152:
596:, where the mean minimum is 67 degrees F (19 C), which is classified as hardiness Zone 13b, the highest category, with temperatures rarely below 65 °F (18 °C). The map has a higher resolution than previous editions, and is able to show local variations due to factors such as elevation or large bodies of water. Many zone boundaries were changed as a result of the more recent data, as well as new mapping methods and additional information gathered. Many areas were a half-zone warmer than the previous 1990 map. The 2012 map was created
111:(up to 13). The southern middle portion of the mainland and central coastal areas are in the middle zones (zones 8, 7, and 6). The far northern portion on the central interior of the mainland have some of the coldest zones (zones 5, 4, and small area of zone 3) and often have much less consistent range of temperatures in winter due to being more continental, especially further west with higher diurnal temperature variations, and thus the zone map has its limitations in these areas. Lower zones can be found in
4078:
74:
3454:
83:
3393:
576:) as a full zone warmer than outlying areas. The map excluded the detailed a/b half-zones introduced in the USDA's 1990 map, an omission widely criticized by horticulturists and gardeners due to the coarseness of the resulting map. The USDA rejected the AHS 2003 draft map and created its own map in an interactive computer format, which the American Horticultural Society now uses.
3284:, the northernmost true city in the world at 78°N, is still in zone 4. All these coastal locations have one thing in common, though, which are cool, damp summers, with temperatures rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F), or 15 °C (59 °F) in Longyearbyen. This shows the importance of taking heat zones into account for better understanding of what may or may not grow.
560:(AHS) produced a draft revised map, using temperature data collected from July 1986 to March 2002. The 2003 map placed many areas approximately a half-zone higher (warmer) than the USDA's 1990 map. Reviewers noted the map zones appeared to be closer to the original USDA 1960 map in its overall zone delineations. Their map purported to show finer detail, for example, reflecting
3288:
3535:, which reflects in the tendency of the hardiness zones to decrease mainly eastwards instead of northwards. Also, the plateaus and low mountain ranges in this region have a significant impact on how cold it might get during winter. Generally speaking, the hardiness zones are high considering the latitude of the region, although not as high as Northern Europe with the
39:(USDA) as a rough guide for landscaping and gardening, defines 13 zones by long-term average annual extreme minimum temperatures. It has been adapted by and to other countries (such as Canada) in various forms. A plant may be described as "hardy to zone 10": this means that the plant can withstand a minimum temperature of 30 to 40 °F (−1.1 to 4.4 °C).
4092:
3178:
1889:
The hardiness scales do not take into account the reliability of snow cover in the colder zones. Snow acts as an insulator against extreme cold, protecting the root system of hibernating plants. If the snow cover is reliable, the actual temperature to which the roots are exposed will not be as low as
1830:
As the USDA system is based entirely on average annual extreme minimum temperature in an area, it is limited in its ability to describe the climatic conditions a gardener may have to account for in a particular area: there are many other factors that determine whether or not a given plant can survive
3251:
In 2012 the United
Kingdom's Royal Horticultural Society introduced new hardiness ratings for plants, not places. These run from H7, the hardiest (tolerant of temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F)) to H1a (needing temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F)). The RHS hardiness ratings are based
1908:
There are many other climate parameters that a farmer, gardener, or landscaper may need to take into account as well, such as humidity, precipitation, storms, rainy-dry cycles or monsoons, and site considerations such as soil type, soil drainage and water retention, water table, tilt towards or away
2236:
For practical purposes, Canada has adopted the
American hardiness zone classification system. The 1990 version of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map included Canada and Mexico, but they were removed with the 2012 update to focus on the United States and Puerto Rico. The Canadian government publishes
1949:
have devised another system keeping with
Australian conditions. The zones are defined by steps of 5 degrees Celsius, from −15–−10 °C for zone 1 to 15–20 °C for zone 7. They are numerically about 6 lower than the USDA system. For example, Australian zone 3 is roughly equivalent
583:
released an update of U.S. hardiness zones, using mostly the same data as the AHS. It revised hardiness zones, reflecting generally warmer recent temperatures in many parts of the country, and appeared similar to the AHS 2003 draft. The
Foundation also did away with the more detailed a/b half-zone
607:
In 2015, the Arbor Day
Foundation revised another map, also with no a and b subdivisions, showing many areas having zones even warmer, with the most notable changes in the Mid Atlantic and Northeast, showing cities like Philadelphia, New York City and Washington D.C. in zone 8, due to their urban
4842:"Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet [The thermal zones of the Earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and of the impact of heat on the organic world]"
1953:
The spread of weather stations may be insufficient and too many places with different climates are lumped together. Only 738 Australian stations have records of more than ten years (one station per 98,491 hectares or 243,380 acres), though more populated areas have relatively fewer hectares per
587:
In 2012 the USDA updated their plant hardiness map based on 1976–2005 weather data, using a longer period of data to smooth out year-to-year weather fluctuations. Two new zones (12 and 13) were added to better define and improve information sharing on tropical and semitropical plants, they also
4061:
The USDA map published in 2012 shows that most of the US has become a half zone (2.8 °C or 5 °F) hotter in winter compared to the 1990 release. Again, with the publication of the 2023 map, about half of the US has shifted a half zone warmer. Research in 2016 suggests that USDA plant
611:
In
November 2023, the USDA released another updated version of their plant hardiness map, based on 1991–2020 weather data across the United States. The updated map shows continued northward movement of hardiness zones, reflecting a continued warming trend in the United States' climate.
77:
Temperature scale used to define USDA hardiness zones. These are annual extreme minima (an area is assigned to a zone by taking the lowest temperature recorded there in a given year). As shown, the USDA uses a GIS dataset averaged over 1976 to 2005 for its United States
1834:
Zone information alone is often not adequate for predicting winter survival, since factors such as frost dates and frequency of snow cover can vary widely between regions. Even the extreme minimum itself may not be useful when comparing regions in widely different
1925:
publishes a series that breaks up climate zones more finely than the USDA zones, identifying 45 distinct zones in the US, incorporating ranges of temperatures in all seasons, precipitation, wind patterns, elevation, and length and structure of the growing season.
34:
is a geographic area defined as having a certain average annual minimum temperature, a factor relevant to the survival of many plants. In some systems other statistics are included in the calculations. The original and most widely used system, developed by the
3857:
hardiness zones range from 8a to 12b depending on the location and the altitude. The islands are generally part of zones 11b/12a in lower altitudes and coastal areas, reaching up to 12b in the southernmost coasts or populated coastal parts such as the city of
1958:
has three climatic stations with more than a ten-year record. One is in zone 4a, one in zone 4b, and the other is in zone 5a. Sydney residents are split between zones 3a and 4b. Different locations in the same city are suitable for different plants.
6361:
1967:
Climate variables that reflect the capacity and detriments to plant growth are used to develop an index that is mapped to Canada's Plant
Hardiness Zones. This index comes from a formula originally developed by Ouellet and Sherk in the mid-1960s.
3646:
acts as a temperature regulator, so this area is generally warmer than other parts of the continent; except in mountainous areas where the sea effect lowers, it belongs in zones 8–10; however, southern
Balkans (mountainous Western and Eastern
3630:, only 80 km (50 mi) to the north and 300 m (980 ft) lower is in zone 6a. These examples prove that local topography can have a pronounced effect on temperature and thus on what is possible to grow in a specific region.
3196:, Britain, and Ireland even more so, have milder winters than their northerly position would otherwise afford. This means that the USDA hardiness zones relevant to Britain and Ireland are quite high, from 7 to 10, as shown below.
1862:; thus sites which may have the same mean winter minima on the few coldest nights and be in the same garden zone, but have markedly different climates. For example, zone 8 covers coastal, high latitude, cool summer locations like
143:(2b). A couple of locations on the northern coast of Puerto Rico have the warmest hardiness zone in the United States at 13b. Conversely, isolated inland areas of Alaska have the coldest hardiness zone in the United States at 1a.
