38:
260:
Using plant stanol esters in food applications instead of conventional fats does not decrease the shelf life of the end product. As is the case for all fats and oils, stanol esters should be protected from heat, air and light to prevent oxidation. If long-term storage is required, plant stanol esters
434:
level remained. It is important, however, that carotenoid and tocopherol levels remained within the normal ranges. Clinical trials also showed that when following the recommended diet, including consumption of vegetables and fruit, carotenoid levels did not decrease. Plasma concentrations of
336:
have shown that the risk of developing heart disease seems to be increased even at more "normal" plant sterol levels. Since statins were shown to increase serum plant sterol concentrations, patients should probably not be treated with statins alone but with a combination therapy focusing
1045:"Stanol/Sterol Ester-Containing Foods and Blood Cholesterol Levels : A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association"
747:
European
Commission, Scientific Committee on Foods, General View on the Long-Term Effects of the Intake of Elevated Levels of Phytosterols from Multiple Dietary Sources, with Particular Attention to the Effects on Ξ±-Carotene, 26 September
704:
Plat, J; Van
Onselen, EN; Van Heugten, MM; Mensink, RP (2000). "Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stanol esters".
415:
particles in circulation decreases after consumption of plant sterols or stanols, plasma concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols also decrease. This is why these antioxidants are often standardized to plasma lipid concentrations.
182:
is about 60 mg/d, whereas the intake of plant sterols is about 150β300 mg/d and that of cholesterol is 500β800 mg/d. The relatively low natural levels of stanols in the diet are too low to have a significant effect on
131:
can also be used for the same purpose. These compounds have the same effect to LDL, but they are partially absorbed by the body. The effects of higher serum plant sterol levels are so far not completely understood.
423:-controlled trials on the effects of plant sterols or stanols on fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidants were summarised in 2003. Significant reductions were only seen in clinical trials for hydrocarbon
332:
It was recently shown that polymorphisms in the ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes contribute to modifying serum plant sterol levels in healthy, non-sitosterolaemic individuals. Furthermore, several
840:
Piironen, Vieno; Lindsay, David G; Miettinen, Tatu A; Toivo, Jari; Lampi, Anna-Maija (2000). "Plant sterols: Biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition".
295:
Plant stanols reduce both cholesterol and plant sterol levels in serum. This may be of importance since elevated plant sterol concentrations have been identified as an independent
365:. Stanols displace cholesterol from these micelles so that less cholesterol is absorbed. Stanols need to be taken as part of a meal in order to be incorporated in the micelles.
380:. Only stanols have been proven to retain their efficacy in long-term use, most likely due to the minimal absorption of stanols, and consequently their lack of effect on
83:
also derived from plants. Plant stanol esters are found naturally occurring in small quantities in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, cereals, legumes, and vegetable oils.
94:
or other foods for its health benefits. Studies have indicated that consumption of about 2-3 grams per day provides a reduction in LDL cholesterol of about 10-15%.
152:
and have a very similar molecular structure. According to their structure, they can be divided into sterols and stanols, stanols being a saturated subgroup of sterols.
241:
part is selected so that the melting properties, texture and other characteristics of the plant stanol ester closely resemble the properties of the fat it replaces.
307:(ABCG5 and ABCG8) play an important role in the regulating the intestinal absorption of plant sterols by resecreting previously absorbed plant sterols from the
210:
esters of plant sterols. The sterol part of the molecule is sitostanol or campestanol while the fatty acid residue originates from different vegetable oils.
902:
Assmann G; et al. (2003). "Elevation in Plasma
Sitosterol Concentration Is Associated with an Increased Risk for Coronary Events in the PROCAM Study".
760:"Effects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrations of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrations"
237:
These physical properties can be tailored by changing the fatty acid composition. In different technological applications of
Benecol products, the
1022:
853:
801:"An increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations"
520:
Doggrell, SA (2011). "Lowering LDL cholesterol with margarine containing plant stanol/sterol esters: Is it still relevant in 2011?".
391:
As a consequence of the reduced absorption of cholesterol, the absorption of fat-soluble components other than cholesterol, such as
867:
Sudhop, T; Gottwald, BM; Von
Bergmann, K (2002). "Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease".
