78:
170:
In this case, the first part, 七重縣, can be read in
Chinese as 'seven-fold county', while 難隱別 is meaningless, and hence seems to represent the sound of the name. From other examples, we infer that 難隱 means 'seven' and 別 means '-fold, layer', while the 'county' part of the gloss is not represented. Such
1046:
The first authors to study these words assumed that, because these place names came from the territory of
Goguryeo, they must have represented the language of that state. Lee and Ramsey offer the additional argument that the dual use of Chinese characters to represent the sound and meaning of the
174:
In this way, a vocabulary of 80 to 100 words has been extracted from these place names. Characters like 買 and 忽 presumably represented pronunciations based on some local version of the
Chinese reading tradition, but there is no agreement on what this sounded like. Korean scholars tend to use the
161:
Since 水城 is a
Chinese phrase meaning 'water city', while 買忽 cannot be read as Chinese, scholars deduce that the characters 買忽 are used to record the sound of the name, while the characters 水城 represent its meaning. From this, they infer that 買 and 忽 represent a local words for 'water' and 'city'
1069:
proposes that the place names reflect the original language of the Korean peninsula and a component in the formation of both Korean and
Japanese. Toh Soo Hee argues that they reflect the original language of Baekje. Kōno Rokurō argues that two languages were used by different social classes in
116:
that are no longer extant. Four chapters survey the geography of the former kingdoms. Chapters 34, 35 and 36 describe the territories of Silla, Goguryeo and Baekje respectively. They also cover the administrative re-organization after unification as
1053:, assuming that the characters represented a form of northeast Chinese, for which he offers his own reconstruction, claims a much larger proportion of Japonic cognates. Beckwith's linguistic analysis has been criticized for the
1060:
Other authors point out that most of the place names come from central Korea, an area captured by
Goguryeo from Baekje and other states in the 5th century, and none from the historical homeland of Goguryeo north of the
1047:
place names must have been done by scribes of
Goguryeo, which would have borrowed written Chinese earlier than the southern kingdoms. They argue that the Goguryeo language formed a link between Japanese and Korean.
1814:
Koguryo, the
Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle
56:
language. Others, pointing out that the area concerned had been part of
Goguryeo for less than 200 years, argue that these names represent the languages of earlier inhabitants of the area, and call them
1723:[A study of the historical relationship of the Koguryo language, the Old Japanese language, and the Middle Korean language on the basis of fragmentary glosses preserved as place names in the
1065:. These authors suggest that the place names reflect the languages of those states rather than that of Goguryeo. This would explain why they seem to reflect multiple language groups.
1087:
129:
in the 8th century. Chapter 37, dealing mostly with places in the
Goguryeo lands seized by Silla, has a different format, with a series of items of the form
162:
respectively. In other cases, the two forms of a name are given in the opposite order or annotated in inconsistent ways. For example, another entry is:
149:. These scholars interpreted such formulas as giving place names and their meanings. For example, the following entry refers to the city now known as
1867:
1762:
1709:
1544:
1057:
nature of his Chinese reconstructions, for his handling of Japonic material and for hasty rejection of possible cognates in other languages.
25:('History of the Three Kingdoms', 1145) contains a list of place names and their meanings, from part of central Korea captured by
2042:
171:
inconsistencies suggest that the names were collated by someone unsure of how they were originally intended to be read.
145:(1916). Substantial analysis began with a series of articles by Lee Ki-Moon in the 1960s, with further contributions by
201:
for the same character. In some cases, the same word is represented by several characters with similar pronunciations.
1108:
2047:
1877:
Whitman, John (2011), "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan",
1719:
Itabashi, Yoshizo (2003), "Kōkuri no chimei kara Kōkurigo to Chōsengo/Nihongo to no shiteki kankei wo saguru"
217:
languages were once spoken in central and southern parts of the Korean peninsula. Others resemble Korean or
1697:
1050:
101:
1781:——— (1976), "Japanese and Korean: The Problems and History of a Linguistic Comparison",
176:
122:
1738:] (in Japanese), vol. 31, Kyoto: International Center for Japanese Studies, pp. 131–185,
209:
Several of the words extracted from these names, including all four of the attested numerals, resemble
1886:
1855:
146:
82:
126:
33:(Koguryŏ). Some of the vocabulary extracted from these names provides the principal evidence that
1798:
218:
214:
86:
46:
2037:
1863:
1758:
1705:
210:
97:
34:
2013:
1967:
1921:
1894:
1828:
1790:
1739:
38:
2002:
104:
period, which ended in 668. The work was compiled in 1145 from records of the kingdoms of
42:
1890:
1842:
Toh, Soo Hee (2005), "About Early Paekche language mistaken as being Koguryŏ language",
1981:
188:
142:
138:
2031:
1062:
543:
180:
77:
1070:
Baekje, with the glossed placenames coming from the language of the common people.