1909:
from the sun, natural or humanmade protection from excessive sun, snow, frost, and wind, etc. The annual extreme minimum temperature is a useful indicator, but ultimately only one factor among many for plant growth and survival.
3169:
as they are designed for continental climates and subtropical climates. The high latitude, weaker solar intensity, and cooler summers must be considered when comparing to US equivalent. New growth may be insufficient or fail to
6334:
3904:
The criterion is the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F). The AHS Heat Zone Map for the US is available on the
American Horticultural Society website.
1855:
inland deserts, thus an
American gardener in such an area may only have to plan for several nights of cold temperatures per year, while their British counterpart may have to plan for several months.
3842:
Azores and Madeira belong to zones 10b/11b and 11a/11b respectively. The Azores range from 9a to 11b and Madeira ranges from 9b to 12a, 9a and 9b found inland on the highest altitudes such as the
1878:. Farmers, gardeners, and landscapers in the former two must plan for entirely different growing conditions from those in the latter, in terms of length of hot weather and sun intensity. Coastal
4301:"New arborday.org Hardiness Zone Map reflects warmer climate : Latest hardiness zones, based on most current temperature data available, suggest up-to-date choices for best trees to plant"
3235:
Most of western and southern England and Wales, western Scotland, also a very narrow coastal fringe on the east coast of Scotland and northeast England (within 5 km (3.1 mi) of the
103:
In the United States, most of the warmer zones (zones 9, 10, and 11) are located in the deep southern half of the country and on the southern coastal margins. Higher zones can be found in
6151:
3727:, coastal Cyprus and southwestern Greece are in zone 10. In Europe, the zone 11a is limited only to a few spots. In the Iberian Peninsula, it can be found on the southern coast, in small
6457:
4250:
42:
Unless otherwise specified, in American contexts "hardiness zone" or simply "zone" usually refers to the USDA scale. However, some confusion can exist in discussing buildings and
1933:
can be used as a more general guide to growing conditions when considering large areas of the Earth's surface or attempting to make comparisons between different continents. The
4526:
553:
The USDA map was revised and reissued in 1990 with freshly available climate data, this time with five-degree distinctions dividing each zone into new "a" and "b" subdivisions.
5594:
6330:
6461:
5536:
3803:. The Balkan area is also more prone to cold snaps and episodes of unseasonable warmth. For instance, despite having similar daily means and temperature amplitudes to
5626:
1894:
in Canada is located in zone 4, but can rely on a significant snow cover every year, making it possible to cultivate plants normally rated for zones 5 or 6. But, in
6390:
6278:
5781:
5089:
550:. The first map was issued in 1960, and revised in 1965. It used uniform 10 °F (5.6 °C) ranges, and gradually became widespread among American gardeners.
6250:
6517:
6069:
5473:
5444:
5183:
6674:
6180:
5982:
5875:
5810:
5752:
5689:
5330:
5212:
6011:
5723:
5660:
5565:
5507:
5410:
5372:
5154:
5248:
5125:
6040:
5846:
4708:
6127:
5950:
1917:
An alternative means of describing plant hardiness is to use "indicator plants". In this method, common plants with known limits to their range are used.
3375:
and southwards) enjoys particularly mild winters and lies in zone 7, therefore being friendly to some hardy exotic species (found, for example, in the
6560:
4274:
4213:
2157:
36:
1930:
6148:
5904:
47:
6600:
4480:
3252:
on absolute minimum winter temperatures (in °C) rather than the long-term average annual extreme minimum temperatures that define USDA zones.
1898:, located to the southwest in zone 5, it is sometimes difficult to cultivate plants adapted to the zone because of the unreliable snow cover.
5014:
4969:
2029:= amount of rainfall (R) from June to November, inclusive, in terms of R/(R+a) where a=25.4 if R is in millimeters and a=1 if R is in inches
4368:
5924:
Some inland regions of Istanbul are in zone 8a. Meanwhile, a small strip of land in the far-south of the city, as well as the neighboring
4882:
5065:
4235:
3303:
In Sweden and Finland generally, at sea level to 500 metres (1,600 ft), zone 3 is north of the Arctic Circle, including cities like
6762:
4539:
1946:
4852:
1858:
In addition, the zones do not incorporate any information about duration of cold temperatures, summer temperatures, or sun intensity
6747:
6215:
5586:
3610:, which regularly reaches −35 °C (−31 °F) during winter on calm nights when cold and heavy airmasses from the surrounding
3440:
1843:
most of the United Kingdom is in zones 8–9, while in the US, zones 8–9 include regions such as the subtropical coastal areas of the
6308:
4430:
3618:
descend down the slopes to this low-lying valley, creating extremes which can be up to 10 °C (18 °F) colder than nearby
6712:
4595:
2567:
1934:
1836:
3881:, have hardiness zones that range from 12 to 13 in the coastal areas, while the lowest hardiness zone is found in the island of
3539:
where zone 9 extends to over 60°N. In Central Europe, the relevant zones decrease from zone 8 on the Belgian, Dutch, and German
1950:
to USDA zone 9. The higher Australian zone numbers had no US equivalents prior to the 2012 addition by USDA of zones 12 and 13.
4304:
3414:
4506:
3898:
3418:
557:
539:
in 1938. The Arnold map was subsequently updated in 1951, 1967, and finally 1971, but eventually fell out of use completely.
62:
6242:
6221:
5528:
4181:
5618:
6159:
597:
6383:
6358:"Climatic hardiness and heat zones of Albania and their use in evaluating the potential of introducing new plant species"
6274:
5773:
5081:
5032:"Woody Ornamental Plant Zonation: III. Suitability Map for the Probable Winter Survival of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs"
131:, are responsible for the rarity of episodes of severe cold relative to normal in those areas. The warmest zone in the
6509:
6061:
5465:
5436:
5175:
4704:
4459:
3376:
1475:
54:
6539:
6483:
6172:
6032:
5974:
5867:
5802:
5744:
5681:
5322:
5204:
3403:
6626:"Projected changes in cold hardiness zones and suitable overwinter ranges of perennial crops over the United States"
6003:
5652:
5557:
5499:
5402:
5364:
5146:
1937:
is often a good "real world" concept of climates and their relation to plants and their average growing conditions.
5715:
5240:
5117:
4764:
4643:
2855:
2196:
1871:
1403:
1066:
1054:
898:
826:
5298:
4685:
While the populated area of the city is 7b, the northeastern-most area including Grandview Peak goes as low as 6a.
4401:
3422:
3407:
4333:
2723:
1584:
850:
838:
718:
694:
573:
5838:
6564:
6119:
5943:
4985:
Ouellet, C. E.; Sherk, L. C. (1967). "Woody Ornamental Plant Zonation: Ii. Suitability Indices of Localities".
3804:
3642:, which cannot withstand long periods below freezing so its cultivation area matches the cool winter zone. The
3011:
1901:
Many plants may survive in a locality but will not flower if the day length is insufficient or if they require
1776:
1463:
1427:
1078:
151:
65:(AHS) heat zones use the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F).
4918:
3572:
4777:
McKenney, Daniel W.; Pedlar, John H.; Lawrence, Kevin; Campbell, Kathy; Hutchinson, Michael F. (2007-12-01).
3623:
1487:
1367:
1223:
742:
658:
646:
523:
The first attempts to create a geographical hardiness zone system were undertaken by two researchers at the
6726:
6422:
6098:
4278:
2054:= mean maximum snow depth in terms of S/(S+a) where a=25.4 if S is in millimeters and a=1 if S is in inches
6757:
4660:
4656:
4077:
3261:
3186:
2783:
2699:
2519:
2267:
1632:
1535:
1343:
1331:
1295:
1042:
4205:
6752:
5896:
4694:
9b and 10a are also to be found within San Diego's lightly-populated northern areas away from the coast.
