412:
covering nine feet wide, and ten inches thick for plank), 1859 (restoring the acceptable grade to one foot in ten) and 1867 (changing the gravel specification to nine feet wide, and seven inches thick. Tolls on the roads ranged from two cents per mile, (for two horse wagons, and every "neat score of cattle", with an additional 3/4 cents for every animal if there are more than two animals), to a maximum of one cent per mile (for one horse vehicles and every sled or sleigh) and went to as low as one-half cent per mile for every
122:
travel in general. They were stated to be 1/3 as expensive as gravel roads. Plank roads were said to give a return on investment of 20% They also claimed that the roads will last for at least eight years, and if they don't, that will be because of more people travelling on the road, which would thus result in more tolls collected. Much of the plank road building occurred in places where lumber was comparatively affordable due to thriving timber industries, as wood was usually over sixty percent of a plank road's cost.
455:. Ransom signed the general plank road incorporation act, and throughout his governorship viewed plank roads as the solution to increasing Michigan's economy. Plank roads were very popular in rural areas, because, even when it was wet and muddy, people could still travel on plank roads. Properly maintained plank roads were known to cut four to six day trips to as short as ten to fifteen hours.
357:. Nine companies were chartered during 1845, eight 1848, thirty-seven in 1849, and eighty-nine in 1850. A general incorporation law was passed in 1851, allowing for any five people to form a plank road company as long as the "width of the road will be 60 feet, with 16 feet covered with stone, gravel or wood, and with no ascent over five degrees."
345:
pamphlet titled "A Brief
Practical Treatise on the Construction and Management of Plank Roads" in 1850. So huge was the demand for plank roads, by 1850, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Illinois-set up standardized procedures for the incorporation of plank road companies. Indiana passed its plank road legislation in September 1849
394:. Then in 1846, Charters were given to the Corunna and Northampton and the Marshall and Union City Plank Road companies. Eventually, the interest in building plank roads became so high that in 1848, a general incorporation law was passed. The law stated that any company could operate a plank road so long as their road
20:
411:
The law was subsequently amended in 1851 (shortening charters to sixty years, and making the greatest allowable grade one foot every twenty feet, as well as requiring the companies to make a report to the auditor general before the first
Tuesday in January), 1855 (allowing the substitution of gravel
344:
was a prominent supporter of plank roads. In 1849, the New
Harmony and Mount Vernon plank road company nominated Owen (who was already the director of the company) to go to New York, and find out how roads were constructed. After returning, he wrote a number of newspaper articles and a hugely popular
110:
Over that part of the road in
Toronto, that wore out in eight years... It is found that the cost of repairs on a McAdam road is easily greater than upon a plank road- without taking into account the great difference in the first cost. The McAdam road out from Toronto cost four hundred dollars every
398:
That the road be two to four rods wide, sixteen feet of which was to be a good, smooth, permanent road, well drained by ditches on either side. At least eight feet of the road was to be covered with plank three inches thick. The law provided further that no grades were to be greater than one in ten
275:
In southern New Jersey 1864 legislature approved a plank road across the salt marsh near
Atlantic City. This plank road was a 16 mile, one hundred foot wide, plank road leading to Atlantic City called the "Atlantic Turnpike". The oil industry in that area in the late 1800s fueled the development of
499:
were constructed. In 1852 there were thirty-nine bills for plank road charters, and in the 1854-55 legislative session, thirty-two charters were granted. The tolls allowable in North
Carolina were .5 cents per mile for a horse and one rider, 2 cents per mile for a teamster with two horses, 3 cents
165:
In the list of great improvements which have given to this age the character which it will bear in history above all others-the age of happiness to the people-the plank road will have a prominent place, and it deserves it...the plank road is of the class of canals and railways. They are the three
