Planets beyond Neptune - Knowledge (XXG)

894:. It was found that the hypothetical object's mass had to exceed 5 Earth masses to break the resonance, and the parameter space is quite large and a large variety of objects could have existed beyond Pluto without disturbing the resonance. Four test orbits of a trans-Plutonian planet have been integrated forward for four million years in order to determine the effects of such a body on the stability of the Neptune–Pluto 3:2 resonance. Planets beyond Pluto with masses of 0.1 and 1.0 Earth masses in orbits at 48.3 and 75.5 AU, respectively, do not disturb the 3:2 resonance. Test planets of 5 Earth masses with semi-major axes of 52.5 and 62.5 AU disrupt the four-million-year libration of Pluto's argument of perihelion. 56: 7814: 7686: 1518:, it has been confirmed that a statistically significant (62σ) asymmetry between the shortest mutual ascending and descending nodal distances does exist; in addition, multiple highly improbably (p < 0.0002) correlated pairs of orbits with mutual nodal distances as low as 0.2 AU at 152 AU from the Solar System's barycentre or 1.3 AU at 339 AU have been found. Both findings suggest that massive perturbers may exist at hundreds of AUs from the Sun and are difficult to explain within the context of a uniform distribution of orbital orientations in the outermost Solar System. 159:, astronomers hypothesized the existence of a super-Earth or ice giant planet, 2 to 15 times the mass of the Earth and beyond 200 AU with possibly a highly inclined orbit at some 1,500 AU. In 2016, further work showed this unknown distant planet is likely to be on an inclined, eccentric orbit that goes no closer than about 200 AU and no farther than about 1,200 AU from the Sun. The orbit is predicted to be anti-aligned to the clustered extreme trans-Neptunian objects. Because Pluto is no longer considered a planet by the IAU, this new hypothetical object has become known as 5823: 376:. Ketakar suggested that Uranus, Neptune and his hypothetical trans-Neptunian planets were also locked in Laplace-like resonances. This is incorrect; Uranus and Neptune, while in a near-2:1 resonance, are not in full resonance. His calculations predicted a mean distance for Brahma of 38.95 AU and an orbital period of 242.28 Earth years (3:4 resonance with Neptune). When Pluto was discovered 19 years later, its mean distance of 39.48 AU and orbital period of 248 Earth years were close to Ketakar's prediction (Pluto in fact has a 1088:, or that it was tugged into its current position by a trans-Neptunian planet. The most obvious solution to determining Sedna's peculiar orbit would be to locate a number of objects in a similar region, whose various orbital configurations would provide an indication as to their history. If Sedna had been pulled into its orbit by a trans-Neptunian planet, any other objects found in its region would have a similar perihelion to Sedna (around 80 AU (12 billion km; 7.4 billion mi)). 5829: 5817: 1063: 1153: 566:

lesser-quality photograph taken on January 21 confirmed the movement. Upon confirmation, Tombaugh walked into Slipher's office and declared, "Doctor Slipher, I have found your Planet X." The object lay just six degrees from one of two locations for Planet X Lowell had suggested; thus it seemed he had at last been vindicated. After the observatory obtained further confirmatory photographs, news of the discovery was telegraphed to the

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farther than 970–1,111 AU. Moreover, Iorio stated that the modern ephemerides of the Solar System outer planets has provided even tighter constraints: no celestial body with a mass of 15 times that of Earth can exist closer than 1,100–1,300 AU. However, work by another group of astronomers using a more comprehensive model of the Solar System found that Iorio's conclusion was only partially correct. Their analysis of

7862: 516: 600: 333:, an astronomer with a reputation as an egocentric contrarian, opined "there is certainly one, most likely two and possibly three planets beyond Neptune". Tentatively naming the first planet "Oceanus", he placed their respective distances at 42, 56 and 72 AU from the Sun. He gave no indication as to how he determined their existence, and no known searches were mounted to locate them. 7838: 558: 7662: 7674: 7850: 1447:

accidentally discovered a massive outer Solar System object in its tiny, tiny, tiny, field of view, that would suggest that there are something like 200,000 Earth-sized planets in the outer Solar System ... Even better, I just realized that this many Earth-sized planets existing would destabilize the entire Solar System and we would all die."

7826: 1268:". The Kuiper belt terminates suddenly at a distance of 48 AU (7.2 billion km; 4.5 billion mi) from the Sun. Brunini and Melita have speculated that this sudden drop-off may be attributed to the presence of an object with a mass between those of Mars and Earth located beyond 48 AU. 1434:(ALMA) detected a brief series of 350 GHz pulses that they concluded must either be a series of independent sources, or a single, fast moving source. Deciding that the latter was the most likely, they calculated based on its speed that, were it bound to the Sun, the object, which they named "Gna" after a 1423:, whereas others would be orbiting in a halo around the Solar System, with orbital periods of millions of years. This halo would lie at between 1,000 and 10,000 AU (150 and 1,500 billion km; 93 and 930 billion mi) from the Sun, or between a third and a thirtieth the distance to the 1245:

Even without gravitational evidence, Mike Brown, the discoverer of Sedna, has argued that Sedna's 12,000-year orbit means that probability alone suggests that an Earth-sized object exists beyond Neptune. Sedna's orbit is so eccentric that it spends only a small fraction of its orbital period near the

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suggested that the available data actually indicates more than one trans-Neptunian planet; subsequent work further suggests that the evidence is robust enough but rather than connected with the longitudes of the ascending nodes and the arguments of perihelia, semi-major axes and nodal distances could

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showed that the irregularities observed in Uranus's orbit virtually disappeared once the planet's displacement of longitude was taken into account. Lowell himself, despite his close association with Pickering, dismissed Planet O out of hand, saying, "This planet is very properly designated "O",

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raised an objection to Le Verrier's calculations, claiming that Neptune's observed mass was smaller and its orbit larger than Le Verrier had initially predicted. He postulated, based largely on simple subtraction from Le Verrier's calculations, that another planet of roughly 12 Earth masses, which he

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In 2012, Rodney Gomes modelled the orbits of 92 Kuiper belt objects and found that six of those orbits were far more elongated than the model predicted. He concluded that the simplest explanation was the gravitational pull of a distant planetary companion, such as a Neptune-sized object at 1,500 AU.

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Although most astronomers accept that Lowell's Planet X does not exist, a number have revived the idea that a large unseen planet could create observable gravitational effects in the outer Solar System. These hypothetical objects are often referred to as "Planet X", although the conception

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of the U.S. Naval Observatory, to measure the mass of the Pluto–Charon system directly by observing the moon's orbital motion around Pluto. They determined Pluto's mass to be 1.31×10 kg; roughly one five-hundredth that of Earth or one-sixth that of the Moon, and far too small to account for the

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who, after studying the data on the orbit of Uranus from 1690 to 1895, concluded that one trans-Neptunian planet alone could not account for the discrepancies in its orbit, and postulated the positions of two planets he believed were responsible. The second was launched when Gabriel Dallet suggested

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concluded on the basis of this evidence that two planets must exist beyond Neptune. He calculated, based on the fact that four comets possessed aphelia at around 100 AU and a further six with aphelia clustered at around 300 AU, the orbital elements of a pair of hypothetical trans-Neptunian

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spacecraft found that the irregularities observed in Uranus's orbit were due to a slight overestimation of Neptune's mass. After 1992, the discovery of numerous small icy objects with similar or even wider orbits than Pluto led to a debate over whether Pluto should remain a planet, or whether it and

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was discovered, its extreme orbit raised questions about its origin. Its perihelion is so distant (approximately 76 AU (11.4 billion km; 7.1 billion mi)) that no currently observed mechanism can explain Sedna's eccentric distant orbit. It is too far from the planets to have

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where the other planets in the Solar System lie. Using a 5-inch photographic camera, he manually examined over 200 three-hour exposures with a magnifying glass, and found no planets. At that time Pluto was too far above the ecliptic to be imaged by the survey. After revising his predicted possible

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not gravitationally bound to the Sun, and as far away as 4000 AU, it could be much larger. The paper was never formally accepted, and has been withdrawn until the detection is confirmed. Scientists' reactions to the notice were largely sceptical; Mike Brown commented that, "If it is true that ALMA

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states that there were hundreds of planet-sized objects, known as oligarchs, in the early stages of the Solar System's evolution. In 2005, astronomer Eugene Chiang speculated that although some of these oligarchs became the planets we know today, most would have been flung outward by gravitational

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space observatory made headlines briefly in 1983 due to an "unknown object" that was at first described as "possibly as large as the giant planet Jupiter and possibly so close to Earth that it would be part of this Solar System". Further analysis revealed that of several unidentified objects, nine

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and E.C. Bower as early as 1934. However, because Triton's mass was then believed to be roughly 2.5% of the Earth–Moon system (more than ten times its actual value), Rawlins's determination for Pluto's mass was similarly incorrect. It was nonetheless a meagre enough value for him to conclude Pluto

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suggested that Pluto's dimness and high orbital eccentricity made it more similar to an asteroid or comet: "The Lowell result confirms the possible high eccentricity announced by us on April 5. Among the possibilities are a large asteroid greatly disturbed in its orbit by close approach to a major

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Separately, in 1908, Pickering announced that, by analysing irregularities in Uranus's orbit, he had found evidence for a ninth planet. His hypothetical planet, which he termed "Planet O" (because it came after "N", i.e. Neptune), possessed a mean orbital radius of 51.9 AU and an orbital

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While the astronomical community widely agrees that Planet X, as originally envisioned, does not exist, the concept of an as-yet-unobserved planet has been revived by a number of astronomers to explain other anomalies observed in the outer Solar System. As of March 2014, observations with the

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of the perihelia of Saturn, Earth, and Mars, Lorenzo Iorio concluded that any unknown planet with a mass of 0.7 times that of Earth must be farther than 350–400 AU; one with a mass of 2 times that of Earth, farther than 496–570 AU; and finally one with a mass of 15 times that of Earth,

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Sedna is about three-quarters the size of Pluto. If there are sixty objects three-quarters the size of Pluto then there are probably forty objects the size of Pluto ... If there are forty objects the size of Pluto, then there are probably ten that are twice the size of Pluto. There are probably

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Lowell's sudden death in 1916 temporarily halted the search for Planet X. Failing to find the planet, according to one friend, "virtually killed him". Lowell's widow, Constance, engaged in a legal battle with the observatory over Lowell's legacy which halted the search for Planet X for