318:
Mutations in these transporter proteins lead to a rare congenital disease called sitosterolaemia, which is characterised by:
249:
Under normal storage and food preparation conditions, plant stanol esters are very stable because they are more resistant to
195:
970:"Differential effects on inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant stanol and plant sterol esters in apoE-/- mice"
657:"Differential effects on inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant stanol and plant sterol esters in apoE-/- mice"
968:
Weingartner, O.; Ulrich, C.; Lutjohann, D.; Ismail, K.; Schirmer, S. H.; Vanmierlo, T.; Bohm, M.; Laufs, U. (2011).
655:
Weingartner, O.; Ulrich, C.; Lutjohann, D.; Ismail, K.; Schirmer, S. H.; Vanmierlo, T.; Bohm, M.; Laufs, U. (2011).
427:. These reductions are probably caused by reduced absorption and lower plasma concentrations of the carrier, LDL.
1087:
333:
121:
supplemented with plant sterol esters reduce cardiovascular events. They are used in food products such as
52:
479:
Katan, MB; Grundy, SM; Jones, P; Law, M; Miettinen, T; Paoletti, R; Stresa
Workshop, Participants (2003).
337:
simultaneously on improving the serum lipoprotein profile and lowering serum plant sterol concentrations.
300:
1037:
1027:
265:
can be added to plant stanol ester products as they are to other oils or fats to minimise oxidation.
206:
Stanol esters are a saturated subgroup of sterol esters. Plant stanol esters in
Benecol products are
194:, stanols are characterised as safe by authorities in several European Union countries and by the US
117:. Despite a well documented cholesterol lowering effect, there are no data available indicating that
440:
369:
730:
481:"Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels"
287:. However absolutely no effect on clinical endpoints such as CVD or mortality was demonstrated.
1066:
999:
956:
884:
822:
781:
722:
686:
637:
578:
537:
502:
48:
1056:
989:
981:
946:
938:
876:
849:
812:
771:
714:
676:
668:
627:
619:
568:
529:
492:
377:
312:
304:
1017:
346:
284:
191:
118:
368:
Step 2: In vitro studies have shown that stanols activate LXR alpha, LXR beta and ABCA1
994:
969:
951:
926:
681:
656:
632:
607:
345:
The molecular mode of actions of stanols has been described in several preclinical and
144:-like molecules found in all plant foods, with the highest concentrations occurring in
927:"Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia"
608:"Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia"
1081:
431:
254:
145:
98:
72:
734:
556:
262:
230:
179:
128:
31:
17:
166:
Plant stanols are present in small amounts in human diet. Their main sources are
799:
Noakes, M; Clifton, P; Ntanios, F; Shrapnel, W; Record, I; McInerney, J (2002).
408:
396:
373:
354:
308:
296:
280:
274:
184:
167:
161:
149:
141:
113:
the body absorbs from food and the reabsorption of the cholesterol component of
110:
68:
56:
942:
623:
533:
37:
1061:
1044:
424:
404:
400:
384:
362:
238:
207:
80:
63:
when ingested, though to a much lesser degree than prescription drugs such as
1032:
854:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000515)80:7<939::AID-JSFA644>3.0.CO;2-C
573:
880:
776:
759:
718:
444:
381:
250:
91:
1070:
1003:
960:
888:
826:
817:
800:
785:
726:
690:
641:
582:
541:
506:
985:
672:
358:
87:
456:
436:
420:
392:
223:
Viscous clear liquid with a bright yellow colour, bland odour and taste
122:
497:
480:
64:
325:
normal to moderately increased serum cholesterol concentrations, and
430:
After correcting for cholesterol levels, only the reduction in the
171:
106:
102:
76:
60:
36:
261:
are typically refrigerated in solid form. Furthermore, the usual
114:
109:. Its presence in the gut, however, reduces both the amount of
412:
175:
213:
Plant stanol esters have the following physical properties:
283:
in a number of randomised, placebo-controlled double-blind
190:
Following evidence from toxicological studies and numerous
376:
by activating the excretion of cholesterol back into the
557:"The Cholesterol-Lowering Action of Plant Stanol Esters"
758:
Hallikainen, MA; Sarkkinen, ES; Uusitupa, MI (1999).
447:
are unaffected by dietary plant sterols and stanols.