220:
was passed by the state legislature. In New York state, under the general incorporation law, from 1847 to 1854 more than 340 plank road building companies were incorporated, building about 3,500 miles of plank roads. The New York Senate reported in 1870 that plank roads were more profitable than
121:
Geddes goes on to mention that, over the eight-year span the
Toronto plank road lasted, the cost of maintaining one mile of the macadam road would be sufficient to re-plank the wooden road three times. Proponents of plank roads stated that plank roads would make it much easier to carry goods and
462:
reported that " A farm adjacent to a plank road increases in value from 10-15 percent...and commands a sale from the fact that the produce never lacks a market, and has a more regular and higher net value." The most plank roads (eight) went out of
Detroit to various cities, with
102:. By 1861, the governments of Upper and Lower Canada had built between 127–162 miles of plank roads, and private companies 194–214 miles. Geddes enthusiastically reported that wooden roads lasted eight years, and cost much less than compacted crushed stone
369:
in 1837. That company was the
Detroit, Plymouth and Ann Arbor Turnpike Company, chartered by Michigan state legislature on March 22, 1837 to build a "timber road made of good, well-hewn timber" from Detroit, in Wayne county to the village of
245:. Garfield Avenue in Jersey City was also a plank road known as "Old Bergen Point Plank Road"; built in 1850. The main street in Passaic was owned and maintained by a plank road company. The roads traveled over the
948:
New Jersey. Board of Public
Utilities - Annual Report of the Board of Public Utility Commissioners for the State of New Jersey for Fiscal Year 1912, Published 1913, Page 378, Dispatch Printing Company, Union Hill
549:
474:
rode from Kalamazoo on the Grand Rapids plank road, asked how he liked his trip, he replied "It would have been good if some unconscionable scoundrel had not now and then dropped a plank across it."
921:
New Jersey Law Reports, Volume XLII, State, Simmons v. Passaic, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of New Jersey, Volume 42, Page 525, November Term 1880, Trenton NJ - 1881
714:
Majewski, John; Baer, Christopher T.; Klein, Daniel B. (2004-01-08). "Responding to Relative Decline: The Plank Road Boom of Antebellum New York". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
216:
The first plank road in the United States was the Syracuse-Central Square road, and was a massive success. Subsequently, applications to form new plank road companies poured in. By 1847, a
654:
876:
A Manual of the Principles and Practice of Roadmaking: Comprising the Location, Construction, and Improvement of Roads (common, Macadam, Paved, Plank, Etc.) and Rail-roads
435:
During the 1800s, 202 plank road companies were established in Michigan, and 5,802 and 1/2 miles of plank roads were chartered, with roads as long as 220 miles (from
541:
257:
were a plank road through Newark, as were parts of Route 27. In 1912, the New York Telephone Company was granted permission to lay wire under the Paterson plank road.
580:
1387:
891:
Wheaton J. Lane, From Indian Trail to Iron Horse: Travel and Transportation in New Jersey, 1620-1860 (Princeton, 1939), 162-64; Durrenberger, Turnpikes, 144-45
1060:
1191:
766:
470:
However, the craze did not last long. Of the 5,082 and 1/2 miles chartered, only 1,179 miles were built by 89 of the original 202 companies. When
95:
1038:
1429:
1286:
1094:
686:
638:
496:
1349:
1419:
1310:
Farmer's Companion and Horticultural Gazette: A Monthly Journal of Scientific and Practical Agriculture and Miscellaneous Intelligence
178:
They also published an editorial saying "every section of the country should be lined with these roads.” Other written items included
1381:
857:
648:
492:
939:
Doug Pappas, The Lincoln Highway in New York and New Jersey, Published by the Northeast Chapter of the Lincoln Highway Association.
365:
While the first plank road was built in New York, the first company chartered with the intent to build a plank road was created in
211:
157:
said they viewed plank roads as a means of “completely reforming the interior or rural transit trade of our country.” In 1852,
500:
for a teamster with three horses, and one with six horses, 4 cents. In the 1850s, about 500 miles of plank roads were built.