1066:
271:
1936:
Study on the borrowed writings of the dialect of Koguryo Dynasty in Ancient Korean
2018:
1811:
118:
21:
1899:
1024:
996:
968:
940:
912:
884:
878:
850:
822:
816:
788:
760:
706:
682:
654:
626:
572:
566:
536:
504:
498:
470:
439:
385:
353:
325:
297:
264:
1954:
Endo, Mitsuaki (2021), "Geographical distribution of certain toponyms in the
1925:
1833:
109:
30:
121:
in 668, including former place names and the standardized two-character
1972:
1860:
The Role of Contact in the Origins of the Japanese and Korean Languages
1802:
1744:
193:
113:
81:
Korea in the late 5th century, after the expansion of Goguryeo under
66:
1794:
150:
105:
76:
26:
213:, and are accepted by many authors as evidence that now-extinct
1412:
1410:
2003:"The Language of the Koguryo State: A Critical Reexamination"
1772:
Lewin, Bruno (1973), "Japanese and the language of Koguryŏ",
1568:
1566:
1143:
1141:
1139:
191:
reading pronunciations recorded in such dictionaries as the
52:
Some scholars have ascribed the extracted vocabulary to an
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1373:
1371:
1358:
1356:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1268:
1266:
1264:
37:
were formerly spoken in central and southern parts of the
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1774:
Papers of the C.I.C. Far Eastern Languages Institute 4
1702:
Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives
1988:[Regarding numerals in Japanese and Korean],
1984:(1916), "Kokugo oyobi Chōsen-go no sūshi ni tsuite"
1736:
Perspectives on the Origins of the Japanese Language
1727:], in Vovin, Alexander; Osada, Toshiki (eds.),
197:(compiled in 601), yielding a pronunciation of
164:
155:
131:
8:
16:Early Korea placenames studied by linguists
2017:
1971:
1898:
1862:, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press,
1832:
1743:
1632:
1584:
1572:
1447:
1416:
1347:
1308:
1272:
1207:
1195:
1147:
1130:
1088:Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese
179:readings of 15th century dictionaries of
1753:Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011),
1680:
1656:
1596:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1428:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1362:
1231:
1183:
1171:
223:
141:(1907), Miyazaki Michizaburō (1907) and
1844:Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies
1644:
1608:
1557:
1543:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLim2000 (
1296:
1284:
1243:
1123:
1079:
1098:denote Middle Chinese tone categories.
187:. Another approximation is to use the
1912:, by Ki-Moon Lee and Robert Ramsey",
1620:
1320:
1255:
1219:
1086:Middle Chinese forms are given using
137:These formulas were first studied by
7:
1668:
1538:
1159:
689:Tungusic *namu, *lamu 'lake, sea'
14:
1107:Korean forms are cited using the
1910:A History of the Korean Language
1755:A History of the Korean Language
1908:——— (2013), "
1783:The Journal of Japanese Studies
225:Sample of extracted vocabulary
1757:, Cambridge University Press,
1721:高句麗の地名から高句麗語と朝鮮語・日本語との史的関係をさぐる
1:
1817:By Christopher I. Beckwith"
1109:Yale romanization of Korean
183:, in which 買 is pronounced
2064:
2019:10.14746/sijp.2017.47/48.4
1729:Nihongo keitoron no genzai
1900:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0
1023:
995:
967:
939:
911:
883:
877:
849:
821:
815:
787:
759:
712:
705:
704:
681:
653:
625:
578:
571:
565:
564:
535:
503:
497:
469:
438:
391:
384:
383:
352:
324:
296:
263:
235:
232:
229:
96:is a history, written in
29:from the former state of
1985:
1810:Pellard, Thomas (2005),
1731:
1720:
1698:Beckwith, Christopher I.
1960:Anthropological Science
1633:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1585:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1573:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1448:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1417:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1348:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1309:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1273:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1208:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1196:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1148:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1131:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1051:Christopher I. Beckwith
133:A一云B (A 'one calls' B)
41:. Other words resemble
2043:Historical linguistics
168:
159:
135:
89:
1926:10.1075/kl.15.2.05whi
125:names assigned under
80:
1834:10.1353/ks.2006.0008
1287:, p. 154, n. 9.
1234:, pp. 139, 148.
