410:
in the early years of the seventeenth century; nevertheless, there were rather frequent drunken brawls, with consequent murders, between the two tribes in the boisterous era of the fur-trade. They joined forces in pushing the
Blackfeet, Bloods, and Piegan southwestward out of the plains bordering Saskatchewan river, and up to the termination of inter-tribal warfare remained constant enemies of these other Algonquians. The Cree inheritance of the historic Sioux hostility toward the Chippewa was not lessened by the friendly reception they accorded the renegade Assiniboine, for whom the Sioux entertained bitter hatred mixed with professed contempt. The Woods Cree had little, if any, part in this warfare with the Blackfeet and the Sioux; their operations were limited to dispossessing the Athapascans of their territory between the Saskatchewan and Athabasca lake. Peace river, according to Henry, received its name from the circumstance that the Cree and the Beavers settled their hostilities at Peace point.
951:. Governmental opinion in both Canada and the US quickly turned against the previous policy of allowing the free movement of native people across the frontier. Authorities in both countries wanted natives to "civilize", by ending their nomadic hunting traditions, and take up agriculture on reserves, thereby opening the land up for white ranchers and farmers. Both countries wanted to symbolically enforce their control of the land and its native inhabitants. Cree and Metis parties continued to hunt in Montana until late 1881 when the US Army began to arrest and deport them, effectively cutting them off from one of the last remaining bison populations and ensuring their dependence on government-supplied rations.
536:
464:
548:
736:
702:
896:(1877) with the Blackfoot Confederacy, showing that the Canadian government recognized the differences between the two groups. Under the terms of these treaties, the member bands of the Iron Confederacy accepted the presence of Canadian settlers on their lands in exchange for emergency and ongoing aid to deal with the starvation being experienced by the plains people due to the disappearance of the bison herds. Not all bands were equally reconciled to the ideas of the treaties.
261:
1691:
636:, which had not been mentioned by this name before, was so-called to commemorate a battle between the Cree and Blackfoot, who would go on to be long-term rivals. By the 1830s, the mixed buffalo-hunting parties of Crees, Assiniboine, and Métis reached what is now northern Montana, and the United States government gave the Crees some limited recognition when U.S. officials invited the Cree leader
876:. The Confederacy was always a loose grouping, and when the Canadian government negotiated treaties in the region in the 1870s, the agreements were made with groups of bands, not with any central leadership. Each band, consisting of a few dozen or at most a few hundred people nominated its own leader to sign treaties on the group's behalf. Member bands of the Confederacy were signatories to
330:(HBC) began to establish itself in the Hudson Bay region, two branches of the Cree began moving west and south to act as middlemen traders. They denied other plains peoples access to the HBC, except for the Assiniboine, in exchange for peaceful relations. A more recent view, based on oral history and linguistic evidence, suggests that the Cree were already established west of
1411:
908:
960:
971:. Many Cree and Assiniboine were dissatisfied with their situation, believing that the Canadian government was not living up to its treaty obligations, but it was not a straightforward decision to take up arms. Different leaders of First Nations people held different positions on the usefulness of rebellion. Notable war leaders of the era, such as
498:, and neither guns nor horses were involved at this point. By 1732 the Snakes had horses, which they were using to great effect against the Piegan, and so the Piegan called upon the Cree and Assiniboine for assistance. This time, however, Sukamappee says that Cree and Assiniboine muskets turned the battle in their favour. By 1750,
946:
in 1880. In that same year a
Canadian report estimated seven to eight thousand "British Indians" were hunting in Montana, including three of the most famous Aboriginal leaders in Western Canadian history who were encamped together: a Cree band under Big Bear, the Blackfoot under Crowfoot, and a group
819:
to the south. The Cree blamed the HBC and Métis for this, but still needed them for trade. Bison could still be found on
Blackfoot territories, forcing Cree hunting bands to stray into Blackfoot territory, leading to conflict. During these buffalo wars, alliances shifted once again, however the Iron
599:
as a source of horses, for their own use and to trade to the isolated
European fur trade posts. They were allies of the Blackfoot and Mandan against the Sioux in the great horse wars of this period. The Cree made significant profits from the trade with the Blackfoot; one HBC journal entry notes that
651:
Histories of this later period do not clearly state which bands are being referred to when it is said that "the Cree" were in a particular place. Neal McLeod makes clear that these bands were loose, temporary groupings that were often multiethnic and multilingual, so that most mentions of "the Cree"
571:
As the HBC and NWC moved inland to the West, the
Confederacy also moved inland and west so that they would not lose their control of the trade. As the HBC and NWC moved northwards and inland after 1760, the Crees were no longer required as intermediaries to ferry furs from place to another, but they
409:
The neighbors of the western Cree were
Athapascans on the north and northwest, Blackfeet on the west, and Assiniboine on the south. With the Assiniboine they were closely associated from the time of the separation of that tribe from the parent Sioux prior to the opening of the country by exploration