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in 1930 appeared to validate Lowell's hypothesis, and Pluto was officially named the ninth planet. In 1978, Pluto was conclusively determined to be too small for its gravity to affect the giant planets, resulting in a brief search for a tenth planet. The search was largely abandoned in the early

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In 1988, A. A. Jackson and R. M. Killen studied the stability of Pluto's resonance with Neptune by placing test "Planet X-es" with various masses and at various distances from Pluto. Pluto and Neptune's orbits are in a 3:2 resonance, which prevents their collision or even any close approaches,

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Although some astronomers, such as Renu Malhotra and David Jewitt, have cautiously supported these claims, others, such as Alessandro Morbidelli, have dismissed them as "contrived". Malhotra & Volk (2017) argued that an unexpected variance in inclination for KBOs farther than the cliff at

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By the beginning of 1930, Tombaugh's search had reached the constellation of Gemini. On 18 February 1930, after searching for nearly a year and examining nearly 2 million stars, Tombaugh discovered a moving object on photographic plates taken on 23 January and 29 January of that year. A

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To the observatory's disappointment and surprise, Pluto showed no visible disc; it appeared as a point, no different from a star, and, at only 15th magnitude, was six times dimmer than Lowell had predicted, which meant it was either very small, or very dark. Because of Lowell's predictions,

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Throughout the mid-20th century, estimates of Pluto's mass were revised downward. In 1931, Nicholson and Mayall calculated its mass, based on its supposed effect on the giant planets, as roughly that of Earth; a value somewhat in accord with the 0.91 Earth mass calculated in 1942 by

326:, Germany proclaimed the existence of a Uranus-sized planet at 50 AU with a 360-year period, which he named Hades, cross-checking with the deviations in the orbit of Uranus. In 1921, Grigull revised his orbital period to 310–330 years, to better fit the observed deviations. 224:, the British Astronomer Royal. Hussey reported that when he suggested to Bouvard that the unusual motion of Uranus might be due to the gravitational influence of an undiscovered planet, Bouvard replied that the idea had occurred to him, and that he had corresponded with 1271:

The presence of an object with a mass similar to that of Mars in a circular orbit at 60 AU (9.0 billion km; 5.6 billion mi) leads to a trans-Neptunian object population incompatible with observations. For instance, it would severely deplete the

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attacked the hypothesis, showing that Halley's Comet randomly and irregularly ejects jets of material, causing changes to its own orbital trajectory, and that such a massive object as Brady's Planet X would have severely affected the orbits of known outer planets.

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for objects beyond Earth's orbit is at its strongest. He also took a third image as a control to eliminate any false results caused by defects in an individual plate. Tombaugh decided to image the entire zodiac, rather than focus on those regions suggested by Lowell.

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for 10 (at the time, Planet X would have been the ninth planet). Lowell's hope in tracking down Planet X was to establish his scientific credibility, which had eluded him due to his widely derided belief that channel-like features visible on the surface of

1291:, ejected outward by Neptune early in the Solar System's formation and currently in an elongated orbit between 101 and 200 AU (15.1 and 29.9 billion km; 9.4 and 18.6 billion mi) from the Sun, could explain the Kuiper cliff and the peculiar 255:, noted that he had "lost" a star he had observed, GR1719k, which Lt. Matthew Maury, the superintendent of the Observatory, claimed was evidence that it must be a new planet. Subsequent searches failed to recover the "planet" in a different position, and in 1878, 6103: 837:

In the 1980s and 1990s, Robert Harrington led a search to determine the real cause of the apparent irregularities. He calculated that any Planet X would be at roughly three times the distance of Neptune from the Sun; its orbit would be highly

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wrote that Pluto was a "member of the Solar System not comparable with known asteroids and comets, and perhaps of greater importance to cosmogony than would be another major planet beyond Neptune." In 1931, after examining the structure of the

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named "Hyperion", must exist beyond Neptune. Le Verrier denounced Babinet's hypothesis, saying, " absolutely nothing by which one could determine the position of another planet, barring hypotheses in which imagination played too large a part."

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to analyse perturbations in the orbit of Uranus, and hypothesised that they were caused by the gravitational pull of a yet-undiscovered planet. Le Verrier predicted the position of this new planet and sent his calculations to German astronomer

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However, Brown notes that even though it might approach or exceed Earth in size, should such an object be found it would still be a "dwarf planet" by the current definition, because it would not have cleared its neighbourhood sufficiently.

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Sun, where it can be easily observed. This means that unless its discovery was a freak accident, there is probably a substantial population of objects roughly Sedna's diameter yet to be observed in its orbital region. Mike Brown noted that

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illusion of the movement of any planetary body. To reduce the chances that a faster-moving (and thus closer) object be mistaken for the new planet, Tombaugh imaged each region near its opposition point, 180 degrees from the Sun, where the

452:, in which he concluded that Planet X had a mass roughly seven times that of Earth—about half that of Neptune—and a mean distance from the Sun of 43 AU. He assumed Planet X would be a large, low-density object with a high 1372:). An analysis of the TNO data available prior to September 2023 shows that there is a gap at about 72 AU, far from any mean-motion resonances with Neptune. Such a gap may have been induced by a massive perturber located further away. 910:

s 1989 flyby of Neptune, which had revised the planet's total mass downward by 0.5%—an amount comparable to the mass of Mars—to recalculate its gravitational effect on Uranus. When Neptune's newly determined mass was used in the

1317:, residing at the edge of the Solar System, which many news sources began referring to as "Planet Ten". Shortly after it was proposed, Lorenzo Iorio showed that the hypothetical planet's existence cannot be ruled out by 1100:

and orbital period of 1000 years with an inclination of 20° to 40°, was responsible for the structure of the Kuiper belt. They proposed that the perturbations of this planet excited the eccentricities and inclinations of the

1006:. They do not orbit the Sun alone, but as part of a population of similarly sized objects. Pluto itself is now recognized as being a member of the Kuiper belt and the largest dwarf planet, larger than the more massive Eris. 619:

could be no less than 0.07 (meaning that, at minimum, it would reflect 7% of the light that hit it), which would have made Pluto about as dark as asphalt, and similar in reflectivity to the least reflective planet, which is

299:, suggesting to many that they might be valid. However, sceptics argued that the orbits of the comets involved were still too uncertain to produce meaningful results. Some have considered Forbes's hypothesis a precursor to 578:

was intended in part to honour Percival Lowell, as his initials made up the word's first two letters. After discovering Pluto, Tombaugh continued to search the ecliptic for other distant objects. He found hundreds of

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After 1978, a number of astronomers kept up the search for Lowell's Planet X, convinced that, because Pluto was no longer a viable candidate, an unseen tenth planet must have been perturbing the outer planets.

1039:, should be considered planets in their own right. However, the discovery of Eris did not rehabilitate the Planet X theory because it is far too small to have significant effects on the outer planets' orbits. 1411:(WISE) telescope. In 2014, NASA announced that the WISE survey had ruled out any object with Tyche's characteristics, indicating that Tyche as hypothesized by Matese, Whitman, and Whitmire does not exist. 539:

Tombaugh's task was to systematically capture sections of the night sky in pairs of images. Each image in a pair was taken two weeks apart. He then placed both images of each section in a machine called a

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population. Astronomers have not excluded the possibility of an object with a mass similar to that of Earth located farther than 100 AU (15 billion km; 9.3 billion mi) with an

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to the ecliptic—the planet's orbit would be at roughly a 32-degree angle from the orbital plane of the other known planets. This hypothesis was met with a mixed reception. Noted Planet X skeptic

7589: 7163: 659:) that the presumed irregularities in the orbit of Uranus could not be due to the gravitational effect of a more distant planet, and thus that Lowell's supposed prediction was "purely accidental". 380:). Ketakar made no predictions for the orbital elements other than mean distance and period. It is not clear how Ketakar arrived at these figures, and his second planet, Vishnu, was never located. 939:

that can be attributed to the gravitational pull of a large undiscovered object in the outer Solar System. Today, most astronomers agree that Planet X, as Lowell defined it, does not exist.

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be the signposts. Additional work based on improved orbits of 39 objects still indicates that more than one perturber could be present and that one of them could orbit the Sun at 300-400 AU.

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that a single trans-Neptunian planet lying at 47 AU could account for the motion of Uranus. Pickering agreed to examine plates for any suspected planets. In neither case were any found.

624:. This would have given Pluto an estimated mass of no more than 70% that of Earth. Observations also revealed that Pluto's orbit was very elliptical, far more than that of any other planet. 7360: 4085: 4024: 915:(JPL DE), the supposed discrepancies in the Uranian orbit, and with them the need for a Planet X, vanished. There are no discrepancies in the trajectories of any space probes such as 473:

is nothing at all." Unbeknownst to Pickering, four of the photographic plates taken in the search for "Planet O" by astronomers at the Mount Wilson Observatory in 1919 captured images of

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Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; Young, Leslie A. & Stern, S. Alan (July 2006). "Orbits and Photometry of Pluto's Satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2".

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data on Saturn's orbital residuals found that observations were inconsistent with a planetary body with the orbit and mass similar to those of Batygin and Brown's Planet Nine having a

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Even before Neptune's discovery, some speculated that one planet alone was not enough to explain the discrepancy. On 17 November 1834, the British amateur astronomer the Reverend

1171:, a large object with a Sedna-like 4,200-year orbit and a perihelion of roughly 80 AU, which led them to suggest that it offered evidence of a potential trans-Neptunian planet. 1122:

This Neptune-sized object would cause the perihelia of objects with semi-major axes greater than 300 AU to oscillate, delivering them into planet-crossing orbits like those of

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several years. In 1925, the observatory obtained glass discs for a new 13 in (33 cm) wide-field telescope to continue the search, constructed with funds from

7894: 7596: 686:, Dennis Rawlins conjectured Pluto's mass must be similar to Triton's. In retrospect, the conjecture turns out to have been correct; it had been argued by astronomers 4081:"Evidence for a possible bimodal distribution of the nodal distances of the extreme trans-Neptunian objects: avoiding a trans-Plutonian planet or just plain bias?" 1500:

of −130° to −110°, or −65° to 85°. Furthermore, the analysis found that Saturn's orbit is slightly better explained if such a body is located at a true anomaly of

236:, about the subject. Hansen's opinion was that a single body could not adequately explain the motion of Uranus, and postulated that two planets lay beyond Uranus. 627:

Almost immediately, some astronomers questioned Pluto's status as a planet. Barely a month after its discovery was announced, on April 14, 1930, in an article in

1403:. In 2013, Matese and Whitmire re-evaluated the comet data and noted that Tyche, if it existed, would be detectable in the archive of data that was collected by 7904: 7148: 3216: 4877:

Vlemmings, Wouter; Ramstedt, S.; Maercker, M.; Davidsson, B. (8 December 2015). "The serendipitous discovery of a possible new solar system object with ALMA".