4608:
3265:
1608:
1572:
1211:
1162:
1138:
1126:
1090:
790:
593:
589:
543:
4940:
Ouellet, C. E.; Sherk, L. C. (1967). "Woody Ornamental Plant Zonation: I. Indices of Winterhardiness".
3732:
2999:
90:
is not shown; most of it except the peninsula is zone 0 or 1, and is almost completely covered by the
4747:
4053:
South Africa has five horticultural or climatic zones. The zones are defined by minimum temperature.
3744:
3059:
2303:
2105:
1620:
1596:
1547:
1319:
1283:
1235:
1187:
580:
132:
620:
The USDA plant hardiness zones for selected U.S. cities as based on the 2023 map are the following:
6678:
5925:
4878:
4673:
3863:
3736:
3704:
3532:
3206:
2915:
2843:
2771:
2747:
2579:
2507:
2459:
2435:
2387:
1728:
1692:
1668:
1644:
1523:
766:
754:
91:
6707:
5011:
4966:
4851:. Translated by Volken, E.; Brönninmann, S. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 20, No. 3, 351-360.
3453:
3264:
is even more pronounced here than it is in Britain and Ireland. Save for a very small spot around
4360:
4156:
4121:
3755:, zone 11a can be found in the Southwest on a few unpopulated sites around the municipalities of
3740:
3107:
3047:
3023:
2555:
2315:
1704:
1559:
1511:
1355:
1259:
1247:
1030:
1018:
994:
982:
802:
3316:
100:
The USDA system was originally developed to aid gardeners and landscapers in the United States.
73:
4147:
Fernald, M. L. (1927). Rehder, Alfred (ed.). "Rehder's Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs".
3268:, Norway, which is in zone 2, nowhere in the Arctic part of Scandinavia gets below zone 3. The
6647:
6211:
5062:
5053:
5002:
4957:
4810:
4751:
4116:
3784:
3748:
3643:
3071:
2987:
2867:
2807:
2639:
2603:
2399:
2375:
1852:
1199:
1006:
958:
862:
814:
682:
561:
3343:. Zone 6 covers the south of mainland Finland, Sweden north of 60°N, and the high plateau of
3319:, is in zone 5. Zone 4 lies between the Arctic Circle and about 64–66°N, with cities such as
6637:
6331:"Map of Albanian plant hardiness zones based on the WorldClim data for the 1950-2000 period"
5043:
4994:
4949:
4841:
4800:
4790:
4582:
4556:
4083:
3882:
3712:
3700:
3536:
3379:), the southeast coast of Sweden has a colder winter due to the absence of the Gulf Stream.
3277:
3210:
3193:
2903:
2831:
2819:
2711:
2615:
2411:
2291:
2279:
1788:
1764:
1680:
1451:
1415:
1391:
1102:
946:
934:
874:
706:
634:
569:
524:
6730:
6155:
5069:
5018:
4973:
4730:
4621:
3756:
3615:
3611:
3544:
3528:
3273:
3243:
3131:
3119:
3095:
3035:
2975:
2927:
2891:
2735:
2663:
2651:
2423:
2339:
1921:
1883:
1844:
1800:
1752:
1740:
1439:
1379:
1307:
886:
670:
4707:
within the southern limits of the city proper. Downtown is 7a while most of the city and
3260:
Scandinavia lies at the same latitude as Alaska or Greenland, but the effect of the warm
3174:
affecting winter survival in the shorter and much cooler summers of Ireland and Britain.
3083:
6642:
6300:
4422:
4779:"Beyond Traditional Hardiness Zones: Using Climate Envelopes to Map Plant Range Limits"
4063:
3854:
3827:
3171:
3143:
2951:
2879:
2759:
2687:
2627:
2483:
2327:
1716:
1271:
1150:
1114:
970:
910:
547:
3239:), London, the West Midlands Urban Area, most of Ireland, and most of the Isle of Man.
82:
6741:
6357:
4097:
3760:
3269:
3166:
2591:
2495:
2447:
1902:
1848:
1812:
1656:
922:
730:
532:
17:
4300:
3638:
The southern European marker plant for climate as well as cultural indicator is the
4569:
3886:
3552:
3281:
2939:
2531:
2471:
1499:
778:
536:
136:
6625:
3340:
6205:
4175:
588:
appear on the maps of Hawaii and Puerto Rico. There is a very small spot east of
4106:
3819:
3607:
3588:
3392:
3229:
2543:
2253:
The table below provides USDA hardiness zone data for selected European cities:
2222:
1891:
1840:
108:
6487:
4126:
4073:
3874:
3859:
3847:
3843:
3831:
3776:
3768:
3639:
3568:
3372:
3344:
3304:
3292:
1859:
128:
120:
87:
6651:
6443:
5057:
5006:
4961:
4814:
3626:, which are both higher up in elevation. Waksmund is in zone 3b while nearby
6356:
Teqja, Zydi; Libohova, Zamir; Kopali, Albert; Naçi, Robert (December 2014).
4111:
3792:
3708:
3696:
3676:
3619:
3592:
3580:
3556:
3540:
3368:
3356:
3324:
3287:
3236:
3218:
3202:
3190:
2351:
2183:
2144:
1955:
565:
140:
6588:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4451:
3627:
3352:
53:
Other hardiness rating schemes have been developed as well, such as the UK
2036:= monthly mean of the daily maximum temperatures (°C) of the warmest month
2015:= monthly mean of the daily minimum temperatures (°C) of the coldest month
622:
3839:
3808:
3780:
3752:
3716:
3692:
3660:
3656:
3600:
3548:
3364:
3360:
3348:
3328:
3225:
3214:
2963:
2209:
2118:
2092:
1895:
1174:
601:
4160:
6701:
6389:. Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Lisboa. pp. 60–62.
5949:. José Manuel Sanchez de Lorenzo-Cáceres, Agricultural Engineer. 2004.
5290:
5048:
5031:
4998:
4953:
4633:
Small portions of the city of Los Angeles extend into zones 9b and 11a.
4552:
4502:
4393:
4091:
3878:
3835:
3799:
belong to zone 11a as well as a few areas on the southernmost coast of
3724:
3664:
3652:
3596:
3564:
3336:
3332:
3177:
3162:
2795:
2675:
2363:
2170:
2079:
1879:
1863:
124:
116:
4805:
4325:
3591:
may even go down to zone 3 or 4. An extreme example of a cold sink is
4746:
Almost all of the city limits are 8b except for some areas bordering
3823:
3811:
has recorded below-freezing temperatures in every month of the year.
3800:
3796:
3764:
3720:
3684:
3680:
3668:
3648:
3604:
3576:
3312:
3308:
3296:
2131:
1875:
1867:
528:
112:
104:
4795:
4778:
2245:
Unless specifically noted, all zones in this section are USDA zones.
27:
Region defined by minimum temperature relevant to the plant survival
6717:
6486:(in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from
4910:
3224:
Most of England, Wales and Scotland, parts of central Ireland, and
2047:)Rjan where Rjan represents the rainfall in January expressed in mm
6207:
Creating a forest garden: working with nature to grow edible crops
4607:
The urbanized portion of Jacksonville is 9b while much of western
3867:
3851:
3788:
3772:
3728:
3688:
3672:
3560:
3452:
3286:
3176:
150:
81:
72:
3315:
is the major exception here, which being located on a hill above
3242:
Very low-lying coastal areas of the southwest of Ireland and the
6723:
6414:
6090:
4177:
Hedges, Screens & Windbreaks: Their Uses, Selection and Care
3584:
3320:
61:(see below) is instead defined by annual high temperatures; the
43:
6601:"USDA Unveils Updated Plant Hardiness Zone Map : USDA ARS"
5944:"LAS PLANTAS ORNAMENTALES Y SUS ZONAS DE RUSTICIDAD EN ESPAÑA"
4206:"History of Plant Hardiness Zone Maps – The Rest of the Story"
3386:
5587:"Bosnia and Herzegovina Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
4388:
4386:
5839:"Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - Climate Atlas"
3659:) are colder in winter and are in zones 6–7. The Croatian (
3280:, a coastal city in Norway at 70°N, is in zone 7, and even
4642:
The city proper is 7b while some higher northern areas of
115:(down to 1). The low latitude and often stable weather in
3527:
Central Europe is a good example of a transition from an
1890:
the hardiness zone number would indicate. As an example,
1886:
are both Zone 10, but have radically different climates.
