Marine debris - Knowledge (XXG)

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information on debris in the mesopelagic and deeper layers. Studies that have been done have conducted research through bottom sampling, video observation via remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and submersibles. They are also mostly limited to one-off projects that do not extend long enough to show significant effects of deep-sea debris over time. Research thus far has shown that debris in the deep-ocean is in fact impacted by anthropogenic activities, and plastic has been frequently observed in the deep-sea, especially in areas off-shore of heavily populated regions, such as the Mediterranean.

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through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants. These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates.

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could be a result of the closing of beaches and lack of movement during the pandemic, so less trash was likely to end up in the ocean. Additional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have been seen in Hong Kong, where disposable masks have ended up along the beaches of Soko’s islands. This may be attributed to the increased production of medical products (masks and gloves) during the pandemic, leading to a rise in unconventional disposal of these products.

7865: 7067: 2233: 1013: 2164: 40: 1323:, and examine any relationship between the amount and types of persistent industrial marine debris, and the types and numbers of industrial operations nearby. Materials like plastic or foam can break down into smaller particles and may look like small sea creatures to wildlife such as birds, cetaceans, and fish, and they may eat these particles. Indigestible material may accumulate in the gut creating blockages or a false sense of 1175:"Life Below Water". Depending on relevance to the issues and various levels of contribution, some countries have introduced more specified protection policies. Moreover, some non-profits, NGOs, and government organizations are developing programs to collect and remove plastics from the ocean. However, in 2017 the UN estimated that by 2050 there will be more plastic than fish in the oceans if substantial measures are not taken. 7876: 7029: 2247: 1196: 1464:. Plastics that are usually negatively buoyant can sink with the adherence of phytoplankton and the aggregation of other organic particles. Other oceanic processes that affect circulation, such as coastal storms and offshore convection, play a part in transferring large volumes of particles and debris. Submarine topographic features can also augment downwelling currents, leading to the retention of 1523: 7077: 1025: 1472:

submersibles, 3,425 man-made debris items were counted. The two most significant types of debris were macro-plastic, making up 33% of the debris found – 89% of which was single-use – and metal, making up 26%. Plastic debris was found at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 10,898m, and plastic bags were found entangled in hydrothermal vent and cold seep communities.

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waters of British Columbia. In 2019 Canada's federal government passed legislation to make it illegal to abandon a vessel but enforcement is hampered because it is often difficult to determine who owns an abandoned boat since owners are not required to have a license – licensing is a provincial government responsibility. The Victoria-based non-profit

2214: 1854:, Ocean Voyages Institute is able to accurately track and send cleanup vessels to remove ghostnets. The GPS Tracker technology is being combined with satellite imagery increasing the ability to locate plastic trash and ghostnets in real time via satellite imagery which will greatly increase cleanup capacity and efficiency. 1431:

types of marine particles such as dead biological material (tissue and shells) and some soil particles (blown in by wind and carried to the ocean by rivers). Population density and proximity to urban centers have been considered the main factors that influence the abundance of microplastics in the environment.

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Another issue is that removing marine debris from the ocean can potentially cause more harm than good. Cleaning up microplastics could also accidentally take out plankton, which are the main lower level food group for the marine food chain and over half of the photosynthesis on earth. One of the most

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flotsam by mistake, as it often looks similar to their natural prey. Overall, 1288 marine species are known to ingest plastic debris, with fish making up the largest fraction. Bulky plastic debris may become permanently lodged in the digestive tracts of these animals, blocking the passage of food and

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A Deep-sea Debris database by the Global Oceanographic Data Center of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), showing thirty years of photos and samples of marine debris since 1983, was made public in 2017. From the 5,010 dives in the database, using both ROVs and deep-sea

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agreement to control ocean dumping This Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter consisted of twenty two articles addressing expectations of contracting parties. The three annexes defined many compounds, substances, and materials that are unacceptable to

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In May/June 2020, Ocean Voyages Institute conducted a cleanup expedition in the Gyre and set a new record for the largest mid-ocean cleanup accomplished in the North Pacific Gyre which removed over 170 tons (340,000 pounds) of consumer plastics and ghostnets from the ocean. Utilizing custom designed

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Some studies show that marine debris may be dominant in particular locations. For example, a 2016 study of Aruba found that debris found the windward side of the island was predominantly marine debris from distant sources. In 2013, debris from six beaches in Korea was collected and analyzed: 56%

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Some materials and activities used in industrial activities that do not readily degrade, that persist in the environment, and tend to accumulate over time. The activities can include fishing, boating, and aquaculture industries that harvest or use resources in the marine environment and may lose or