341:
When the Hudson's Bay
Company opened its first bayside posts in 1668 and 1688, the Cree became their main customers and resellers. Prior to this the Cree had been at the northwestern edge of a trade system linked to the French, from which they received only the secondhand goods others were ready to
915:
By 1878 the buffalo crisis was now critical and despite the treaties, little material support was given by the
Canadian government, forcing increasing numbers of both treaty and non-treaty bands from Canadian territory to hunt in Montana. In 1879 or 1880 the last remaining buffalo disappeared from
514:). From this and later accounts, the content of the trade is well known: the Cree and Assiniboine gave European goods including guns, knives, kettles, hatchets, and gunpowder to the Blackfoot people in exchange for horses, buffalo-skin robes, and wolf, beaver, and fox furs, which they would take to
383:. The present-day Stoney Nation of Alberta believes that Kelsey's mention of the "Mountain Poets" may refer to their ancestors. However, the consensus view is that they were not yet a separate people from the Assiniboine. There is clear evidence of them as a separate group from 1754–1755 when
1002:
on 3 June 1885. After the rebellion Big Bear and
Poundmaker were briefly imprisoned; Wandering Spirit and six other natives were hanged. A few members of Big Bear's band and other Cree sought refuge in the United States. They were extradited back to Canada, but most soon returned to the US and
522:
reported that the Cree and
Assiniboine with whom he travelled were always alarmed when they saw an unknown horse, fearing that they might belong to the Snakes. Cocking also suggests that at this time the Cree-Assiniboine held an annual gathering with the Blackfoot in March near
923:
leading his Sioux into Canada in 1876 to escape the American military: it was feared that Indian groups from either side could attack Americans and then use Canada as a safe haven. In response the United States began to militarize its frontier in the region, constructing
827:, Alberta, in 1867; even if true, this peace did not hold. Around 1870 the Gros Ventre, formerly part of the Blackfoot Confederacy for some 90 years, defected and became allies of the Assiniboine. The Plains Cree engaged in one last battle against the Blackfoot, the
1010:
The decline of the buffalo, the treaties it signed with the Queen, and its fighters' defeat in the First Nations portion of the North-West Rebellion heralded, and contributed, to the Iron Confederacy's growing impotence as an economic, social and sovereign unit.
518:(the Blackfoot people refused HBC proposals that they go to the Bay directly, as it was too far and, as a plains people, they were not experienced canoeists). A gun was worth roughly fifty beavers, and a horse was worth one gun according to Henday. In 1772,
990:, Canada used the new railway and telegraph connections to deploy Ontario and Quebec militias to the West, where they applied superior numbers, mobility, and firepower against the loose alliance of Cree, Assiniboine, and Métis. The Métis were defeated at
611:
By the mid-19th century, the Confederacy had lost control of the trade with the Mandan. From 1790 to 1810, intermittent wars were fought between the Confederacy and its former horse suppliers to the south. As the Confederacy reached out to the
1180:
The weight of evidence now indicates that the Cree were as far west as the Peace River long before the advent of the European fur traders, and that post-contact social organization was not drastically affected by the onset of the fur
871:
for the member bands of the Confederacy by the 1870s which led them to seek help from the Canadian government. The Canadian government was only willing to give this in exchange for treaties which they believed would extinguish their
502:
noted that the Cree and Assiniboine were successfully raiding the "Hyactljlini" "Brochets" and "Gros Ventres", and despite his peacemaking efforts the Assiniboine massacred a group of the "Hyactljlini" (whose identity is unknown).
403:
wrote about the close but unstable relationship between the Assiniboine and the Plains Cree, and how, after the Plains and Woods Cree territories diverged, the Woods Cree were no longer a part of this military alliance:
2915:
621:
252:
trade. The decline of the fur trade and the collapse of the bison herds sapped the power of the Confederacy after the 1860s, and it could no longer act as a barrier to U.S. and Canadian expansion.
432:(a woman who had learned the Cree language as a captive), the HBC was able to help broker a peace between the Cree and Chipewyan in 1715. By 1760, the western front of Cree expansion reached the
1498:
758:, and beyond the north Saskatchewan in the valley of the Athabasca; They cross the South Branch in June or July, visit the prairies on the south side of the Touchwood Hill range, and cross the
360:
and were already allies against the "Eagle Birch Indians, Mountain Poets, and Nayanwattame Poets" (the identities of these groups are uncertain but they may have been other Siouan-speakers, or
750:
From around 1850, the decline of the bison herds began to weaken the Iron Confederacy. The bison migrated seasonally, creating the potential for conflict over the right to harvest them.
693:. Their southern expansion peaked in the 1860s when the Plains Cree controlled most of present-day southern Saskatchewan and east-central Alberta with the Assiniboine also moving south.
983:
was very militant; others kept their people out of the conflict. This was one of few instances of armed conflict between the Canadian government (post-1867) and First Nations peoples.
671:
as his associate, but historians believe this person to be Black Powder, who was Plains Ojibwa rather than Cree. This may indicate how intertwined the two peoples were at this time.