536:, a 22-year-old Kansas farm boy who had only just arrived at the Lowell Observatory after Slipher had been impressed by a sample of his astronomical drawings. 5475: 477:, though this was only recognised years later. Pickering went on to suggest many other possible trans-Neptunian planets up to the year 1932, which he named 415:. In 1906, convinced he could resolve the conundrum of Uranus's orbit, he began an extensive project to search for a trans-Neptunian planet, which he named 7293: 2187: 1478:

has continued to take more data since then, and NASA has invited the public to help search this data for evidence of planets beyond these limits, via the

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planet such as Jupiter, or it may be one of many long-period planetary objects yet to be discovered, or a bright cometary object." In that same article,

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Fienga, A; Laskar, J; Manche, H; Gastineau, M (23 February 2016). "Constraints on the location of a possible 9th planet derived from the Cassini data".

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In 2008, Tadashi Mukai and Patryk Sofia Lykawka suggested a distant Mars- or Earth-sized planet, currently in a highly eccentric orbit between 100 and

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observed discrepancies in the orbits of the outer planets. Lowell's prediction had been a coincidence: If there was a Planet X, it was not Pluto.

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Musotto, Susanna; Varadi, Ferenc; Moore, William; Schubert, Gerald (October 2002). "Numerical Simulations of the Orbits of the Galilean Satellites".

120:, be given their own separate classification. Although a number of the larger members of this group were initially described as planets, in 2006 the 1324:

Starting in 2018, several surveys have discovered multiple objects located beyond the Kuiper Cliff. Some of these new discoveries are close to the

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after the Greek goddess of discord and strife), a trans-Neptunian object then thought to be just barely larger than Pluto. Soon afterwards, a NASA

290:, respectively, suggesting that they might mark the orbital radius of an unknown planet that had dragged them into an elliptical orbit. Astronomer 55: 1801: 1251:

three or four that are three times the size of Pluto, and the biggest of these objects ... is probably the size of Mars or the size of the Earth.

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pointed out that these discrepancies were a hundredth the size of those noticed by Le Verrier, and could easily be due to observational error.

702:, which is highly reflective. This meant that Pluto, far from being dark, was in fact exceptionally bright, and thus was probably no more than 7813: 7909: 7158: 6891: 6854: 6849: 5270: 5251: 5232: 3436: 2738: 1654: 1528: 1109:

this planet is posited to have been captured in an outer resonance of Neptune and to have evolved into a higher perihelion orbit due to the

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50 AU (7.5 billion km; 4.6 billion mi) provided evidence of a possible Mars-sized planet, possibly up to 2.4

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been affected by the gravity of Neptune or the other giant planets and too bound to the Sun to be affected by outside forces such as the

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The orbit of Sedna (red) set against the orbits of Jupiter (orange), Saturn (yellow), Uranus (green), Neptune (blue), and Pluto (purple)

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led him to the conclusion that it was midway in size between Mercury and Mars and that its mass was most probably about 0.1 Earth mass.

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mission to Pluto, contend that the IAU's definition is flawed, and that Pluto and Eris, and all large trans-Neptunian objects, such as

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Patryk S., Lykawka; Tadashi, Mukai (2008). "An Outer Planet Beyond Pluto and the Origin of the Trans-Neptunian Belt Architecture".

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As of 2023 the following observations severely constrain the mass and distance of any possible additional Solar System planet:

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Brown, Michael E.; Trujillo, Chadwick; Rabinowitz, David (2004). "Discovery of a Candidate Inner Oort Cloud Planetoid".

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Matese, John J.; Whitmire, Daniel P. (2011). "Persistent evidence of a jovian mass solar companion in the Oort cloud".

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The argument about dwarf planet sizes beyond Neptune is 50ᵐ into his talk. The WGBH link doesn't work; view on YouTube.

4142:"Memories of past close encounters in extreme trans-Neptunian space: Finding unseen planets using pure random searches" 7654: 7180: 7109: 7074: 6137: 6133: 1380: 567: 307: 6128: 4335:"The Existence of a Planet beyond 50 AU and the Orbital Distribution of the Classical Edgeworth–Kuiper-Belt Objects" 3558: 1105:, truncated the planetesimal disk at 48 AU, and detached the orbits of objects like Sedna from Neptune. During 1084:. Hypotheses to explain its orbit include that it was affected by a passing star, that it was captured from another 7569: 7370: 7253: 7202: 6138: 6076: 5054: 1003: 550: 202: 95: 74:

might exist beyond its orbit. The search began in the mid-19th century and continued at the start of the 20th with

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Halliday, Ian; Hardie, R. H.; Franz, Otto G.; Priser, John B. (1966). "An Upper Limit for the Diameter of Pluto".

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Luhman, K. L. (2014). "A Search for a Distant Companion to the Sun with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer".

7412: 7387: 7197: 5458:"Next steps in understanding the outer solar system: A whitepaper submitted to the 2010 Decadal Survey Committee" 4141: 1752: 1545: 992: 676: 397: 291: 49: 5816: 2848: 2846: 969:

just beyond Neptune. Though none were as large as Pluto, some of these distant trans-Neptunian objects, such as

865:. Brady claimed that they could have been caused by a Jupiter-sized planet beyond Neptune at 59 AU that is in a 7703: 7308: 6903: 5915: 4391: 3805: 2210: 1881: 999: 821: 612: 1435: 1399:. They argued that evidence of Tyche's existence could be seen in a supposed bias in the points of origin for 4804: 3961:"Extreme trans-Neptunian objects and the Kozai mechanism: signalling the presence of trans-Plutonian planets" 1213:

published an article corroborating Trujillo and Sheppard's initial findings; proposing a super-Earth (dubbed

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Hoyt, William Graves (December 1976). "W. H. Pickering's Planetary Predictions and the Discovery of Pluto".

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in 1992. Since then, thousands of such objects have been discovered. Most are now recognized as part of the

699: 311: 267:, showed that the star had not in fact vanished, and that the previous results had been due to human error. 205:

discovered Neptune, exactly where Le Verrier had predicted. There remained some slight discrepancies in the

1395:. It was first proposed in 1999 by astrophysicists John Matese, Patrick Whitman and Daniel Whitmire of the 870: 275: 7397: 7335: 7283: 7273: 7258: 7209: 7069: 6999: 6421: 6135: 6015: 5716: 5109:"Twisted extreme trans-Neptunian orbital parameter space: statistically significant asymmetries confirmed" 4898: 3774: 1325: 1222: 1180: 1102: 954: 545: 525: 198: 31: 6113: 6107: 7884: 7763: 7690: 7564: 7417: 7380: 7268: 7263: 6069: 2611: 966: 469: 456:, like the giant planets. As a result, it would show a disc with diameter of about one arcsecond and an 295:

planets. These elements accorded suggestively with those made independently by another astronomer named

6134: 3265: 2338: 1848: 7325: 7278: 7236: 6935: 6393: 6358: 6353: 6247: 6198: 6171: 5910: 5877: 5420: 5373: 5340: 5289: 5181: 5130: 5073: 5016: 4949: 4769: 4541: 4447: 4410: 4346: 4163: 4104: 4043: 3982: 3887: 3824: 3724: 3634: 3384: 3327: 3280: 3170: 3122: 3050: 3005: 2904: 2866: 2814: 2770: 2696: 2645: 2288: 2243: 2202: 2139: 2066: 1900: 1816: 1761: 1591: 1318: 1277: 1024: 839: 692: 668: 648: 634: 529: 349: 337: 225: 172: 83: 6131: 5108: 1491: 1217:) based on a statistical clustering of the arguments of perihelia (noted before) near zero and also 664: 209:' orbits. These were taken to indicate the existence of yet another planet orbiting beyond Neptune. 7777: 7666: 7504: 7477: 7427: 7231: 6695: 6388: 6240: 5941: 5563: 5536: 4853: 4448:"Forget Planet 9 - there's evidence of a tenth planet lurking at the edge of the solar system" 1124: 988: 851: 843: 639: 221: 193: 4995:"Is the Recently Proposed Mars-Sized Perturber at 65–80 AU Ruled Out by the Cassini Ranging Data?" 2579:. In Baracci, M. Antonietta; Boenhardt, Hermann; Cruikchank, Dale; Morbidelli, Alissandro (eds.). 2045:"Constraints on Planet Nine's Orbit and Sky Position within a Framework of Mean Motion Resonances" 1264:

Additionally, speculation of a possible trans-Neptunian planet has revolved around the so-called "

1152: 7854: 7842: 7757: 7627: 7574: 7492: 7452: 7422: 7330: 7143: 6280: 6124: 6115: 5962: 5605: 5583: 5498: 5444: 5411:

Whitmire, Daniel P. & Matese, John J. (January 1985). "Periodic comet showers and planet X".

5399: 5199: 5171: 5120: 5089: 5063: 5034: 5006: 4975: 4939: 4878: 4785: 4759: 4590: 4559: 4531: 4428: 4400: 4334: 4286: 4203: 4179: 4153: 4122: 4094: 4061: 4033: 4000: 3972: 3840: 3814: 3748: 3714: 3652: 3624: 3244: 3188: 3074: 3040: 2928: 2443: 2427: 2273: 2163: 2084: 2056: 2025: 2017: 1937: 1918: 1890: 1840: 1777: 1729: 1415: 1210: 682:

In 1973, based on the similarities in the periodicity and amplitude of brightness variation with

656: 629: 457: 412: 408: 271: 213: 5636: 1673: 1194:" of between 2 and 15 Earth masses beyond 200 AU and possibly on an inclined orbit at 1,500 AU. 6109: 3536: 7617: 7497: 7187: 7129: 6920: 6809: 6735: 6676: 6647: 6405: 6129: 6121: 6118: 6045: 5711: 5626: 5436: 5391: 5266: 5247: 5228: 4967: 4610: 3740: 3432: 3428: 3345: 3296: 3226: 3066: 2963: 2920: 2884: 2832: 2734: 2663: 2435: 2419: 2370: 2155: 2009: 1832: 1721: 1713: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1607: 1582:

Bower, Ernest Clare (1931). "On the orbit and mass of Pluto with an ephemeris for 1931-1932".