83:Gwanggaeto the Great
2001:Ulman, Vít (2016),
1891:2011Rice....4..149W
1647:, pp. 251–252.
1611:, pp. 168–169.
1599:, pp. 252–254.
1404:, pp. 152–153.
1299:, pp. 153–154.
1005:paraha, puru, parak
226:
1973:10.1537/ase.201229
1938:, by Lim Byung-jun
1914:Korean Linguistics
1856:Unger, J. Marshall
1419:, pp. 39, 41.
1311:, pp. 41, 43.
224:
219:Tungusic languages
215:Peninsular Japonic
90:
73:Place name glosses
19:Chapter 37 of the
2048:Japonic languages
2010:Silva Iaponicarum
1869:978-0-8248-3279-7
1776:, pp. 19–33.
1764:978-1-139-49448-9
1745:10.15055/00005276
1711:978-90-04-13949-7
1683:, pp. 20–21.
1671:, pp. 23–26.
1659:, pp. 18–20.
1623:, pp. 74–80.
1587:, pp. 43–44.
1575:, pp. 40–41.
1541:, pp. 40–64.
1323:, pp. 24–27.
1210:, pp. 38–39.
1198:, pp. 37–40.
1150:, pp. 37–38.
1039:
1038:
895:'Mountain, high'
549:'mother, parent'
236:Possible cognate
211:Japonic languages
147:Shichirō Murayama
98:Classical Chinese
35:Japonic languages
2055:
2023:
2021:
2012:, 47/48: 64–78,
2007:
1997:
1977:
1975:
1941:
1929:
1904:
1902:
1885:(3–4): 149–158,
1873:
1851:
1838:
1836:
1806:
1777:
1768:
1749:
1747:
1715:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1084:
1027:
999:
971:
951:'Heart, Breast'
943:
915:
888:'Mountain, High'
887:
881:
853:
825:
819:
791:
763:
709:
685:
657:
629:
575:
569:
539:
507:
501:
473:
442:
388:
356:
328:
300:
267:
227:
100:, of the Korean
39:Korean peninsula
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2005:
2000:
1992:(in Japanese),
1987:
1982:Shinmura, Izuru
1980:
1953:
1949:
1947:Further reading
1944:
1933:Lim, Byungjun,
1932:
1907:
1876:
1870:
1854:
1841:
1809:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1752:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1681:Beckwith (2004)
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1657:Beckwith (2004)
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1597:Beckwith (2004)
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1514:
1508:Itabashi (2003)
1506:
1502:
1496:Itabashi (2003)
1494:
1490:
1484:Itabashi (2003)
1482:
1478:
1472:Itabashi (2003)
1470:
1466:
1460:Itabashi (2003)
1458:
1454:
1446:
1435:
1429:Itabashi (2003)
1427:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1402:Itabashi (2003)
1400:
1396:
1390:Itabashi (2003)
1388:
1384:
1378:Itabashi (2003)
1376:
1369:
1363:Itabashi (2003)
1361:
1354:
1346:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1232:Itabashi (2003)
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1184:Beckwith (2004)
1182:
1178:
1172:Beckwith (2004)
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1044:
1042:Interpretations
944:'Heart, Breast'
861:'Castle, City'
516:
451:
365:
278:
244:Middle Chinese
207:
127:King Gyeongdeok
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
1998:
1986:國語及び朝鮮語の數詞について
1978:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1920:(2): 246–260,
1905:
1874:
1868:
1852:
1839:
1821:Korean Studies
1807:
1795:10.2307/132059
1789:(2): 389–412,
1778:
1769:
1763:
1750:
1716:
1710:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1645:Whitman (2013)
1637:
1625:
1613:
1609:Pellard (2005)
1601:
1589:
1577:
1562:
1560:, p. 154.
1558:Whitman (2011)
1550:
1512:
1510:, p. 151.
1500:
1498:, p. 139.
1488:
1486:, p. 149.
1476:
1474:, p. 146.
1464:
1462:, p. 153.
1452:
1433:
1431:, p. 155.
1421:
1406:
1394:
1392:, p. 148.
1382:
1380:, p. 154.
1367:
1365:, p. 147.
1352:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1297:Whitman (2011)
1289:
1285:Whitman (2011)
1277:
1260:
1258:, p. 408.
1248:
1246:, p. 252.