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Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution estimated that up to 80% of the pollution was land-based, with the remaining 20% originating from catastrophic events or maritime sources. More recent studies have found that more than half of plastic debris found on Korean shores

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is designed to "ensure clean healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas, by putting in place better systems for delivering sustainable development of marine and coastal environment". In 2019, the EU parliament voted for an EU-wide ban on single-use plastic products such as

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Cleanup of marine debris can be stymied by inadequate collaboration across levels of government, and a patchwork of regulatory authorities (responsibility often differs for the ocean surface, the seabed, and the shore). For example, there are an estimated 1600 abandoned and derelict boats in the

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In Kenya, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the amount of marine debris found on beaches with around 55% being a pandemic-related trash items. Although the pandemic-related trash has shown up along the beaches of Kenya, it has not made its way into the water. The reduction of litter in the ocean

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Because plastic is so widely used across the planet, microplastics have become widespread in the marine environment. For example, microplastics can be found on sandy beaches and surface waters as well as in the water column and deep sea sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many other

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The 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh, largely through the rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the

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Marine debris is found on the floor of the Arctic ocean. Although an increasing number of studies have been focused on plastic debris accumulation on the coasts, in off-shore surface waters, and that ingested by marine organisms that live in the upper levels of the water column, there is limited

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A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide, and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go

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Plastic debris from inland states come from two main sources: ordinary litter and materials from open dumps and landfills that blow or wash away to inland waterways and wastewater outflows. The refuse finds its way from inland waterways, rivers, streams and lakes to the ocean. Though ocean and

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On the sea, the removal of artificial debris (i.e. plastics) is still in its infancy. However, some projects have been started which used ships with nets (Ocean Voyages Institute/Kaisei 2009 & 2010 and New Horizon 2009) to catch some plastics, primarily for research purposes. There is also

2196:. Used plastic with low residual value often does not get recycled and is more likely to leak into the ocean. However, turning these unwanted plastics that would otherwise stay in landfills into refuse-derived fuels allows for further use; they can be used as supplement fuels at power plants 7722: 1930:– signed in 1982, but effective in 1994, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea emphasized the importance of protecting the entire ocean and not only specified coastal regions. UNCLOS enforced restrictions on pollution, including a stress on land-based sources. 1894: 3337:

It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that

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In Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, 52% of items were generated by recreational use of an urban park, 14% from sewage disposal and only 7% from shipping and fishing activities. Around four-fifths of oceanic debris is from rubbish blown onto the water from

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artifacts placed in the oceans are harmful. Iron and concrete structures typically do little damage to the environment because they generally sink to the bottom and become immobile, and at shallow depths they can even provide scaffolding for

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Wiggin, K. J.; Holland, E. B. (June 2019). "Validation and application of cost and time effective methods for the detection of 3–500 μm sized microplastics in the urban marine and estuarine environments surrounding Long Beach, California".

1924:– a convention designed to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution The original MARPOL convention did not consider dumping from ships, but was revised in 1978 to include restrictions on marine vessels. 1306:. In a 2014 study using computer models, scientists from the group 5 Gyres, estimated 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic weighing 269,000 tons were dispersed in oceans in similar amount in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 1395:, and other creatures, including the occasional human diver. Acting as designed, the nets restrict movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and suffocation in those that need to return to the surface to breathe. 4832: 1504:

by human populations. These human-caused collections of plastic and other debris are responsible for ecosystem and environmental problems that affect marine life, contaminate oceans with toxic chemicals, and contribute to

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Woodall, L. C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., Paterson, G. L., Coppock, R., Sleight, V., ... & Thompson, R. C. (2014). The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. Royal Society open science, 1(4), 140317.

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It's estimated that around 48 million tons (48,000 kt) of lost fishing gear is generated each year, not including those that were abandoned or discarded and these may linger in the oceans for a considerable time before

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were disposed of in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coasts of at least 16 states, from New Jersey to Hawaii (although these, of course, do not wash up onshore, and the US is not the only country who has practiced this).

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that have been abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded in the ocean, lakes, and rivers. These nets, often nearly invisible in the dim light, can be left tangled on a rocky reef or drifting in the open sea. They can

5184: 1943:, which prohibited the discharge of "garbage, rubbish, ashes or organic refuse" from "any vessel in Australian waters" without prior written permission from the federal government. It also required permission for 1586:. A 2021 study following a 2014 loss of a container carrying printer cartridges calculated that some cartridges had dispersed at an average speed of between 6 cm and 13 cm per second. A 1997 accident of 2154:

Forty-eight plastics manufacturers from 25 countries, are members of the Global Plastic Associations for solutions on Marine Litter, have made the pledge to help prevent marine debris and to encourage recycling.