1471: 1400: 1234: 1176: 1135: 903: 862: 373: 322:

In 1902, after observing the orbits of comets with aphelia beyond Neptune, Theodor Grigull of

287: 229: 189: 145: 201:. On 23 September 1846, the night following his receipt of the letter, Galle and his student 7678: 7482: 7472: 7365: 7340: 6750: 6720: 6591: 6571: 6470: 6445: 6285: 6150: 6040: 5936: 5752: 5621: 5573: 5568: 5508: 5428: 5381: 5348: 5331:

Standish, E. M. (May 1993). "Planet X - No dynamical evidence in the optical observations".

5189: 5138: 5081: 5077: 5024: 4957: 4777: 4750: 4600: 4549: 4418: 4362: 4354: 4257:. Lowell Lectures in Astronomy. Boston, MA: Museum of Science, Boston / WGBH. Archived from 4171: 4167: 4112: 4051: 3990: 3832: 3732: 3642: 3392: 3375:

Standish, E. M. (May 1993). "Planet X - No dynamical evidence in the optical observations".

3335: 3288: 3178: 3130: 3058: 3013: 2955: 2912: 2874: 2822: 2778: 2704: 2653: 2411: 2251: 2147: 2074: 2001: 1908: 1824: 1769: 1703: 1599: 1085: 977: 866: 847: 813: 621: 541: 389: 340:

suggested the existence of two trans-Neptunian planets, which he named after the Hindu gods

264: 260: 6127: 6106: 2548: 2527: 2130:

Sherrill, Thomas J. (February 1999). "A Career of Controversy: The Anomaly of T.J.J. See".

7549: 7447: 7355: 7246: 7224: 7021: 6965: 6955: 6745: 6725: 6700: 6688: 6642: 6630: 6564: 6534: 6527: 6517: 6477: 6455: 6450: 6110: 6108: 5967: 5857: 5802: 5631: 4634: 3583: 3221: 2572:

Davies, John K.; McFarland, John; Bailey, Mark E.; Marsden, Brian G.; et al. (2008).

1603: 1479: 1292: 1281: 1110: 883: 652: 404: 369: 296: 240: 181: 75: 59: 4721: 4280: 3859: 448:

locations, Lowell conducted a second search from 1914 to 1916. In 1915, he published his

5424: 5377: 5344: 5293: 5185: 5134: 5020: 4953: 4773: 4545: 4414: 4350: 4108: 4047: 3986: 3828: 3728: 3638: 3511: 3457: 3388: 3331: 3284: 3174: 3126: 3054: 3009: 2908: 2870: 2818: 2774: 2700: 2649: 2292: 2247: 2206: 2143: 2070: 1904: 1820: 1765: 1595: 965:, a swarm of icy bodies left over from the Solar System's formation that orbit near the 7866: 7818: 7533: 7318: 7313: 7303: 7104: 7031: 6992: 6913: 6886: 6610: 6581: 6559: 6549: 6539: 6492: 6111: 6050: 5972: 5837: 5731: 5721: 5673: 5663: 5653: 5611: 5529: 5314: 4258: 3836: 1230: 1218: 643: 584: 557: 533: 433: 357: 314:

led two searches for trans-Neptunian planets. The first was begun by Danish astronomer

217: 101: 4699: 4474: 4313: 3421: 1002:

defined both Eris and Pluto not as planets but as dwarf planets because they have not

7878: 7632: 7612: 7192: 6925: 6908: 6729: 6652: 6615: 6586: 6576: 6544: 6522: 6502: 6465: 6438: 6433: 6428: 5995: 5846: 5770: 5688: 5668: 5648: 5203: 5093: 4979: 4183: 4065: 4004: 3844: 3679: 3647: 3612: 3192: 3078: 2932: 2269: 2167: 2088: 2079: 2044: 2029: 1913: 1876: 1781: 1172: 1081: 817: 683: 672: 604: 580: 424: 423:

in the name represents an unknown and is pronounced as the letter, as opposed to the

365: 5403: 5038: 4789: 4563: 4126: 3656: 3503:

Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, International Astronomical Union (2006).

3423:

The Neptune file: a story of astronomical rivalry and the pioneers of planet hunting

2447: 1773: 1641:

The Neptune file: a story of astronomical rivalry and the pioneers of planet hunting

691:

was not Planet X. In 1976, Dale Cruikshank, Carl Pilcher, and David Morrison of the

94:

and Neptune, speculating that the gravity of a large unseen ninth planet could have

7861: 7830: 7710: 7696: 7487: 7442: 7099: 6982: 6876: 6816: 6799: 6625: 6603: 6554: 6512: 6497: 6482: 6348: 6307: 6272: 6092: 6000: 5977: 5886: 5852: 5726: 5706: 5683: 5678: 5658: 5643: 5616: 5448: 4432: 3752: 3587: 2959: 2798: 1922: 1844: 1733: 1497: 1443: 1439: 1420: 1388: 1015: 958: 902:

Harrington died in January 1993, without having found Planet X. Six months before,

812:

Pluto's size was finally determined conclusively in 1978, when American astronomer

687: 279: 206: 129: 125: 5085: 4175: 3478: 2893:

Rawlins also took into account Pluto's stellar occultation failure as reported by

515: 30:

This article is about hypothetical planets. For known objects beyond Neptune, see

5222: 4781: 2728: 7751: 7745: 7528: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7462: 7437: 7432: 7407: 7402: 7350: 7345: 7170: 7084: 7043: 7004: 6881: 6740: 6712: 6635: 6598: 6487: 6020: 5867: 5736: 2996:

Christy, J. W. & Harrington, R. S. (August 1978). "The satellite of Pluto".

1265: 1214: 1191: 1076: 1057: 970: 962: 948: 393: 315: 300: 160: 79: 5463:. Submission to the National Academy of Sciences Board on Physics and Astronomy 5325: 4423: 4386: 3941: 2855:"Mass and Position Limits for an Hypothetical Tenth Planet of the Solar System" 2151: 599: 155:

In 2014, based on similarities of the orbits of a group of recently discovered

7770: 7717: 7457: 7036: 6620: 5931: 5862: 5786: 5308: 4227:"New evidence suggests a ninth planet lurking at the edge of the solar system" 3340: 3315: 2879: 2854: 2584: 1551: 1424: 1392: 1352: 1297: 1162: 1010: 923: 917: 323: 256: 177: 5513: 5486: 5456:

Jones, R. L.; Brown, M. E.; Abell, P. A.; Becker, A. C.; et al. (2009).

5440: 5395: 5143: 5029: 4994: 4971: 4614: 4605: 4578: 4554: 4513: 3744: 3349: 3300: 3230: 3070: 2924: 2888: 2836: 2709: 2684: 2667: 2423: 2159: 2013: 1717: 1611: 574:

on photographs dating back to 19 March 1915. The decision to name the object

7731: 7724: 7153: 7119: 6950: 6871: 6794: 6789: 6507: 6460: 6329: 6312: 4962: 4928:"Planet X revamped after the discovery of the Sedna-like object 2012 VP113?" 4927: 4479: 4318: 4117: 4080: 4056: 4019: 3995: 3960: 3864: 2658: 2633: 1384: 1363: 1341: 1330: 935: 929: 571: 468:, Peru, showed no evidence for the predicted planet, and British astronomer 361: 111: 5160:"No Evidence for Orbital Clustering in the Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects" 4358: 2967: 2255: 1836: 1725: 4579:"Past the outer rim, into the unknown: structures beyond the Kuiper Cliff" 4079:

de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (11 October 2017).

1419:

interactions. Some may have escaped the Solar System altogether to become

695:

analysed spectra from Pluto's surface and determined that it must contain

7784: 7622: 7241: 7089: 6945: 6930: 6671: 6378: 6226: 5479: 5194: 5159: 4677: 4656: 4452: 3719: 3629: 3045: 2439: 2103: 1156:

Prediction of hypothetical Planet Nine's orbit based on unique clustering

1020: 465: 440: 117: 4475:"Planet 10? Another Earth-size world may lurk in the outer solar system" 4314:"Planet 10? Another Earth-size world may lurk in the outer solar system" 1828: 1062: 17: 7026: 7014: 6940: 6339: 6317: 6192: 6177: 6010: 5318: 4367: 4298: 1992:

Grosser, Morton (June 1964). "The Search for a Planet beyond Neptune".

1273: 1106: 1048:

of these objects may differ considerably from that proposed by Lowell.

696: 377: 353: 149: 67: 3316:"Planet X and the stability of resonances in the Neptune-Pluto system" 2524:"NASA's Solar System Exploration: Multimedia: Gallery: Pluto's Symbol" 2431: 2021: 7467: 6760: 6755: 6664: 6659: 6373: 6368: 6334: 6322: 6267: 6219: 6212: 6187: 6182: 6005: 5432: 5386: 5361: 5280:

Tombaugh, Clyde W. (1946). "The Search for the Ninth Planet, Pluto".

5107:

de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (1 May 2022).

4140:

de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (18 February 2021).

3959:

de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (1 September 2014).

2574:"The Early Development of Ideas Concerning the Transneptunian Region" 1708: 1691: 1467: 1202: 1036: 1028: 891: 877:

Although its mission did not involve a search for Planet X, the

616: 453: 444: 345: 341: 141: 91: 71: 37:"Ninth planet" and "Tenth planet" redirect here. For other uses, see 4722:"NASA's WISE Survey Finds Thousands of New Stars, But No 'Planet X'" 7825: 5503: 5352: 5176: 5125: 5068: 4883: 4595: 4405: 4158: 4099: 4038: 3736: 3396: 3292: 3183: 3158: 3134: 3062: 3017: 2916: 2827: 2802: 2783: 2758: 2415: 2061: 2005: 1895: 675:'s measurements of Pluto's diameter with the 200-inch telescope at 6784: 6363: 6295: 6290: 6205: 6160: 6155: 5552: 5011: 4944: 4764: 4536: 3977: 3819: 1511:. At this location, it would be approximately 630 AU from the Sun. 1226: 1151: 1061: 869:

around the Sun. However, both Marsden and Planet X proponent

598: 588: 556: 514: 510: 474: 283: 233: 176: 105: 87: 54: 4577:

de La Fuente Marcos, C.; de La Fuente Marcos, R. (October 2023).

2730:

Is Pluto a Planet?: A Historical Journey through the Solar System

6416: 6300: 6165: 4726: 3264:

Houck JR, Schneider DP, Danielson GE, et al. (March 1985).

