31:
3923:
3947:
3899:
3935:
3911:
85:
initial collisions would have replaced the first "generation" of embryos with a second generation consisting of fewer but larger embryos. These in their turn would have collided to create a third generation of fewer but even larger embryos. Eventually, only a handful of embryos were left, which collided to complete the assembly of the
2683:
1249:
Garufi, A.; Quanz, S. P.; Schmid, H. M.; Mulders, G. D.; Avenhaus, H.; Boccaletti, A.; Ginski, C.; Langlois, M.; Stolker, T.; Augereau, J.-C.; Benisty, M.; Lopez, B.; Dominik, C.; Gratton, R.; Henning, T.; Janson, M.; Ménard, F.; Meyer, M. R.; Pinte, C.; Sissa, E.; Vigan, A.; Zurlo, A.; Bazzon, A.;
433:
The confident detection of protoplanets is difficult. Protoplanets usually exist in gas-rich protoplanetary disks. Such disks can produce over-densities by a process called disk fragmentation. Such fragments can be small enough to be unresolved and mimic the appearance of a protoplanet. A number of
84:
It is thought that the collisions of planetesimals created a few hundred larger planetary embryos. Over the course of hundreds of millions of years, they collided with one another. The exact sequence whereby planetary embryos collided to assemble the planets is not known, but it is thought that
2066:
Rameau, Julien; Follette, Katherine B.; Pueyo, Laurent; Marois, Christian; Macintosh, Bruce; Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell; Wang, Jason J.; Vega, David; Doyon, René; Lafrenière, David; Nielsen, Eric L.; Bailey, Vanessa; Chilcote, Jeffrey K.; Close, Laird M.; Esposito, Thomas M. (2017-06-01).
1575:
Reggiani, Maddalena; Quanz, Sascha P.; Meyer, Michael R.; Pueyo, Laurent; Absil, Olivier; Amara, Adam; Anglada, Guillem; Avenhaus, Henning; Girard, Julien H.; Carrasco
Gonzalez, Carlos; Graham, James; Mawet, Dimitri; Meru, Farzana; Milli, Julien; Osorio, Mayra (2014-09-01).
1832:
Currie, Thayne; Marois, Christian; Cieza, Lucas; Mulders, Gijs D.; Lawson, Kellen; Caceres, Claudio; Rodriguez-Ruiz, Dary; Wisniewski, John; Guyon, Olivier; Brandt, Timothy D.; Kasdin, N. Jeremy; Groff, Tyler D.; Lozi, Julien; Chilcote, Jeffrey; Hodapp, Klaus (2019-05-01).
2158:
Zhou, Yifan; Bowler, Brendan P.; Yang, Haifeng; Sanghi, Aniket; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Kraus, Adam L.; Bae, Jaehan; Long, Feng; Follette, Katherine B.; Ward-Duong, Kimberley; Zhu, Zhaohuan; Biddle, Lauren I.; Close, Laird M.; Yushu Jiang, Lillian; Wu, Ya-Lin (30 Aug 2023).
1250:
Buenzli, E.; Bonnefoy, M.; Brandner, W.; Chauvin, G.; Cheetham, A.; Cudel, M.; Desidera, S.; Feldt, M.; Galicher, R.; Kasper, M.; Lagrange, A.-M.; Lannier, J.; Maire, A. L.; Mesa, D.; Mouillet, D.; Peretti, S.; Perrot, C.; Salter, G.; Wildi, F. (April 2016).
219:. AB Aur b is among the largest exoplanets identified, and has a distant orbit, three times as far as Neptune is from the Earth's sun. Observations of AB Aur b may challenge conventional thinking about how planets are formed. It was viewed by the
3676:
3671:
3666:
234:
could be caused by protoplanets. These structures are not completely understood and are therefore not seen as a proof for the presence of a protoplanet. One new emerging way to study the effect of protoplanets on the disk are
3661:
1895:
Sallum, S.; Follette, K. B.; Eisner, J. A.; Close, L. M.; Hinz, P.; Kratter, K.; Males, J.; Skemer, A.; Macintosh, B.; Tuthill, P.; Bailey, V.; Defrère, D.; Morzinski, K.; Rodigas, T.; Spalding, E. (2015-11-01).
3656:
951:
Young, E. D.; Kohl, I. E.; Warren, P. H.; Rubie, D. C.; Jacobson, S. A.; Morbidelli, A. (28 January 2016). "Oxygen isotopic evidence for vigorous mixing during the Moon-forming giant impact".
3818:
3683:
1386:
Pinte, C.; van der Plas, G.; Ménard, F.; Price, D. J.; Christiaens, V.; Hill, T.; Mentiplay, D.; Ginski, C.; Choquet, E.; Boehler, Y.; Duchêne, G.; Perez, S.; Casassus, S. (2019-08-01).