620:. In 1790, the Gros Ventres joined the Blackfoot Confederacy, making the Iron Confederacy and the Blackfoot enemies for the first time. In response, the Plains Cree allied with the
916:
Canadian territory, after this time many Cree and Assiniboine bands moved south, making frequent hunting trips into American-claimed territory, or even camping there year-round.
1703:
674:
By the 1850s, two bands, the "Cree-Assiniboine" or (also called the "Cree-speaking Assiniboine" or the "Young Dogs"), and the Qu'Appelle were established in the region between
811:. The bison would frequently move across tribal boundaries, and desperate hunters would be tempted to follow, leading to frequent disputes. The bison declined sooner in the
1680:
1039:
2870:
445:
192:
that formed political, hunting and military alliances in defense against common enemies. The ethnic groups that made up the Confederacy were the branches of the
2738:
994:, leaving the Cree-Assiniboine without allies. Poundmaker's mixed Cree-Assiniboine war party surrendered. Three weeks later, Big Bear's band won a victory at
2556:
846:
In 1869 the Canadian government bought the HBC's claim to what is now western Canada. The Métis objected to not having been consulted and negotiated the
2128:
1510:
535:
2875:
2860:
2855:
1546:
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460:. The river became the boundary with the Beavers on the left bank (to the north and west) and the Cree on the right bank (the south and east).
807:
This meant that many Plains peoples would often rely on the same herd; overhunting by one party (or European settlers) affected them all in a
595:
The Confederacy fought a series of wars over the control of the trade in major commodities on the plains. Before 1790, the Cree relied on the
2733:
1978:
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1719:
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During this early period the north front of expansion is better documented. By the early 1700s the Cree had come into conflict with the
1711:
1610:
Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857: And of the Assinniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition of 1858
463:
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2518:
2662:
1666:
1649:
1352:
1272:
1007:, where their descendants live to this day. Big Bear's son eventually returned to Canada and helped found a reservation at Hobbema.
499:
2213:
1242:
2360:
1998:
1913:
892:(signings 1876–1879, many later additions, now central Saskatchewan and Alberta). Notably, these were negotiated separately from
1028:
731:
Dark numbers indicate number of bison as of January 1, 1889, in remaining areas. Light numbers give date of local extermination.
2549:
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224:(who had come west with the fur trade). The Confederacy rose to predominance on the northern Plains during the height of the
2905:
2611:
2158:
2083:
1918:
980:
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and Snakes across the Rocky Mountains. At the same time, many Assiniboine people moved farther west, eventually spawning the
995:
576:(dried bison meat) and other provisions that European fur traders needed when traveling to the companies' new posts in the
656:
outbreak of 1819–1820 and the smallpox outbreak of 1780–1781 decimated many bands, forcing them to merge with neighbours.
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2631:
2435:
2198:
1004:
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discard. Once in possession of direct access to European tools and weapons, the Cree were able to expand rapidly West.
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2108:
1205:
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A legendary (perhaps fictional) story tells of a peace between the Cree and the Blackfoot made at the future site of
2707:
2542:
2423:
2407:
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547:
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The earliest written record of the military and political relations of the nations west of Hudson's Bay comes from
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1933:
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1627:
Dempsey, H. A. (1972). Crowfoot, chief of the Blackfeet, (1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, P. 72
843:("Poundmaker") of mixed Cree and Assiniboine parentage, creating a final peace between the Cree and Blackfoot.
685:
From around 1800 to 1850, the Iron Confederacy was at its apogee, controlling the trade with HBC posts such as
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and horsemanship. These emerging Plains Cree were initially allies of the Blackfoot, helping them to drive the
524:
507:
225:
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2008:
2003:
1923:
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900:'s band signed into a treaty but refused to choose a site for a reserve, preferring to remain nomadic. The "
667:, as "head chief" of the Cree, though it is doubtful that any such title existed. Kane mentions a man named
327:
265:
237:
232:
controlling the flow of European goods, particularly guns and ammunition, to other Indigenous nations (the "
130:
474:
In the south little political or economic history is recorded for several decades. Recounting his story to
2910:
2687:
2616:
2447:
2355:
2285:
2143:
2023:
2018:
1993:
901:
808:
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The great western herds winter between the south and the north branches of the Saskatchewan, south of the
679:
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by historians of previous decades actually refers to mixed Cree-Assiniboine-Saulteax groups. Further, the
633:
629:
491:
181:
1658:
1154:
Smith, James G. E. (August 1987). "The Western Woods Cree: Anthropological Myth and Historical Reality".
641:
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2464:
2428:
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2073:
1943:
1835:
511:
1315:
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economically and socially weakened all plains peoples, including the members of the Iron Confederacy.