2752: 2750: 1404: 1113:

leaving the remaining trans-Neptunian objects on stable orbits.

878: 429: 6065: 6061: 5525: 4018:

de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (2016).

3768:"Searching for Sedna's Sisters: Exploring the inner Oort cloud" 1438:

in Norse mythology, would be about 12–25 AU distant and have a

1284:

have suggested that an object with a mass between 0.3~0.7

6145: 4903: 3113:

Harrington, R. S. (October 1988). "The location of Planet X".

1802:"A Sedna-like body with a perihelion of 80 astronomical units" 1280:

and inclined orbit. Computer simulations by Patryk Lykawka of

1190:

and other extremely distant TNOs suggests the existence of a "

152:-sized (≈318 Earth masses) or larger object out to 26,000 AU. 4514:"Is the recently proposed Mars-sized perturber at 65–80 2583:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 11–23. Archived from 1442:-sized diameter of 220 to 880 km. However, if it were a 48:"Venkatesh Ketakar" redirects here. For the sociologist, see 6101: 4805:"News 02/16/11 Does the Solar System Have Giant New Planet?" 4282:

Pluto, Eris, and the dwarf planets of the outer solar system

3266:"Unidentified IRAS sources - Ultrahigh-luminosity galaxies" 5491:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

5485:

Raymond, Sean N.; Izidoro, Andre; Kaib, Nathan A. (2023).

4932:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

4583:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

3965:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

3159:"The Effect of a Trans-Plutonian Planet on Halley's Comet" 2281:

Solar System Formation and Evolution ASP Conference Series

1875:

Batygin, Konstantin; Brown, Michael E. (20 January 2016).

998:

Eris was never officially classified as a planet, and the

995:

press release described the object as the "tenth planet".

973:, were initially described in the media as "new planets". 611:

astronomers thought that Pluto would be massive enough to

528:, Percival's brother. In 1929 the observatory's director, 464:

period of 373.5 years. Plates taken at his observatory in

392:. For the hypothetical planet first proposed in 2014, see 388:"Planet X" redirects here. For the conspiracy theory, see 216:

reported a conversation he had had with French astronomer

5113:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters

4495:"Forget about Planet Nine. Here's evidence for Planet 10" 4086:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters

4025:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters

3942:"A new object at the edge of our Solar System discovered" 2679: 2677: 1877:"Evidence for a distant giant planet in the Solar system" 1474:, and a Jupiter-sized or larger object out to 26,000 AU. 70:

in 1846, there was considerable speculation that another

5521: 4199:"Ninth Planet May Exist Beyond Pluto, Scientists Report" 4020:"Commensurabilities between ETNOs: a Monte Carlo survey" 2634:"On a Criterion for the Prediction of an Unknown Planet" 356:

and applying them to the outer planets. The three inner

5263:

The hunt for Planet X: new worlds and the fate of Pluto

5224:

Planet quest: the epic discovery of alien solar systems

3163:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

2979: 2977: 2897:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

2807:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

2763:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

372:, are locked in a complicated 1:2:4 resonance called a 124:(IAU) reclassified Pluto and its largest neighbours as 7802: 2803:"The Photographic Magnitude and Color Index of Pluto" 2491:"Percival Lowell's three early searches for Planet X" 2186:

Chhabra, J. G.; Sharma, S. D.; Khanna, Manju (1984).

532:, summarily handed the job of locating the planet to 4387:"The curiously warped mean plane of the Kuiper belt" 4285:(academic talk). Smithsonian. Event occurs at 50ᵐ. 651:

of Uranus' longitude using a trigonometric formula,

7605: 7542: 7292: 7128: 7058: 6769: 6711: 6404: 6266: 6033: 5988: 5950: 5924: 5903: 5896: 5876: 5836: 5795: 5779: 5761: 5745: 5697: 5597: 5582: 5474:Andrew Coates provides a simplified summary of the 3314:Jackson, A. A. & Killen, R. M. (October 1988). 128:, leaving Neptune the farthest known planet in the 5244:Planets beyond: discovering the outer solar system 4720:Clavin, Whitney; Harrington, J.D. (7 March 2014). 4630:"Up telescope! Search begins for giant new planet" 3420: 2274:"Orbital Resonances and Chaos in the Solar System" 1638: 1459:An analysis of mid-infrared observations with the 3617:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3535:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 2005. Archived from 3320:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2859:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2689:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2638:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 953:After the discovery of Pluto and Charon, no more 913:Jet Propulsion Laboratory Developmental Ephemeris 434:canals constructed by an intelligent civilization 98:Uranus enough to account for the irregularities. 3611:Horner, J. & Evans, N. W. (September 2002). 1674:"IAU 2006 General Assembly: Resolutions 5 and 6" 1225:. They estimated it to be ten times the mass of 1160:In 2014, astronomers announced the discovery of 1117:Elongated orbits of group of Kuiper belt objects 419:, a name previously used by Gabriel Dallet. The 184:, an early proponent of a trans-Neptunian planet 109:1990s, when a study of measurements made by the 6105: 5246:. The Wiley science editions. New York: Wiley. 4380: 4378: 4225:Achenbach, Joel; Feltman, Rachel (2016-01-20). 3888:"Japanese scientists eye mysterious 'Planet X'" 1795: 1793: 1791: 1690:Tegler, S. C. & Romanishin, W. (May 2001). 1679:. International Astronomical Union. 2006-08-24. 1248: 544:, which by exchanging images quickly created a 460:between 12 and 13—bright enough to be spotted. 4849:"Astronomers Skeptical Over "Planet X" Claims" 4333:Brunini, A & M.D. Melita (November 2002). 3798: 3796: 3794: 3533:"NASA-Funded Scientists Discover Tenth Planet" 2043:Millholland, Sarah; Laughlin, Gregory (2017). 1470:-sized object (95 Earth masses) out to 10,000 886:"; none were found to be Solar System bodies. 144:-sized object (95 Earth masses) out to 10,000 6077: 5537: 3361: 3359: 1043:Subsequently proposed trans-Neptunian planets 403:In 1894, with the help of William Pickering, 8: 5282:Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets 3613:"Biases in cometary catalogues and Planet X" 3592:UCLA - Earth, Planetary & Space Sciences 1870: 1868: 1745: 1743: 943:Discovery of further trans-Neptunian objects 570:on March 13, 1930. The new object was later 2733:. Princeton University Press. p. 141. 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 1987: 78:'s quest for Planet X. Lowell proposed the 7055: 6263: 6259: 6084: 6070: 6062: 5900: 5594: 5544: 5530: 5522: 4899:"NASA wants you to help find a new planet" 3668: 3666: 2991: 2989: 2181: 2179: 2177: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1632: 1630: 615:planets. This led them to assume that its 5512: 5502: 5385: 5193: 5175: 5142: 5124: 5067: 5028: 5010: 4999:Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 4961: 4943: 4882: 4763: 4700:"Can WISE Find the Hypothetical 'Tyche'?" 4657:"Astrophysics Homepage of John J. Matese" 4604: 4594: 4553: 4535: 4524:Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 4422: 4404: 4366: 4157: 4116: 4098: 4055: 4037: 3994: 3976: 3818: 3718: 3646: 3628: 3339: 3182: 3044: 2878: 2826: 2782: 2708: 2657: 2078: 2060: 1912: 1894: 1800:Trujillo, C. A.; Sheppard, S. S. (2014). 1707: 1534:List of hypothetical Solar System objects 882:were distant galaxies and the tenth was " 27:Hypothetical planets further than Neptune 7597:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 4842: 4840: 4833:Far-out worlds, just waiting to be found 3860:"Large 'Planet X' May Lurk Beyond Pluto" 3559:"Unabashedly Onward to the Ninth Planet" 2853:Rawlins, D.; Hammerton, M. (June 1973). 2722: 2720: 2567: 2565: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2108:The Swedish Amateur Astronomical Society 980:and his team announced the discovery of 861:studied irregularities in the motion of 715: 348:, by reworking the patterns observed by 7895:Hypothetical bodies of the Solar System 7809: 7793:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 6821:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 5957: 4872: 4870: 4520:ruled out by the Cassini ranging data?" 4248: 4246: 3913:"New planet found in our Solar System?" 3700: 3698: 3099: 3097: 2397: 2395: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1514:Using public data on the orbits of the 1229:(about 60% the mass of Neptune) with a 671:, using the same assumptions. In 1949, 188:In the 1840s, the French mathematician 62:, originator of the Planet X hypothesis 5476:history behind the search & claims 4385:Volk, Kathryn; Malhotra, Renu (2017). 3242: 2606: 2604: 2188:"Prediction of Pluto by V. P. Ketakar" 2125: 2123: 1179:argued that the orbital clustering of 1009:A number of astronomers, most notably 890:regardless of their separation in the 859:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 66:Following the discovery of the planet 3673:Schilling, Govert (11 January 2008). 3215:O'Toole, Thomas (December 29, 1983). 2946:"Pluto: Evidence for methane frost". 1668: 1666: 1529:Fictional planets of the Solar System 1430:In December 2015, astronomers at the 439:Lowell's first search focused on the 7: 7905:Hypothetical trans-Neptunian objects 3886:Hasegawa, Kyoko (28 February 2008). 2612:""Planet X" Orbit Raises More Doubt" 2551:. New Mexico Museum of Space History 2195:Indian Journal of History of Science 2132:Journal for the History of Astronomy 1466:have ruled out the possibility of a 1397:University of Louisiana at Lafayette 783:Cruikshank, Pilcher, & Morrison 140:have ruled out the possibility of a 5158:Napier, J. K.; et al. (2021). 4628:Rodgers, Paul (February 13, 2011). 3479:"Astronomers discover 'new planet'" 1557:Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer 1409:Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer 90:of the giant planets, particularly 5265:. New York, NY: Copernicus Books. 4255:"Pluto and the outer solar system" 4197:Chang, Kenneth (20 January 2016). 4146:Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters 2632:Brown, Ernest W. (November 1931). 820:. This enabled him, together with 450:Memoir of a Trans-Neptunian Planet 407:(a wealthy Bostonian) founded the 25: 4446:Osbourne, Hannah (23 June 2017). 3557:Stern, Alan (September 8, 2006). 2757:Kuiper, Gerard P. (August 1950). 1936:Burdick, Alan (20 January 2016). 1604:10.5479/ADS/bib/1931LicOB.15.171B 1451:Constraints on additional planets 1144:or detached orbits like Sedna's. 7860: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7812: 7684: 7672: 7660: 5827: 5821: 5815: 4253:Brown, Michael (11 April 2007). 3648:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05649.x 1092:Excitement of Kuiper belt orbits 122:International Astronomical Union 116:its neighbours should, like the 7560:Gravitationally rounded objects 5360:Quinlan, Gerald D. (May 1993). 4659:. Ucs.louisiana.edu. 2011-09-21 4289:from the original on 2021-11-14 3588:"Dave Jewitt: Planets IX and X" 2581:The Solar System Beyond Neptune 2489:Schindler, Kevin (2015-05-14). 1546:Large Synoptic Survey Telescope 1516:extreme trans-Neptunian objects 1209:On January 20, 2016, Brown and 443:, the plane encompassed by the 352:in the planetary satellites of 253:United States Naval Observatory 157:extreme trans-Neptunian objects 4698:Clavin, Whitney (2011-02-18). 3675:"The mystery of Planet X" 3217:"Possibly as Large as Jupiter" 2960:10.1126/science.194.4267.835-a 1432:Atacama Large Millimeter Array 1387:proposed to be located in the 561:Discovery photographs of Pluto 251:, Assistant Astronomer at the 1: 7920:Solar System dynamic theories 7094: 5164:The Planetary Science Journal 3766:Schwamb, Megan (2007-09-18). 2695:(4): 380–385. February 1931. 1436:fast-moving messenger goddess 1260:Kuiper cliff and "Planet Ten" 857:In 1972, Joseph Brady of the 829:Further searches for Planet X 43:Tenth planet (disambiguation) 39:Ninth planet (disambiguation) 7910:Early scientific cosmologies 4831:, 23 July 2005, issue 2509, 4782:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.11.009 3837:10.1088/0004-6256/135/4/1161 3452:Minor Planet Center (1992). 3427:. New York: Walker. p. 2727:Weintraub, David A. (2014). 1645:. New York: Walker. p. 1624:Tombaugh (1946), p. 73. 1328:(120 AU) or well beyond it ( 1004:cleared their neighbourhoods 655:asserted (in agreement with 331:Thomas Jefferson Jackson See 7930:Planets of the Solar System 7655:Outline of the Solar System 7418:Interplanetary medium/space 5086:10.1051/0004-6361/201628227 4279:Brown, Mike (August 2008). 4176:10.1051/0004-6361/202140311 3147:Croswell (1997), pp. 62–63. 3091:Croswell (1997), pp. 57–58. 2479:Croswell (1997), pp. 32–55. 1197:In 2014 astronomers at the 568:Harvard College Observatory 501:; none were ever detected. 336:In 1911, Indian astronomer 308:Harvard College Observatory 7946: 7890:Astronomical controversies 7371:Extraterrestrial materials 5362:"Planet X: A Myth Exposed" 5261:Schilling, Govert (2009). 5055:Astronomy and Astrophysics 3858:Than, Ker (18 June 2008). 3249:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 2337:Ley, Willy (August 1956). 2152:10.1177/002182869903000102 2080:10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/91 1914:10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/22 1584:Lick Observatory Bulletins 1233:of approximately 400–1500 1055: 949:History of the Kuiper belt 946: 595:Pluto loses Planet X title 591:, but no further planets. 551:apparent retrograde motion 508: 387: 378:2:3 resonance with Neptune 170: 47: 36: 29: 7691:Earth sciences portal 7650: 7413:Interplanetary dust cloud 6257: 6099: 5813: 5559: 5487:"Oort cloud (Exo)planets" 5317:. 2016-02-17 – via 3773:. Caltech. Archived from 3707:The Astrophysical Journal 3273:The Astrophysical Journal 3157:Brady, Joseph L. (1972). 2365:Govert Schilling (2009). 1938:"Discovering Planet Nine" 1774:10.1088/0004-637X/781/1/4 1753:The Astrophysical Journal 1485:Using modern data on the 1480:Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 1221:near 113° of six distant 1052:Orbits of distant objects 1000:2006 definition of planet 993:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 794:Christy & Harrington 717:Mass estimates for Pluto 677:Mount Palomar Observatory 398:Planet X (disambiguation) 50:Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar 7704:Local Interstellar Cloud 6422:other near-Earth objects 5916:IAU definition of planet 5333:The Astronomical Journal 5227:. New York: Free Press. 5030:10.3389/fspas.2017.00028 4555:10.3389/fspas.2017.00028 4424:10.3847/1538-3881/aa79ff 4392:The Astronomical Journal 3806:The Astronomical Journal 3377:The Astronomical Journal 3115:The Astronomical Journal 3033:The Astronomical Journal 2998:The Astronomical Journal 2685:"The Discovery of Pluto" 2369:. Springer. p. 34. 2341:. For Your Information. 2049:The Astronomical Journal 1882:The Astronomical Journal 1482:citizen science project. 957:(TNOs) were found until 822:Robert Sutton Harrington 80:Planet X hypothesis 7925:Trans-Neptunian objects 7667:Solar System portal 7393:Giant-impact hypothesis 7000:Trans-Neptunian objects 5242:Littmann, Mark (1990). 5078:2016A&A...587L...8F 4993:Iorio, Lorenzo (2017). 4809:The Norwalk Daily Voice 4512:Iorio, Lorenzo (2017). 4168:2021A&A...646L..14D 3409:Littman (1990), p. 204. 3365:Croswell (1997), p. 66. 3341:10.1093/mnras/235.2.593 3205:Croswell (1997), p. 63. 2983:Croswell (1997), p. 57. 2954:(4267): 835–837. 1976. 2880:10.1093/mnras/162.3.261 2759:"The Diameter of Pluto" 2461:Croswell (1997), p. 49. 2339:"The Demotion of Pluto" 2327:Croswell (1997), p. 43. 1414:The oligarch theory of 1223:trans-Neptunian objects 1199:Universidad Complutense 1103:trans-Neptunian objects 955:trans-Neptunian objects 739:Nicholson & Mayall 312:William Henry Pickering 7555:Possible dwarf planets 7398:Gravitational collapse 7336:Circumstellar envelope 6141: 6016:Trans-Neptunian object 5717:Coleta de Dados Colles 5514:10.1093/mnrasl/slad079 5221:Croswell, Ken (1997). 5144:10.1093/mnrasl/slac012 4847:Billings, Lee (2015). 4606:10.1093/mnrasl/slad132 4359:10.1006/icar.2002.6935 3919:. 