485:, forming micrometer-sized particles. During this stage, accumulation mechanisms are largely non-gravitational in nature. However, planetesimal formation in the centimeter-to-meter range is not well understood, and no convincing explanation is offered as to why such grains would accumulate rather than simply rebound. In particular, it is still not clear how these objects grow to become 0.1–1 km (0.06–0.6 mi) sized planetesimals; this problem is known as the "meter size barrier": As dust particles grow by coagulation, they acquire increasingly large relative velocities with respect to other particles in their vicinity, as well as a systematic inward drift velocity, that leads to destructive collisions, and thereby limit the growth of the aggregates to some maximum size. Ward (1996) suggests that when slow moving grains collide, the very low, yet non-zero, gravity of colliding grains impedes their escape. It is also thought that grain fragmentation plays an important role replenishing small grains and keeping the disk thick, but also in maintaining a relatively high abundance of solids of all sizes.
423:
4334:
493:. In a streaming instability the interaction between the solids and the gas in the protoplanetary disk results in the growth of local concentrations, as new particles accumulate in the wake of small concentrations, causing them to grow into massive filaments. Alternatively, if the grains that form due to the agglomeration of dust are highly porous their growth may continue until they become large enough to collapse due to their own gravity. The low density of these objects allows them to remain strongly coupled with the gas, thereby avoiding high velocity collisions which could result in their erosion or fragmentation.
299:
630:
208:
504:) over roughly 0.1–1 million years. Finally, the planetary embryos collide to form planets over 10–100 million years. The planetesimals are massive enough that mutual gravitational interactions are significant enough to be taken into account when computing their evolution. Growth is aided by orbital decay of smaller bodies due to gas drag, which prevents them from being stranded between orbits of the embryos. Further collisions and accumulation lead to terrestrial planets or the core of giant planets.
346:
31:
672:
of origin for periodic comets. The classic Oort cloud theory states that the Oort cloud, a sphere measuring about 50,000 AU (0.24 pc) in radius, formed at the same time as the solar nebula and occasionally releases comets into the inner Solar System as a giant planet or star passes nearby and causes gravitational disruptions. Examples of such comet clouds may already have been seen in the
557:
4370:
4394:
4346:
4382:
4358:
582:, which are millimeter-sized spherules that form as molten (or partially molten) droplets in space before being accreted to their parent asteroids. In the inner Solar System, chondrules appear to have been crucial for initiating accretion. The tiny mass of asteroids may be partly due to inefficient chondrule formation beyond 2
3118:
643:, or their precursors, formed in the outer Solar System, possibly millions of years before planet formation. How and when comets formed is debated, with distinct implications for Solar System formation, dynamics, and geology. Three-dimensional computer simulations indicate the major structural features observed on
671:
proper), and a population whose perihelia are close enough that
Neptune can still disturb them as it travels around the Sun (the scattered disk). Because the scattered disk is dynamically active and the Kuiper belt relatively dynamically stable, the scattered disk is now seen as the most likely point
357:
At the next stage, the envelope completely disappears, having been gathered up by the disk, and the protostar becomes a classical T Tauri star. The latter have accretion disks and continue to accrete hot gas, which manifests itself by strong emission lines in their spectrum. The former do not possess
512:
is aided by the gas drag felt by objects as they accelerate toward a massive body. Gas drag slows the pebbles below the escape velocity of the massive body causing them to spiral toward and to be accreted by it. Pebble accretion may accelerate the formation of planets by a factor of 1000 compared to
488:
A number of mechanisms have been proposed for crossing the 'meter-sized' barrier. Local concentrations of pebbles may form, which then gravitationally collapse into planetesimals the size of large asteroids. These concentrations can occur passively due to the structure of the gas disk, for example,
620:
generally assume micrometer-sized dust grains sticking together and settling to the midplane of the nebula to form a dense layer of dust, which, because of gravitational forces, was converted into a disk of kilometer-sized planetesimals. But, several arguments suggest that asteroids may not have
295:(non-contracting) core containing a small fraction of the mass of the original nebula. This core forms the seed of what will become a star. As the collapse continues, conservation of angular momentum dictates that the rotation of the infalling envelope accelerates, which eventually forms a disk.
690:
determined in 2015 that when Sun's heat penetrates the surface, it triggers evaporation (sublimation) of buried ice. While some of the resulting water vapour may escape from the nucleus, 80% of it recondenses in layers beneath the surface. This observation implies that the thin ice-rich layers
691:
exposed close to the surface may be a consequence of cometary activity and evolution, and that global layering does not necessarily occur early in the comet's formation history. While most scientists thought that all the evidence indicated that the structure of nuclei of comets is processed
358:
accretion disks. Classical T Tauri stars evolve into weakly lined T Tauri stars. This happens after about 1 million years. The mass of the disk around a classical T Tauri star is about 1–3% of the stellar mass, and it is accreted at a rate of 10 to 10
263:
and fragmentation. These fragments then form small, dense cores, which in turn collapse into stars. The cores range in mass from a fraction to several times that of the Sun and are called protostellar (protosolar) nebulae. They possess diameters of 2,000–20,000
489:
between eddies, at pressure bumps, at the edge of a gap created by a giant planet, or at the boundaries of turbulent regions of the disk. Or, the particles may take an active role in their concentration via a feedback mechanism referred to as a
1438:
Silverberg, Steven M.; Wisniewski, John P.; Kuchner, Marc J.; Lawson, Kellen D.; Bans, Alissa S.; Debes, John H.; Biggs, Joseph R.; Bosch, Milton K. D.; Doll, Katharina; Luca, Hugo A. Durantini; Enachioaie, Alexandru (14 January 2020).
396:, where the accretion continues to persist for much longer periods, sometimes lasting for more than 40 million years). The disk eventually disappears due to accretion onto the central star, planet formation, ejection by jets, and
4111:
4106:
4101:
342:, evolved protostars, or young stellar objects. By this time, the forming star has already accreted much of its mass; the total mass of the disk and remaining envelope does not exceed 10–20% of the mass of the central YSO.
