75:
209:
50:
31:
438:
one time. Factors affecting the size of the tunnel system appeared to be influenced more by the amount of energy needed to maintain and patrol it rather than the amount of vegetation present. Tunnels include nests, located about 50 cm (20 in) under ground, and lined with grass and other plant material, as well as food caches containing grasses, roots, and tubers.
493:
The gophers spend 72% of their time in their nests, coming above ground to search for food or mates, and for young animals to establish new burrows. Territorial and aggressive, especially in male-to-male interaction, these rodents appear to use their greatly increased sensitivity to soil vibration to
406:
arches are widely flared, providing ample room for muscle attachment, although, unlike other pocket gophers, this species does not use the curved incisors to assist the feet in digging. The external cheek pouches, which distinguish this family from other mammals, can be turned inside-out for grooming
502:
Plains pocket gophers typically breed only once a year, although they may sometimes breed twice in good years or warmer climates. The breeding season varies with latitude, ranging from April to May in
Wisconsin to as long as January to September in Texas. Females give birth to one to six young after
437:
A long-term controlled study of tunnel excavation by plains pocket gophers found that the rate of tunnel construction ranges from a high of 2,059 cm/week of new tunnels to a low of none over several weeks during the summer. About 30 to 50 m (98 to 164 ft) of tunnels were open at any
421:
Males are significantly larger than females, with a total body length of 25 to 35 cm (9.8 to 13.8 in), compared with 21 to 32 cm (8.3 to 12.6 in) in females. The tail is short and hairless, reaching 5 to 11 cm (2.0 to 4.3 in) in length, and only marginally longer in
539:. Though pocket gophers are considered to be no more than pests by farmers and suburban lawn owners, they play active roles in soil aeration, flood control via improved drainage, and soil and plant diversity.
522:
by five weeks of age. Although they initially move around in their mother's burrow, after weaning, they quickly leave to establish burrows of their own, and reach the full adult size after about three months.
481:
pattern of activity during the day with increased activity occurring from 1300–1700 and then again from 2200–0600. For a fossorial animal with a metabolically expensive lifestyle (360–3400 times as much as
397:
has short fur with brown to black coloration over the upper body and lighter brown or tan fur on the underparts. Whitish hairs cover the tops of the feet, while the short, tapered tail is nearly naked.
434:
diet of plant roots. The local vegetation is less significant than the nature of the soil, and the gophers are found in prairie grasslands, agricultural land, and even urban areas.
1865:
494:
maintain their solitary lifestyle. They rarely explore burrows inhabited by other gophers, although they sometimes investigate those that have been previously abandoned.
1890:
518:
The young are born hairless and blind, and initially weigh about 5 g (0.18 oz). They begin to develop fur at 10 days, open their eyes at three weeks, and are
276:. Eight subspecies are currently recognised, although some former subspecies have since been considered to be species in their own right, and are no longer included:
1698:
1895:
1776:
531:
Due to the widespread distribution of this species, its adaptability to suitable habitat, the lack of any major threats, and an apparently stable population,
1840:
856:
Gordon, R. D. and
Skelley, P. E. (2007). "A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)".
1672:
1711:
982:
503:
a gestation period around 30 days. However, pregnancies lasting up to 51 days have been recorded, and this variation may indicate some form of
486:
creatures), planning daily activity around burrow temperature, where lack of air flow and high humidity lead to a decrease in evaporative and
1850:
370:
population. This would support the hypothesis that drier environmental conditions with extensive prairies extended further south during the
477:
Plains pocket gophers show no seasonal change in activity, except for an increased level of activity during mating season. They do show a
1885:
1880:
1860:
1737:
871:
1755:
379:
1716:
422:
males. Adults males weigh from 230 to 473 g (8.1 to 16.7 oz) and females 128 to 380 g (4.5 to 13.4 oz).
418:/g/h, and high conductance, a tolerance for low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels, and a decreased water intake.