2012. Archived from 3892:BibliotecaPleyades.net 3419:Standage, Tom (2000). 2710:10.1093/mnras/91.4.380 2526:. NASA. Archived from 2513:Tombaugh (1946), p. 79 2355:Littman (1990), p. 70. 2343:Galaxy Science Fiction 2256:10.1006/icar.2002.6939 2104:"Hypothetical Planets" 1961:Croswell (1997), p. 43 1637:Standage, Tom (2000). 1376:Other proposed planets 1253: 1181:arguments of perihelia 1157: 1067: 607: 562: 526:Abbott Lawrence Lowell 520: 519:Clyde William Tombaugh 396:. For other uses, see 274:noted that the comets 199:Johann Gottfried Galle 185: 84:apparent discrepancies 63: 32:Trans-Neptunian object 7764:Laniakea Supercluster 7381:Sample-return mission 6140: 5310:Planet X Discovered?? 4963:10.1093/mnrasl/slu116 4118:10.1093/mnrasl/slx106 4057:10.1093/mnrasl/slw077 3996:10.1093/mnrasl/slu084 2659:10.1093/mnras/92.1.80 2367:The Hunt For Planet X 1421:free-floating planets 1155: 1070: 1065: 1013:, the head of NASA's 871:P. Kenneth Seidelmann 802:0.00218 (1/459 Earth) 602: 560: 518: 180: 58: 7900:Hypothetical planets 7679:Astronomy portal 7580:Solar System objects 7326:Circumplanetary disk 5911:Definition of planet 5904:Official definitions 5674:Tombaugh "The Heart" 4678:"Daniel P. Whitmire" 1487:anomalous precession 976:In 2005, astronomer 816:discovered its moon 693:University of Hawaii 669:US Naval Observatory 530:Vesto Melvin Slipher 350:Pierre-Simon Laplace 338:Venkatesh P. Ketakar 226:Peter Andreas Hansen 173:Discovery of Neptune 7778:Observable universe 7575:Solar System models 7505:Protoplanetary disk 7428:Interstellar medium 7388:Frost/Ice/Snow line 5942:Neil deGrasse Tyson 5425:1985Natur.313...36W 5378:1993Natur.363...18Q 5345:1993AJ....105.2000S 5294:1946ASPL....5...73T 5186:2021PSJ.....2...59N 5135:2022MNRAS.512L...6D 5021:2017FrASS...4...28I 4954:2014MNRAS.444L..78I 4854:Scientific American 4774:2011Icar..211..926M 4680:. Ucs.louisiana.edu 4546:2017FrASS...4...28I 4415:2017AJ....154...62V 4351:2002Icar..160...32B 4231:The Washington Post 4109:2017MNRAS.471L..61D 4048:2016MNRAS.460L..64D 3987:2014MNRAS.443L..59D 3917:National Geographic 3829:2008AJ....135.1161L 3729:2004ApJ...617..645B 3639:2002MNRAS.335..641H 3514:on February 5, 2007 3505:"Circular No. 8747" 3454:"Circular No. 5611" 3389:1993AJ....105.2000S 3332:1988MNRAS.235..593J 3285:1985ApJ...290L...5H 3175:1972PASP...84..314B 3127:1988AJ.....96.1476H 3103:Croswell, pp. 56–71 3055:2006AJ....132..290B 3010:1978AJ.....83.1005C 2909:1966PASP...78..113H 2871:1973MNRAS.162..261R 2819:1934PASP...46..218B 2775:1950PASP...62..133K 2701:1931MNRAS..91..380. 2650:1931MNRAS..92...80B 2549:"Clyde W. Tombaugh" 2293:1998ASPC..149...37M 2248:2002Icar..159..500M 2207:1984InJHS..19...18C 2144:1999JHA....30...25S 2071:2017AJ....153...91M 1905:2016AJ....151...22B 1829:10.1038/nature13156 1821:2014Natur.507..471T 1766:2014ApJ...781....4L 1596:1931LicOB..15..171B 1383:was a hypothetical 1107:Neptune's migration 906:had used data from 884:interstellar cirrus 852:Minor Planet Center 791:0.002 (1/500 Earth) 718: 640:Harvard Observatory 603:Discovery image of 230:Seeberg Observatory 222:George Biddell Airy 194:Newtonian mechanics 7915:Pluto's planethood 7758:Virgo Supercluster 7739:Milky Way subgroup 7570:Natural satellites 7453:Nebular hypothesis 7433:Interstellar space 7423:Interstellar cloud 7331:Circumstellar disc 6921:Near-Earth objects 6805:names and meanings 6142: 5963:Lowell Observatory 5925:Scientist opinions 5195:10.3847/PSJ/abe53e 4926:Iorio, L. (2014). 4907:. 16 February 2017 4204:The New York Times 2619:The New York Times 2495:Astronomy Magazine 1401:long-period comets 1295:such as Sedna and 1211:Konstantin Batygin 1158: 1068: 898:Planet X disproved 780:0.01 (1/100 Earth) 769:0.025 (1/40 Earth) 716: 712: Earth mass. 635:Armin O. Leuschner 630:The New York Times 608: 563: 521: 505:Discovery of Pluto 458:apparent magnitude 413:Flagstaff, Arizona 409:Lowell Observatory 306:In 1900 and 1901, 286:of 47 and 49 272:Camille Flammarion 259:, director of the 228:, director of the 214:Thomas John Hussey 186: 64: 7800: 7799: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7618:Lagrangian points 7590:by discovery date 7188:Human spaceflight 7159:historical models 7052: 7051: 6677:S/2015 (136472) 1 6059: 6058: 6029: 6028: 5811: 5810: 5712:Challenger Colles 5272:978-0-387-77804-4 5253:978-0-471-51053-6 5234:978-0-684-83252-4 3438:978-0-8027-1363-6 2740:978-1-4008-5297-0 2621:. April 14, 1930. 2345:. pp. 79–91. 1815:(7493): 471–474. 1702:(6836): 423–424. 1692:"Almost Planet X" 1656:978-0-8027-1363-6 1540:Survey telescopes 904:E. Myles Standish 809: 808: 587:, as well as two 374:Laplace resonance 203:Heinrich d'Arrest 190:Urbain Le Verrier 167:Early speculation 16:(Redirected from 7937: 7865: 7864: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7829: 7828: 7817: 7816: 7808: 7794: 7792: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7366:Exozodiacal dust 7056: 7022:Detached objects 6264: 6260: 6104: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6063: 5937:Michael E. Brown 5901: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5753:Sputnik Planitia 5595: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5506: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5462: 5452: 5433:10.1038/313036a0 5407: 5389: 5387:10.1038/363018b0 5356: 5326:SEDS on Planet X 5322: 5297: 5276: 5257: 5238: 5208: 5207: 5197: 5179: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5128: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5071: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5014: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4965: 4947: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4803:Helhoski, Anna. 4800: 4794: 4793: 4767: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4608: 4598: 4589:(1): L110–L114. 4574: 4568: 4567: 4557: 4539: 4519: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4408: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4161: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4120: 4102: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4041: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3998: 3980: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3948:. 26 March 2014. 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3822: 3813:(4): 1161–1200. 3800: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3779: 3772: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3722: 3720:astro-ph/0404456 3702: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3683:. pp. 30–33 3670: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3632: 3630:astro-ph/0205150 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3584:C. Jewitt, David 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3510:. Archived from 3509: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3456:. Archived from 3449: 3443: 3442: 3426: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3343: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3270: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3169:(498): 314–322. 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3048: 3046:astro-ph/0512491 3028: 3022: 3021: 2993: 2984: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2892: 2882: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2830: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2769:(366): 133–137. 2754: 2745: 2744: 2724: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2661: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2462: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2399: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2318:Tombaugh (1946). 2316: 2297: 2296: 2278: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2209:. Archived from 2192: 2183: 2172: 2171: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2102:Schlyter, Paul. 2099: 2093: 2092: 2082: 2064: 2040: 2034: 2033: 1989: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1916: 1898: 1872: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1847:. Archived from 1806: 1797: 1786: 1785: 1747: 1738: 1737: 1711: 1709:10.1038/35078164 1687: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1670: 1661: 1660: 1644: 1634: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1590:(437): 171–178. 1579: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1416:planet formation 1371: 1369: 1368: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1293:detached objects 1189: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1132: 1130: 1129: 1125:(308933) 2006 SQ 1099: 1086:planetary system 986: 867:retrograde orbit 848:Brian G. Marsden 814:James W. Christy 758:0.1 (1/10 Earth) 719: 711: 710: 706: 542:blink comparator 390:Nibiru cataclysm 261:Hamilton College 104:'s discovery of 21: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7823: 7811: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7685: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7646: 7637: 7601: 7538: 7522:vs. Hill sphere 7448:Molecular cloud 7376:Sample curation 7356:Detached object 7295: 7288: 7132: 7124: 7061: 7048: 6993:Neptune trojans 6776: 6774: 6772: 6765: 6707: 6400: 6271: 6253: 6139: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6060: 6055: 6025: 5984: 5968:Percival Lowell 5946: 5920: 5892: 5872: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5807: 5791: 5775: 5763: 5757: 5741: 5699: 5693: 5586: 5578: 5555: 5550: 5484: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5419:(5997): 36–38. 5410: 5359: 5330: 5307: 5304: 5302:Further reading 5279: 5273: 5260: 5254: 5241: 5235: 5220: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5051: 5050: 5046: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4876: 4875: 4868: 4859: 4857: 4846: 4845: 4838: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4683: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4635:The Independent 4627: 4626: 4622: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4499:www.science.org 4493: 4492: 4488: 4483:. 22 June 2017. 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4384: 4383: 4376: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4322:. 22 June 2017. 4312: 4311: 4307: 4292: 4290: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4017: 4016: 4012: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3924: 3923:on May 14, 2012 3911: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3802: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3704: 3703: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3594: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3566: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3463: 3461: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3357: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3222:Washington Post 3214: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3030: 3029: 3025: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2894: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2726: 2725: 2718: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2497: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2300: 2276: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2175: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2042: 2041: 2037: 1991: 1990: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1789: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1664: 1657: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1581: 1580: 1571: 1566: 1542: 1525: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1453: 1378: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1316: 1313: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1282:Kobe University 1262: 1243: 1219:ascending nodes 1188: 1184: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1150: 1138: 1137: 1136:(87269) 2000 OO 1134: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1111:Kozai mechanism 1097: 1094: 1073: 1060: 1054: 1045: 985: 981: 951: 945: 900: 842:, and strongly 831: 810: 708: 704: 703: 653:Ernest W. Brown 597: 513: 507: 405:Percival Lowell 401: 386: 297:David Peck Todd 263:Observatory in 241:Jacques Babinet 182:Jacques Babinet 175: 169: 76:Percival Lowell 60:Percival Lowell 53: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7943: 7941: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7877: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7857: 7845: 7833: 7821: 7798: 7797: 7694: 7693: 7681: 7669: 7657: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7534:Scattered disc 7531: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7319:Excretion disk 7314:Accretion disk 7311: 7306: 7304:Star formation 7300: 7298: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7193:space stations 7185: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7032:Scattered disc 7029: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7012: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6723: 6717: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6277: 6275: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6066: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6051:Venetia Burney 6048: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5973:Clyde Tombaugh 5970: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5842: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5732:Tenzing Montes 5729: 5724: 5722:Hillary Montes 5719: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5637:Meng-pʻo 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5606:Brass Knuckles 5601: 5599: 5592: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5482: 5472: 5453: 5408: 5357: 5353:10.1086/116575 5328: 5323: 5315:PBS Space Time 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5288:(209): 73–80. 