4096:
507:
If the planetesimals formed via the gravitational collapse of local concentrations of pebbles, their growth into planetary embryos and the cores of giant planets is dominated by the further accretions of pebbles.
513:
the accretion of planetesimals, allowing giant planets to form before the dissipation of the gas disk. However, core growth via pebble accretion appears incompatible with the final masses and compositions of
2869:
Marschall, R.; Morbidelli, A.; Bottke, W. F.; Vokrouhlicky, D.; Nesvorny, D.; Deienno, R. (May 2023). "Comets are
Fragments: What the Kuiper Belt Size Distribution Tells Us About its Collisional Evolution".
586:, or less-efficient delivery of chondrules from near the protostar. Also, impacts controlled the formation and destruction of asteroids, and are thought to be a major factor in their geological evolution.
1757:
Johansen, A.; Blum, J.; Tanaka, H.; Ormel, C.; Bizzarro, M.; Rickman, H. (2014). "The
Multifaceted Planetesimal Formation Process". In Beuther, H.; Klessen, R. S.; Dullemond, C. P.; Henning, T. (eds.).
666:
migrated outward into the proto-Kuiper belt, which at the time was much closer to the Sun, and left in its wake a population of dynamically stable objects that could never be affected by its orbit (the
1040:
Montmerle, Thierry; Augereau, Jean-Charles; Chaussidon, Marc; Counelle, Mathieu; Marty, Bernard; et al. (June 2006). "Solar System
Formation and Early Evolution: the First 100 Million Years".
699:
mission confirmed the idea that comets are "rubble piles" of disparate material. Comets appear to have formed as ~100-km bodies, then overwhelmingly ground/recontacted into their present states.
4091:
578:
origin and evolution; however, the mechanism of asteroid accretion and growth is not well understood. Evidence suggests the main growth of asteroids can result from gas-assisted accretion of
392:. The jets are byproducts of accretion: they carry away excessive angular momentum. The classical T Tauri stage lasts about 10 million years (there are only a few examples of so-called
4253:
4118:
1498:
Adams, Fred C.; Hollenbach, David; Laughlin, Gregory; Gorti, Uma (August 2004). "Photoevaporation of circumstellar disks due to external far-ultraviolet radiation in stellar aggregates".
2697:
1251:
Mohanty, Subhanjoy; Jayawardhana, Ray; Basri, Gibor (June 2005). "The T Tauri Phase down to Nearly
Planetary Masses: Echelle Spectra of 82 Very Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs".
131:. He calculated, in detail, the different stages of terrestrial planet formation. Since then, the model has been further developed using intensive numerical simulations to study
338:. This birth of a new star occurs approximately 100,000 years after the collapse begins. Objects at this stage are known as Class I protostars, which are also called young
2723:
Filacchione, G.; de
Sanctis, M. C.; Capaccioni, F.; Raponi, A.; Tosi, F.; et al. (13 January 2016). "Exposed water ice on the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko".
4145:
2801:
Rickman, H; Marchi, S; AHearn, M; Barbieri, C; El-Maarry, M; Güttler, C; Ip, W (2015). "Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: Constraints on its origin from OSIRIS observations".
422:
3930:
3925:
4086:
3549:
773:
733:
442:. The more massive planetesimals accrete some smaller ones, while others shatter in collisions. Accretion disks are common around smaller stars, stellar remnants in a
1817:
Johansen, A.; Jacquet, E.; Cuzzi, J. N.; Morbidelli, A.; Gounelle, M. (2015). "New
Paradigms For Asteroid Formation". In Michel, P.; DeMeo, F.; Bottke, W. (eds.).
3853:
911:"Birth of the planets: The Earth and its fellow planets may be survivors from a time when planets ricocheted around the Sun like ball bearings on a pinball table"
2915:
1189:
Motte, F.; Andre, P.; Neri, R. (August 1998). "The initial conditions of star formation in the ρ Ophiuchi main cloud: wide-field millimeter continuum mapping".
3824:
3407:
798:
4140:
3092:
4123:
3960:
2029:
Helled, Ravit; Bodenheimer, Peter (July 2014). "The
Formation of Uranus and Neptune: Challenges and Implications for Intermediate-mass Exoplanets".
2508:
Nuth, Joseph A.; Hill, Hugh G. M.; Kletetschka, Gunther (20 July 2000). "Determining the ages of comets from the fraction of crystalline dust".
4426:
4293:
365:
per year. A pair of bipolar jets is usually present as well. The accretion explains all peculiar properties of classical T Tauri stars: strong
4333:
276:
of roughly 10,000 to 100,000/cm (160,000 to 1,600,000/cu in). Compare it with the particle number density of the air at the sea level—2.8
4268:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
3841:
2647:
2606:
2350:
2310:
2189:
2160:
1852:
1793:
2701:
3950:
3940:
1876:
Weidenschilling, S. J.; Spaute, D.; Davis, D. R.; Marzari, F.; Ohtsuki, K. (August 1997). "Accretional
Evolution of a Planetesimal Swarm".
3986:
3920:
3034:
525:, the formation time of a giant planet via pebble accretion is comparable to the formation times resulting from planetesimal accretion.
2622:
Greenberg, Richard (1985). "The Origin of Comets among the
Accreting Outer Planets". In Carusi, Andrea; Valsecchi, Giovanni B. (eds.).
287:
The initial collapse of a solar-mass protostellar nebula takes around 100,000 years. Every nebula begins with a certain amount of
4278:
4128:
3935:
3812:
4416:
4311:
3945:
2908:
2785:
2561:
988:
647:
can be explained by pairwise low velocity accretion of weak cometesimals. The currently favored formation mechanism is that of the
605:; others were aqueously altered. After the asteroids had cooled, they were eroded by impacts for 4.5 billion years, or disrupted.
4006:
3996:
3484:
4081:
4032:
3955:
3860:
3836:
3807:
3794:
3097:
651:, which states that comets are probably a remnant of the original planetesimal "building blocks" from which the planets grew.
477:, several stages can be considered. First, when gas and dust grains collide, they agglomerate by microphysical processes like
4037:
3674:
1399:"Emission-line diagnostics of T Tauri magnetospheric accretion. II. Improved model tests and insights into accretion physics"
34:
2133:
D'Angelo, Gennaro; Durisen, Richard H.; Lissauer, Jack J. (December 2010). "Giant Planet Formation". In Seager, Sara (ed.).