580:. Some Cree, historically a woodland people, adopted the ways of the plains people, including nomadic
2885:
2765:
2677:
2657:
2647:
2601:
2386:
2238:
2048:
1747:
1557:
998:, but this was in vain. The last band holding out (Big Bear and Wandering Spirit's) was dispersed at
968:
857:
506:
In 1754 Henday reported that he was able to buy a horse from the Assiniboine camped near present-day
453:
391:. The Stoney were already trading with the Cree fur traders at this point and were military allies.
380:
120:
115:
2534:
860:
with military force during the annual buffalo hunt rather than overseeing the implementation of the
519:
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2626:
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1801:
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853:
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where they would trade and the Blackfoot would ask for volunteers for their wars with the Snakes.
326:. The traditional view of historians, based on the accounts of European traders, is that once the
2895:
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1732:
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335:
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241:
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82:
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1614:
608:. From the Mandan they also received beans, maize, and tobacco, in exchange for European goods.
539:
Portrait of Eeh-tow-wées-ka-zeet (He Who Has Eyes Behind Him) a Plains Cree warrior painted by
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2581:
2113:
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2013:
1948:
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169:
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1809:
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873:
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1499:"Disputing the Medicine Line: The Plains Crees and the Canadian–American Border, 1876–1885"
1381:
632:, but he also records that a new geographical place name had been added to the region, the
260:
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1889:
1814:
1728:
1300:
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791:
787:
755:
589:
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374:
292:
135:
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1644:. Manitoba Studies in Native History Series. Vol. 4. University of Manitoba Press.
2812:
2490:
1983:
1968:
1963:
1707:
1608:
715:
706:
653:
645:
585:
510:, and was the first European witness to Cree-Assiniboine trade with the "Archithinue" (
441:
384:
371:
before the mid-eighteenth century are obscure. They speak a Siouan language they call
177:
173:
2890:
2849:
2682:
1958:
1903:
1794:
1754:
1337:
939:
835:, Alberta, but lost at least 200 warriors. Following this, in 1873, Blackfoot leader
812:
776:, and their eastern flank often approaches the Red River herds coming north from the
690:
581:
540:
487:
368:
331:
245:
221:
185:
165:
62:
904:
Crees" under the leadership of Big Bear and Little Pine refused to sign altogether.
852:. The Métis were not able to rally the Cree or Assiniboine to their cause, and the
17:
2807:
2786:
2752:
2452:
943:
920:
848:
625:
617:
515:
429:
346:
315:
284:
233:
197:
189:
1167:
448:
in 1781 decimated the Cree in the region, leading to a peace treaty ratified by a
356:. In it, he states that the Cree and the Assiniboine had good relations with the
604:
from the HBC for 14 prime beaver pelts and sold it to a Blackfoot warrior for 50
2802:
2498:
767:
637:
605:
552:
457:
361:
272:
213:
77:
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or "rebels". By 1806, the historical evidence definitively locates them in the
2781:
2717:
2482:
1770:
1580:
1547:"Plains Cree Identity: Borderlands, Ambiguous Genealogies and Narrative Irony"
1216:
976:
948:
832:
824:
319:
205:
2058:
1787:
1763:
1737:
820:
Confederacy was never able to regain (permanent) access to the bison herds.
746:
depicting a battle between a Blackfoot and Plains Cree warrior on horseback.
743:
660:
577:
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around 1723. The battle was fought on foot with bows-and-arrows tipped with
425:
357:
323:
280:
209:
92:
291:, sometime prior to 1640 when they are first mentioned by Europeans in the
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1874:
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249:
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87:
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Following the involvement of the Cree-Assiniboine alliance in the 1885
959:
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244:(NWC) trading posts. Its peoples later also played a major part in the
200:
around 1740 (the southern half of this movement eventually became the "
1175:
888:(signings 1875–1879 plus later additions, now northern Manitoba), and
897:
601:
596:
125:
919:
This was seen as a threat by white settlers in Montana in light of
967:
In 1885, the Métis were soliciting aid in the lead-up to the 1885
958:
906:
734:
700:
560:
546:
534:
259:
334:
when the HBC arrived, and were likely present as far west as the
299:
by this time and were referred to by other Sioux speakers as the
212:(Plains Ojibwa), the Nakoda or Stoney people also called Pwat or
1774:
1742:
311:
193:
2538:
1662:
1526:, Graham A. MacDonald, 2009, Athabasca University Press, p 17.
934:
616:
as a potential new source of horses, they were blocked by the
428:
to their northwest. With the help of a Chipewyan interpreter,
1029:"The Nehiyaw Pwat (Iron Alliance) Encounters with the Dakota"
295:. They were not a member of the "Seven Fires Council" of the
275:
are believed to have originated on the southern edge of the
2916:
Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America
314:
had been in contact with Europeans since around 1611 when
1642:
The Plains Cree: Trade, Diplomacy, And War, 1780 to 1870
387:
wrote of camping with "Stone" families near present-day
1384:
The Plains Cree: Trade, Diplomacy and War, 1790 to 1870
1339:
Many tender ties: women in fur-trade society, 1670–1870
555:
painting published in London, UK in 1840. It shows an
682:
and traded on both sides of the international border.