5277: 5271: 5258: 5252: 5239: 5233: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5150: 5099: 5044: 4985: 4938:(1): L78–L79. 4918: 4890: 4866: 4836: 4821: 4795: 4758:(2): 926–938. 4740: 4712: 4690: 4669: 4648: 4620: 4569: 4504: 4486: 4466: 4438: 4374: 4325: 4305: 4271: 4242: 4217: 4189: 4152:: L14 (9 pp). 4132: 4093:(1): L61–L65. 4071: 4032:(1): L64–L68. 4010: 3971:(1): L59–L63. 3951: 3933: 3904: 3878: 3850: 3790: 3758: 3737:10.1086/422095 3713:(1): 645–649. 3694: 3662: 3623:(3): 641–654. 3603: 3575: 3563:SpaceDaily.com 3549: 3524: 3495: 3470: 3460:on May 4, 2008 3444: 3437: 3411: 3402: 3397:10.1086/116575 3367: 3355: 3326:(2): 593–601. 3306: 3293:10.1086/184431 3256: 3207: 3198: 3184:10.1086/129290 3149: 3140: 3135:10.1086/114898 3105: 3093: 3084: 3063:10.1086/504422 3039:(1): 290–298. 3023: 3018:10.1086/112284 2985: 2973: 2938: 2917:10.1086/128307 2865:(3): 261–270. 2842: 2828:10.1086/124467 2790: 2784:10.1086/126255 2746: 2739: 2716: 2673: 2624: 2600: 2561: 2540: 2515: 2506: 2481: 2463: 2454: 2416:10.1086/351668 2410:(4): 551–564. 2391: 2389:Croswell p. 50 2382: 2376:978-0387778044 2375: 2357: 2348: 2329: 2320: 2298: 2270:Malhotra, Renu 2261: 2242:(2): 500–504. 2226: 2173: 2119: 2094: 2035: 2006:10.1086/349825 2000:(2): 163–183. 1963: 1954: 1942:The New Yorker 1928: 1864: 1787: 1739: 1682: 1662: 1655: 1626: 1617: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1483: 1452: 1449: 1377: 1374: 1321:ranging data. 1314: 1311: 1288: 1285: 1261: 1258: 1242: 1239: 1231:semimajor axis 1186: 1149: 1146: 1118: 1115: 1093: 1090: 1082:galactic tides 1072: 1069: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1041: 983: 967:ecliptic plane 944: 941: 899: 896: 863:Halley's Comet 830: 827: 807: 806: 803: 800: 796: 795: 792: 789: 785: 784: 781: 778: 774: 773: 770: 767: 763: 762: 759: 756: 752: 751: 748: 745: 741: 740: 737: 734: 730: 729: 726: 723: 714: 665:Lloyd R. Wylie 644:Harlow Shapley 596: 593: 581:variable stars 534:Clyde Tombaugh 509:Main article: 506: 503: 385: 382: 358:Galilean moons 249:James Ferguson 218:Alexis Bouvard 168: 165: 138:WISE telescope 102:Clyde Tombaugh 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7942: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7834: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7806: 7795: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7634: 7633:Tidal locking 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7613:Double planet 7611: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7565:Minor planets 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7498:Merging stars 7496: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7100:Subsatellites 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7060:Hypothetical 7057: 7054: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6926:Asteroid belt 6924: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6800:Minor planets 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6768: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5996:Double planet 5994: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5771:Adlivun Cavus 5769: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5119:(1): L6–L10. 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4919: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4829:New Scientist 4825: 4822: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4744: 4741: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4713: 4701: 4694: 4691: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4369: 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3614: 3607: 3604: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3539:on 2011-07-21 3538: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3496: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2847: 2843: 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2137: 2133: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1854:on 2014-12-16 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1683: 1675: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1456: 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678: 674: 673:Gerard Kuiper 670: 666: 660: 658: 654: 650: 645: 641: 636: 632: 631: 625: 623: 618: 614: 606: 601: 594: 592: 590: 586: 582: 577: 573: 569: 559: 555: 552: 547: 543: 537: 535: 531: 527: 517: 512: 504: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 467: 461: 459: 455: 451: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 426: 425:Roman numeral 422: 418: 417:Planet X 414: 410: 406: 399: 395: 391: 383: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 327: 325: 320: 317: 316:Hans Emil Lau 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 293: 292:George Forbes 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 208: 207:giant planets 204: 200: 195: 191: 183: 179: 174: 166: 164: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 133: 131: 127: 126:dwarf planets 123: 119: 114: 113: 107: 103: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 61: 57: 51: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7885:Solar System 7872: 7789:Each arrow ( 7711:Local Bubble 7697:Solar System 7695: 7488:Planetesimal 7443:Kuiper cliff 7171:Space probes 7144:Colonization 6983:Kirkwood gap 6904:Saturn Moons 6817:Planetesimal 6281:Terrestrials 6246: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6170: 6093:Solar System 6001:Dwarf planet 5978:Roger Putnam 5887:New Horizons 5885: 5845: 5727:Piccard Mons 5707:Baret Montes 5494: 5490: 5465:. 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Retrieved 2107: 2097: 2052: 2048: 2038: 1997: 1993: 1957: 1945:. Retrieved 1941: 1931: 1886: 1880: 1856:. Retrieved 1849:the original 1812: 1808: 1757: 1751: 1699: 1695: 1685: 1640: 1620: 1587: 1583: 1498:true anomaly 1492: 1475: 1461: 1454: 1444:rogue planet 1440:dwarf planet 1429: 1413: 1389:Solar System 1379: 1323: 1308: 1270: 1266:Kuiper cliff 1263: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1208: 1196: 1159: 1120: 1095: 1074: 1046: 1016:New Horizons 1014: 1008: 997: 975: 959:15760 Albion 952: 934: 928: 922: 916: 907: 901: 888: 876: 856: 836: 832: 811: 805:Buie et al. 688:Walter Baade 681: 661: 628: 626: 609: 575: 564: 538: 522: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 470:P. H. Cowell 462: 449: 438: 420: 416: 402: 360:of Jupiter, 335: 328: 321: 305: 269: 246: 238: 211: 187: 154: 134: 130:Solar System 110: 100: 65: 7855:Outer space 7843:Spaceflight 7752:Local Sheet 7746:Local Group 7529:Rubble pile 7517:Roche limit 7512:Ring system 7463:Outer space 7438:Kuiper belt 7408:Hill sphere 7403:Hills cloud 7351:Debris disk 7346:Cosmic dust 7130:Exploration 7085:Planet Nine 7070:Fifth giant 7044:Hills cloud 7005:Kuiper belt 6976:exceptional 6892:Trojan camp 6021:Kuiper belt 5878:Exploration 5764:depressions 5762:Valleys and 5737:Wright Mons 5497:: L72–L77. 5339:(5): 2000. 4368:11336/37037 3946:Physorg.com 3383:(5): 2000. 3004:(8): 1005. 1241:Probability 1215:Planet Nine 1192:super-Earth 1148:Planet Nine 1098:200 AU 1058:Planet Nine 963:Kuiper belt 657:E. C. Bower 394:Planet Nine 301:Planet Nine 161:Planet Nine 82:to explain 7879:Categories 7771:Local Hole 7718:Gould Belt 7458:Oort cloud 7294:Formation, 7284:Deep space 7120:Vulcanoids 7037:Oort cloud 6961:first 1000 6897:Greek camp 6795:Meteoroids 6790:Damocloids 6736:Charikloan 5932:Alan Stern 5787:Luna Linea 5627:Vucub-Came 5622:Harrington 5564:Atmosphere 5504:2306.11109 5467:2009-04-10 5177:2102.05601 5126:2202.01693 5069:1602.06116 4884:1512.02650 4860:2016-01-22 4706:2011-02-19 4702:. NASA/JPL 4684:2013-04-01 4663:2013-04-01 4596:2309.03885 4406:1704.02444 4265:2008-07-13 4236:2016-01-20 4210:22 January 4159:2102.02220 4100:1706.06981 4039:1604.05881 3927:2012-05-21 3784:2010-08-06 3597:2024-09-11 3569:2008-06-25 3543:2007-02-22 3518:2011-07-05 3489:2008-06-20 3464:2011-07-05 3236:2024-09-11 2594:2014-11-05 2555:2008-06-29 2534:2007-03-25 2500:2024-09-11 2220:2008-09-04 2113:2019-12-07 2062:1612.07774 1947:20 January 1896:1601.05438 1858:2016-01-25 1564:References 1552:Pan-STARRS 1425:Oort cloud 1393:Oort cloud 1326:heliopause 1056:See also: 1011:Alan Stern 978:Mike Brown 947:See also: 924:Pioneer 11 918:Pioneer 10 908:Voyager 2' 747:0.91 Earth 572:precovered 546:time lapse 257:CHF Peters 171:See also: 7732:Milky Way 7725:Orion Arm 7493:Formation 7478:Migration 7473:Disrupted 7341:Coatlicue 7309:Accretion 7296:evolution 7242:Asteroids 7154:astronomy 7149:Discovery 7010:Cubewanos 6931:Asteroids 6761:Quaoarian 6751:Neptunian 6741:Chironean 6726:Saturnian 6508:Enceladus 6046:Mythology 5951:Discovery 5897:Astronomy 5700:mountains 5698:Hills and 5584:Geography 5441:0028-0836 5396:0028-0836 5204:231861808 5170:(2): 59. 5094:119116589 5012:1407.5894 4980:118554088 4972:1745-3933 4945:1404.0258 4765:1004.4584 4615:1745-3925 4537:1407.5894 4480:Space.com 4399:(2): 62. 4319:Space.com 4293:2 January 4184:231802033 4066:119110892 4005:118622180 3978:1406.0715 3865:Space.com 3845:118414447 3820:0712.2198 3745:0004-637X 3350:0035-8711 3301:0004-637X 3245:cite news 3231:0190-8286 3193:122053270 3079:119386667 3071:0004-6256 2933:121483531 2925:0004-6280 2889:0035-8711 2837:0004-6280 2799:Baade, W. 2668:0035-8711 2424:0021-1753 2168:117727302 2160:0021-8286 2089:119325788 2055:(3): 91. 2030:144255699 2014:0021-1753 1889:(2): 22. 1782:122930471 1718:0028-0836 1612:0075-9317 1464:telescope 1385:gas giant 1278:eccentric 936:Voyager 2 930:Voyager 1 840:eccentric 649:residuals 642:director 585:asteroids 329:In 1909, 310:director 270:In 1879, 239:In 1848, 118:asteroids 112:Voyager 2 96:perturbed 7785:Universe 7623:Moonlets 7203:programs 7176:timeline 7164:timeline 7095:Planet X 7090:Planet V 7027:Sednoids 7015:Plutinos 6988:Centaurs 6966:families 6701:Dysnomia 6689:Xiangliu 6684:Gonggong 6672:Makemake 6631:Kerberos 6518:Hyperion 6456:Callisto 6451:Ganymede 6384:Gonggong 6379:Makemake 6234:Gonggong 6227:Makemake 5958:Planet X 5858:Kerberos 5654:Hayabusa 5632:Hun-Came 5612:Safronov 5589:features 5480:Planet X 5404:29058579 5039:26844167 4911:11 March 4790:44204219 4564:26844167 4453:Newsweek 4287:Archived 4127:55469849 3657:17110153 3586:(2021). 3483:BBC News 3121:: 1476. 2968:17744185 2801:(1934). 2448:26512655 2272:(1998). 1837:24670765 1760:(1): 4. 1726:11373654 1523:See also 1177:Sheppard 1173:Trujillo 1033:Gonggong 1021:Makemake 844:inclined 772:Rawlins 466:Arequipa 441:ecliptic 384:Planet X 370:Ganymede 280:1889 III 276:1862 III 265:New York 247:In 1850 148:, and a 18:Planet O 7867:Science 7819:Physics 7805:Portals 7606:Related 7585:by size 7274:Neptune 7259:Jupiter 7210:Mercury 7135:outline 7080:Phaeton 7075:Nemesis 7062:objects 6914:Neptune 6887:Jupiter 6867:Trojans 6860:Neptune 6845:Jupiter 6825:Mercury 6756:Haumean 6746:Uranian 6728: ( 6648:Hiʻiaka 6582:Proteus 6572:Neptune 6560:Miranda 6550:Umbriel 6540:Titania 6528:all 146 6493:Iapetus 6446:Jupiter 6340:Neptune 6318:Jupiter 6286:Mercury 6268:Planets 6193:Neptune 6178:Jupiter 6151:Mercury 6041:Fiction 6034:Related 6011:Plutino 5989:General 5796:Craters 5689:Voyager 5669:Pioneer 5664:Morgoth 5598:Regions 5574:Geology 5569:Climate 5449:7658694 5421:Bibcode 5374:Bibcode 5341:Bibcode 5319:YouTube 5290:Bibcode 5182:Bibcode 5131:Bibcode 5074:Bibcode 5017:Bibcode 4950:Bibcode 4814:10 July 4770:Bibcode 4733:7 March 4542:Bibcode 4459:23 June 4433:5756310 4411:Bibcode 4347:Bibcode 4299:YouTube 4164:Bibcode 4105:Bibcode 4044:Bibcode 3983:Bibcode 3897:18 July 3871:18 July 3825:Bibcode 3753:7738201 3725:Bibcode 3687:25 June 3635:Bibcode 3385:Bibcode 3328:Bibcode 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