2509:
Pinte, C.; Hammond, I.; Price, D. J.; Christiaens, V.; Andrews, S. M.; Chauvin, G.; Pérez, L. M.; Jorquera, S.; Garg, H.; Norfolk, B. J.; Calcino, J.; Bonnefoy, M. (2023-11-01).
3710:
1196:
Quanz, Sasch P.; Amara, Adam; Meyer, Michael P.; Kenworthy, Matthew P.; et al. (2013). "A young protoplanet candidate embedded in the circumstellar disk of HD 100546".
3495:
3490:
3651:
3114:
2269:
Berné, O.; Fuente, A.; Pantin, E.; Bujarrabal, V.; Baruteau, C.; Pilleri, P.; Habart, E.; Ménard, F.; Cernicharo, J.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Joblin, C. (2015-06-01).
70:
3418:
100:. Heating due to radioactivity, impact, and gravitational pressure melted parts of protoplanets as they grew toward being planets. In melted zones their heavier
3389:
2972:
152:
3705:
2657:
3688:
3525:
208:
In
February 2013 astronomers made the first direct observation of a candidate protoplanet forming in a disk of gas and dust around a distant star,
1013:
3858:
3833:
3785:
3780:
3775:
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3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3406:
215:
Another protoplanet, AB Aur b, may be in the earliest observed stage of formation for a gas giant. It is located in the gas disk of the star
177:
is likely the survivor of a violent hit-and-run with another object that stripped off the outer, rocky layers of a protoplanet. The asteroid
1141:
3515:
3505:
2442:
Calcino, Josh; Hilder, Thomas; Price, Daniel J.; Pinte, Christophe; Bollati, Francesco; Lodato, Giuseppe; Norfolk, Brodie J. (2022-04-01).
1665:
Hammond, Iain; Christiaens, Valentin; Price, Daniel J.; Toci, Claudia; Pinte, Christophe; Juillard, Sandrine; Garg, Himanshi (2023-02-01).
925:
77:, a protoplanetary disk of materials such as gas and dust would orbit a star early in the formation of a planetary system. The action of
3551:
3485:
2599:
3843:
3693:
3500:
3377:
69:
is an object formed from dust, rock, and other materials, measuring from meters to hundreds of kilometers in size. According to the
3876:
3510:
2042:
893:
236:
1551:
3571:
3561:
3049:
1031:
49:
and has undergone internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. Protoplanets are thought to form out of kilometer-sized
3646:
3597:
3520:
3425:
3401:
3372:
3359:
2662:
2134:
1496:
3602:
3239:
2571:
128:, it is thought that the collisions of planetesimals created a few hundred planetary embryos. Such embryos were similar to
3828:
3475:
3430:
1971:"Confirmation and Characterization of the Protoplanet HD 100546 b—Direct Evidence for Gas Giant Planet Formation at 50 AU"
1174:
1969:
Quanz, Sascha P.; Amara, Adam; Meyer, Michael R.; Girard, Julien H.; Kenworthy, Matthew A.; Kasper, Markus (2015-07-01).
3465:
1345:
Pinte, Christophe; Teague, Richard; Flaherty, Kevin; Hall, Cassandra; Facchini, Stefano; Casassus, Simon (2022-03-01).
3808:
3607:
1578:"Discovery of a Companion Candidate in the HD 169142 Transition Disk and the Possibility of Multiple Planet Formation"
1111:"ASTEROID FAILS TO MAKE IT BIG: A newly studied asteroid is actually a planetary building block that stopped growing"
3889:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3384:
3044:
1110:
885:
3871:
3621:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3279:
3274:
3074:
2958:
1835:"No Clear, Direct Evidence for Multiple Protoplanets Orbiting LkCa 15: LkCa 15 bcd are Likely Inner Disk Signals"
1251:
1080:
105:
3972:
3631:
3576:
3437:
3244:
3224:
2984:
2627:
1120:
1088:
755:
3853:
3813:
3556:
3480:
3054:
2592:
140:
3566:
3447:
3059:
3009:
224:
196:
have been found on Earth, it is deemed likely that there once were other metal-cored protoplanets in the
3967:
3535:
3179:
3079:
2913:
2326:
Verrios, Harrison J.; Price, Daniel J.; Pinte, Christophe; Hilder, Thomas; Calcino, Josh (2022-07-01).