330:
279:
In 1901, the New Jersey legislature enacted a law to claim any plank road owned by a charter which has or will be expiring.
1241:
325:
did receive a charter, but none of the proposed roads were ever built. Later on, in 1847, however; newspapers such as the
329:
carried articles praising plank roads, and one of the first plank roads in the Midwest (apart from Michigan) went from
111:
year to keep a mile in order... if the road is constructed, the repairs will be trifling until the road is worn out .
572:
1371:
202:
Throughout the Mid-Atlantic region, some 700 companies, and about 7,000 miles of plank road were chartered by 1857.
976:
Moody's Manual Consolidated - Public Utility Section - Railroads and Corporation Securities, 1922, Volume 1, Page 5
448:
375:
1064:
1414:
1184:
762:
217:
141:
425:
421:
304:
75:
444:
440:
517:
464:
246:
94:, and was frequently cited by Geddes in his promotion of plank roads. The Toronto project was proposed by
727:
261:
249:(at the time known as the "Hackensack Meadows"), connecting the cities for which they were named to the
230:
99:
40:
417:
391:
1424:
1030:
452:
451:). The man who signed the law was one of the major supporters of plank roads in Michigan, governor
436:
371:
296:
269:
265:
260:
There were also plank roads in the central part of the state. One such road was created to go from
234:
153:
1278:
1122:
608:
1324:
1262:
1216:
1160:
1086:
811:
322:
71:
679:
1377:
1308:
1003:
Acts of the Legislature of the State of New Jersey, Law Session of 1901, Chapter 135, Page 292
853:
715:
644:
429:
295:
After the initial craze in New York, in late 1844 and early 1845, many regional newspapers in
238:
187:
1144:
826:
788:
719:
1341:
341:
318:
309:
147:
44:
994:
Jon Sherman, 2002, Drake Well Museum and Park: Pennsylvania Trail of History Guide, Page 19
520:, began building a plank road. The road extended at least 14 miles, but eventually rotted.
740:
254:
1116:
985:
Public Ordinances of Atlantic City, Board of Commissioners - City Council Page 236, 1913
805:
602:
508:
Spurred on by the original success of plank roads in the United States, the Viscount of
272:. Built in 1850, another one was in West Long Branch known as Larry's Creek Plank Road.
930:
The Club Journal - Automobile Club of America, April 16, 1910, Volume 2 No. 1, page 254
488:
387:
326:
404:
Philip P. Mason, The Plank Road Craze: A Chapter in the History of Michigan's Highways
1408:
1373:
Industrial Forests and Mechanical Marvels: Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Brazil
513:
87:
36:
32:
161:
published an article titled "The First Plank Road Movement," extolling plank roads.
250:
59:—and more than 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of plank road were built countrywide.
845:
History, structure, and statistics of plank roads, in the United States and Canada
542:"Central NY was the center of the wooden roads boom in the US - until they rotted"
287:
Pennsylvania incorporated 315 plank road companies, the second most of any state.
1013:
874:
849:
413:
184:
History, Structure and Statistics of Plank Roads in the United States and Canada
1233:
317:
supported plank roads. In 1845, proponents of a Chicago-Rockford road, such as
471:
383:
242:
67:
56:
48:
82:. In turn, the concept is thought to have been brought to North America from
509:
52:
378:. Later on, in 1844, the state authorized the building of plank roads from
843:
366:
680:"Plank Road Fever in Antebellum America: Responding to relative decline"
145:
said plank roads were "growing into universal favor." In the 1850s, the
1185:"The Plank Road Craze: A Chapter in the History of Michigan's Highways"
967:
Acts of the 88th Legislature of the State of New Jersey, 1864, Page 431
379:
337:
300:
166:
great inscriptions graven on the earth by the hand of modern science...