687:
4263:
3910:
3865:
291:. Gas in the central part of the nebula, with relatively low angular momentum, undergoes fast compression and forms a hot
4421:
3900:
2901:
389:
388:
and jets. The emission lines actually form as the accreted gas hits the "surface" of the star, which happens around its
298:
4243:
4042:
105:
608:
For accretion to occur, impact velocities must be less than about twice the escape velocity, which is about 140
910:
408:, which, over hundreds of millions of years, evolves into an ordinary Sun-like star, dependent on its initial mass.
4324:
4076:
4071:
4061:
3819:
3479:
1016:. Massive Galaxies Over Cosmic Time 3. 8–10 November 2010. Tucson, Arizona. National Optical Astronomy Observatory.
540:. However, Jovian planets began as large, icy planetesimals, which then captured hydrogen and helium gas from the
4306:
4056:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3714:
3709:
3509:
3393:
2780:. World Scientific Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 2 (2nd ed.). World Scientific. p. 364.
715:
545:
174:
629:
496:
Grains eventually stick together to form mountain-size (or larger) bodies called planetesimals. Collisions and
306:
As the infall of material from the disk continues, the envelope eventually becomes thin and transparent and the
143:. As the cloud collapses, losing potential energy, it heats up, gaining kinetic energy, and the conservation of
4066:
4011:
3872:
3679:
3659:
3062:
1913:
Kary, David M.; Lissauer, Jack; Greenzweig, Yuval (November 1993). "Nebular Gas Drag and Planetary Accretion".
1304:
Martin, E. L.; Rebolo, R.; Magazzu, A.; Pavlenko, Ya. V. (February 1994). "Pre-main sequence lithium burning".
794:
536:. The particles that make up the terrestrial planets are made from metal and rock that condensed in the inner
4288:
4248:
3991:
3915:
3489:
3027:
2966:
405:
273:
2483:
636:, a Kuiper belt object which is thought to represent the original planetesimals from which the planets grew
4001:
3882:
3494:
3444:
2626:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Volume 115. Vol. 115. Springer Netherlands. pp. 3–10.
463:
382:
260:
207:
124:. None of these models proved completely successful, and many of the proposed theories were descriptive.
3970:
3614:
3514:
3348:
490:
239:
1007:
Kereš, Dušan; Davé, Romeel; Fardal, Mark; Faucher-Giguere, C.-A.; Hernquist, Lars; et al. (2010).
821:
593:. These accreted together to form parent asteroids. Some of these bodies subsequently melted, forming
4258:
4238:
3848:
3519:
3434:
3130:
3057:
2879:
2820:
2734:
2627:
2598:
2590:
2519:
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2403:
2338:
2298:
2231:
2148:
2105:
2048:
1995:
1951:
1924:
1887:
1832:
1773:
1720:
1701:
Birnstiel, T.; Dullemond, C. P.; Brauer, F. (August 2009). "Dust retention in protoplanetary disks".
1670:
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1565:
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858:
721:
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307:
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4051:
3599:
3579:
3534:
3504:
3313:
3308:
3107:
1976:
Lambrechts, M.; Johansen, A. (August 2012). "Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion".
1622:
522:
478:
427:
417:
136:
69:
42:
718: – Study of astronomy using spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation
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3439:
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3020:
2981:
2971:
2836:
2810:
2758:
2671:
2653:
2543:
2447:
Weidenschilling, S. J. (June 1997). "The Origin of Comets in the Solar Nebula: A Unified Model".
2429:
2221:
2138:
2095:
2064:
2038:
2011:
1985:
1858:
1822:
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1763:
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1452:
1313:
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1125:
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648:
529:
455:
235:
93:
1346:
349:
When the lower-mass star in a binary system enters an expansion phase, its outer atmosphere may
127:
The 1944 accretion model by Otto Schmidt was further developed in a quantitative way in 1969 by
1090:
Pudritz, Ralph E. (January 2002). "Clustered Star Formation and the Origin of Stellar Masses".
345:
3895:
3739:
3684:
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3221:
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2986:
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2750:
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2602:
2535:
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2394:
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2185:
2156:
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1092:
984:
583:
265:
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4273:
4021:
3701:
3634:
3584:
3474:
3464:
3388:
3318:
3303:
3102:
2828:
2824:
2742:
2725:
2696:
Filacchione, Gianrico; Capaccioni, Fabrizio; Taylor, Matt; Bauer, Markus (13 January 2016).
2635:
2527:
2510:
2464:
2411:
2247:
2239:
2113:
2056:
2003:
1999:
1932:
1915:
1895:
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1728:
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1603:
1599:
1525:
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609:
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482:
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288:
144:
113:
30:
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2327:
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633:
613:
467:
231:
128:
117:
27:
Accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter
2883:
2738:
2631:
2523:
2460:
2407:
2342:
2302:
2235:
2210:"Growth of asteroids, planetary embryos, and Kuiper belt objects by chondrule accretion"
2152:
2109:
2052:
1928:
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1836:
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1674:
1569:
1521:
1466:
1414:
1366:
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862:
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radiation from the central star and nearby stars. As a result, the young star becomes a
4338:
3624:
3619:
3469:
3424:
3333:
2956:
2941:
2252:
2209:
709:
659:
594:
556:
474:
393:
315:
148:
65:
2854:
Michel, P.; Schwartz, S.; Jutzi, M.; Marchi, S.; Zhang, Y.; Richardson, D. C. (2018).
943:
302:
Infrared image of the molecular outflow from an otherwise hidden newborn star HH 46/47
4410:
3754:
3429:
3368:
3323:
3262:
3257:
3232:
3167:
3157:
3147:
2840:
2657:
2177:
2068:
2060:
1862:
1803:
1484:
1169:
1144:
1069:
915:
895:
644:
617:
616:) for a 100 km (60 mi) radius asteroid. Simple models for accretion in the
533:
385:
370:
212:
190:
139:. Prior to collapse, this gas is mostly in the form of molecular clouds, such as the
2433:
2015:
1740:
1537:
1129:
334:), hydrogen fusion follows. Otherwise, if its mass is too low, the object becomes a
4362:
3905:
3890:
3784:
3774:
3666:
3589:
3358:
3338:
3328:
3226:
3162:
2951:
2936:
2762:
2593:. In McFadden, Lucy-Ann Adams; Weissman, Paul Robert; Johnson, Torrence V. (eds.).
