454:
measure from 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) (sometimes up to 15 cm (5.9 in)) long and 2 to 5 cm (0.79 to 1.97 in) wide. The main vein in the centre of the leaf is distinct above and below, as are the primary veins on each side of it, which number from 14 to 20. The branchlets and leaf stems are covered with fine flattened hairs. The tiny, delicate flowers, only 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) in diameter, usually arise from the leaf axils, but also directly from the branchlets. The tree produces large multi-coloured berries 2.5 to 4 cm long which enclose 2 to 4 hard, hard, curved, almost polished seeds, almost as long as the berry, which were used by the Māori to make necklaces. The berries undergo successive stages of colour from green to orange to a very dark red as they ripen, a process that can take from 12 to 15 months. The berries are heavy and will fall from the tree easily if it is disturbed. According to Salmon, a tree with a heavy crop of berries is a spectacular sight (1973:278). When wounded, the tree exudes a sticky, white latex. The white-coloured wood is hard and durable. The fruit are consumed by the
491:
present, it is rare to find tawapou seeds that have not had their kernels removed. Kiore eat the flesh from freshly fallen tawapou fruit but tend to take the seeds to 'husking stations' where they remove the kernels. As many as 1,400 discarded husks have been found at a single site. The number of juvenile trees increases markedly on islands from which kiore have been removed. "The apparent thoroughness with which kiore find and eat the kernels before the seed germinates shows that kiore can substantially reduce seedling numbers… Numbers of tawapou, and the proportion of tawapou trees in forest vegetation, will increase after rat eradication on any island that still retains tawapou trees" (Campbell et al., 1999:280). Norfolk Island also has various species of rats, which no doubt contributes to the endangered status of
194:
46:
33:
471:
388:
490:
sometime in the last 1,000 years and became widespread on the three main islands, and reached many of the offshore islands. Tawapou seedlings and saplings are now rare on the mainland and on off-shore islands where kiore are present, and abundant on islands where they are absent. Where kiore are
453:
is fairly slow growing, closely branched tree that prefers coastal conditions. It grows up to 20 m (66 ft) tall with a trunk to 1 m in diameter. The bark is rough and varies in colour from grey to brownish-grey. It prefers semi-shade, and is frost tender. The dark green lustrous leaves
519:, carried in its crew an important ancestor named Pou. It is possible that the word 'tawāpou' derives from 'Tawa-a-Pou' 'the Tawa trees of Pou'. A legend from East Cape relates to the Takitimu canoe, which was followed by a flock of
515:) trees that today serve as a memorial of the arrival of the canoe. Similar stories are told of groves of tawapou trees at Houhoura Harbour and Aurere Beach. The Mamaru canoe, whose descendants live around Doubtless Bay and near
523:
parrots as it left
Hawaiki. They gorged on tawapou berries to sustain them on the long flight. When they reached East Cape they disgorged the seeds, which grew, and eventually the tawapou trees spread along the coast.
403:
486:) has substantially reduced the population of the tree and significantly altered the composition of coastal forest of the northern North Island. Kiore were introduced by
1451:
1344:
972:
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503:
Tawapou logs were often used as rollers to help bring large canoes onshore. In Māori traditions of
Northland, the canoe 'Waipapa' is said to have landed in
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1292:
1163:
920:
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1176:
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are very palatable to rats. Research in New
Zealand has shown that the eating of the fruit and the destruction of the seeds by kiore (
1446:
686:
626:
594:
1436:
647:"Effects of kiore ( Rattus exulans Peale) on recruitment of indigenous coastal trees on northern offshore islands of New Zealand"
1331:
1189:
959:
1431:
402:
is an uncommon tree, occurring locally in forested areas and on Mt Pitt, and is listed as 'endangered' under the
Australian
1426:
45:
1441:
1266:
1150:
1078:
881:
714:
442:. It grows from sea level to about 450 m, always close to the sea. It is not regarded as threatened in New Zealand.
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183:
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parrot, both of which were represented on
Norfolk Island by closely related birds which are now extinct.
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360:
Tawapou has undergone several scientific name changes. Some taxonomists consider it to belong in the
736:
411:
193:
1393:
1099:
209:
40:
1349:
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375:(the latter genus is often sunk into the former). Other scientific names of this plant include
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511:, and plant them on the slopes of a nearby hill. From the rollers grew a grove of tawapou (
507:. The captain asked his crew to take the rollers of the canoe, which had been carried from
1021:
427:
83:
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32:
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321:
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352:(ribbed), a reference to the prominently raised primary nerves of the leaves.
423:
129:
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964:
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179:
57:
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832:
404:
Environment
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
586:
Eagle's complete trees and shrubs of New
Zealand volume two
723:
Australian
Government Species Profile and Threats Database
584:
645:
Campbell, D. J.; Atkinson, I. A. E. (December 1999).
474:
The fruit take on a variety of colours as they ripen
1241:
1115:
841:
430:(37° S) on the west. It grows in association with
426:(38° S) on the east coast, but only as far as the
414:, and headlands along the northern coasts of the
316:is a small coastal tree native to the northern
340:: "tawāpou"); on Norfolk Island it is called
8:
651:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
829:
589:. Wellington: Te Papa Press. p. 616.
192:
31:
20:
662:
410:grows locally on islands, including the
391:The glossy leaves and colourful fruit of
1452:Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre
572:. ABRS, Commonwealth of Australia. 1993.