3823:
3803:
3413:
3084:
2999:
2695:
2622:
2532:
2465:
2408:
2387:"Kinematic signatures of a low-mass planet with a moderately inclined orbit in a protoplanetary disk"
2349:
2292:
2271:"Very Large Telescope observations of Gomez's Hamburger: Insights into a young protoplanet candidate"
2233:
2182:
2090:
1992:
1919:
1856:
1798:
1739:
1688:
1599:
1467:
1409:
1368:
1273:
1215:
1054:
970:
829:
635:
162:
129:
53:
that gravitationally perturb each other's orbits and collide, gradually coalescing into the dominant
3254:
3951:
3616:
3164:
3144:
3099:
3069:
2878:
2873:
2672:
1716:
Teague, Richard; Jankovic, Marija R.; Haworth, Thomas J.; Qi, Chunhua; Ilee, John D. (2020-06-01).
231:
46:
1149:
1045:
Kelley, Michael S; Michael J. Gaffey (2000). "9 Metis and 113 Amalthea: A Genetic
Asteroid Pair".
880:
McBride, Neil; Iain
Gilmour; Philip A. Bland; Elaine A. Moore; Mike Widdowson; Ian Wright (2004).
3939:
3927:
3212:
3159:
3129:
3089:
3004:
2704:
2585:
2522:
2511:"Kinematic and thermal signatures of the directly imaged protoplanet candidate around Elias 2-24"
2491:
2455:
2398:
2339:
2282:
2223:
2210:
Biddle, Lauren I.; Bowler, Brendan P.; Zhou, Yifan; Franson, Kyle; Zhang, Zhoujian (2024-04-01).
2172:
2116:
2080:
2024:
1982:
1951:
1909:
1846:
1788:
1729:
1678:
1641:
1623:
1589:
1433:
1399:
1358:
1263:
1231:
1205:
994:
960:
2069:"An Optical/Near-infrared Investigation of HD 100546 b with the Gemini Planet Imager and MagAO"
1316:
3460:
3304:
3249:
3119:
3094:
2842:
2837:
2786:
2636:
2550:
2483:
2424:
2367:
2308:
2251:
2108:
2016:
1943:
1935:
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1814:
1757:
1615:
1425:
1291:
986:
889:
855:
760:
473:
286:
97:
104:
sank to the center, whereas lighter elements rose to the surface. Such a process is known as
81:
on such materials form larger and larger chunks until some reach the size of planetesimals.
3903:
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3838:
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3266:
3199:
3149:
3039:
3029:
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2868:
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2473:
2416:
2357:
2300:
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2270:
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2190:
2098:
2008:
2000:
1927:
1864:
1806:
1747:
1696:
1607:
1475:
1417:
1281:
1277:
1223:
1062:
978:
845:
837:
220:
212:. Subsequent observations suggest that several protoplanets may be present in the gas disk.
101:
3329:
3124:
3024:
2948:
2938:
2717:
74:
158:
In the inner Solar System, the three protoplanets to survive more-or-less intact are the
2536:
2469:
2412:
2386:
2353:
2237:
2186:
2094:
1996:
1970:
1923:
1897:
1860:
1802:
1776:
1743:
1692:
1666:
1603:
1577:
1527:
1471:
1459:
1413:
1387:
1372:
1346:
1219:
1058:
974:
841:
833:
434:
unconfirmed protoplanet candidates are known and some detections were later questioned.
3189:
3184:
3034:
2989:
2898:
1115:
193:
148:
1611:
817:
136:
with masses of about 10 to 10 kg and were a few thousand kilometers in diameter.
3961:
3319:
2994:
2933:
2888:
2827:
2822:
2797:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2495:
2028:
2004:
1437:
1227:
791:
197:
2120:
1810:
1627:
1235:
910:
3915:
3470:
3455:
3349:
3339:
3231:
3154:
2923:
2903:
2893:
2791:
2727:
998:
770:
608:
452:
265:
189:
125:
66:
50:
2304:
1955:
1286:
3396:
3344:
3289:
3284:
3174:
3169:
3139:
3109:
3104:
3064:
3019:
3014:
2943:
2918:
2863:
2807:
2802:
2768:
2753:
2748:
2742:
186:
93:
30:
17:
2478:
2443:
2362:
2327:
2246:
2211:
2195:
2160:
2103:
2068:
1869:
1834:
1479:
3367:
3134:
2908:
2832:
2758:
2737:
1667:"Confirmation and Keplerian motion of the gap-carving protoplanet HD 169142 b"
1421:
765:
720:
603:
244:
216:
182:
2554:
2545:
2510:
2487:
2428:
2371:
2312:
2255:
2112:
2020:
1939:
1878:
1818:
1761:
1752:
1717:
1701:
1619:
1429:
1295:
1014:"Moon was produced by a head-on collision between Earth and a forming planet"
859:
3324:
3314:
2817:
2812:
2778:
2763:
2652:
2161:"UV-Optical Emission of AB Aur b is Consistent with Scattered Stellar Light"
982:
850:
693:
572:
399:
209:
200:
that since have been disrupted and that are the source of these meteorites.