1244:Whitman (2013)
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1135:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1100:
1090:. The letters
1078:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1031:Middle Korean
1029:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:Middle Korean
1001:
993:
988:
985:
981:
980:
977:koma, kom, gom
975:Middle Korean
973:
965:
960:
957:
953:
952:
947:Middle Korean
945:
937:
932:
929:
925:
924:
919:Middle Korean
917:
909:
904:
901:
897:
896:
891:Middle Korean
889:
875:
870:
867:
863:
862:
857:Middle Korean
855:
847:
842:
839:
835:
834:
829:Middle Korean
827:
813:
808:
805:
801:
800:
797:kuseul /guseul
795:Middle Korean
793:
785:
780:
777:
773:
772:
767:Middle Korean
765:
757:
752:
749:
745:
744:
739:
736:
732:
731:
726:
723:
719:
718:
711:
703:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
679:
674:
671:
667:
666:
661:Middle Korean
659:
651:
646:
643:
639:
638:
637:'pile, layer'
633:Middle Korean
631:
630:'-fold, layer'
623:
618:
615:
611:
610:
605:
602:
598:
597:
592:
589:
585:
584:
579:Middle Korean
577:
563:
558:
555:
551:
550:
541:
533:
528:
525:
521:
520:
514:
509:
495:
490:
487:
483:
482:
475:
467:
462:
459:
455:
454:
449:
444:
436:
431:
428:
424:
423:
418:
415:
411:
410:
405:
402:
398:
397:
390:
382:
377:
374:
370:
369:
363:
358:
350:
345:
342:
338:
337:
330:
322:
317:
314:
310:
309:
302:
294:
289:
286:
282:
281:
276:
269:
261:
256:
253:
249:
248:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
231:
206:
203:
189:Middle Chinese
143:Shinmura Izuru
102:Three Kingdoms
74:
71:
59:pseudo-Koguryŏ
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2060:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1635:, p. 40.
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1450:, p. 41.
1449:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1350:, p. 43.
1349:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1275:, p. 39.
1274:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1222:, p. 73.
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1186:, p. 10.
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1162:, p. 12.
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1133:, p. 37.
1132:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:Taedong River
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
989:
986:
983:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
964:
961:
958:
955:
954:
950:
949:kasam, kaseum
946:
942:
938:
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
908:
905:
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890:
886:
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868:
865:
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848:
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840:
837:
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832:
828:
824:
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809:
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798:
794:
790:
786:
784:
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770:
766:
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750:
747:
746:
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734:
733:
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724:
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619:
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593:
590:
587:
586:
582:
574:
568:
562:
559:
556:
553:
552:
548:
545:
544:Middle Korean
542:
538:
534:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
518:
511:Old Japanese
510:
506:
500:
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494:
491:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:Old Japanese
476:
472:
468:
466:
463:
460:
457:
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452:
446:Old Japanese
445:
441:
437:
435:
432:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:Old Japanese
387:
381:
378:
375:
372:
371:
367:
360:Old Japanese
359:
355:
351:
349:
346:
343:
340:
339:
335:
332:Old Japanese
331:
327:
323:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:Old Japanese
303:
299:
295:
293:
290:
287:
284:
283:
279:
273:
270:
266:
262:
260:
257:
254:
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240:
239:
228:
222:
220:
216:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
182:
181:Middle Korean
178:
172:
167:
163:
158:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
134:
130:
128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
88:
84:
79:
72:
70:
68:
64:
63:Early Paekche
60:
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
23:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1966:(1): 35–44,
1963:
1959:
1955:
1937:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1882:
1878:
1859:
1847:
1843:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1754:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1701:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1621:Unger (2009)
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1553:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1424:
1397:
1385:
1321:Lewin (1973)
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1256:Lewin (1976)
1251:
1239:
1227:
1220:Unger (2009)
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1174:, p. 9.
1167:
1155:
1126:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1067:Kim Bang-han
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1018:
1004:
990:
976:
962:
948:
934:
920:
906:
903:keaj(-tshij)
892:
872:
858:
844:
830:
810:
796:
782:
769:padah /parʌl
768:
754:
741:
728:
714:
700:
676:
662:
648:
634:
620:
607:
594:
580:
560:
546:
530:
512:
492:
478:
464:
447:
433:
420:
407:
393:
379:
361:
347:
333:
319:
305:
291:
274:
272:Old Japanese
258:
247:Sino-Korean
230:Native word
208:
198:
192:
184:
173:
169:
165:
160:
156:
136:
132:
93:
91:
62:
58:
53:
51:
20:
18:
1956:Samguk Sagi
1850:(2): 13–31.