1250:. Cambridge, U.S.A.: The University Press. p. 2.
628:
described the Cree and Sacree peacefully sharing the
1524:
The Beaver Hills Country: A History of Land and Life
1413:
Dawson Creek: Past and Present, An Historical Sketch
640:
as one of the representatives of tribes living near
2795:
2774:
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2574:
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2416:
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2379:
2339:
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2127:
2082:
1977:
1942:
1897:
1886:
1849:
1825:
1718:
106:
68:
58:
50:
1509:, Montana Historical Society: 2–17, archived from
1336:
979:, led their people to battle, albeit reluctantly;
884:(signings 1874–1877, now southern Saskatchewan),
592:people, who were a separate group by about 1744.
307:valley in present-day Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
1613:. Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts. pp.
1343:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p.
782:. They then proceed across the Missouri up the
752:
407:
2550:
1674:
770:on the Assiniboine. They then strike for the
444:. The Cree-Beaver conflicts lasted until the
8:
777:
771:
766:of the South Branch and a few miles west of
372:
30:
1140:
1138:
790:as winter approaches, by the flanks of the
287:from their closest linguistic cousins, the
2557:
2543:
2535:
1894:
1681:
1667:
1659:
1556:, vol. XX, no. 2, archived from
1417:Edmonton: Dawson Creek Historical Society.
1241:Curtis, Edward S. (1907–30). "Volume 18".
1123:. The Applied History Research Group. 2000
1110:
1108:
1106:
572:gained new opportunities in the supply of
159:
42:
36:
29:
2129:Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council
1492:
1490:
1488:
624:as a new source of horses. In the 1810s,
440:where the Cree eventually pushed out the
2214:Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1267:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1200:
1198:
867:The decline of the buffalo had become a
462:
318:reached their ancestral homeland around
1503:Montana The Magazine of Western History
1019:
963:Pitikwahanapiwiyin, or Poundmaker, 1885
740:The Death of Omoxesisixany or Big Snake
486:(Blackfoot) in their conflict with the
2871:Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains
1554:The Canadian Journal of Native Studies
1375:
1373:
1296:
1286:
1045:from the original on 16 December 2023.
1027:Barkwell, Lawrence (4 February 2019).
831:on October 25, 1870, near present-day
663:identified a man he met at Fort Pitt,
1979:Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations
786:, and return to the Saskatchewan and
7:
1316:"Our History: People – Thanadelthur"
417:The North American Indian, Volume 18
399:American ethnographer and historian
478:many years later, a Cree man named
2519:List of Indian reserves in Alberta
1380:Walter Hildebrandt (Autumn 1990).
1117:"Canadian Shield: Ojibwa and Cree"
911:Cree camp in central Alberta, 1871
482:told of a band of Cree aiding the
25:
2663:Company of One Hundred Associates
1392:. The Manitoba Historical Society
1064:. Canadian Plains Research Centre
815:where the Cree lived then on the
395:Early expansion and the fur trade
379:, which is little different from
27:Former alliance of Plains Indians
2727:Lists of forts and trading posts
1689:
1091:(3). Manitoba Historical Society
1062:The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
236:"), and the flow of furs to the
2876:19th-century military alliances
2861:18th-century military alliances
2856:First Nations history in Canada
1215:. Stoney Nation. Archived from
2084:Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council
1085:"The Assiniboines of Manitoba"
1:
2653:Bent, St. Vrain & Company
1581:"12b. – Video – A Cree Chief"
1497:Hogue, Michel (Winter 2002),
1314:Hudson's Bay Company (2010).
1168:10.1525/ae.1987.14.3.02a00020
456:, which gave its name to the
350:
204:" and the northern half the "
2417:Not headquartered in Alberta
1210:: Welcome to Stoney Country"
1005:Rocky Boy Indian Reservation
531:Transition to Plains Culture
470:(left) and Cree women, 1840s
188:included various individual
2306:Western Cree Tribal Council
947:of Metis hunters including
880:(1871, southern Manitoba),
622:"Flathead" (Salish) Indians
160:
37:
2932:
2708:Rocky Mountain Fur Company
2408:Lubicon Lake Indian Nation
2174:North Peace Tribal Council
1535:Barkwell, Lawrence op.cit.
659:In 1846, traveling artist
638:"Broken Arm" (Maskepetoon)
2881:History of Western Canada
2833:
2514:
2341:Yellowhead Tribal Council
2114:Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)
2029:Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)
1701:
1382:"Review: John S. Milloy,
1335:Van Kirk, Sylvia (1983).
1244:The North American Indian
1083:Vickers, C. (1951–1952).
829:Battle of the Belly River
778:
772:
705:The rapid decline of the
500:Legardeur de Saint Pierre
43:
35:
2761:Portage La Loche Brigade
2713:Russian-American Company
2668:Dutch West India Company
2567:North American fur trade
2396:Not federally recognized
1899:Athabasca Tribal Council
1695:First Nations in Alberta
1640:Milloy, John S. (1988).