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power to monitor and regulate the dumping of sewage sludge, industrial waste, radioactive waste and biohazardous materials into the nation's territorial waters. The Act was amended sixteen years later to include

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notes that lack of enforcement means abandoned boats are often left to sink, which increases the cleanup cost and compounds the environmental hazard (due to seepage of fuel, oil, plastics, and other pollutants).

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of marine debris are not usually experienced by the producer. In the 1950s, the importance of government intervention with marine pollution protocol was recognized at the First Conference on the Law of the Sea.

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Jang, Yong Chang; Lee, Jongmyoung; Hong, Sunwook; Lee, Jong Su; Shim, Won Joon; Song, Young Kyoung (6 July 2014). "Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land".

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Okuku, Eric; Kiteresi, Linet; Owato, Gilbert; Otieno, Kenneth; Mwalugha, Catherine; Mbuche, Mary; Gwada, Brenda; Nelson, Annette; Chepkemboi, Purity; Achieng, Quinter; Wanjeri, Veronica (January 2021).

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is an artist focusing most of her recent work on educating people about beach trash. Interactive sites like Adrift demonstrate where marine plastic is carried, over time, on the worlds ocean currents.

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Beaumont, Nicola J.; Aanesen, Margrethe; Austen, Melanie C.; Börger, Tobias; Clark, James R.; Cole, Matthew; Hooper, Tara; Lindeque, Penelope K.; Pascoe, Christine; Wyles, Kayleigh J. (1 May 2019).

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discard gear, materials, machinery or solid wastes from industrial processes into the water or onto shorelines. This can include anything as large as a fishing boat or as small as particle from a

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strategies to make producers responsible for product management when products and their packaging become waste; encourage reusable product design to minimize negative impacts on the environment.

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plastic straws, cutlery, plates, and drink containers, polystyrene food and drink containers, plastic drink stirrers and plastic carrier bags and cotton buds. The law will take effect in 2021.

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rewards salvors for risking life and property to rescue the property of another from peril. On land the distinction between deliberate and accidental loss led to the concept of a "

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lobster float. In 2003, a study was conducted to identify types, amounts, sources, and effects of persistent industrial marine debris in the coastal waters and along the shores of

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Consumers can help to reduce the amount of plastic entering waterways by reducing usage of single-use plastics, avoiding microbeads, participate in a river or lake beach cleanup.

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pieces. Some of the pieces became valued among collectors who searched the beaches for Lego dragons. It also provided valuable insight in studying marine plastic degradation.

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Chiba, S., Saito, H., Fletcher, R., Yogi, T., Kayo, M., Miyagi, S., ... & Fujikura, K. (2018). Human footprint in the abyss: 30 year records of deep-sea plastic debris.

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collided with a piece of floating debris and sank, costing the life of its pilot. The Ocean cleanup has also created a vessel for cleaning up riverine debris, called

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De-la-Torre, Gabriel E.; Dioses-Salinas, Diana C.; Castro, Jasmin M.; Antay, Rosabel; Fernández, Naomy Y.; Espinoza-Morriberón, D.; Saldaña-Serrano, Miguel (2020).

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Bluebird Marine System's SeaVax which was solar- and wind-powered and had an onboard shredder and cargo hold. The Sea Cleaners' Manta ship is similar in concept.

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quickly, as would natural or organic materials. The largest single type of plastic pollution (~10%) and majority of large plastic in the oceans is discarded and

7700: 2053: 4404: 3649: 2625: 1839:. He suggested using platforms with arms to gather the debris, situated inside the current of gyres. The SAS Ocean Phoenix ship is somewhat similar in design. 4244: 5751: 3778: 1626: 1553:(now known as the "Friendly Floatees") went overboard during a storm. The toys have since been found all over the world, providing a better understanding of 2352: 6711: 3999:"The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on marine litter pollution along the Kenyan Coast: A synthesis after 100 days following the first reported case in Kenya" 1055: 743: 3435: 1509:. Once waterborne, marine debris becomes mobile. Flotsam can be blown by the wind, or follow the flow of ocean currents, often ending up in the middle of 7547: 5564: 4558: 4341: 1700:. In addition, plastic in the marine environment that contaminates the food chain can have repercussions on the viability of fish and shellfish species. 3382: 2703: 7931: 5448: 4992: 4062:

Patrício Silva, Ana L.; Prata, Joana C.; Walker, Tony R.; Duarte, Armando C.; Ouyang, Wei; Barcelò, Damià; Rocha-Santos, Teresa (1 February 2021).