6670:
4062:
hardiness zones will shift even further northward under
3599:
which is at least in zone 3. Another notable example is
3181:
Britain and Ireland's hardiness zones, USDA scale, 2006
564:
by showing the downtown areas of several cities (e.g.,
4911:"Natural Resources Canada – Plant Hardiness of Canada"
3687:
is 8–9 (some highland areas are slightly colder). The
1870:, as well as lower latitude, hot-summer climates like
5529:"Czech Republic Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5291:"Plant Cold Hardiness Zone Map of the British Isles"
4915:
Natural Resources Canada – Plant Hardiness of Canada
3331:, zone 5 (south to 61–62°N) contains cities such as
2043:= winter factor expressed in terms of (0 °C – X
592:, Puerto Rico, that includes the airport in coastal
6460:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
5774:"Switzerland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5082:"Netherlands Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
4849:World Maps of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification
3897:In addition to the USDA Hardiness zones there are
6724:Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada – Interactive Map
6444:"Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα"
4830:. Sunset Books Inc. Menlo Park, California (1997)
4361:"What's New | USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
3457:Hardiness zones of Europe and surrounding regions
3347:further south. Here one will find cities such as
6563:. American Horticultural Society. Archived from
4277:. American Horticultural Society. Archived from
2022:= mean frost free period above 0 °C in days
155:2023 update of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map
50:zones, where Zone 1 is warm and Zone 8 is cold.
6624:Parker, Lauren E.; Abatzoglou, John T. (2016).
6510:"Portugal Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
6199:
6197:
6062:"Bulgaria Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5466:"Slovenia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5437:"Portugal Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5176:"Slovakia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
4481:"USDA Unveils Updated Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
3877:islands, located much further south inside the
3866:being at 8a/8b for its very high altitude. The
3567:estuary, which are in zone 9, to zone 5 around
6484:"Weather and Climate: The Climate of Sarajevo"
6173:"Croatia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
6033:"Iceland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5975:"Belarus Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5868:"Denmark Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5803:"Belgium Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5745:"Austria Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5682:"Estonia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5323:"Finland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5205:"Romania Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
4355:
4353:
4351:
3371:area are in zone 7. The west coast of Sweden (
3367:, as well as coastal southern Sweden, and the
6004:"Cyprus Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5716:"Norway Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5653:"Sweden Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5558:"Latvia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5500:"France Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5403:"Poland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5365:"Russia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5147:"Serbia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
4568:Most of the city proper is 6a except for the
3583:. Some isolated, high elevation areas of the
3272:, at 62–63°N are in zone 8, as are the outer
57:and US Sunset Western Garden Book systems. A
8:
6584:
6120:"Malta Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5241:"Italy Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5118:"Spain Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
3838:. At lower altitudes and coastal areas, the
3723:, coastal southern Italy, some areas around
3161:USDA zones do not work particularly well in
1905:(a particular duration of low temperature).
86:Global Plant Hardiness Zones (approximate).
3421:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5613:
5611:
4551:Most of the city proper is 7a, except for
4525:Almost all of the city proper is 8a while
3862:. The lowest hardiness areas are found in
3671:are in zones 8–9, as are central-northern
2255:
2061:= maximum wind gust in (km/h) in 30 years.
139:(11b) and the coldest is in north-central
69:United States hardiness zones (USDA scale)
6641:
6243:"United Kingdom Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
5047:
4804:
4794:
4672:Most of the city proper is 6b except for
3893:American Horticultural Society heat zones
3543:coast, with the exception of some of the
3441:Learn how and when to remove this message
5938:
5936:
5934:
4581:Almost all of the city is 8b except for
3906:
2237:both Canadian and USDA-style zone maps.
2064:
158:
46:, where "climate zone" can refer to the
5431:
5429:
5427:
4620:Most of the city proper as well as the
4572:and a few lakeshore areas which are 6b.
4394:"About | USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
4236:"The New USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map"
4139:
3787:islands. The Mediterranean islands of
3703:, coastal and slightly inland southern
37:United States Department of Agriculture
6281:from the original on 25 September 2016
6269:
6267:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5285:
3185:Owing to the moderating effect of the
48:International Energy Conservation Code
6681:from the original on 10 December 2016
5897:"Bitki Soğuğa ve Sıcağa Dayanıklılık"
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5317:
5315:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5030:Ouellet, C. E.; Sherk, L. C. (1967).
4879:"Plant Hardiness Zones for Australia"
4858:from the original on 14 February 2019
4326:"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, 2012"
3870:is the highest peak of Macaronesia.
531:; the first was published in 1927 by
7:
6337:from the original on 27 October 2022
6160:Lietuvos hidrometeorologijos tarnyba
4720:Almost all of the city proper is 9b.
4676:and along the rivers where it is 7a.
4503:"2023 USDA plant hardiness zone map"
4452:"Hardiness Zone Map at arborday.org"
4371:from the original on 19 October 2017
4336:from the original on 24 October 2017
4200:
4198:
3419:adding citations to reliable sources
1931:Köppen climate classification system
1839:. As an extreme example, due to the
604:zone finder and an interactive map.
542:The modern USDA system began at the
6704:(with ZIP code lookup, interactive)
4540:Atlantic City International Airport
3822:consists of four archipelagos: The
3217:; and in Wales the highest part of
1947:Australian National Botanic Gardens
6713:Data on plant hardiness in Ireland
6702:2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map
6464:from the original on July 12, 2020
4367:. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
4332:. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
3575:on the far eastern border between
2008:Y = estimated index of suitability
25:
6364:from the original on Nov 19, 2023
5036:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
4987:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
4942:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
4921:from the original on 29 June 2006
4423:"History of USDA Hardiness Zones"
3679:are however colder) and southern
3559:, and some of the islands in the
3256:Scandinavia and Baltic Sea Region
600:for the internet, and includes a
179:< −65 °F (−53.9 °C)
6542:. American Horticultural Society
6520:from the original on 2 June 2021
4596:Harrisburg International Airport
4483:. U.S. Department of Agriculture
4090:
4076:
3885:, in the country's highest peak
3391:
2568:Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
1935:Trewartha climate classification
6425:from the original on 2021-06-02
6396:from the original on 2021-02-02
6311:from the original on 2022-12-05
6277:. Royal Horticultural Society.
6253:from the original on 2021-05-06
6224:from the original on 2023-01-15
6183:from the original on 2021-06-03
6130:from the original on 2021-06-02
6101:from the original on 2021-06-02
6072:from the original on 2021-06-02
6043:from the original on 2021-05-06
6014:from the original on 2021-06-02
5985:from the original on 2021-06-02
5956:from the original on 2021-01-15
5907:from the original on 2021-08-12
5878:from the original on 2021-06-03
5849:from the original on 2021-06-02
5813:from the original on 2021-06-03
5784:from the original on 2021-06-02
5755:from the original on 2021-06-02
5726:from the original on 2021-06-03
5692:from the original on 2021-06-02
5663:from the original on 2021-06-02
5629:from the original on 2021-06-02
5597:from the original on 2021-06-02
5568:from the original on 2021-06-02
5539:from the original on 2021-06-02
5510:from the original on 2021-06-02
5476:from the original on 2021-06-02
5447:from the original on 2021-06-02
5413:from the original on 2021-06-02
5375:from the original on 2021-06-02
5333:from the original on 2021-06-02
5301:from the original on 2021-05-20
5251:from the original on 2021-06-02
5215:from the original on 2021-06-03
5186:from the original on 2021-06-02
5157:from the original on 2021-06-02
5128:from the original on 2021-06-03
5092:from the original on 2021-05-28
4885:from the original on 2010-12-10
4624:is 9b while the west end is 9a.