1186:
1377:
1314:
1066:
1750:
1227:
975:
1445:
1152:
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1870:
1855:
1269:
1211:
1093:
1084:
1057:
1781:
1362:
1111:
458:
407:
purposes. They are used for carrying food up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in length and have a forward opening.
74:
1413:
1161:
1557:
1541:
1532:
186:
504:
1573:
1513:
1504:
1454:
1287:
1260:
1236:
968:
430:
Plains pocket gophers prefer deep, sandy, friable soils to facilitate their burrowing lifestyle and their
1432:
1407:
1802:
1477:
1180:
169:
1611:
1439:
960:
938:
Reichman, O.J.; et al. (2002). "The role of pocket gophers as subterranean ecosystem engineers".
1646:
1620:
1495:
1296:
1278:
1143:
1102:
508:
256:
Plains pocket gophers are found throughout the Great Plains of North
America, ranging from southern
1486:
1422:
1338:
1202:
1075:
582:
462:
39:
1768:
818:
Thorne, D.H. & Andersen, D.C. (1990). "Long-term soil-disturbance pattern by a pocket gopher,
839:
800:
769:
696:
483:
69:
1807:
1703:
1633:
1305:
1817:
1221:
1196:
947:
831:
761:
688:
655:
577:
371:
1729:
1845:
1789:
466:
402:
adaptations include small eyes, short, naked ears, and large fore feet with heavy claws.
383:
1625:
913:
717:
446:
411:
403:
208:
951:
559:
1834:
1724:
1031:
992:
748:
Benedix Jr., J. H. (1994). "A predictable pattern of daily activity by pocket gopher
595:
Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
568:
536:
59:
54:
891:
773:
1638:
1251:
450:
442:
441:
The gophers share their tunnels with numerous species of insects, including flies,
261:
241:
240:. They are burrowing animals, found in grasslands and agricultural land across the
787:
Pitts, R.M. & Choate, J.R. (1007). "Reproduction of the plains pocket gopher (
1763:
1742:
1685:
1605:
1353:
1329:
1048:
454:
431:
363:
237:
1596:
30:
1037:
487:
311:
265:
675:
Sullivan, R. M. (1981). "A late
Pleistocene population of the pocket gopher,
244:
of North
America, from Manitoba to Texas. Pocket gophers are the most highly
1659:
399:
359:
352:
284:
245:
233:
86:
872:"Small carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae) from burrows of
765:
1794:
1590:
1019:
1013:
367:
343:
328:
324:
293:
257:
106:
804:
1677:
914:"Insects inhabiting the burrows of the Ozark pocket gopher in Arkansas"
843:
700:
519:
478:
273:
860:, Vol. 79. The American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, Florida.
272:
in the United States, and as far east as the extreme western parts of
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1025:
1007:
512:
302:
146:
136:
126:
116:
96:
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269:
410:
Other adaptations to a fossorial lifestyle include a low resting
320:
1651:
1571:
964:
236:, so named in reference to their externally located, fur-lined
880:
pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) in the United States"
1580:
1530:
1467:
1396:
1375:
1351:
1327:
1249:
1124:
1046:
733:Mammals of the Great Lakes Region, Revised Edition
858:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
358:Fossil remains have been found as far south as
583:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42588A22217794.en
976:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
8:
1866:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
1568:
1393:
983:
969:
961:
921:Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
374:glacial period, supporting populations of
207:
48:
29:
20:
743:
741:
659:
603:
601:
581:
1891:Least concern biota of the United States
712:
710:
870:Peck. S.B. & Skelley, P.E. (2001).
547:
679:, in the Nashville Basin, Tennessee".
553:
551:
7:
1896:Least concern biota of North America
490:cooling, is likely to be important.
1841:IUCN Red List least concern species
735:. The University of Michigan Press.
569:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
378:and other prairie species such as
216:Range of the plains pocket gopher
14:
912:Kavorik, P.; et al. (2001).
607:Vaughan, Terry A. et al. (2000)
248:rodents found in North America.