174:
109:
2420:
1947:
1066:
990:
251:
List of confirmed protoplanets (described as "protoplanets" in literature)
1170:
3334:
3207:
371:
240:
166:
159:
113:
1931:
1388:"Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disk"
3219:
665:
504:
239:
observations of protoplanetary disks in the form of gas velocity maps.
181:
may also have a similar origin history to that of Psyche. The asteroid
178:
170:
78:
35:
2012:
3530:
2858:
2682:
2617:
2385:
Kanagawa, Kazuhiro D.; Ono, Tomohiro; Momose, Munetake (2023-12-01).
930:
483:
311:
296:
86:
54:
3910:
2527:
2460:
2403:
2344:
2287:
2228:
2177:
2085:
1914:
1851:
1734:
1683:
1404:
1363:
1268:
965:
147:
formed from a colossal impact of a hypothetical protoplanet called
2212:"Deep Paβ Imaging of the Candidate Accreting Protoplanet AB Aur b"
1987:
1793:
1594:
1460:"VizieR Online Data Catalog: Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)"
1210:
1145:
133:
96:
elements, the quantity of which has been reduced over time due to
29:
1317:"Gigantic Jupiter-like alien planet observed still 'in the womb'"
144:
2581:
2328:"Kinematic Evidence for an Embedded Planet in the IM Lupi Disk"
1081:"BIG PIC: 2 Pallas, the Asteroid with Protoplanetary Attitude"
1032:"NASA Selects Investigations for Future Key Planetary Mission"
926:"New Evidence For 4.5 Billion Year Old Impact Formed Our Moon"
2577:
1252:"The SPHERE view of the planet-forming disk around HD 100546"
120:
Evidence in the Solar System - surviving remnant protoplanets
3819:
2444:"Mapping the Planetary Wake in HD 163296 with Kinematics"
230:
Rings, gaps, spirals, dust concentrations and shadows in
1898:"Accreting protoplanets in the LkCa 15 transition disk"
185:
also has characteristics that resemble a protoplanet.
3887:
818:"Impact Erosion of Terrestrial Planetary Atmospheres"
45:
is a large planetary embryo that originated within a
192:
have also been referred to as protoplanets. Because
3796:
3585:
3544:
3446:
3358:
3265:
3198:
2971:
2851:
2777:
2703:
2690:
2645:
1775:Kraus, Adam L.; Ireland, Michael J. (2012-01-01).
438:List of unconfirmed/disputed/refuted protoplanets
3496:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3491:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2515:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2391:Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
1777:"LkCa 15: A Young Exoplanet Caught at Formation?"
1722:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1671:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3115:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
2574:(Minor Planet Mailing List : July 15, 2011)
1718:"A three-dimensional view of Gomez's hamburger"
247:in the form of a kink in the gas velocity map.
204:Extrasolar protoplanets - observed protoplanets
1347:"Kinematic Structures in Planet-Forming Disks"
2593:
822:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
112:show that differentiation took place in some
8:
1528:"Orbital Period Calculator | Binary System"
2700:
2600:
2586:
2578:
243:is the first protoplanet detected by disk
71:Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis
2658:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
2572:Thread on the definition of a protoplanet
2544:
2526:
2477:
2459:
2402:
2361:
2343:
2286:
2245:
2227:
2194:
2176:
2102:
2084:
1986:
1913:
1868:
1850:
1792:
1751:
1733:
1700:
1682:
1593:
1403:
1362:
1285:
1267:
1209:
964:
849:
3526:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
436:
249:
3894:
782:
3834:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
1890:
1888:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1491:
1489:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1340:
1338:
7:
3516:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3506:Habitability of neutron star systems
2043:"HD 100546 | NASA Exoplanet Archive"
1642:"HD 169142 | NASA Exoplanet Archive"
1012:Wolpert, Stuart (January 28, 2016).
3859:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
3486:Habitability of binary star systems
1552:"HD 97048 | NASA Exoplanet Archive"
882:An Introduction to the Solar System
842:10.1146/annurev.ea.21.050193.002521
3844:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3501:Habitability of natural satellites
25:
3511:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2139:exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu
2135:"AB Aur | NASA Exoplanet Archive"
2047:exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu
1646:exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu
1556:exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu
1501:exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu
1497:"PDS 70 | NASA Exoplanet Archive"
1458:Gaia Collaboration (2020-11-01).
743:Direct imaging + Disk Kinematics
3945:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3608:Stars with proto-planetary discs
3572:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
3562:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3050:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2681:
3521:Habitable zone for complex life
2959:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
2663:Methods of detecting exoplanets
3702:Discovered exoplanets by year
1171:"The Birth of a Giant Planet?"