2547:
1394:
1342:
1290:
673:
590:
541:
537:
439:
339:
326:
311:
140:
132:
97:
49:
17:
2832:
2390:"The shape and structure of cometary nuclei as a result of low-velocity accretion"
2007:
1732:
135:
accumulation. It is now accepted that stars form by the gravitational collapse of
120:
resurrected the initial Laplacian ideas about planet formation and developed the
3831:
3779:
3724:
3719:
3609:
3604:
3574:
3544:
3539:
3499:
3454:
3449:
3378:
3363:
3353:
3298:
3242:
3237:
3203:
3188:
3183:
3177:
2639:
1586:
Chambers, John E. (July 2004). "Planetary accretion in the inner Solar System".
973:
Evolution of the Protoplanetary Cloud and Formation of the Earth and the Planets
767:
761:
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692:
668:
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443:
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193:
and smooth gas accretion. Accretion also occurs inside galaxies, forming stars.
182:
178:
160:
2893:
2118:
2083:
1607:
1475:
1440:
770: – Celestial body composed of many pieces of rock held together by gravity
3802:
3569:
3343:
3267:
3193:
3172:
2946:
1061:
756:
655:
544:. Differentiation between these two classes of planetesimals arise due to the
447:
374:
350:
252:
243:
216:
2288:"Meteorite Evidence for the Accretion and Collisional Evolution of Asteroids"
980:
849:
Woolfson, M. M. (March 1993). "The Solar System – its Origin and Evolution".
3759:
3749:
3252:
3247:
3213:
3198:
3087:
3001:
2961:
2925:
2672:"Evaporation and Accretion of Extrasolar Comets Following White Dwarf Kicks"
2416:
2389:
1683:
1648:
1216:
Stahler, Steven W. (September 1988). "Deuterium and the Stellar Birthline".
1113:
579:
571:
564:
560:
318:
202:
2754:
2539:
2468:
2425:
2366:
2261:
2243:
2180:; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark (2014). "Formation of the Solar System".
1936:
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and fall onto the central massive object. Occasionally, this can result in
259:) in diameter. Over millions of years, giant molecular clouds are prone to
2856:
Catastrophic Disruptions As The Origin Of 67PC-G And Small Bilobate Comets
2333:. In Bottke Jr., W. F.; Cellino, A.; Paolicchi, P.; Binzel, R. P. (eds.).
2293:. In Bottke Jr., W. F.; Cellino, A.; Paolicchi, P.; Binzel, R. P. (eds.).
3769:
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378:
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light and later in the visible. Around this time the protostar begins to
173:
cooled to the point where atoms could form. As the Universe continued to
170:
166:
38:
2746:
3654:
663:
598:
518:
497:
57:
500:
between planetesimals combine to produce Moon-size planetary embryos (
3965:
3293:
3117:
3052:
2531:
1649:"Planet seeding through gas-assisted capture of interstellar objects"
871:
750:
514:
451:
269:
256:
220:
186:
81:
73:
589:
Chondrules, metal grains, and other components likely formed in the
4357:
2815:
2226:
2100:
1827:
1665:
1529:
1457:
1423:
1398:
1375:
1350:
1282:
1237:
2143:
2043:
1990:
1821:. Space Science Series. University of Arizona Press. p. 471.
1768:
1715:
1441:"Peter Pan Disks: Long-lived Accretion Disks Around Young M Stars"
640:
628:
555:
421:
344:
297:
206:
1145:"The onset of collapse in turbulently supported molecular clouds"
950:
738:
366:
227:
77:
3016:
2897:
574:
contain a record of accretion and impacts during all stages of
189:
formed. Indirect evidence is widespread. Galaxies grow through
2996:
1752:
1750:
942:
Papaloizou, John C. B.; Terquem, Caroline (28 November 2005).
712: – Study of molecules in the Universe and their reactions
61:
3012:
2084:"Planet Formation by Gas-assisted Accretion of Small Solids"
764: – Ring of cosmic dust orbiting an astronomical object
747: – Type of emission nebula created by dying red giants
695:
of smaller ice planetesimals of a previous generation, the
438:
accelerates the growth of the particles into boulder-sized
215:, a giant star-forming cloud of gas and dust located 5,400
211:
The visible-light (left) and infrared (right) views of the
2184:(7th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson. pp. 136–169.
56:
is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by
4254:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
975:. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
2858:. 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly. p. B1.1-0002-18.
450:
surrounded by material (such as those at the centers of
2700:(Press release). European Space Agency. Archived from
2328:"Chronology of Asteroid Accretion and Differentiation"
96:
formed from meteoric material was proposed in 1944 by
4322:
2691:
2689:
753: – Spacecraft mission to study stellar accretion
2597:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp.
2484:"Comets: Facts About The 'Dirty Snowballs' of Space"
654:
Astronomers think that comets originate in both the
532:
differs from that of giant gas planets, also called
177:
and cool, the atoms lost enough kinetic energy, and
4231:
4020:
3979:
3881:
3793:
3700:
3633:
3406:
3286:
3212:
3138:
3125:
3080:
2698:"Exposed ice on Rosetta's comet confirmed as water"
851:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
822:"Transcript of The Accretion of Galaxies and Stars"
730: – Asteroids found outside of the Solar System
2674:. Cornell University Department of Astronomy. 2014
521:. Direct calculations indicate that, in a typical
321:. If the protostar is sufficiently massive (above
147:ensures that the cloud forms a flattened disk—the
3931:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3926:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2337:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 687–695.
2297:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 697–709.
2137:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 319–346.
1762:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 547–570.
1653:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1149:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
937:
935:
933:
3550:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1696:
1694:
1581:
1579:
1560:. Completing the Inventory of the Solar System.