73:
940:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
380:thirteen-lined ground squirrels
349:Geomys bursarius wisconsinensis
1067:Oriental Basin pocket gopher (
465:, feral cats, coyotes, foxes,
334:Geomys bursarius missouriensis
1:
1228:Central Texas pocket gopher (
952:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02329-1
535:has a conservation status of
1851:Rodents of the United States
1212:Southeastern pocket gopher (
1187:Knox Jones's pocket gopher (
1058:Yellow-faced pocket gopher (
890:(3): 139–148. Archived from
290:Geomys bursarius illinoensis
1315:Underwood's pocket gopher (
1112:Flat-headed pocket gopher (
340:Geomys bursarius ozarkensis
317:Geomys bursarius majusculus
310:– Texas, Oklahoma, eastern
299:Geomys bursarius industrius
1912:
1446:Townsend's pocket gopher (
1153:Attwater's pocket gopher (
453:. Known predators include
281:Geomys bursarius bursarius
232:) is one of 35 species of
1886:Taxa named by George Shaw
1881:Mammals described in 1800
1861:Fauna of the Great Plains
1554:
1542:Michoacan pocket gopher (
1270:Cherrie's pocket gopher (
1094:Merriam's pocket gopher (
1085:Goldman's pocket gopher (
1002:
991:Extant species of family
215:
206:
199:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1514:Northern pocket gopher (
1505:Mountain pocket gopher (
1455:Southern pocket gopher (
1363:Buller's pocket gopher (
1288:Variable pocket gopher (
1261:Chiriqui pocket gopher (
1237:Tropical pocket gopher (
1134:(Eastern pocket gophers)
611:. Thomson Learning, Inc.
1478:Wyoming pocket gopher (
1414:Botta's pocket gopher (
1162:Baird's pocket gopher (
793:Southwestern Naturalist
722:. Animal Diversity Web.
283:– Canada, the Dakotas,
1496:Mazama pocket gopher (
1297:Hispid pocket gopher (
1279:Darien pocket gopher (
1171:Plains pocket gopher (
1144:Desert pocket gopher (
1103:Perote pocket gopher (
766:10.1006/anbe.1994.1271
644:(Rodentia: Geomyidae)"
638:Connior, M.B. (2011).
609:Mammalogy, 4th Edition
576:: e.T42588A115192675.
308:Geomys bursarius major
260:(Canada), and eastern
1803:Paleobiology Database
1487:Idaho pocket gopher (
1423:Camas pocket gopher (
1339:Giant pocket gopher (
1203:Texas pocket gopher (
1181:Geomys jugossicularis
1076:Smoky pocket gopher (
731:Kurta, Allen (1995).
558:Cassola, F. (2017) .
505:delayed fertilization
327:and Kansas, northern
24:Plains pocket gopher
824:Journal of Mammalogy
681:Journal of Mammalogy
677:Geomys cf. bursarius
509:delayed implantation
362:, indicating a late
224:plains pocket gopher
1433:Thomomys nayarensis
1408:Thomomys atrovarius
1306:Big pocket gopher (
469:, hawks, and owls.
40:Conservation status
716:Teeter, K. (2000)
459:prairie kingsnakes
336:– eastern Missouri
1876:Fauna of Manitoba
1871:Fauna of Nebraska
1856:Rodents of Canada
1828:
1827:
1574:Taxon identifiers
1565:
1564:
1526:
1525:
1440:Thomomys sheldoni
1390:
1137:
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648:Mammalian Species
220:
219:
161:G. bursarius
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16:Species of rodent
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1582:Geomys bursarius
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995:(Pocket gophers)
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820:Geomys bursarius
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791:) in Missouri".
789:Geomys bursarius
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754:Animal Behaviour
750:Geomys bursarius
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719:Geomys bursarius
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642:Geomys bursarius
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562:Geomys bursarius
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384:prairie chickens
372:Late Wisconsinan
229:Geomys bursarius
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179:Geomys bursarius
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1387:pocket gophers)
1386:
1385:(Smooth-toothed
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693:10.2307/1380607
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862:
849:
810:
799:(2): 238–240.
779:
760:(3): 501–509.
737:
724:
706:
687:(4): 831–835.