4559:, and the SW end, which are 6b.
4462:from the original on 2016-06-23
4433:from the original on 2021-12-22
4404:from the original on 2022-07-09
4307:from the original on 2007-12-28
4263:– via Harvard University.
4256:from the original on 2017-05-05
4216:from the original on 2018-08-04
4184:from the original on 2023-01-15
512:> 65 °F (18.3 °C)
6630:Environmental Research Letters
4507:U.S. Department of Agriculture
3899:American Horticultural Society
3731:areas inside the provinces of
558:American Horticultural Society
63:American Horticultural Society
1:
6643:10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034001
6384:"Hardiness zones of Portugal"
6091:"Greek Plant Hardiness Zones"
4763:The city proper is 10a while
4365:Agricultural Research Service
4330:Agricultural Research Service
4750:which are 8a. Almost all of
4594:The city proper is 7a while
4538:The city proper is 8a while
315:−10 °F (−23.3 °C)
304:−15 °F (−26.1 °C)
290:−20 °F (−28.9 °C)
279:−25 °F (−31.7 °C)
265:−30 °F (−34.4 °C)
254:−35 °F (−37.2 °C)
229:−45 °F (−42.8 °C)
215:−50 °F (−45.6 °C)
204:−55 °F (−48.3 °C)
190:−60 °F (−51.1 °C)
6708:Freeze/Frost data from NOAA
6210:. Green Books. p. 13.
4828:Sunset National Garden Book
4398:planthardiness.ars.usda.gov
4234:Del Tredici, Peter (1990).
3767:, zone 11a can be found in
3377:Gothenburg Botanical Garden
1476:Provincetown, Massachusetts
365:10 °F (−12.2 °C)
329:−5 °F (−20.6 °C)
326:−10 °F (−23.3 °C)
312:−15 °F (−26.1 °C)
301:−20 °F (−28.9 °C)
287:−25 °F (−31.7 °C)
276:−30 °F (−34.4 °C)
262:−35 °F (−37.2 °C)
237:−45 °F (−42.8 °C)
226:−50 °F (−45.6 °C)
212:−55 °F (−48.3 °C)
201:−60 °F (−51.1 °C)
187:−65 °F (−53.9 °C)
55:Royal Horticultural Society
6779:
6763:Geographic classifications
6149:Atšiaurumo zonos Lietuvoje
4542:is on the mainland and 7b.
2244:
1941:Australian hardiness zones
1404:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1067:Greenville, South Carolina
1055:Greensboro, North Carolina
899:Colorado Springs, Colorado
827:Charleston, South Carolina
504:65 °F (18.3 °C)
501:60 °F (15.6 °C)
490:60 °F (15.6 °C)
487:55 °F (12.8 °C)
479:55 °F (12.8 °C)
415:30 °F (−1.1 °C)
404:25 °F (−3.9 °C)
390:20 °F (−6.7 °C)
379:15 °F (−9.4 °C)
376:10 °F (−12.2 °C)
340:0 °F (−17.8 °C)
337:−5 °F (−20.6 °C)
240:−40 °F (−40 °C)
6561:"AHS Plant Heat Zone Map"
6540:"Heat Zone Map developed"
6372:– via ResearchGate.
6345:– via ResearchGate.
4275:"USDA Hardiness Zone Map"
4057:Effects of climate change
4041:
3923:
3675:(hills and some spots in
3603:, a small village in the
3189:on the Irish and British
2724:Belfast, Northern Ireland
2261:
1585:San Francisco, California
851:Charlotte, North Carolina
839:Charleston, West Virginia
719:Atlantic City, New Jersey
695:Asheville, North Carolina
628:
574:Atlantic City, New Jersey
511:
494:
469:
454:45 °F (7.2 °C)
444:
440:40 °F (4.4 °C)
429:35 °F (1.7 °C)
426:30 °F (−1.1 °C)
419:
412:25 °F (−3.9 °C)
401:20 °F (−6.7 °C)
394:
387:15 °F (−9.4 °C)
369:
351:0 °F (−17.8 °C)
344:
319:
294:
269:
251:−40 °F (−40 °C)
244:
219:
194:
178:
172:
161:
6748:Agricultural terminology
6329:Teqja, Zydi (Mar 2017).
6204:Martin Crawford (2010).
5619:"Page 3 : USDA ARS"
4917:. Government of Canada.
3805:Nantucket, Massachusetts
3695:Atlantic coast, much of
3012:Saint Petersburg, Russia
2249:Selected European cities
2241:European hardiness zones
1963:Canadian hardiness zones
1777:Virginia Beach, Virginia
1464:Providence, Rhode Island
1428:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1079:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
465:50 °F (10 °C)
462:45 °F (7.2 °C)
451:40 °F (4.4 °C)
437:35 °F (1.7 °C)
354:5 °F (−15 °C)
6301:"Plant hardiness Zones"
3199:
2352:Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
1488:Raleigh, North Carolina
1368:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
1224:Los Angeles, California
743:Bakersfield, California
659:Allentown, Pennsylvania
647:Albuquerque, New Mexico
476:50 °F (10 °C)
362:5 °F (−15 °C)
6275:"RHS hardiness rating"
4661:Northeast Philadelphia
4210:Plant Delights Nursery
4174:Wyman, Donald (1938).
3524:
3300:
3262:North Atlantic Current
3187:North Atlantic Current
3182:
2916:Newcastle, England, UK
2520:Prague, Czech Republic
2268:Amsterdam, Netherlands
1633:Scranton, Pennsylvania
1536:Sacramento, California
1344:New Orleans, Louisiana
1332:New Haven, Connecticut
1296:Minneapolis, Minnesota
1043:Grand Rapids, Michigan
156:
95:
79:
6458:"MA Nantucket MEM AP"
6419:hardiness.inforest.gr
6095:hardiness.inforest.gr
3771:and also in areas of
3456:
3290:
3266:Karasjok Municipality
3180:
2964:Plymouth, England, UK
2364:Glasgow, Scotland, UK
1971:The formula used is:
1609:San Juan, Puerto Rico
1573:San Diego, California
1212:Little Rock, Arkansas
1163:Kansas City, Missouri
1139:Jacksonville, Florida
1127:Indianapolis, Indiana
1091:Hartford, Connecticut
791:Boston, Massachusetts
544:US National Arboretum
154:
85:
76:
18:Plant hardiness zones
6718:Plant Hardiness Data
4429:. 22 December 2021.
3707:, a part of coastal
3415:improve this section
3060:Thessaloniki, Greece
2304:Bratislava, Slovakia
1621:Santa Fe, New Mexico
1597:San Jose, California
1548:Salt Lake City, Utah
1320:Nashville, Tennessee
1284:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1236:Louisville, Kentucky
1188:Knoxville, Tennessee
616:Selected U.S. cities
581:Arbor Day Foundation
535:, and the second by
133:48 contiguous states
6589:Horticultural Zones
4877:Dawson, I. (1991).