1827:: 167–170,
1725:Samguk sagi
1690:Works cited
921:kesi, kuija
833:'Eggplant'
177:Sino-Korean
139:Naitō Konan
123:Sino-Korean
119:Later Silla
94:Samguk sagi
54:Old Koguryŏ
22:Samguk sagi
2032:Categories
1669:Toh (2005)
1539:Lim (2000)
1160:Toh (2005)
1119:References
1033:keom, geom
831:kaji /gaji
826:'Eggplant'
583:'boulder'
430:ʔu-sje-hom
205:Vocabulary
1732:日本語系統論の現在
1704:, Brill,
959:kuwŋ-muwk
502:'river',
453:'rabbit'
396:'valley'
389:'valley'
288:hju-tshij
2038:Goguryeo
1858:(2009),
1700:(2004),
1035:'Black'
1015:kim-mjut
1007:'Green'
991:pallyeok
987:bjot-lik
931:kjo-syij
893:tal /dar
859:kol /hol
854:'Castle'
717:'earth'
710:'earth'
673:nwoj-mej
576:'cliff'
540:'mother'
527:yæ-tshij
519:'water'
508:'water'
443:'rabbit'
336:'seven'
280:'three'
166:七重縣一云難隱別
110:Goguryeo
47:Tungusic
31:Goguryeo
1887:Bibcode
1815:Chinese
1028:'Black'
1019:geummul
1000:'Green'
979:'Bear'
963:gongmog
923:'King'
807:kæ-tsye
799:'Jade'
713:Manchu
604:pæ-ʔjɨj
591:pa-ʔjɨj
561:phahyey
481:'lead'
461:na-mjut
434:wosaham
329:'seven'
316:nan-ʔɨn
308:'five'
268:'three'
241:Script
49:words.
1996:: 2–4.
1990:Geibun
1866:
1803:132059
1801:
1761:
1708:
1055:ad hoc
972:'Bear'
916:'King'
792:'Jade'
783:kuseul
779:ku-sje
771:'Sea'
751:pa-tan
686:'pool'
581:pahwoy
557:pa-hej
479:namari
474:'lead'
465:namwul
368:'ten'
301:'five'
233:Gloss
194:Qieyun
157:買忽一云水城
114:Baekje
87:Jangsu
67:Baekje
43:Korean
2006:(PDF)
1799:JSTOR
1734:[
1074:Notes
764:'Sea'
755:padan
677:naymi
665:'ox'
608:phauy
595:phauy
531:yacho
448:usagi
357:'ten'
320:nanun
292:wucha
151:Suwon
106:Silla
27:Silla
1879:Rice
1864:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1545:help
1094:and
935:kasi
907:kesi
900:皆(次)
841:xwot
811:kaji
697:nwoj
663:sywo
658:'ox'
649:sywu
645:syuw
621:pyel
617:pjet
517:(du)
421:thon
417:then
408:twon
404:twon
394:tani
334:nana
112:and
92:The
85:and
2014:doi
1968:doi
1964:129
1958:",
1922:doi
1895:doi
1829:doi
1791:doi
1740:doi
873:dal
869:dat
845:hol
701:nay
635:pol
547:ezi
493:may
427:烏斯含
380:tan
376:tan
348:tek
344:tok
306:itu
259:mil
255:mit
185:may
69:).
61:or
45:or
2034::
2008:,
1962:,
1918:15
1916:,
1893:,
1881:,
1846:,
1825:29
1823:,
1819:,
1797:,
1785:,
1565:^
1515:^
1436:^
1409:^
1370:^
1355:^
1328:^
1263:^
1138:^
1012:今勿
984:伐力
956:功木
928:居尸
882:,
804:加支
776:古斯
748:波旦
742:no
738:nu
729:na
725:na
715:na
670:內米
601:巴衣
588:波衣
554:波兮
524:也次
513:mi
489:mɛ
458:那勿
366:wo
362:to
313:難隱
285:于次
275:mi
221:.
199:mɛ
153::
108:,
2022:.
2016::
1994:7
1976:.
1970::
1940:.
1928:.
1924::
1903:.
1897::
1889::
1883:4
1872:.
1848:2
1837:.
1831::
1812:"
1805:.
1793::
1787:2
1767:.
1748:.
1742::
1714:.
1547:)
1111:.
1096:X
1092:H
1025:黑
997:綠
969:熊
941:心
913:王
885:高
879:山
866:達
851:城
838:忽
823:茄
820:→
817:菁
789:玉
761:海
735:奴
722:那
707:壌
694:内
683:池
655:牛
642:首
627:重
614:別
573:峴
570:/
567:巖
537:母
515:1
505:水
499:川
486:買
471:鉛
450:1
440:兎
414:吞
401:頓
386:谷
373:旦
364:2
354:十
341:德
326:七
298:五
277:1
265:三
252:密
65:(
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