667:
654:(1): 104–117.
613:
597:
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544:
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412:metabolic rate
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1489:T. idahoensis
1485:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1448:T. townsendii
1444:
1442:
1441:
1437:
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1428:
1426:
1425:T. bulbivorus
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1317:H. underwoodi
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1239:G. tropicalis
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1233:
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1205:G. personatus
1201:
1199:
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1190:
1189:G. knoxjonesi
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1123:
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1105:C. perotensis
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1069:C. fulvescens
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1036:Superfamily:
1035:
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1032:Castorimorpha
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27:
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1544:Z. trichopus
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1516:T. talpoides
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1507:T. monticola
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1290:H. heterodus
1289:
1281:H. dariensis
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1252:Heterogeomys
1250:
1238:
1229:
1222:G. streckeri
1220:
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1204:
1197:G. lutescens
1195:
1188:
1179:
1173:G. bursarius
1172:
1170:
1164:G. breviceps
1163:
1155:G. attwateri
1154:
1146:G. arenarius
1145:
1125:
1114:C. planiceps
1113:
1104:
1095:
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1077:
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1060:C. castanops
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896:. Retrieved
892:the original
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533:G. bursarius
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527:Conservation
517:
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455:rattlesnakes
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262:North Dakota
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252:Distribution
242:Great Plains
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159:
147:
18:
1764:NatureServe
1686:iNaturalist
1606:Wikispecies
1457:T. umbrinus
1354:Pappogeomys
1330:Orthogeomys
1299:H. hispidus
1272:H. cherriei
1230:G. texensis
1096:C. merriami
1087:C. goldmani
1049:Cratogeomys
484:terrestrial
432:herbivorous
390:Description
364:Pleistocene
195:Subspecies
1835:Categories
1533:Zygogeomys
1480:T. clusius
1365:P. bulleri
1341:O. grandis
1263:H. cavator
1214:G. pinetis
1078:C. fumosus
1038:Geomyoidea
1030:Suborder:
993:Geomyidae
898:2011-08-21
543:References
488:convective
351:– western
323:, eastern
312:New Mexico
266:New Mexico
1498:T. mazama
1468:Subgenus
1416:T. bottae
1397:Subgenus
1308:H. lanius
1006:Kingdom:
946:: 44–49.
404:Zygomatic
400:Fossorial
360:Tennessee
353:Wisconsin
285:Minnesota
264:south to
246:fossorial
201:See text
155:Species:
137:Geomyidae
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1769:2.106455
1756:12800063
1704:10201156
1597:Q1426222
1591:Wikidata
1558:Category
1470:Thomomys
1378:Thomomys
1026:Rodentia
1020:Mammalia
1014:Chordata
1012:Phylum:
1008:Animalia
927:: 75–78.
878:Thomomys
805:30055269
774:54429471
473:Behavior
368:Holocene
366:, early
344:Arkansas
329:Missouri
325:Nebraska
294:Illinois
258:Manitoba
133:Family:
127:Rodentia
117:Mammalia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1818:7018976
1743:1001858
1678:2439378
1024:Order:
1018:Class:
844:1381322
701:1380607
479:bimodal
467:badgers
426:Ecology
274:Indiana
189:, 1800)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1846:Geomys
1815:uBio:
1717:180216
1665:GEOMDU
1652:328027
1127:Geomys
874:Geomys
842:
803:
772:
699:
589:17 May
520:weaned
513:zygote
449:, and
443:scarab
376:Geomys
303:Kansas
148:Geomys
1808:46610
1795:83523
1782:27682
1730:42588
1699:IRMNG
1691:44059
1639:3FQBV
917:(PDF)
840:JSTOR
801:JSTOR
770:S2CID
697:JSTOR
270:Texas
1777:NCBI
1725:IUCN
1712:ITIS
1673:GBIF
1660:EPPO
876:and
591:2023
574:2016
445:and
382:and
321:Iowa
268:and
222:The
187:Shaw
1751:MSW
1738:MDD
1647:EoL
1634:CoL
1621:ADW
948:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