1:
3829:Extrasolar planets in fiction
3476:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1175:European Southern Observatory
790:Cessna, Abby (26 July 2009).
3849:Planets in globular clusters
3466:Circumstellar habitable zone
1256:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1142:"Protoplanet frozen in time"
92:Early protoplanets had more
3809:Exoplanet naming convention
2919:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
2305:10.1051/0004-6361/201526041
1612:10.1088/2041-8205/792/1/L23
1287:10.1051/0004-6361/201527940
1109:Klotz, Irene (2011-10-27).
924:Nace, Trevor (2016-01-30).
61:The planetesimal hypothesis
3989:
3045:Extraterrestrial materials
2679:
2275:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2005:10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/64
1464:VizieR Online Data Catalog
1351:Protostars and Planets VII
1228:10.1088/2041-8205/766/1/l1
886:Cambridge University Press
816:Ahrens, T J (1 May 1993).
627:disputed in 2023 and 2024
108:. The composition of some
3872:Discoveries of exoplanets
3867:
3075:Interplanetary dust cloud
2613:
2448:The Astrophysical Journal
2332:The Astrophysical Journal
1975:The Astrophysical Journal
1839:The Astrophysical Journal
1811:10.1088/0004-637X/745/1/5
1781:The Astrophysical Journal
1582:The Astrophysical Journal
1422:10.1038/s41550-019-0852-6
1140:Alan Boyle (2009-10-08).
523:
503:
310:
151:with Earth, early in the
106:planetary differentiation
34:A surviving protoplanet,
3577:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
3552:Nearby Habitable Systems
3438:Transit-timing variation
2479:10.3847/2041-8213/ac64a7
2363:10.3847/2041-8213/ac7f44
2247:10.3847/1538-3881/ad2a52
2216:The Astronomical Journal
2196:10.3847/1538-3881/acf9ec
2104:10.3847/1538-3881/aa6cae
2073:The Astronomical Journal
1870:10.3847/2041-8213/ab1b42
1480:10.26093/cds/vizier.1350
1121:Discovery Communications
1089:Discovery Communications
756:Accretion (astrophysics)
429:Unconfirmed protoplanets
3854:Small planet radius gap
3557:Exoplanet Data Explorer
3481:Galactic habitable zone
3055:Giant-impact hypothesis
2297:2015A&A...578L...8B
1278:2016A&A...588A...8G
983:10.1126/science.aad0525
712:unconfirmed candidates
141:giant impact hypothesis
3814:Exoplanet phase curves
3652:Terrestrial candidates
3603:Multiplanetary systems
3567:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3250:Mean-motion resonances
3060:Gravitational collapse
3010:Circumstellar envelope
2546:10.1093/mnrasl/slad010
1753:10.1093/mnras/staa1167
1702:10.1093/mnrasl/slad027
1532:www.omnicalculator.com
1067:10.1006/icar.1999.6266
740:unconfirmed candidate
685:unconfirmed candidate
657:unconfirmed candidate
225:Hubble Space Telescope
153:Solar System's history
38:
27:Large planetary embryo
3689:Potentially habitable
3594:Exoplanetary systems
3536:Superhabitable planet
3295:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3180:Sample-return mission
3080:Interplanetary medium
2165:Astrophysical Journal
1198:Astrophysical Journal
909:Cessna, Abby (2009).
495:unconfirmed/ refuted
33:
3824:Extragalactic planet
3804:Carl Sagan Institute
3085:Interplanetary space
3000:Circumplanetary disk
2673:Planet-hosting stars
2421:10.1093/pasj/psad059
1034:. 30 September 2015.
499:Detection technique
306:Detection technique
232:protoplanetary disks
73:and the theories of
3165:Protoplanetary disk
3145:Planetary migration
3100:Interstellar medium
2879:Circumtriple planet
2874:Circumbinary planet
2537:2023MNRAS.526L..41P
2470:2022ApJ...929L..25C
2413:2023PASJ...75.1105K
2354:2022ApJ...934L..11V
2238:2024AJ....167..172B
2187:2023AJ....166..220Z
2095:2017AJ....153..244R
1997:2015ApJ...807...64Q
1932:10.1038/nature15761
1924:2015Natur.527..342S
1861:2019ApJ...877L...3C
1803:2012ApJ...745....5K
1744:2020MNRAS.495..451T
1693:2023MNRAS.522L..51H
1604:2014ApJ...792L..23R
1472:2020yCat.1350....0G
1414:2019NatAs...3.1109P
1373:2023ASPC..534..645P
1220:2013ApJ...766L...1Q
1059:2000Icar..144...27K
975:2016Sci...351..493Y
834:1993AREPS..21..525A
439:
252:
124:In the case of the
47:protoplanetary disk
3130:Nebular hypothesis
3105:Interstellar space
3090:Interstellar cloud
3070:Internal structure
3005:Circumstellar disc
1177:. 28 February 2013
490:Year of Discovery
480:Distance to earth
437:
303:Year of Discovery
293:Distance to earth
250:
39:
3885:
3884:
3461:Astrooceanography
3095:Interstellar dust
2967:
2966:
2843:Ultra-hot Neptune
2838:Ultra-hot Jupiter
2787:Eccentric Jupiter
2637:Planetary science
1908:(7578): 342–344.