1556:Ward, William R. (1996). "Planetary Accretion".
1388:
1386:
797:. European Southern Observatory. 8 August 2008.
774:Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity
734:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
2369:. University of Bern, via Phys.org. 29 May 2015
1952:"To Build a Gas Giant Planet, Just Add Pebbles"
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
741: – Nuclear explosion in a white dwarf star
2624:Dynamics of Comets: Their Origin and Evolution
2584:
2582:
1351:"Accretion and the evolution of T Tauri disks"
844:
842:
724: – Accumulation of matter around a planet
458:, are necessary to allow orbiting gas to lose
3028:
2909:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
1143:Clark, Paul C.; Bonnell, Ian A. (July 2005).
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
92:The accretion model that Earth and the other
8:
2203:
2201:
1647:Grishin, Evgeni; et al. (August 2019).
1551:
1549:
1547:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1002:
1000:
876:Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
473:In the formation of terrestrial planets or
3135:
3035:
3021:
3013:
2916:
2902:
2894:
3093:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
2814:
2591:"Comet Populations and Cometary Dynamics"
2589:Levison, Harold F.; Donnes, Luke (2007).
2415:
2251:
2225:
2142:
2117:
2099:
2042:
1989:
1826:
1767:
1714:
1682:
1664:
1511:
1474:
1456:
1422:
1374:
1317:
1264:
1168:
3961:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2326:Shukolyukov, A.; Lugmair, G. W. (2002).
29:
4329:
1845:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch025
1786:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch024
786:
567:meteorite. A millimeter scale is shown.
310:(YSO) becomes observable, initially in
223:) away in the constellation Sagittarius
165:A few hundred thousand years after the
2082:D'Angelo, G.; Bodenheimer, P. (2024).
662:. The scattered disk was created when
454:). Some dynamics in the disk, such as
4269:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
2482:Choi, Charles Q. (15 November 2014).
870:Palmquist, Stephen (September 1987).
84:, are formed by accretion processes.
7:
3951:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3941:Habitability of neutron star systems
2388:Jutzi, M.; Asphaug, E. (June 2015).
868:For details of Kant's position, see
4294:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
3921:Habitability of binary star systems
1621:Küffmeier, Michael (3 April 2015).
1588:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
993:. NASA Technical Translation F-677.
4279:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3936:Habitability of natural satellites
820:Masters, Harris (26 August 2010).
430:showing a young star at its center
60:attracting more matter, typically
25:
3946:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2776:Krishna Swamy, K. S. (May 1997).
2562:"How Asteroids and Comets Formed"
1623:"What is the meter size barrier?"
909:Henbest, Nigel (24 August 1991).
185:. As further accretion occurred,
4392:
4380:
4368:
4356:
4344:
4332:
4043:Stars with proto-planetary discs
4007:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
3997:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3485:Extraterrestrial sample curation
3116:
2595:Encyclopedia of the Solar System
1170:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09105.x
944:"Planet formation and migration"
801:from the original on 24 May 2011
181:coalesced sufficiently, to form
3956:Habitable zone for complex life
3394:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
3098:Methods of detecting exoplanets
2872:Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2023
2208:Johansen, Anders (April 2015).
1950:Lewin, Sarah (19 August 2015).
872:"Kant's Cosmogony Re-evaluated"
4137:Discovered exoplanets by year
1397:; Hartmann, Lee (April 2001).
1:
4427:Solar System dynamic theories
4264:Extrasolar planets in fiction
3911:Extraterrestrial liquid water
971:Safronov, Viktor S. (1972) .
373:(up to 100% of the intrinsic
4284:Planets in globular clusters
3901:Circumstellar habitable zone
2803:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2286:Scott, Edward R. D. (2002).
1978:Astronomy & Astrophysics
896:10.1016/0039-3681(87)90021-5
4244:Exoplanet naming convention
3354:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
2833:10.1051/0004-6361/201526093
2640:10.1007/978-94-009-5400-7_1
2367:"How comets were assembled"
2008:10.1051/0004-6361/201219127
1733:10.1051/0004-6361/200912452
353:, forming an accretion disk
230:are thought to form inside
4443:
3480:Extraterrestrial materials
3114:
2061:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/69
1703:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1608:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.031
1306:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1191:Astronomy and Astrophysics
498:gravitational interactions
415:
351:fall onto the compact star
200:
158:
4307:Discoveries of exoplanets
4302:
3510:Interplanetary dust cloud
3048:
2932:
2088:The Astrophysical Journal
2031:The Astrophysical Journal
1760:Protostars and Planets VI
1500:The Astrophysical Journal
1445:The Astrophysical Journal
1403:The Astrophysical Journal
1355:The Astrophysical Journal
1253:The Astrophysical Journal
1218:The Astrophysical Journal
1062:10.1007/s11038-006-9087-5
1010:Gas Accretion in Galaxies
716:Astronomical spectroscopy
688:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
426:Artist's impression of a
406:weakly lined T Tauri star
4417:Concepts in astrophysics
4012:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
3987:Nearby Habitable Systems
3873:Transit-timing variation
2119:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3bae
1476:10.3847/1538-4357/ab68e6
1042:Earth, Moon, and Planets
242:of roughly 300,000
4289:Small planet radius gap
3992:Exoplanet Data Explorer
3916:Galactic habitable zone
3490:Giant-impact hypothesis
2967:Extragalactic astronomy
2825:2015A&A...583A..44R
2417:10.1126/science.aaa4747
2000:2012A&A...544A..32L
1725:2009A&A...503L...5B
1600:2004E&PSL.223..241C
1328:1994A&A...282..503M
1203:1998A&A...336..150M
1114:10.1126/science.1068298
1054:2006EM&P...98...39M
795:"Science with the VLTI"
274:particle number density
122:modern Laplacian theory
108:(1960) and finally the
4249:Exoplanet phase curves
4087:Terrestrial candidates
4038:Multiplanetary systems
4002:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3685:Mean-motion resonances
3495:Gravitational collapse
3445:Circumstellar envelope
2469:10.1006/icar.1997.5712
2244:10.1126/sciadv.1500109
2182:The Cosmic Perspective
1937:10.1006/icar.1993.1172
1900:10.1006/icar.1997.5747
637:
568:
552:Accretion of asteroids
483:electromagnetic forces
464:stellar surface fusion
431:
354:
303:
240:giant molecular clouds
224:
45:
4124:Potentially habitable
4029:Exoplanetary systems
3971:Superhabitable planet
3730:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3615:Sample-return mission
3515:Interplanetary medium
1684:10.1093/mnras/stz1505
1558:ASP Conference Series
632:
559:
548:of the solar nebula.