103:
91:
83:
79:
353:
The enthusiasm for plank roads was exceptionally strong in Northern
139:
published an article titled “Plank Roads-New Improvement." In 1849,
19:
1149:. Department of Management and Budget. 1844. pp. 54–60, 46–53.
18:
1146:
Public and Local Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan
1118:
Public and Local Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan
135:
National newspapers helped spread the plank road craze. In 1847,
958:
Wayne O. Welshan, 2006, Images of America - Jersey Shore, Page 9
354:
47:. In the span of ten years, over 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of
804:
Freeman Hunt; Thomas Prentice Kettell; William B. Dana (1851).
842:
William Kingsford; F. G. Skinner; Charles Ezra Clarke (1851).
903:
Eric Sloane, page 68, 1955, Our Vanishing Landscape, New York
1018:. Prairie Farmer Publishing Company. 1847. pp. 123–124.
640:
Leading Lean Software Development: Results Are not the Point
1234:"Michigan Highways: The History of Roads in Michigan (p.1)"
912:
Patrick B. Shalhoub, 1995, Images of America - Jersey City
763:"The Plank Road Enthusiasm in the Antebellum Middle West"
268:. It followed roughly the path that is currently used by
573:"Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth Century America"
416:
of sheep or pigs. By 1869, plank road companies in the
39:
that lasted from 1844 to the mid 1850s, largely in the
340:, and throughout much of the Midwest, social reformer
192:
A Manual of the Principles and Practice of Road-Making
1313:. E. A. Wales' steam power presses. pp. 260–261.
1221:. Michigan Engineering Society. 1897. pp. 39–42.
90:. The first plank road in North America led out from
790:
Scientific American Volume 05 Number 27 (March 1850)
487:For a brief time, plank roads were very popular in
151:praised their ease of construction. In March 1850,
637:Poppendieck, Mary; Poppendieck, Tom (2009-10-21).
399:and that the charters were to run for sixty years.
1329:. Michigan Engineering Society. 1897. p. 42.
1267:. Michigan Engineering Society. 1897. p. 39.
604:Eighty Years' Progress of British North America
396:
307:called for plank roads. Newspapers such as the
163:
108:
1342:"Plank Roads - North Carolina History Project"
1165:. State Printers. 1846. pp. 231–233, 251.
51:were built in New York—enough road to go from
1087:"The Invention And Extinction Of Plank Roads"
432:counties were allowed to double their tolls.
8:
460:Farmer's Companion and Horticultural Gazette
848:. A. Hart, late Carey & Hart. p.
1061:"Early Transportation and the Plank Road"
807:Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review
276:the plank road through Pleasantville NJ.
1279:"Plank Roads - Kalamazoo Public Library"
529:
769:from the original on September 5, 2014
736:
725:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
583:from the original on 15 November 2016
70:were brought to the United States by
7:
1197:from the original on 18 January 2015
756:
754:
752:
750:
709:
707:
673:
671:
552:from the original on 4 November 2016
535:
533:
1307:Charles Fox; Charles Betts (1854).
873:William Mitchell Gillespie (1871).
497:Fayetteville and Western Plank Road
241:, were major arteries in northern
78:who brought them to New York from
16:Economic boom in the United States
14:
692:from the original on June 2, 2016
493:Greenville and Raleigh Plank Road
467:(seven) following close behind.
194:(1871) by William M. Gillespie.
1390:from the original on 2023-03-05
1370:Cribelli, Teresa (2016-07-01).
1352:from the original on 2017-01-18
1289:from the original on 2017-06-06
1244:from the original on 2017-01-28
1115:Michigan; John S. Bagg (1837).
1097:from the original on 2016-06-06
1041:from the original on 2017-03-07
657:from the original on 2023-03-05
212:List of plank roads in New York
1376:. Cambridge University Press.
1346:North Carolina History Project
825:George Thomson Geddes (1850).
447:) to as short as one mile (in
1:
828:Observations Upon Plank Roads
624:Observations Upon Plank Roads
607:. L. Stebbins. 1864. p.