533:
794:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
539:
537:
332:). In New Zealand, its common name is
7:
1360:90080414-b216-4da7-bd8b-acf755e7156a
1205:3dfda893-34a9-4cc1-824f-b426ca09d3fd
1001:f58229a8-ae80-48ab-b65c-756a679828d6
640:
638:
612:
610:
608:
606:
816:Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)
14:
1373:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:785676-1
1218:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:788884-1
1066:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:788596-1
621:. Wellington: AH & AW Reed.
44:
619:The Native Trees of New Zealand
458:(New Zealand pigeon), and the
1:
664:10.1080/03014223.1999.9517597
1468:
687:"November 2006 newsletter"
552:Plants of the World Online
377:Planchonella novozelandica
369:, others prefer the genus
299:Sideroxylon novozelandicum
259:Planchonella novozelandica
254:(A.Gray) J.F.Macbr. (1918)
745:Flora of Australia Online
570:Flora of Australia Online
215:
208:
200:
191:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1447:Plants described in 1833
555:. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
302:(F.Muell.) Hemsl. (1908)
1437:Flora of Norfolk Island
767:The Native Plant Centre
478:The fruit and seeds of
294:(Endl.) F.Muell. (1882)
262:(F.Muell.) Allan (1961)
246:(A.Gray) H.J.Lam (1938)
583:Eagle, Audrey (2008).
475:
395:
1432:Ericales of Australia
473:
390:
270:(Endl.) Baehni (1942)
1427:Trees of New Zealand
873:Planchonella costata
843:Planchonella costata
788:Planchonella costata
761:Planchonella costata
717:Planchonella costata
545:Planchonella costata
451:Planchonella costata
408:Planchonella costata
313:Planchonella costata
291:Sideroxylon costatum
286:(Endl.) Domin (1928)
278:(Endl.) A.DC. (1844)
227:Achras novozelandica
203:Planchonella costata
172:Planchonella costata
25:Planchonella costata
412:Three Kings Islands
356:Naming and taxonomy
1442:Trees of Australia
617:Salmon, J (1973).
476:
406:. In New Zealand,
398:On Norfolk Island
396:
348:is from the Latin
283:Sersalisia costata
243:Burckella amicorum
1409:
1408:
1035:Open Tree of Life
835:Taxon identifiers
362:wastebasket genus
309:
308:
201:Natural range of
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769:. Archived from
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739:Pouteria costata
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499:In Māori culture
393:Pouteria costata
342:bastard ironwood
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267:Pouteria costata
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251:Madhuca amicorum
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812:(Endl.) Baehni"
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235:Bassia amicorum
230:F.Muell. (1875)
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154:P. costata
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16:Species of tree
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1399:wfo-0000289672
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1243:Achras costata
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1105:wfo-0000274091
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708:External links
706:
703:
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691:Bushmansfriend
678:
657:(4): 265–290.
634:
627:
602:
595:
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566:"Planchonella"
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547:(Endl.) Pierre
532:
531:
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326:Norfolk Island
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773:on 2007-09-27
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163:Binomial name
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1422:Planchonella
1242:
1116:
842:
819:. Retrieved
815:
809:
797:. Retrieved
793:
787:
775:. Retrieved
771:the original
766:
760:
748:. Retrieved
744:
738:
726:. Retrieved
722:
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694:. Retrieved
690:
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569:
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544:
512:
502:
492:
484:Pacific rats
479:
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416:North Island
407:
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383:Distribution
376:
372:Planchonella
370:
364:
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318:North Island
312:
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222:Endl. (1833)
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141:Planchonella
140:
103:
90:
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64:
24:
18:
1319:iNaturalist
947:iNaturalist
867:Wikispecies
446:Description
344:. The name
322:New Zealand
84:Angiosperms
1416:Categories
1053:kew-156811
1048:Plant List
821:2007-07-20
799:2010-10-02
777:2007-07-18
750:2007-07-18
728:2010-10-02
696:2010-10-02
528:References
513:P. costata
493:P. costata
480:P. costata
432:pohutukawa
424:Tolaga Bay
420:North Cape
400:P. costata
130:Sapotaceae
1258:Q39918090
858:Q15319746
673:0303-6758
330:Australia
324:) and to
148:Species:
54:Kingdom:
1386:50053865
1381:Tropicos
1350:11280126
1337:785676-1
1252:Wikidata
1231:50053866
1226:Tropicos
1195:788884-1
1132:Q5396732
1126:Wikidata
1092:50307082
1087:Tropicos
978:10697828
965:788596-1
852:Wikidata
366:Pouteria
350:costatus
210:Synonyms
126:Family:
120:Ericales
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
1298:5334095
1169:2884139
926:5334093
913:1152175
517:Kaitaia
509:Hawaiki
495:there.
466:Threats
440:taraire
418:, from
346:costata
334:tawapou
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1357:NZOR:
1324:399306
1202:NZOR:
1182:403401
1156:117289
1143:204087
1140:APDB:
1040:983451
1027:510189
998:NZOR:
991:384974
952:404942
939:102649
671:
625:
593:
456:kererū
436:karaka
186:(1890)
184:Pierre
1345:IRMNG
1272:72984
1079:30944
1074:SPRAT
1009:NZPCN
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