491:streaming instability
425:
416:Further information:
348:
301:
210:
159:Further information:
155:Accretion of galaxies
33:
4259:Extragalactic planet
4239:Carl Sagan Institute
3520:Interplanetary space
3435:Circumplanetary disk
3108:Planet-hosting stars
722:Circumplanetary disk
479:van der Waals forces
412:Accretion of planets
308:young stellar object
70:astronomical objects
4422:Celestial mechanics
3600:Protoplanetary disk
3580:Planetary migration
3535:Interstellar medium
3314:Circumtriple planet
3309:Circumbinary planet
2924:Major subfields of
2884:2023LPICo2851.2470M
2747:10.1038/nature16190
2739:2016Natur.529..368F
2632:1985ASSL..115....3G
2524:2000Natur.406..275N
2461:1997Icar..127..290W
2408:2015Sci...348.1355J
2402:(6241): 1355–1358.
2343:2002aste.book..687S
2303:2002aste.book..697S
2236:2015SciA....1E0109J
2153:2010exop.book..319D
2110:2024ApJ...967..124D
2053:2014ApJ...789...69H
1929:1993Icar..106..288K
1892:1997Icar..128..429W
1837:2015aste.book..471J
1778:2014prpl.conf..547J
1675:2019MNRAS.487.3324G
1570:1996ASPC..107..337W
1522:2004ApJ...611..360A
1467:2020ApJ...890..106S
1415:2001ApJ...550..944M
1367:1998ApJ...495..385H
1345:; Gullbring, Eric;
1275:2005ApJ...626..498M
1230:1988ApJ...332..804S
1161:2005MNRAS.361....2C
1106:2002Sci...295...68P
888:1987SHPS...18..255P
863:1993QJRAS..34....1W
625:Accretion of comets
621:accreted this way.
530:terrestrial planets
523:protoplanetary disk
428:protoplanetary disk
418:Protoplanetary disk
94:terrestrial planets
43:protoplanetary disk
18:Planetary accretion
3565:Nebular hypothesis
3540:Interstellar space
3525:Interstellar cloud
3505:Internal structure
3440:Circumstellar disc
2982:Physical cosmology
2972:Galactic astronomy
2704:on 18 January 2016
2176:Bennett, Jeffrey;
1393:Muzerolle, James;
649:nebular hypothesis
638:
569:
456:dynamical friction
434:Self-accretion of
432:
355:
304:
266:astronomical units
236:molecular hydrogen
225:
197:Accretion of stars
102:protoplanet theory
100:, followed by the
46:
4320:
4319:
3896:Astrooceanography
3530:Interstellar dust
3402:
3401:
3278:Ultra-hot Neptune
3273:Ultra-hot Jupiter
3222:Eccentric Jupiter
3072:Planetary science
3010:
3009:
3002:Stellar astronomy
2992:Planetary science
2987:Planetary geology
2977:Orbital mechanics
2778:Physics of Comets
2733:(7586): 368–372.
2649:978-94-010-8884-8
2608:978-0-12-088589-3
2566:Science Clarified
2518:(6793): 275–276.
2352:978-0-8165-2281-1
2312:978-0-8165-2281-1
2191:978-0-321-89384-0
2162:978-0-8165-2945-2
1854:978-0-8165-3213-1
1795:978-0-8165-3124-0
981:2027/uc1.b4387676
528:The formation of
16:(Redirected from
4434:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4360:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4274:Neptunian desert
3660:Tidally detached
3595:Planet formation
3585:Planetary system
3475:Exozodiacal dust
3465:Disrupted planet
3389:Ultra-cool dwarf
3319:Disrupted planet
3304:Chthonian planet
3136:
3120:
3103:Planetary system
3037:
3030:
3023:
3014:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2532:10.1038/35018516
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2419:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2292:
2283:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2229:
2214:Science Advances
2205:
2196:
2195:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2146:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2103:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2046:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1993:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1830:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1771:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1718:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1668:
1659:(3): 3324–3332.
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1594:(3–4): 241–252.
1583:
1574:
1573:
1553:
1542:
1541:
1515:
1513:astro-ph/0404383
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1460:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1347:D'Alessio, Paula
1338:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1319:astro-ph/9308047
1301:
1295:
1294:
1268:
1266:astro-ph/0502155
1248:
1242:
1241:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1037:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1004:
995:
994:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
948:
939:
928:
927:
925:
923:
906:
900:
899:
866:
846:
837:
836:
834:
832:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
791:
745:Planetary nebula
510:Pebble accretion
460:angular momentum
398:photoevaporation
324:
289:angular momentum
284:10/cu in).
283:
279:
145:angular momentum
137:interstellar gas
114:Michael Woolfson
64:matter, into an
21:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4331:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4312:Search projects
4298:
4227:
4016:
3975:
3877:
3849:Radial velocity
3789:
3745:K/Orange dwarfs
3735:G/Yellow dwarfs
3696:
3690:Titius–Bode law
3629:
3560:Molecular cloud
3460:Detached object
3411:
3409:
3398:
3384:Toroidal planet
3374:Sub-brown dwarf
3282:
3208:
3180:(Super-Mercury)
3153:Coreless planet
3129:
3127:
3121:
3112:
3076:
3044:
3041:
3011:
3006:
2997:Solar astronomy
2928:
2922:
2892:
2891:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2650:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2269:
2220:(3): e1500109.
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2028:
2027:
2023:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1855:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1796:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1341:Hartmann, Lee;
1340:
1339:
1335:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1100:(5552): 68–75.