1038:. Louis Riel Institute.
864:as had been negotiated.
773:Grand Coteau de Missouri
714: Original range of
525:Saskatchewan River Forks
508:Battleford, Saskatchewan
338:of present-day Alberta.
285:became a separate people
226:North American fur trade
131:Western or Plains Ojibwa
1261:Thorman, G. E. (1994).
665:Kee-a-kee-ka-sa-coo-way
600:a Cree trader bought a
442:Beaver (Danezaa) people
373:
2688:New Netherland Company
2261:Tribal Chiefs Ventures
1720:Ethnolinguistic groups
1410:Coutts, M. E. (1958).
1121:Canada's First Nations
964:
912:
809:tragedy of the commons
805:
747:
732:
729: Range as of 1889
723: Range as of 1870
568:
544:
471:
436:region of what is now
412:
268:
228:when they operated as
182:northern United States
168:) was a political and
2906:Former confederations
2199:Little Red River Cree
1944:Blackfoot Confederacy
1836:Blackfoot Confederacy
1545:McLead, Neal (2000),
962:
910:
856:instead put down the
839:ceremonially adopted
762:anywhere between the
738:
704:
550:
538:
512:Blackfoot Confederacy
466:
263:
2766:York Factory Express
2739:Hudson's Bay Company
2678:Missouri Fur Company
2673:Hudson's Bay Company
2658:Columbia Fur Company
2648:American Fur Company
1722:(by language family)
1585:The Art of Paul Kane
1156:American Ethnologist
969:North-West Rebellion
858:Red River Resistance
328:Hudson's Bay Company
266:Hudson's Bay Company
246:bison (buffalo) hunt
238:Hudson's Bay Company
196:that moved onto the
54:unknown, before 1692
18:Plains Cree (people)
2698:Pacific Fur Company
2575:Fur trading regions
1914:Athabasca Chipewyan
1887:Tribal councils and
988:Battle of Cut Knife
930:Bears Paw Mountains
854:Wolseley expedition
817:shortgrass prairies
648:in Washington D.C.
367:The history of the
32:
2837:Siberian fur trade
2693:North West Company
2403:Aseniwuche Winewak
1222:on 7 December 2013
965:
938:] in 1879 and
913:
869:subsistence crisis
841:Pitikwahanapiwiyin
748:
733:
644:to meet President
606:prime beaver pelts
569:
545:
472:
336:Peace River Region
297:Great Sioux Nation
269:
242:North West Company
152:Iron Confederation
108:Official language
2843:
2842:
2532:
2531:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2349:
2314:
2269:
2222:
2182:
2137:
2104:Lubicon Lake Band
2092:
1987:
1952:
1919:Chipewyan Prairie
1907:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1851:Numbered Treaties
1605:Hind, Henry Youle
1453:Milroy, 11, 17–18
996:Frenchman's Butte
926:Fort Assinniboine
760:Qu'appelle valley
446:smallpox epidemic
434:Lesser Slave Lake
389:Red Deer, Alberta
305:Assiniboine River
277:Laurentian Shield
170:military alliance
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
2923:
2820:Iron Confederacy
2559:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2524:Métis in Alberta
2501:
2493:
2485:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2343:
2308:
2276:Beaver Lake Cree
2266:Beaver Lake Cree
2263:
2216:
2176:
2131:
2086:
2004:Beaver Lake Cree
1981:
1946:
1901:
1895:
1890:band governments
1877:
1869:
1861:
1841:Iron Confederacy
1693:
1683:
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1399:
1397:
1390:Manitoba History
1377:
1368:
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1361:
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1089:MHS Transactions
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1053:
1047:
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1044:
1033:
1024:
981:Wandering Spirit
874:aboriginal title
803:
800:Henry Youle Hind
781:
780:
775:
774:
728:
722:
713:
438:northern Alberta
420:
401:Edward S. Curtis
378:
355:
354: 1690–1692
352:
289:Yanktonai Dakota
163:
156:Cree-Assiniboine
148:Iron Confederacy
46:
45:
40:
33:
31:Iron Confederacy
21:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2925:
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2922:
2921:
2920:
2901:Nakoda (Stoney)
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2791:
2770:
2743:
2722:
2703:Revillon Frères
2636:
2570:
2565:History of the
2563:
2533:
2528:
2506:
2471:
2460:Smith's Landing
2412:
2391:
2375:
2335:
2300:
2255:
2208:
2168:
2123:
2099:Loon River Cree
2078:
2019:Ermineskin Cree
1973:
1938:
1888:
1882:
1845:
1821:
1714:
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1026:
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1021:
1017:
1003:settled on the
957:
804:
798:
792:Rocky Mountains
756:Touchwood Hills
730:
726:
724:
720:
718:
711:
699:
590:Nakoda (Stoney)
533:
422:
414:
397:
353:
293:Jesuit Relation
279:in present-day
258:
176:of what is now
154:(also known as
140:
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41:
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22:
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2813:Deerskin trade
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2111:
2109:Peerless Trout
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2016:
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1996:
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1715:
1704:Cultural areas
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1464:
1462:Milloy, 11, 18
1455:
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1353:
1327:
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1194:
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1102:
1075:
1048:
1036:metismuseum.ca
1018:
1016:
1013:
956:
953:
796:
725:
719:
716:American bison
710:
698:
695:
654:whooping cough
646:Andrew Jackson
532:
529:
520:Mathew Cocking
476:David Thompson
406:
396:
393:
385:Anthony Henday
264:Canoes of the
257:
254:
178:Western Canada
174:Plains Indians
158:in English or
142:
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139:
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128:
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118:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2928:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Plains tribes
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
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2683:Monjo Company
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2622:North Pacific
2620:
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2617:New Caledonia
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2424:Acho Dene Koe
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2331:Sturgeon Lake
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2240:
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2229:Stoney Nakoda
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2119:Woodland Cree
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1929:Fort McMurray
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1563:on 2014-10-14
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1513:on 2014-02-23
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1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:(3): 434–48.