4659:section in extreme
3864:Teide National Park
3705:Valencian Community
3533:continental climate
3209:and locally in the
3207:Northwest Highlands
3157:Britain and Ireland
2784:Düsseldorf, Germany
2772:Copenhagen, Denmark
2748:Birmingham, England
2700:Zürich, Switzerland
2580:Simferopol, Ukraine
2508:Portsmouth, England
2460:Manchester, England
2436:Ljubljana, Slovenia
2388:Kaliningrad, Russia
1973:Y = -67.62 + 1.734X
1729:Trenton, New Jersey
1693:St. Louis, Missouri
1669:Spokane, Washington
1645:Seattle, Washington
1524:Rochester, New York
767:Birmingham, Alabama
755:Baltimore, Maryland
92:Antarctic ice sheet
6729:2009-06-14 at the
6154:2022-09-04 at the
5068:2020-08-01 at the
5049:10.4141/cjps67-065
5017:2020-08-01 at the
4999:10.4141/cjps67-064
4972:2020-08-01 at the
4954:10.4141/cjps67-044
4840:Köppen, Wladimir.
4281:on 8 December 2017
4122:Hardiness (plants)
3901:(AHS) heat zones.
3807:, for each month,
3525:
3301:
3183:
3108:Vilnius, Lithuania
3048:Strasbourg, France
3024:Simrishamn, Sweden
3000:Reykjavík, Iceland
2556:Rovaniemi, Finland
2316:Bucharest, Romania
1705:Syracuse, New York
1560:San Antonio, Texas
1512:Richmond, Virginia
1356:New York, New York
1260:Memphis, Tennessee
1248:Madison, Wisconsin
1031:Fresno, California
1019:Flagstaff, Arizona
995:Eureka, California
983:Erie, Pennsylvania
803:Brownsville, Texas
562:urban heat islands
157:
96:
80:
6585:PlantZAfrica 2016
5928:, are in zone 9b.
4117:Geographical zone
4046:
4045:
3846:in the Azores or
3785:Argo-Saronic Gulf
3644:Mediterranean Sea
3624:Białka Tatrzańska
3555:), the island of
3451:
3450:
3443:
3213:; in England the
3154:
3153:
2868:Marseille, France
2856:Las Palmas, Spain
2796:Funchal, Portugal
2640:Trondheim, Norway
2604:Stockholm, Sweden
2376:Helsinki, Finland
2234:
2233:
1929:In addition, the
1831:in a given zone.
1823:
1822:
1200:Las Vegas, Nevada
1007:Fairbanks, Alaska
959:Detroit, Michigan
863:Chicago, Illinois
815:Buffalo, New York
683:Anchorage, Alaska
516:
515:
16:(Redirected from
6770:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6656:
6655:
6645:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6597:
6591:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6395:
6388:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6271:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6201:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6169:
6163:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5929:
5926:Princes' Islands
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5835:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5712:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5649:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5615:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5496:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5433:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5399:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5361:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5287:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5237:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5114:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5078:
5072:
5061:
5051:
5027:
5021:
5010:
4982:
4976:
4965:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4907:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4846:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4774:
4768:
4761:
4755:
4744:
4738:
4731:subpolar oceanic
4727:
4721:
4718:
4712:
4705:Montage Mountain
4701:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4625:
4618:
4612:
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4084:Gardening portal
4081:
4080:
3907:
3850:in Madeira. The
3713:Balearic Islands
3537:Shetland Islands
3521:
3515:
3509:
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3485:
3479:
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3461:
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3439:
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3426:
3395:
3387:
3211:Southern Uplands
3201:In Scotland the
3194:maritime climate
2904:Murmansk, Russia
2844:La Coruña, Spain
2832:Istanbul, Turkey
2820:Hamburg, Germany
2712:Antwerp, Belgium
2616:Tallinn, Estonia
2412:Lisbon, Portugal
2292:Belgrade, Serbia
2280:Barcelona, Spain
2256:
2065:
2001:
1789:Washington, D.C.
1765:Unalaska, Alaska
1681:St. George, Utah
1452:Portland, Oregon
1416:Phoenix, Arizona
1392:Orlando, Florida
1103:Honolulu, Hawaii
947:Des Moines, Iowa
935:Denver, Colorado
875:Cincinnati, Ohio
707:Atlanta, Georgia
635:Albany, New York
623:
570:Washington, D.C.
525:Arnold Arboretum
159:
21:
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4796:10.1641/B571105
4789:(11): 929–937.
4776:
4775:
4771:
4762:
4758:
4745:
4741:
4729:The climate is
4728:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4703:6a is found on
4702:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4671:
4667:
4654:
4650:
4644:Davidson County
4641:
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4628:
4622:Las Vegas Strip
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4204:
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4196:
4187:
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4180:. McGraw-Hill.
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3895:
3817:
3715:, southwestern
3667:, and northern
3636:
3634:Southern Europe
3616:Tatra Mountains
3545:Frisian Islands
3529:oceanic climate
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3396:
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3274:Lofoten Islands
3258:
3249:
3244:Isles of Scilly
3159:
3132:Zagreb, Croatia
3120:Wroclaw, Poland
3096:Valletta, Malta
3036:Sofia, Bulgaria
2976:Porto, Portugal
2928:Nicosia, Cyprus
2892:Munich, Germany
2736:Berlin, Germany
2676:Vorkuta, Russia
2664:Vienna, Austria
2652:Valencia, Spain
2424:London, England
2340:Dublin, Ireland
2251:
2246:
2243:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1943:
1915:
1884:central Florida
1845:southeastern US
1828:
1801:Wichita, Kansas
1753:Tulsa, Oklahoma
1741:Tucson, Arizona
1440:Portland, Maine
1380:Omaha, Nebraska
1308:Mobile, Alabama
887:Cleveland, Ohio
671:Amarillo, Texas
618:
521:
149:
123:, and southern
107:(up to 12) and
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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6734:
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6715:
6710:
6705:
6697:
6696:External links
6694:
6692:
6691:
6671:"PlantZAfrica"
6666:
6664:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6616:
6592:
6577:
6552:
6531:
6501:
6490:on 16 May 2012
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5311:
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5138:
5102:
5073:
5042:(4): 351–358.
5022:
4993:(4): 339–349.
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4948:(3): 231–238.
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4155:(339): 48–51.
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4068:
4064:climate change
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3855:Canary Islands
3828:Canary Islands
3816:
3813:
3763:. In mainland
3651:, continental
3635:
3632:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3431:September 2020
3399:
3397:
3390:
3384:
3383:Central Europe
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3144:Yalta, Ukraine
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3072:Tromsø, Norway
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2988:Poznań, Poland
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438:
435:
431:
430:
427:
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421:
417:
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410:
406:
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402:
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391:
388:
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381:
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371:
367:
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352:
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342:
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335:
331:
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327:
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317:
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292:
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288:
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280:
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199:
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188:
185:
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180:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
163:
148:
145:
70:
67:
32:hardiness zone
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6775:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Climate zones
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6721:
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6709:
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6699:
6695:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6653:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6636:(3): 034001.