1089:
1088:
1077:
1039:
1038:
1021:
1013:
1006:
1005:
998:
991:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
946:
941:
940:
931:
921:
919:
908:
907:
903:
869:
867:
848:
847:
840:
830:
828:
819:
818:
814:
804:
802:
793:
792:
788:
783:
778:
705:
645:cometary nuclei
634:486958 Arrokoth
627:
554:
475:planetary cores
468:Bondi accretion
420:
414:
394:Peter Pan disks
364:
361:
332:
329:
322:
281:
277:
268:(0.01–0.1
249:
246:
205:
199:
163:
157:
129:Viktor Safronov
118:Andrew Prentice
90:
58:gravitationally
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4440:
4438:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3861:Transit method
3858:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3808:Direct imaging
3805:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3625:Star formation
3622:
3620:Scattered disc
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Excretion disk
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Accretion disk
3422:
3416:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:Eyeball planet
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Cosmochemistry
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Astrochemistry
2939:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2861:
2846:
2809:: Article 44.
2793:
2786:
2768:
2715:
2685:
2663:
2648:
2614:
2607:
2578:
2553:
2500:
2474:
2455:(2): 290–306.
2439:
2380:
2358:
2351:
2318:
2311:
2267:
2197:
2190:
2178:Donahue, Megan
2168:
2161:
2125:
2074:
2021:
1968:
1942:
1923:(1): 288–307.
1905:
1886:(2): 429–455.
1868:
1853:
1809:
1794:
1746:
1690:
1639:
1613:
1575:
1543:
1530:10.1086/421989
1506:(1): 360–379.
1490:
1430:
1424:10.1086/319779
1409:(2): 944–961.
1382:
1376:10.1086/305277
1361:(1): 385–400.
1349:(March 1998).
1333:
1296:
1283:10.1086/429794
1259:(1): 498–522.
1243:
1238:10.1086/166694
1208:
1176:
1135:
1075:
1048:(1–4): 39–95.
1019:
996:
989:
963:
929:
901:
882:(3): 255–269.
838:
812:
785:
784:
782:
779:
777:
776:
771:
765:
759:
754:
748:
742:
736:
731:
725:
719:
713:
710:Astrochemistry
706:
704:
701:
660:scattered disk
626:
623:
595:metallic cores
553:
550:
534:Jovian planets
413:
410:
390:magnetic poles
377:of the star),
371:emission lines
362:
359:
330:
327:
247:
244:
201:Main article:
198:
195:
156:
153:
149:accretion disk
110:capture theory
106:William McCrea
89:
86:
66:accretion disk
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4439:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4405:
4400:
4390:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3785:Yellow giants
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Merging stars
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Asteroid belt
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3405:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:Pulsar planet
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Double planet
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Super-Neptune
3261:
3259:
3258:Super-Jupiter
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Helium planet
3231:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Hycean planet
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Desert planet
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Carbon planet
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2787:981-02-2632-2
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2716:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:Asteroids III
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:Asteroids III
2289:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2094:(2): id.124.
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:Calvet, Nuria
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:Calvet, Nuria
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
990:0-7065-1225-1
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
952:
945:
938:
936:
934:
930:
918:
917:
916:New Scientist
912:
905:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
843:
839:
827:
823:
816:
813:
800:
796:
790:
787:
780:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:
702:
700:
698:
694:
689:
685:
683:
677:
675:
670:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
635:
631:
624:
622:
619:
618:asteroid belt
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
566:
562:
558:
551:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
505:
503:
499:
494:
492:
486:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:planetesimals
437:
429:
424:
419:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
352:
347:
343:
341:
340:T Tauri stars
337:
333:
320:
317:
313:
309:
300:
296:
294:
290:
285:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
241:
237:
233:
229:
222:
218:
214:
213:Trifid Nebula
209:
204:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
183:protogalaxies
180:
176:
172:
168:
162:
154:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4404:
4399:Solar System
4129:Proper names
3906:Earth analog
3891:Astrobiology
3883:Habitability
3820:Microlensing
3780:White dwarfs
3750:M/Red dwarfs
3740:Herbig Ae/Be
3725:Brown dwarfs
3667:Rogue planet
3648:Interstellar
3590:Planetesimal
3419:
3359:Planetesimal
3339:Giant planet
3329:Ecumenopolis
3227:Mini-Neptune
3163:Dwarf planet
2952:Astrophysics
2937:Astrobiology
2875:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2849:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2777:
2771:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2706:. Retrieved
2702:the original
2676:. Retrieved
2666:
2623:
2617:
2594:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:
2556:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:
2477:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2399:
2393:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2361:
2334:
2321:
2294:
2217:
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2181:
2171:
2134:
2128:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2034:
2030:
2024:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:
1945:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1819:Asteroids IV
1818:
1812:
1759:
1709:(1): L5–L8.
1706:
1702:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1616:
1591:
1587:
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1091:
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966:
954:. Retrieved
920:. Retrieved
914:
904:
879:
875:
854:
850:
829:. Retrieved
825:
815:
803:. Retrieved
789:
696:
693:rubble piles
681:
678:
674:Helix Nebula
653:
639:
607:
591:solar nebula
588:
570:
542:solar nebula
538:Solar System
527:
506:
502:protoplanets
495:
487:
472:
444:close binary
433:
356:
312:far-infrared
305:
286:
232:giant clouds
226:
219:(1,700
164:
141:Orion Nebula
133:planetesimal
126:
121:
109:
101:
98:Otto Schmidt
91:
53:
50:astrophysics
47:
4387:Outer space
4375:Spaceflight
4141:before 2000
4057:Discoveries
3832:Polarimetry
3720:Binary star
3610:Rubble pile
3605:Ring system
3575:Outer space
3545:Kuiper belt
3500:Hills cloud
3455:Debris disk
3450:Cosmic dust
3379:Sub-Neptune
3364:Protoplanet
3299:Brown dwarf
3287:Other types
3243:Hot Neptune
3238:Hot Jupiter
3229:(Gas dwarf)
3204:Super-Earth
3189:Ocean world
3184:Lava planet
3178:Iron planet
3140:Terrestrial
3081:Main topics
1961:22 November
1564:: 337–361.