1398:(12): 1109–1114.
959:(6272): 493–496.
913:. Universe Today.
761:Fusor (astronomy)
747:
746:
636:Gomez's Hamburger
595:disputed in 2017
426:
425:
139:According to the
98:radioactive decay
16:(Redirected from
3980:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3839:Neptunian desert
3225:Tidally detached
3160:Planet formation
3150:Planetary system
3040:Exozodiacal dust
3030:Disrupted planet
2954:Ultra-cool dwarf
2884:Disrupted planet
2869:Chthonian planet
2701:
2685:
2668:Planetary system
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2530:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2463:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2406:
2397:(6): 1105–1123.
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2347:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2290:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2231:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2180:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2106:
2088:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2039:
2033:
2032:
1990:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1917:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1854:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1796:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1737:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1686:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1597:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1407:
1392:Nature Astronomy
1383:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1289:
1271:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1213:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1148:. Archived from
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1003:
1002:
968:
948:
942:
941:
939:
938:
921:
915:
914:
906:
900:
899:
877:
871:
870:
868:
866:
853:
851:2060/19920021677
813:
807:
806:
804:
802:
787:
715:Disk Kinematics
688:Disk Kinematics
524:refuted in 2019
440:
394:Disk Kinematics
357:
356:
355:
253:
221:Subaru Telescope
21:
18:Planetary embryo
3988:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3973:Types of planet
3958:
3957:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3877:Search projects
3863:
3792:
3581:
3540:
3442:
3414:Radial velocity
3354:
3310:K/Orange dwarfs
3300:G/Yellow dwarfs
3261:
3255:Titius–Bode law
3194:
3125:Molecular cloud
3025:Detached object
2976:
2974:
2963:
2949:Toroidal planet
2939:Sub-brown dwarf
2847:
2773:
2745:(Super-Mercury)
2718:Coreless planet
2694:
2692:
2686:
2677:
2641:
2609:
2606:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2036:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1457:
1456:
1445:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1323:. April 5, 2022
1315:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1085:Discovery Space
1079:
1078:
1074:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1011:
1010:
1006:
950:
949:
945:
936:
934:
923:
922:
918:
908:
907:
903:
896:
879:
878:
874:
864:
862:
815:
814:
810:
800:
798:
792:"Planetesimals"
789:
788:
784:
779:
752:
660:Direct imaging
630:Direct imaging
598:Direct imaging
567:Direct imaging
547:Direct imaging
527:Direct imaging
458:
455:
431:
422:Direct imaging
366:Direct Imaging
353:
351:
350:
348:
334:Direct Imaging
271:
268:
206:
194:iron meteorites
122:
75:Viktor Safronov
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3426:Transit method
3423:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3373:Direct imaging
3370:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3190:Star formation
3187:
3185:Scattered disc
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Excretion disk
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:Accretion disk
2987:
2981:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Eyeball planet
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2566:External links
2564:
2561:
2560:
2521:(1): L41–L46.
2501:
2434:
2377:
2318:
2261:
2202:
2150:
2126:
2058:
2034:
1961:
1884:
1824:
1767:
1728:(1): 451–459.
1708:
1677:(1): L51–L55.
1657:
1633:
1567:
1543:
1512:
1485:
1443:
1378:
1334:
1308:
1241:
1188:
1162:
1132:
1116:Discovery News
1101:
1072:
1037:
1023:
1004:
943:
916:
911:"Protoplanets"
901:
894:
888:. p. 56.
872:
828:(1): 525–555.
