarjeti
1343:Shida Kartli
1196:
1141:Kvemo Kartli
906:
896:
882:
873:
857:
833:
798:
790:
780:
756:
751:
747:
721:
710:
690:
655:
649:
640:
638:
593:
579:
578:
307:Duchy of Tao
219:Aryan Kartli
57:
1434:Zemo Kartli
1371:Zena Sopeli
1164:Dmaniskhevi
1106:Gagmamkhari
1101:Garekakheti
985:Samurzakano
836:#7; 25-43 (
701:Kevin Tuite
283:Iberian War
276:Middle Ages
87: /
1469:Categories
1366:Samachablo
1252:Khevsureti
1207:Ksniskhevi
1012:Machakhela
860:#9; 7-23 (
817:References
811:Khevsureti
787:Khevsureti
768:Golden Age
666:Mirian III
610:Khevsureti
568:Chronology
1454:Javakheti
1429:Sokhoista
1409:Shavsheti
1328:Samegrelo
1323:Sabediano
1285:Lechkhumi
1232:Tchartali
1217:Tsanareti
1202:Tskhavati
1154:Gardabani
1083:Sajavakho
1068:Mukhurisi
970:Abkhazeti
533:Etymology
287:Lazic War
1449:Samtskhe
1444:Trialeti
1394:Klarjeti
1351:Bazaleti
1222:Tsilkani
1187:Mukhrani
1182:Mtiuleti
1159:Gachiani
1149:Borchalo
1126:Saingilo
1111:Gujareti
980:Tsebelda
962:Abkhazia
868:website)
844:website)
805:See also
801:(ĐŃ
ĐžĐč).
740:Mtiuleti
715:â
670:St. Nino
645:Georgian
641:Pkhoelni
598:medieval
584:Georgian
538:Monarchs
138:a series
136:Part of
1424:Basiani
1414:Ardahan
1356:Dvaleti
1333:Svaneti
1280:Takveri
1262:Khorkhi
1242:Khandro
1227:Tsobeni
1131:Tusheti
1093:Kakheti
1078:Sachino
1058:Argveti
1050:Imereti
1017:Chaneti
954:Georgia
864:at the
858:Amirani
840:at the
834:Amirani
795:Vainakh
770:of the
732:Svaneti
686:Tusheti
652:toponym
635:History
602:Georgia
594:Pkhoeti
563:Battles
548:Tbilisi
215:Colchis
191:Diauehi
114:Georgia
101:Country
75:45°00âČE
72:42°30âČN
1419:Nigali
1318:Odishi
1313:Egrisi
1257:Kherki
1197:Pkhovi
1192:Pshavi
1121:Hereti
1116:Kiziki
1073:Okriba
1040:Surebi
1035:Lazika
1004:Adjara
975:Abzhua
783:Pshavi
776:atabek
742:, and
682:Iberia
678:Kartli
668:, and
629:region
614:Aragvi
606:Pshavi
586::
580:Pkhovi
543:States
247:Lazica
195:Mushki
140:on the
121:Mkhare
111:
58:Pkhovi
23:Pkhovi
1399:Speri
1290:Racha
1247:Khevi
1237:Khada
1027:Guria
799:Pkhia
752:jvari
748:khati
744:Racha
736:Khevi
728:pagan
589:á€áźááá
1439:Tori
1404:Kola
1063:Vake
911:The
791:shua
785:and
650:The
608:and
558:Wars
1389:Tao
750:or
703:of
1471::
849:^
825:^
760:c.
738:,
734:,
688:.
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624:,
945:e
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909:)
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680:/
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