322:
severely elevated serum plant sterol concentrations,
279:
Esterified plant stanols have been proven to reduce
226:
Insoluble in water and soluble in fat (hydrophobic)
328:a high risk of developing CHD at a very early age.
601:
599:
1043:Lichtenstein, A. H.; Deckelbaum, R. J. (2001).
372:. It is thus hypothesised that stanols work in
842:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
606:Weingartner, O.; Bohm, M.; Laufs, U. (2008).
178:. The daily intake of stanols in the average
8:
1038:The Official International Site of Benecol
805:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1060:
993:
950:
816:
775:
680:
631:
572:
496:
399:, may also be reduced. Like cholesterol,
233:oil with the same fatty acid composition.
148:. Plant sterols are plant equivalents of
474:
472:
468:
357:absorption occurs via the formation of
97:The compound itself passes through the
764:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
707:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
869:Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental
220:Creamy white colour in the solid form
75:to give a plant stanol which is then
7:
925:WeingΓ€rtner O, et al. (2009).
522:Complementary Therapies in Medicine
349:and can be divided into two steps:
275:Phytosterol Β§ Sterol vs stanol
162:Phytosterol Β§ Sterol vs stanol
1028:Benecol products and research data
245:Oxidative and processing stability
229:Viscosity higher than that of the
25:
156:Plant stanols in human nutrition
101:, with very little entering the
86:Stanol ester is often added to
1:
1023:American Dietetic Association
71:from plants. These are first
51:known to reduce the level of
291:Dual effect of plant stanols
217:Fat-like with a waxy texture
196:Food and Drug Administration
47:is a heterogeneous group of
419:The results of randomised,
67:. The starting material is
27:Class of chemical compounds
1104:
1018:American Heart Association
534:10.1016/j.ctim.2010.12.004
272:
159:
29:
1062:10.1161/01.CIR.103.8.1177
943:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580
624:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580
561:The Journal of Nutrition
202:Structure and properties
30:Not to be confused with
974:Cardiovascular Research
881:10.1053/meta.2002.36298
777:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600882
719:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601071
661:Cardiovascular Research
485:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
334:epidemiological studies
136:Plant stanols in nature
53:low-density lipoprotein
910:(Suppl. IVβ730): 3300.
612:European Heart Journal
574:10.1093/jn/129.12.2109
555:Nguyen, Tu T. (1999).
411:. Since the number of
341:Cholesterol absorption
301:coronary heart disease
41:
40:
818:10.1093/ajcn/75.1.79
370:transporter proteins
269:Lowering cholesterol
187:cholesterol levels.
1033:Key Clinical Trials
441:25-hydroxyvitamin D
407:are transported by
253:than the commonest
986:10.1093/cvr/cvr020
673:10.1093/cvr/cvr020
140:Plant sterols are
79:with a mixture of
49:chemical compounds
42:
18:Plant stanol ester
567:(12): 2109β2112.
16:(Redirected from
1095:
1074:
1064:
1007:
997:
964:
954:
912:
911:
899:
893:
892:
864:
858:
857:
837:
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820:
796:
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789:
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684:
652:
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635:
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594:
593:
591:
589:
576:
552:
546:
545:
517:
511:
510:
500:
498:10.4065/78.8.965
476:
378:intestinal lumen
313:intestinal lumen
305:ABC transporters
119:functional foods
21:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1077:
1042:
1014:
967:
924:
921:
919:Further reading
916:
915:
901:
900:
896:
875:(12): 1519β21.
866:
865:
861:
839:
838:
834:
798:
797:
793:
757:
756:
752:
746:
742:
703:
702:
698:
654:
653:
649:
605:
604:
597:
587:
585:
554:
553:
549:
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453:
347:clinical trials
343:
293:
285:clinical trials
277:
271:
247:
204:
192:clinical trials
164:
158:
138:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1088:Steroid esters
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1012:External links
1010:
1009:
1008:
965:
920:
917:
914:
913:
894:
859:
848:(7): 939β966.
832:
791:
750:
740:
696:
647:
595:
547:
512:
467:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
452:
449:
389:
388:
366:
342:
339:
330:
329:
326:
323:
311:back into the
292:
289:
273:Main article:
270:
267:
255:vegetable oils
246:
243:
235:
234:
227:
224:
221:
218:
203:
200:
170:foods, mostly
160:Main article:
157:
154:
146:vegetable oils
137:
134:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1055:(8): 1177β9.