808:
796:Universe Today
781:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
751:
748:
745:
744:
741:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
717:
716:
713:
710:
707:
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703:
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699:
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690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
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662:
661:
658:
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652:
649:
646:
644:
641:
638:
632:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
614:
611:
606:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
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569:
568:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
533:
529:
528:
525:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
510:
507:
501:
500:
497:
491:
488:
478:
468:
462:
456:
453:
447:
444:
430:
427:
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
396:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
346:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
301:
291:
281:
275:
269:
266:
260:
257:
237:molecular line
205:
202:
121:
118:
62:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3985:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3895:
3891:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3350:Yellow giants
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Merging stars
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Asteroid belt
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Pulsar planet
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Double planet
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Super-Neptune
2826:
2824:
2823:Super-Jupiter
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Helium planet
2796:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2744:
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51:planetesimals
48:
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37:
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19:
3968:Protoplanets
3952:Solar System
3694:Proper names
3471:Earth analog
3456:Astrobiology
3448:Habitability
3385:Microlensing
3345:White dwarfs
3315:M/Red dwarfs
3305:Herbig Ae/Be
3290:Brown dwarfs
3232:Rogue planet
3213:Interstellar
3155:Planetesimal
2928:
2924:Planetesimal
2904:Giant planet
2894:Ecumenopolis
2792:Mini-Neptune
2728:Dwarf planet
2518:
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2168:
2164:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:
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2061:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1905:
1901:
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1645:
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1500:
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1320:
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1259:
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1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:the original
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1114:
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1091:. 2009-10-08
1084:
1075:
1053:(1): 27–38.
1050:
1046:
1040:
1026:
1017:
1007:
956:
952:
946:
935:. Retrieved
929:
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863:. Retrieved
825:
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799:. Retrieved
795:
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771:Planetesimal
577:HD 100546 b
494:
481:
471:
465:
450:
432:
404:HD 169142 b
294:
284:
278:
263:
229:
214:
207:
157:
138:
126:Solar System
123:
91:
83:
67:planetesimal
64:
42:
40:
3940:Outer space
3928:Spaceflight
3706:before 2000
3622:Discoveries
3397:Polarimetry
3285:Binary star
3175:Rubble pile
3170:Ring system
3140:Outer space
3110:Kuiper belt
3065:Hills cloud
3020:Debris disk
3015:Cosmic dust
2944:Sub-Neptune
2929:Protoplanet
2864:Brown dwarf
2852:Other types
2808:Hot Neptune
2803:Hot Jupiter
2794:(Gas dwarf)
2769:Super-Earth
2754:Ocean world
2749:Lava planet
2743:Iron planet
2705:Terrestrial
2646:Main topics
470:separation
376:HD 97048 b
283:separation
187:Kuiper-belt
94:radioactive
43:protoplanet
3962:Categories
3617:Exoplanets
3598:Host stars
3545:Catalogues
3368:Astrometry
3330:Subdwarf B
3267:Host stars
3240:Retrograde
3135:Oort cloud
2973:Formation
2909:Mesoplanet
2833:Super-puff
2759:Mega-Earth
2738:Ice planet
2623:Definition
2608:Exoplanets
2528:2301.08759
2461:2111.07416
2454:(2): L25.
2404:2308.12144
2345:2207.02869
2338:(1): L11.
2288:1504.02735
2229:2402.12601
2222:(4): 172.
2178:2308.16223
2144:2023-03-01
2086:1704.06317
2079:(6): 244.
2052:2023-03-01
2013:1887/48578
1915:1511.07456
1852:1905.04322
1735:2003.02061
1684:2302.11302
1651:2023-04-11
1588:(1): L23.
1561:2023-03-01
1537:2023-03-01
1506:2023-03-01
1405:1907.02538
1364:2203.09528
1269:1601.04983
1156:2009-09-12
1126:2011-10-27
1095:2009-10-08
966:1603.04536
937:2016-01-30
777:References
766:Mesoplanet
721:Elias 2-24
698:multiple?
604:AB Aurigae
552:LkCa 15 d
532:LkCa 15 c
509:LkCa 15 b
493:disputed/
446:Exoplanet
419:2014/2023
259:Exoplanet
245:kinematics
241:HD 97048 b
217:AB Aurigae
110:meteorites
3904:Astronomy
3711:2000–2009
3677:1501–2000
3672:1001–1500
3360:Detection
3325:Red giant
2985:Accretion
2977:evolution
2818:Ice giant
2813:Gas giant
2764:Sub-Earth
2653:Exoplanet
2555:0035-8711
2496:244117638
2488:0004-637X
2429:0004-6264
2372:0004-637X
2313:0004-6361
2256:0004-6256
2171:(6): 11.
2113:0004-6256
2029:119119314
2021:0004-637X
1988:1412.5173
1981:(1): 64.
1940:0028-0836
1879:0004-637X
1845:(1): L3.
1819:0004-637X
1794:1110.3808
1762:0035-8711
1620:0004-637X
1595:1408.0813
1466:: I/350.
1438:195820690
1430:2397-3366
1296:0004-6361
1211:1302.7122
1204:(1). L1.
860:0084-6597
694:HD 163296
643:0.8-11.4
573:HD 100546
413:37.2±1.5
400:HD 169142
339:PDS 70 c
316:PDS 70 b
210:HD 100546
160:asteroids
114:asteroids
3667:501–1000
3647:Heaviest
3627:Extremes
3335:Subgiant
3208:Exocomet
2121:19100982
1948:26581290
1787:(1): 5.