1312:: 503–517.
1224:: 804–825.
1197:: 150–172.
1155:(1): 2–16.
768:Rubble pile
762:Ring system
728:Exoasteroid
669:Kuiper belt
448:black holes
436:cosmic dust
402:ultraviolet
386:variability
383:photometric
336:brown dwarf
293:hydrostatic
253:light-years
217:light-years
179:dark matter
161:Protogalaxy
116:. In 1978,
4411:Categories
4052:Exoplanets
4033:Host stars
3980:Catalogues
3803:Astrometry
3765:Subdwarf B
3702:Host stars
3675:Retrograde
3570:Oort cloud
3408:Formation
3344:Mesoplanet
3268:Super-puff
3194:Mega-Earth
3173:Ice planet
3058:Definition
3043:Exoplanets
2947:Astrometry
2816:1505.07021
2708:14 January
2678:22 January
2571:16 January
2227:1503.07347
2135:Exoplanets
2101:2404.05906
1828:1505.02941
1666:1804.09716
1632:15 January
1627:Astrobites
1458:2001.05030
1451:(2): 106.
956:21 October
781:References
757:Quasi-star
656:Oort cloud
612:(460
580:chondrules
572:Meteorites
561:Chondrules
546:frost line
381:activity,
375:luminosity
280:10/cm (4.6
72:, such as
4351:Astronomy
4146:2000–2009
4112:1501–2000
4107:1001–1500
3795:Detection
3760:Red giant
3420:Accretion
3412:evolution
3253:Ice giant
3248:Gas giant
3199:Sub-Earth
3088:Exoplanet
2962:Cosmology
2926:astronomy
2841:118394879
2658:209834532
2493:8 January
2488:Space.com
2373:8 January
2144:1006.5486
2069:118878865
2044:1404.5018
2037:(1). 69.
1991:1205.3030
1956:Space.com
1863:118709894
1804:119300087
1769:1402.1344
1716:0907.0985
1485:210718358
1070:120504344
831:8 January
686:to comet
565:chondrite
319:deuterium
255:(20
203:Protostar
54:accretion
37:image of
4102:501–1000
4082:Heaviest
4062:Extremes
3770:Subgiant
3643:Exocomet
2878:: 2470.
2755:26760209
2540:10917522
2434:36638785
2426:26022415
2262:26601169
2016:53961588
1741:12932274
1538:16093937
1130:33585808
1122:11778037
922:18 April
857:: 1–20.
805:11 April
799:Archived
703:See also
658:and the
576:asteroid
452:galaxies
379:magnetic
363:☉
272:) and a
261:collapse
248:☉
234:of cold
187:galaxies
171:Universe
167:Big Bang
88:Overview
74:galaxies
39:HL Tauri
4339:Physics
4325:Portals
4077:Largest
4072:Nearest
3775:T Tauri
3671:Orbits
3655:Exomoon
3635:Systems
3349:Planemo
3214:Gaseous
2880:Bibcode
2821:Bibcode
2763:4446724
2735:Bibcode
2628:Bibcode
2599:575–588
2548:4430764
2520:Bibcode
2457:Bibcode
2404:Bibcode
2395:Science
2339:Bibcode
2299:Bibcode
2253:4640629
2232:Bibcode
2149:Bibcode
2106:Bibcode
2049:Bibcode
1996:Bibcode
1984:: A32.
1925:Bibcode
1888:Bibcode
1833:Bibcode
1774:Bibcode
1721:Bibcode
1671:Bibcode
1596:Bibcode
1566:Bibcode
1518:Bibcode
1463:Bibcode
1411:Bibcode
1363:Bibcode
1324:Bibcode
1291:8462683
1271:Bibcode
1226:Bibcode
1199:Bibcode
1157:Bibcode
1102:Bibcode
1093:Science
1050:Bibcode
884:Bibcode
859:Bibcode
697:Rosetta
684:mission
682:Rosetta
664:Neptune
603:mantles
599:olivine
519:Neptune
369:in the
251:and 65
191:mergers
82:planets
68:. Most
62:gaseous
4092:Kepler
4067:Firsts
3966:Tholin
3837:Timing
3755:Pulsar
3680:Trojan
3294:Blanet
3053:Planet
2839:
2784:
2761:
2753:
2726:Nature
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2449:Icarus
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1879:Icarus
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1851:
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1739:
1536:
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1128:
1120:
1068:
987:
751:Q-PACE
641:Comets
601:-rich
515:Uranus
325:
175:expand
169:, the
80:, and
4363:Stars
4232:Other
4097:1–500
4022:Lists
3131:types
3126:Sizes
2837:S2CID
2811:arXiv
2759:S2CID
2654:S2CID
2544:S2CID
2430:S2CID
2331:(PDF)
2291:(PDF)
2222:arXiv
2139:arXiv
2096:arXiv
2065:S2CID
2039:arXiv
2012:S2CID
1986:arXiv
1859:S2CID
1823:arXiv
1800:S2CID
1764:arXiv
1737:S2CID
1711:arXiv
1661:arXiv
1534:S2CID
1508:arXiv
1481:S2CID
1453:arXiv
1314:arXiv
1287:S2CID
1261:arXiv
1126:S2CID
1066:S2CID
1014:(PDF)
947:(PDF)
826:Prezi
563:in a
466:(see
446:, or
228:Stars
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4221:2024
4216:2023
4211:2022
4206:2021
4201:2020
4196:2019
4191:2018
4186:2017
4181:2016
4176:2015
4171:2014
4166:2013
4161:2012
4156:2011
4151:2010
3866:list
3854:list
3842:list
3825:list
3813:list
3410:and
3128:and
2876:2851
2782:ISBN
2751:PMID
2710:2016
2680:2016
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2603:ISBN
2573:2016
2536:PMID
2495:2016
2422:PMID
2375:2016
2347:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2258:PMID
2186:ISBN
2157:ISBN
1963:2015
1849:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1634:2015
1118:PMID
985:ISBN
958:2015
951:CERN
924:2008
833:2016
807:2011
739:Nova
679:The
614:ft/s
597:and
517:and
481:and
367:flux
316:fuse
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