86:by the then Governor General
1430:19th-century fads and trends
577:Economic History Association
540:Coin, Glen (30 June 2016).
180:Observations on Plank Roads
1446:
209:
1420:History of road transport
1326:Michigan Engineers Annual
1264:Michigan Engineers Annual
1218:Michigan Engineers Annual
1162:The Journal of the Senate
1091:www.rootsweb.ancestry.com
253:waterfront. Parts of the
218:general incorporation law
182:(1850) by George Geddes,
172:Hunts Merchants' Magazine
1238:www.michiganhighways.org
1232:Bessert, Christopher J.
1035:www.watertownhistory.org
159:Hunts Merchants Magazine
137:Hunts Merchants Magazine
116:George Geddes, Reference
622:Geddes, George (1850).
518:Rio de Janeiro province
229:Three plank roads, the
1031:"Watertown Plank Road"
735:Cite journal requires
407:
331:Milwaukee to Watertown
247:New Jersey Meadowlands
221:gravel or stone roads
176:
142:Niles' Weekly Register
119:
24:
643:. Pearson Education.
303:, and throughout the
41:Eastern United States
22:
1067:on December 26, 2017
810:. F. Hunt. pp.
443:, and going through
392:Blissfield, Michigan
453:Epaphroditus Ransom
154:Scientific American
1340:L. Kickler, Troy.
315:Gem of the Prairie
98:, and built under
25:
1059:Glass, Remley J.
571:Klein, Daniel B.
512:and the Baron of
374:in the county of
188:William Kingsford
1437:
1415:Economic bubbles
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1063:. Archived from
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342:Robert Dale Owen
319:J. Young Scammon
310:Chicago Democrat
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148:New York Tribune
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100:Sir Francis Bond
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1183:Mason, Philip.
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678:Klein, Daniel.
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255:Lincoln Highway
227:
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175:
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133:
128:
118:
115:
65:
29:Plank Road Boom
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1015:Prairie Farmer
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879:. A.S. Barnes.
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761:Abbott, Carl.
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737:|journal=
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388:Sylvania, Ohio
386:and from near
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327:Prairie Farmer
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1383:9781316720691
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1283:www.kpl.gov
1121:. pp.
68:Plank roads
1425:Plank road
1409:Categories
1394:2020-11-19
1356:2017-01-17
1293:2016-12-10
1248:2016-12-10
1201:9 December
1129:9 December
1101:2016-12-28
1045:2016-12-18
661:2020-11-19
587:7 December
556:6 December
524:References
472:Mark Twain
384:Port Huron
313:, and the
297:Fort Wayne
243:New Jersey
237:, and the
231:Hackensack
225:New Jersey
186:(1851) by
63:Background
57:California
49:plank road
516:, in the
510:Barbacena
478:Southeast
437:Zilwaukee
376:Washtenaw
372:Ann Arbor
74:engineer
53:Manhattan
1388:Archived
1350:Archived
1287:Archived
1242:Archived
1192:Archived
1095:Archived
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767:Archived
687:Archived
655:Archived
581:Archived
550:Archived
495:and the
402:—
367:Michigan
361:Michigan
270:Route 79
262:Freehold
235:Paterson
206:New York
169:—
114:—
72:Syracuse
45:New York
430:Saginaw
426:Gratiot
422:Clinton
380:Detroit
338:Indiana
305:Midwest
301:Chicago
291:Midwest
266:Keyport
131:America
106:roads.
104:macadam
92:Toronto
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31:was an
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491:. The
239:Newark
233:, the
190:, and
84:Russia
80:Canada
1195:(PDF)
1188:(PDF)
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414:score
1378:ISBN
1203:2016
1131:2016
1125:–243
1073:2016
854:ISBN
814:–65.
775:2016
741:help
716:SSRN
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645:ISBN
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558:2016
428:and
355:Ohio
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126:Boom
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