1628:37427761
1321:CBC News
1236:56140977
991:26823426
750:See also
640:GoHam b
609:AB Aur b
379:2.5±0.5
372:HD 97048
223:and the
102:elements
89:proper.
3890:Portals
3642:Largest
3637:Nearest
3340:T Tauri
3236:Orbits
3220:Exomoon
3200:Systems
2914:Planemo
2779:Gaseous
2533:Bibcode
2466:Bibcode
2409:Bibcode
2350:Bibcode
2293:Bibcode
2234:Bibcode
2183:Bibcode
2091:Bibcode
1993:Bibcode
1920:Bibcode
1857:Bibcode
1799:Bibcode
1740:Bibcode
1689:Bibcode
1600:Bibcode
1468:Bibcode
1410:Bibcode
1369:Bibcode
1357:: 645.
1327:5 April
1301:5 April
1274:Bibcode
1216:Bibcode
1181:2 March
1055:Bibcode
1020:. UCLA.
999:6548599
971:Bibcode
953:Science
865:5 April
830:Bibcode
801:5 April
666:IM Lupi
648:350±50
505:LkCa 15
464:Period
277:Period
183:Lutetia
87:planets
79:gravity
55:planets
3657:Kepler
3632:Firsts
3531:Tholin
3402:Timing
3320:Pulsar
3245:Trojan
2859:Blanet
2618:Planet
2553:
2494:
2486:
2427:
2370:
2311:
2281:: L8.
2254:
2119:
2111:
2027:
2019:
1956:916170
1954:
1946:
1938:
1902:Nature
1877:
1817:
1760:
1626:
1618:
1436:
1428:
1294:
1262:: A8.
1234:
1047:Icarus
997:
989:
931:Forbes
892:
858:
618:94±49
484:parsec
312:PDS 70
297:parsec
175:Psyche
169:, and
167:Pallas
143:, the
3916:Stars
3797:Other
3662:1–500
3587:Lists
2696:types
2691:Sizes
2523:arXiv
2492:S2CID
2456:arXiv
2399:arXiv
2340:arXiv
2283:arXiv
2224:arXiv
2173:arXiv
2117:S2CID
2081:arXiv
2025:S2CID
1983:arXiv
1952:S2CID
1910:arXiv
1847:arXiv
1789:arXiv
1730:arXiv
1679:arXiv
1624:S2CID
1590:arXiv
1434:S2CID
1400:arXiv
1359:arXiv
1264:arXiv
1232:S2CID
1206:arXiv
1146:MSNBC
995:S2CID
961:arXiv
737:2023
709:2022
682:2022
654:2015
624:2022
592:2015
586:53±2
580:4-13
564:2015
559:24.7
544:2015
539:18.6
521:2012
516:12.7
466:(yr)
449:Mass
443:Star
391:2019
363:2019
331:2018
325:20±2
279:(yr)
262:Mass
256:Star
179:Metis
171:Vesta
163:Ceres
149:Theia
134:Pluto
130:Ceres
36:Vesta
3786:2024
3781:2023
3776:2022
3771:2021
3766:2020
3761:2019
3756:2018
3751:2017
3746:2016
3741:2015
3736:2014
3731:2013
3726:2012
3721:2011
3716:2010
3431:list
3419:list
3407:list
3390:list
3378:list
2975:and
2693:and
2551:ISSN
2484:ISSN
2425:ISSN
2368:ISSN
2309:ISSN
2252:ISSN
2109:ISSN
2017:ISSN
1944:PMID
1936:ISSN
1875:ISSN
1815:ISSN
1758:ISSN
1616:ISSN
1426:ISSN
1329:2022
1303:2022
1292:ISSN
1183:2013
987:PMID
890:ISBN
867:2022
856:ISSN
803:2022
727:2-5
677:110
672:2-3
651:250
621:156
589:108
583:249
416:114
410:167
407:3±2
388:184
385:130
382:956
360:112
345:227
342:8±4
328:112
322:119
319:3±1
145:Moon
132:and
2628:IAU
2541:doi
2519:526
2474:doi
2452:929
2417:doi
2358:doi
2336:934
2301:doi
2279:578
2242:doi
2220:167
2191:doi
2169:166
2099:doi
2077:153
2009:hdl
2001:doi
1979:807
1928:doi
1906:527
1865:doi
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1807:doi
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1748:doi
1726:495
1697:doi
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1418:doi
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1282:doi
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1224:doi
1202:766
1063:doi
1051:144
979:doi
957:351
846:hdl
838:doi
732:52
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2007:.
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1867::
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