6635:
6631:
6627:
6620:
6617:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6581:
6578:
6567:on 2017-05-16
6566:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6519:
6515:
6514:plantmaps.com
6511:
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6407:
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6385:
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6349:
6336:
6332:
6325:
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6310:
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6280:
6276:
6270:
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6264:
6252:
6248:
6247:plantmaps.com
6244:
6238:
6235:
6223:
6219:
6217:9781900322621
6213:
6209:
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6194:
6182:
6178:
6177:plantmaps.com
6174:
6168:
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6150:
6144:
6141:
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6124:plantmaps.com
6121:
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6066:plantmaps.com
6063:
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6037:plantmaps.com
6034:
6028:
6025:
6013:
6009:
6008:plantmaps.com
6005:
5999:
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5984:
5980:
5979:plantmaps.com
5976:
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5952:
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5918:
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5877:
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5872:plantmaps.com
5869:
5863:
5860:
5848:
5844:
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5834:
5832:
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5828:
5824:
5812:
5808:
5807:plantmaps.com
5804:
5798:
5795:
5783:
5779:
5778:plantmaps.com
5775:
5769:
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5750:
5749:plantmaps.com
5746:
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5737:
5725:
5721:
5720:plantmaps.com
5717:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5691:
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5686:plantmaps.com
5683:
5677:
5674:
5662:
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5657:plantmaps.com
5654:
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5640:
5628:
5624:
5620:
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5612:
5608:
5596:
5592:
5591:plantmaps.com
5588:
5582:
5579:
5567:
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5562:plantmaps.com
5559:
5553:
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5538:
5534:
5533:plantmaps.com
5530:
5524:
5521:
5509:
5505:
5504:plantmaps.com
5501:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5475:
5471:
5470:plantmaps.com
5467:
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5441:plantmaps.com
5438:
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5408:
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5404:
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5369:plantmaps.com
5366:
5360:
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5327:plantmaps.com
5324:
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5280:
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5250:
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5245:plantmaps.com
5242:
5236:
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5226:
5214:
5210:
5209:plantmaps.com
5206:
5200:
5197:
5185:
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5180:plantmaps.com
5177:
5171:
5168:
5156:
5152:
5151:plantmaps.com
5148:
5142:
5139:
5127:
5123:
5122:plantmaps.com
5119:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5091:
5087:
5086:plantmaps.com
5083:
5077:
5074:
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4099:
4098:Plants portal
4093:
4088:
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4069:
4067:
4065:
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4038:
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3761:Vila do Bispo
3758:
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3400:This section
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3275:
3271:
3270:Faroe Islands
3267:
3263:
3255:
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3245:
3241:
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3234:
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3227:
3223:
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3188:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:Great Britain
3164:
3156:
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3141:
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2598:
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2592:Sochi, Russia
2590:
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2496:Paris, France
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2448:Madrid, Spain
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2017:
2010:
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2005:
2002:
1969:
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1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
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1918:
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1904:
1903:vernalization
1899:
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1838:
1837:climate zones
1832:
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1814:
1813:Yuma, Arizona
1811:
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1657:Sitka, Alaska
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933:
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923:Dallas, Texas
921:
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761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
749:
746:
744:
741:
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737:
734:
732:
731:Austin, Texas
729:
728:
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720:
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632:
625:
624:
621:
615:
613:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
582:
579:In 2006, the
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:In 2003, the
554:
551:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
533:Alfred Rehder
530:
526:
518:
508:
507:
503:
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68:
66:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
40:
38:
33:
19:
6753:Horticulture
6683:. Retrieved
6663:Bibliography
6633:
6629:
6619:
6608:. Retrieved
6605:ars.usda.gov
6604:
6595:
6580:
6569:. Retrieved
6565:the original
6555:
6544:. Retrieved
6534:
6522:. Retrieved
6513:
6504:
6492:. Retrieved
6488:the original
6478:
6468:February 19,
6466:. Retrieved
6452:
6438:
6427:. Retrieved
6418:
6409:
6398:. Retrieved
6378:
6366:. Retrieved
6351:
6339:. Retrieved
6324:
6313:. Retrieved
6304:
6295:
6285:24 September
6283:. Retrieved
6255:. Retrieved
6246:
6237:
6226:. Retrieved
6206:
6185:. Retrieved
6176:
6167:
6162:| 2022-05-09
6143:
6132:. Retrieved
6123:
6114:
6103:. Retrieved
6094:
6085:
6074:. Retrieved
6065:
6056:
6045:. Retrieved
6036:
6027:
6016:. Retrieved
6007:
5998:
5987:. Retrieved
5978:
5969:
5958:. Retrieved
5920:
5909:. Retrieved
5900:
5891:
5880:. Retrieved
5871:
5862:
5851:. Retrieved
5842:
5815:. Retrieved
5806:
5797:
5786:. Retrieved
5777:
5768:
5757:. Retrieved
5748:
5739:
5728:. Retrieved
5719:
5694:. Retrieved
5685:
5676:
5665:. Retrieved
5656:
5631:. Retrieved
5623:ars.usda.gov
5622:
5599:. Retrieved
5590:
5581:
5570:. Retrieved
5561:
5552:
5541:. Retrieved
5532:
5523:
5512:. Retrieved
5503:
5478:. Retrieved
5469:
5460:
5449:. Retrieved
5440:
5415:. Retrieved
5406:
5377:. Retrieved
5368:
5335:. Retrieved
5326:
5303:. Retrieved
5295:trebrown.com
5294:
5253:. Retrieved
5244:
5217:. Retrieved
5208:
5199:
5188:. Retrieved
5179:
5170:
5159:. Retrieved
5150:
5141:
5130:. Retrieved
5121:
5094:. Retrieved
5085:
5076:
5039:
5035:
5025:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4923:. Retrieved
4914:
4887:. Retrieved
4872:
4862:24 September
4860:. Retrieved
4848:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4759:
4742:
4734:
4725:
4716:
4699:
4690:
4681:
4668:
4655:Part of the
4651:
4638:
4629:
4616:
4609:Duval County
4603:
4590:
4585:which is 9a.
4577:
4570:Chicago Loop
4564:
4547:
4534:
4521:
4510:. Retrieved
4497:
4485:. Retrieved
4475:
4464:. Retrieved
4456:arborday.org
4455:
4446:
4435:. Retrieved
4426:
4417:
4406:. Retrieved
4397:
4373:. Retrieved
4364:
4338:. Retrieved
4329:
4320:
4309:. Retrieved
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4279:the original
4269:
4258:. Retrieved
4249:(3): 16–20.
4246:
4242:
4229:
4218:. Retrieved
4209:
4186:. Retrieved
4176:
4169:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4060:
4052:
4049:South Africa
3903:
3896:
3887:Pico do Fogo
3872:
3818:
3637:
3553:Terschelling
3526:
3437:
3428:
3413:Please help
3401:
3302:
3291:A garden in
3282:Longyearbyen
3259:
3250:
3184:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3084:Umeå, Sweden
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2940:Oslo, Norway
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2532:Riga, Latvia
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2472:Milan, Italy
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2252:
2235:
2003:
1970:
1966:
1952:
1944:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:Alternatives
1907:
1900:
1888:
1857:
1833:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1500:Reno, Nevada
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
783:
779:Boise, Idaho
771:
759:
747:
735:
723:
711:
699:
687:
675:
663:
651:
639:
619:
610:
606:
586:
578:
568:, Maryland;
555:
552:
541:
537:Donald Wyman
522:
137:Florida Keys
102:
99:
97:
58:
52:
41:
31:
29:
6685:14 November
6446:(in Greek).
6368:16 February
6341:16 February
6147:meteo.lt /
4765:the airport
4754:is also 8b.