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1141:
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1135:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1056:Neal McLeod.
1052:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1014:
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997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
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961:
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950:
945:
941:
940:Fort Maginnis
937:
936:
931:
927:
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905:
903:
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887:
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844:
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834:
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826:
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814:
813:parkland belt
810:
801:
795:
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769:
765:
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745:
741:
737:
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696:
694:
692:
691:Fort Edmonton
688:
683:
681:
680:Cypress Hills
677:
676:Wood Mountain
672:
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666:
662:
657:
655:
649:
647:
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631:
627:
623:
619:
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587:
583:
582:bison hunting
579:
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566:
562:
558:
554:
551:A print of a
549:
542:
541:George Catlin
537:
530:
528:
526:
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348:
343:
339:
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333:
332:Lake Winnipeg
329:
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278:
274:
267:
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222:Haudenosaunee
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73:
67:
64:
63:Confederation
61:
57:
53:
49:
39:
34:
19:
2819:
2808:Indian Trade
2787:Mountain man
2753:fur brigades
2749:Canoe routes
2632:Saskatchewan
2607:Great Plains
2380:Unaffiliated
2296:Kehewin Cree
2159:Sucker Creek
2039:Kehewin Cree
1934:Mikisew Cree
1840:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1755:
1748:
1641:
1623:
1609:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1575:
1565:, retrieved
1558:the original
1553:
1540:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:the original
1506:
1502:
1458:
1449:
1444:Milloy, 9–10
1440:
1431:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
1383:
1364:
1358:. Retrieved
1338:
1330:
1319:. Retrieved
1309:
1278:. Retrieved
1264:Thanadelthur
1263:
1256:
1243:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1217:the original
1208:Aba wathtech
1207:
1188:
1179:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1125:. Retrieved
1120:
1093:. Retrieved
1088:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1061:
1051:
1035:
1022:
1009:
985:
966:
944:Judith Basin
933:
921:Sitting Bull
918:
914:
902:Battle River
866:
862:Manitoba Act
861:
849:Manitoba Act
847:
845:
822:
806:
784:Yellow Stone
779:Grand Coteau
753:
749:
739:
684:
673:
658:
650:
634:Battle River
630:Beaver Hills
626:Peter Fidler
618:Gros Ventres
610:
594:
570:
516:York Factory
505:
473:
452:ceremony at
430:Thanadelthur
423:
416:
413:
408:
398:
366:
362:Gros Ventres
347:Henry Kelsey
344:
340:
316:Henry Hudson
309:
300:
270:
234:Indian Trade
198:Great Plains
161:Nehiyaw-Pwat
155:
151:
147:
145:
70:Membership
38:Nēhiyaw-Pwat
2886:Assiniboine
2803:Beaver Wars
2775:Communities
2587:Assiniboine
2069:Samson Cree
2064:Saddle Lake
1826:Historical
1788:Dënesųłı̨ne
1396:13 November
1297:|work=
1226:12 December
1192:Milloy, 6–7
1127:13 November
1068:13 November
768:Fort Ellice
567:and horses.