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
983:
980:(3): 484β92.
979:
975:
971:
966:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
922:
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843:
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833:
828:
824:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
792:
787:
783:
778:
773:
770:(12): 966β9.
769:
765:
761:
754:
751:
744:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
697:
692:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
667:(3): 484β92.
666:
662:
658:
651:
648:
643:
639:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
600:
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570:
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551:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
513:
508:
504:
499:
494:
491:(8): 965β78.
490:
486:
482:
475:
473:
469:
462:
458:
455:
454:
450:
448:
446:
442:
439:(vitamin A),
438:
433:
428:
426:
422:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
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386:
383:
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129:Sterol esters
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62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:Stanol esters
39:
33:
19:
1052:
1048:
977:
973:
937:(4): 404β9.
934:
930:
907:
903:
897:
872:
868:
862:
845:
841:
835:
811:(1): 79β86.
808:
804:
794:
767:
763:
753:
743:
713:(9): 671β7.
710:
706:
699:
664:
660:
650:
618:(4): 404β9.
615:
611:
586:. Retrieved
564:
560:
550:
528:(1): 37β46.
525:
521:
515:
488:
484:
429:
418:
409:lipoproteins
397:antioxidants
390:
344:
331:
317:
294:
278:
263:antioxidants
259:
248:
236:
231:triglyceride
212:
205:
189:
180:western diet
165:
139:
127:
96:
85:
73:hydrogenated
69:phytosterols
44:
43:
32:Sterol ester
1049:Circulation
931:Eur Heart J
904:Circulation
425:carotenoids
405:tocopherols
401:carotenoids
374:enterocytes
355:Cholesterol
309:enterocytes
303:(CHD). Two
297:risk factor
281:cholesterol
168:whole-grain
150:cholesterol
142:cholesterol
111:cholesterol
81:fatty acids
57:cholesterol
463:References
432:Ξ²-carotene
385:metabolism
363:bile acids
239:fatty acid
208:fatty acid
105:stream or
90:oil-based
77:esterified
445:vitamin K
382:bile acid
251:oxidation
92:margarine
1082:Category
1071:11222485
1004:21257611
961:19158117
889:12489060
827:11756063
786:10602355
735:22398350
727:11002377
691:21257611
642:19158117
588:10 April
583:10573535
542:21296266
507:12911045
451:See also
393:vitamins
359:micelles
353:Step 1:
88:rapeseed
995:3096304
952:2642922
682:3096304
633:2642922
457:Benecol
437:retinol
421:placebo
198:(FDA).
123:Benecol
65:statins
1069:
1002:
992:
959:
949:
887:
825:
784:
733:
725:
689:
679:
640:
630:
581:
540:
505:
55:(LDL)
748:2002.
731:S2CID
361:with
299:for
185:serum
172:wheat
107:lymph
103:blood
61:blood
1067:PMID
1000:PMID
957:PMID
885:PMID
823:PMID
782:PMID
723:PMID
687:PMID
638:PMID
590:2015
579:PMID
538:PMID
503:PMID
443:and
403:and
395:and
174:and
115:bile
1057:doi
1053:103
990:PMC
982:doi
947:PMC
939:doi
908:108
877:doi
850:doi
813:doi
772:doi
715:doi
677:PMC
669:doi
628:PMC
620:doi
569:doi
565:129
530:doi
493:doi
413:LDL
176:rye
99:gut
59:in
1084::
1065:.
1051:.
1047:.
998:.
988:.
978:90
976:.
972:.
955:.
945:.
935:30
933:.
929:.
906:.
883:.
873:51
871:.
846:80
844:.
821:.
809:75
807:.
803:.
780:.
768:53
766:.
762:.
729:.
721:.
711:54
709:.
685:.
675:.
665:90
663:.
659:.
636:.
626:.
616:30
614:.
610:.
598:^
577:.
563:.
559:.
536:.
526:19
524:.
501:.
489:78
487:.
483:.
471:^
315:.
257:.
125:.
1073:.
1059::
1006:.
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963:.
941::
891:.
879::
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829:.
815::
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774::
737:.
717::
693:.
671::
644:.
622::
592:.
571::
544:.
532::
509:.
495::
387:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