4709:the airport
4527:the airport
4487:18 November
4107:Agriculture
3820:Macaronesia
3815:Macaronesia
3608:Carpathians
3589:Carpathians
3317:frost traps
3295:, southern
3230:Isle of Man
2544:Rome, Italy
2223:Yellowknife
1989:+ 0.006119X
1892:Quebec City
1841:Gulf stream
1826:Limitations
147:Definitions
109:Puerto Rico
6742:Categories
6610:2023-11-29
6571:2017-05-26
6546:2023-08-24
6429:2021-05-30
6400:2020-09-19
6315:2022-12-05
6305:HobbySeeds
6257:2021-01-07
6228:2018-09-09
6187:2021-05-30
6134:2021-05-30
6105:2021-05-30
6076:2021-05-30
6047:2021-05-30
6018:2021-05-30
5989:2021-05-30
5960:2021-01-13
5911:2021-05-30
5901:mgm.gov.tr
5882:2021-05-30
5853:2021-05-30
5817:2021-05-30
5788:2021-05-30
5759:2021-05-30
5730:2021-05-30
5696:2021-05-30
5667:2021-05-30
5633:2021-05-30
5601:2021-05-30
5572:2021-05-30
5543:2021-05-30
5514:2021-05-30
5480:2021-05-30
5451:2021-05-30
5417:2021-05-30
5379:2021-05-30
5337:2021-05-30
5305:2021-05-30
5255:2021-05-30
5219:2021-05-30
5190:2021-05-30
5161:2021-05-30
5132:2021-05-30
5096:2021-05-31
4889:2010-11-11
4806:1885/33387
4783:BioScience
4748:Chesapeake
4512:2023-11-18
4466:2021-11-03
4437:2021-12-22
4408:2021-12-22
4375:7 December
4340:7 December
4311:2007-12-27
4285:8 December
4260:2018-06-03
4220:2018-06-03
4188:2020-05-21
4134:References
4127:Subtropics
3875:Cape Verde
3868:Teide peak
3860:Las Palmas
3848:Pico Ruivo
3844:Mount Pico
3840:Portuguese
3832:Cape Verde
3777:Dodecanese
3769:Monemvasia
3719:, most of
3693:Portuguese
3683:; Central
3640:olive tree
3373:Gothenburg
3305:Karesuando
3293:Simrishamn
3172:harden off
2158:St. John's
2074:USDA Zone
1997:- 0.01832X
1872:Charleston
1860:insolation
1853:Chihuahuan
548:Washington
129:California
121:Gulf Coast
88:Antarctica
6720:(Canada)
6652:1748-9326
6494:25 August
5058:0008-4220
5007:0008-4220
4962:0008-4220
4815:1525-3244
4427:alugy.com
4112:Gardening
3793:Lampedusa
3783:and some
3709:Catalonia
3697:Andalusia
3677:Po Valley
3663:) coast,
3661:Dalmatian
3620:Nowy Targ
3593:Funtensee
3581:Lithuania
3573:Podlachia
3557:Helgoland
3547:(notably
3541:North Sea
3402:does not
3369:Stockholm
3357:Sundsvall
3341:Östersund
3325:Rovaniemi
3276:at 68°N.
3237:North Sea
3219:Snowdonia
3203:Grampians
3191:temperate
2184:Vancouver
2145:Saskatoon
1977:+ 0.1868X
1956:Mount Isa
1954:station.
1177:, Florida
598:digitally
566:Baltimore
141:Minnesota
59:heat zone
6727:Archived
6679:Archived
6518:Archived
6462:Archived
6423:Archived
6391:Archived
6362:Archived
6335:Archived
6309:Archived
6279:Archived
6251:Archived
6222:Archived
6181:Archived
6152:Archived
6128:Archived
6099:Archived
6070:Archived
6041:Archived
6012:Archived
5983:Archived
5951:Archived
5905:Archived
5876:Archived
5847:Archived
5811:Archived
5782:Archived
5753:Archived
5724:Archived
5690:Archived
5661:Archived
5627:Archived
5595:Archived
5566:Archived
5537:Archived
5508:Archived
5474:Archived
5445:Archived
5411:Archived
5373:Archived
5331:Archived
5299:Archived
5249:Archived
5213:Archived
5184:Archived
5155:Archived
5126:Archived
5090:Archived
5066:Archived
5015:Archived
4970:Archived
4919:Archived
4883:Archived
4853:Archived
4674:dpwntown
4657:Somerton
4583:downtown
4557:Brighton
4460:Archived
4431:Archived
4402:Archived
4369:Archived
4334:Archived
4305:Archived
4251:Archived
4243:Arnoldia
4214:Archived
4182:Archived
4161:23298457
4070:See also
4042:>210
3809:Sarajevo
3781:Cyclades
3753:Portugal
3717:Sardinia
3657:Bulgaria
3601:Waksmund
3549:Vlieland
3522: 11
3516: 10
3361:Helsinki
3329:Jokkmokk
3226:Snaefell
3215:Pennines
2210:Winnipeg
2197:Victoria
2119:Montreal
2093:Edmonton
1993:+ 22.37X
1985:+ 1.256X
1981:+ 69.77X
1896:Montreal
1175:Key West
602:ZIP Code
594:Carolina
590:San Juan
6524:23 June
4925:7 April
4767:is 10b.
4752:Norfolk
4711:are 6b.
4646:are 7a.
4553:Allston
4149:Rhodora
3924:< 1
3879:Tropics
3852:Spanish
3836:Madeira
3741:Granada
3733:Almería
3729:Spanish
3725:Albania
3689:Spanish
3665:Albania
3653:Croatia
3597:Bavaria
3569:Suwałki
3565:Scheldt
3510: 9
3504: 8
3498: 7
3492: 6
3486: 5
3480: 4
3474: 3
3468: 2
3462: 1
3423:removed
3408:sources
3345:Småland
3333:Tampere
3228:on the
3163:Ireland
2957:10b/11a
2171:Toronto
2106:Halifax
2080:Calgary
2004:where:
1880:Ireland
1864:Seattle
1614:13a/13b
1590:10a/10b
1578:10b/11a
1229:10a/10b
1181:11b/12a
519:History
135:is the
125:Arizona
117:Florida
6650:
6415:"Home"
6214:
5843:dwd.de
5056:
5005:
4960:
4813:
4663:is 7a.
4611:is 9a.
4598:is 7b.
4529:is 8b.
4159:
3826:, the
3824:Azores
3801:Cyprus
3797:Linosa
3775:, the
3765:Greece
3749:Murcia
3745:Málaga
3721:Sicily
3711:, the
3701:Murcia
3685:Iberia
3681:France
3669:Greece
3655:, and
3649:Serbia
3628:Kraków
3605:Polish
3577:Poland
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3359:, and
3353:Örebro
3339:, and
3313:Kiruna
3309:Pajala
3297:Sweden
3278:Tromsø
2333:9b/10a
2132:Ottawa
1922:Sunset
1876:Madrid
1868:London
1849:Mojave
1602:9b/10a
1421:9b/10a
572:, and
529:Boston
119:, the
113:Alaska
105:Hawaii
6675:SANBI
6394:(PDF)
6387:(PDF)
5954:(PDF)
5947:(PDF)
4856:(PDF)
4845:(PDF)
4254:(PDF)
4239:(PDF)
4157:JSTOR
3789:Malta
3773:Crete
3757:Lagos
3751:. In
3737:Cádiz
3673:Italy
3612:Gorce
3561:Rhine
3531:to a
3365:Åland
3349:Gävle
3137:7b/8a
3113:5b/6a
3089:5a/5b
3077:7a/7b
3065:8b/9a
3041:6b/7a
3005:7b/8a
2969:9a/9b
2921:8a/8b
2873:9a/9b
2837:8b/9a
2777:8a/8b
2765:8b/9a
2729:8b/9a
2705:7b/8a
2681:2a/2b
2669:7b/8a
2621:6a/6b
2609:7a/7b
2573:7a/7b
2501:8b/9a
2429:8b/9a
2393:6b/7a
2357:8a/8b
2345:8b/9a
2321:7a/7b
2309:7a/7b
2297:7b/8a
2262:Zone
2259:City
2068:City
1794:7b/8a
1782:8a/8b
1746:9a/9b
1734:7a/7b
1662:7b/8a
1638:6b/7a
1505:7a/7b
1457:8b/9a
1433:6b/7a
1385:5b/6a
1325:7a/7b
1289:5b/6a
1253:5a/5b
1205:9a/9b
1168:6b/7a
1156:6b/7a
1144:9a/9b
1132:6a/6b
1096:6b/7a
1072:8a/8b
988:6b/7a
976:8b/9a
904:5b/6a
892:6b/7a
868:6a/6b
820:6a/6b
796:6b/7a
784:7a/7b
772:8a/8b
760:7b/8a
724:7b/8a
712:8a/8b
688:5a/5b
652:7b/8a
629:Zone
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