557:Assiniboine
553:Karl Bodmer
492:Eagle Hills
480:Saukamappee
458:Peace River
454:Peace Point
381:Assiniboine
349:'s journal
273:Assiniboine
214:Assiniboine
202:Plains Cree
186:confederacy
121:Plains Cree
116:Assiniboine
83:Plains Cree
78:Assiniboine
2850:Categories
2835:See also:
2782:Longhunter
2718:XY Company
2597:California
2483:Papaschase
2476:Terminated
2448:Onion Lake
2436:Kelly Lake
2346:Morinville
2326:Horse Lake
2311:Valleyview
2291:Heart Lake
2179:High Level
2164:Swan River
2134:Slave Lake
2044:Louis Bull
2034:Heart Lake
2014:Enoch Cree
1924:Fort McKay
1771:Athapascan
1733:Algonquian
1590:2012-11-30
1567:2013-04-18
1360:2010-01-25
1321:2010-01-25
1280:2010-01-25
1095:7 December
1015:References
977:Poundmaker
949:Louis Riel
932: [
833:Lethbridge
825:Wetaskiwin
642:Fort Union
559:camp with
324:James Bays
248:, and the
240:(HBC) and
216:, and the
206:Woods Cree
2896:Saulteaux
2866:Fur trade
2641:Companies
2582:Athabasca
2569:by region
2491:Sharphead
2356:Alexander
2286:Frog Lake
2281:Cold Lake
2251:Tsuut'ina
2219:Tsuut'ina
2194:Dene Tha'
2149:Kapawe'no
2144:Driftpile
2024:Frog Lake
2009:Cold Lake
1994:Alexander
1802:Tsuut'ina
1795:Dene Tha'
1764:Saulteaux
1738:Blackfoot
1712:Subarctic
1435:Milloy, 8
1426:Milloy, 7
1299:ignored (
1289:cite book
1144:Milloy, 5
1000:Loon Lake
928:near the
788:Athabaska
744:Paul Kane
687:Fort Pitt
661:Paul Kane
578:subarctic
490:near the
426:Chipewyan
358:Blackfoot
281:Minnesota
230:middlemen
210:Saulteaux
93:Saulteaux
51:Formation
44:ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐤ ᐸᐧᐟ
2825:Trapline
2612:Nebraska
2592:Columbia
2387:Bigstone
2371:Sunchild
2366:O'Chiese
2321:Duncan's
2234:Bearspaw
2204:Tallcree
2154:Sawridge
2089:Atikameg
2074:Sunchild
2054:O'Chiese
1949:Standoff
1875:Treaty 8
1867:Treaty 7
1859:Treaty 6
1828:polities
1756:Woodland
1607:(1860).
1040:Archived
973:Big Bear
894:Treaty 7
890:Treaty 6
886:Treaty 5
882:Treaty 4
878:Treaty 1
837:Crowfoot
797:—
678:and the
669:Mukeetoo
586:Kootenay
574:pemmican
496:obsidian
468:Shoshoni
250:pemmican
208:"), the
184:. This
180:and the
2602:Montana
2239:Chiniki
2049:Montana
1969:Siksika
1964:Piikani
1781:Daneẕaa
1634:Sources
992:Batoche
942:in the
697:Decline
614:Arapaho
565:travois
283:. They
256:Origins
2734:French
2502:(1958)
2499:Michel
2494:(1897)
2486:(1891)
2361:Alexis
2244:Wesley
2189:Beaver
1999:Alexis
1959:Kainai
1878:(1899)
1870:(1877)
1862:(1876)
1815:Nakoda
1810:Siouan
1749:Plains
1708:Plains
1648:
1351:
1271:
1181:trade.
1176:644951
1174:
1058:"Cree"
955:Defeat
898:Piapot
802:, 1860
727:
721:
712:
602:musket
597:Mandan
484:Piegan
419:(1907)
375:nakoda
369:Stoney
320:Hudson
136:Stoney
126:Michif
98:Stoney
2796:Other
2627:Peace
1984:Enoch
1729:Algic
1561:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1248:(PDF)
1220:(PDF)
1213:(PDF)
1172:JSTOR
1043:(PDF)
1032:(PDF)
764:Elbow
707:bison
561:tipis
488:Snake
218:Métis
190:bands
88:Métis
2891:Cree
2751:and
2059:Paul
1775:Dene
1743:Cree
1646:ISBN
1398:2012
1349:ISBN
1301:help
1269:ISBN
1228:2012
1129:2012
1097:2012
1070:2012
975:and
689:and
450:pipe
322:and
312:Cree
310:The
301:Hohe
271:The
220:and
194:Cree
166:Cree
146:The
59:Type
1615:103
1164:doi
935:sic
742:by
364:).
172:of
164:in
150:or
2852::
2465:NT
2453:SK
2441:BC
2429:NT
1773:/
1731:/
1710:,
1706::
1617:–.
1583:.
1552:,
1507:52
1505:,
1501:,
1467:^
1388:.
1372:^
1363:.
1347:.
1345:68
1293::
1291:}}
1287:{{
1197:^
1178:.
1170:.
1160:14
1158:.
1137:^
1119:.
1105:^
1087:.
1060:.
1034:.
563:,
351:c.
2558:e
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2451:(
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2439:(
2431:)
2427:(
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2344:(
2313:)
2309:(
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2264:(
2221:)
2217:(
2181:)
2177:(
2136:)
2132:(
2091:)
2087:(
1986:)
1982:(
1951:)
1947:(
1906:)
1902:(
1682:e
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1654:.
1593:.
1415:.
1400:.
1386:"
1324:.
1303:)
1283:.
1230:.
1206:"
1166::
1131:.
1114:"
1099:.
1072:.
794:.
543:.
415:—
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.