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Improve recovery rates for plastic (in 2012, the United States generated 11.46 million tons of plastic waste, of which only 6.7% was recovered

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In efforts to prevent and mediate marine debris and pollutants, laws and policies have been adopted internationally, with the UN including reduced

7809: 6950: 4462: 4200: 4625: 4310: 3351: 3013:"Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters" 2727:"Persistent Industrial Marine Debris: The Relationship Between Marine Debris and Coastal Industrial Activity in Charlotte County New Brunswick" 5229: 4426: 3899: 3733: 7710: 7557: 6993: 5731: 3272: 2756: 2081: 962: 4644: 3238: 2479: 7941: 7824: 6281: 6093: 5746: 5198: 2409: 236: 7053: 5036:

Craig, R. (2005). "Protecting International Marine Biodiversity: International Treaties and National Systems of Marine Protected Areas".

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Scisciolo, Tobia (2016). "Beach debris on Aruba, Southern Caribbean: Attribution to local land-based and distal marine-based sources".

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Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers".

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is an organization aimed at reducing plastics pollution in the oceans, and was one of two organizations that recently researched the

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Leous, Justin P.; Parry, Neal B. (2005). "Who is Responsible for Marine Debris? The International Politics of Cleaning Our Oceans".

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Walker, T. R.; Reid, K.; Arnould, J. P. Y.; Croxall, J. P. (1997), "Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995",

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has caused serious negative effects such as discarded fishing nets capturing animals, concentration of plastic debris in massive

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Goodman, Alexa J.; Walker, Tony R.; Brown, Craig J.; Wilson, Brittany R.; Gazzola, Vicki; Sameoto, Jessica A. (1 January 2020).

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Sheavly, S. B.; Register, K. M. (2007). "Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions".

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Ban the use of cigarette filters and establish a deposit-system for e-cigarettes (similar to the one used for propane canisters)

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Elsewhere, "trash traps" are installed on small rivers to capture waterborne debris before it reaches the sea. For example,

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There are also projects that stimulate fishing boats to remove any litter they accidentally fish up while fishing for fish.

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efficient and cost effective ways to help reduce the amount of plastic entering our oceans is to not participate in using

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Kuczenski, Brandon; Vargas Poulsen, Camila; Gilman, Eric L.; Musyl, Michael; Geyer, Roland; Wilson, Jono (30 July 2021).

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have been known to use pieces of beach litter as a shell when they cannot find an actual seashell of the size they need.

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Leal Filho, Walter; Salvia, Amanda Lange; Minhas, Aprajita; Paço, Arminda; Dias-Ferreira, Celia (1 November 2021).

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plastics, avoid plastic bottled drinks such as water bottles, use reusable shopping bags, and to buy products with

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A large number of groups and individuals are active in preventing or educating about marine debris. For example,

2000: 773: 738: 698: 351: 318: 168: 7951: 7936: 7921: 6743: 6266: 6207: 6118: 5736: 5431: 5070: 2297: 1678: 1629:, fishing-related debris, approximately 80% plastics, are responsible for the entanglement of large numbers of 1506: 1420: 1408: 768: 388: 323: 260: 5501: 5483: 4333: 7727: 6955: 6721: 6251: 5802: 5676: 5604: 5342:"Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2012" 5341: 3378: 1843: 1807: 1742:. Devices such as these can be used where floating debris presents a danger to navigation. For example, the 798: 753: 373: 4405:"Speaking Notes for the Honourable Marc Garneau, Minister of Transport for a News Conference on Bill C-64, 3597:

Yong, C (2013). "Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land".

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Techniques for collecting and removing marine (or riverine) debris include the use of debris skimmer boats

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Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (April 2013). "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States".

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In the waters of the United States, there have been many observed consequences of pollution including:

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for example promotes the idea of letting dive clubs clean up litter, for example as a diving exercise.

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Tharpes, Yvonne L. (1989). "International Environmental Law: Turning the Tide on Marine Pollution".

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At the systems level, there are various ways to reduce the amount of debris entering our waterways:

7799: 7387: 7307: 7252: 7150: 7137: 7105: 6758: 6696: 6663: 6602: 6534: 6399: 6394: 6372: 5946: 5716: 5711: 5614: 5452: 4585:"Environmentalists removed more than 40 tons of trash from the Pacific – and it barely made a dent" 3895: 3744: 2193: 2140: 2041: 1583: 1324: 1283: 783: 728: 693: 619: 546: 496: 491: 476: 133: 5206: 7869: 7844: 7789: 7695: 7484: 7454: 7170: 7071: 7032: 6965: 6940: 6935: 6753: 6630: 6424: 6296: 6060: 5931: 5858: 5795: 5726: 5706: 5599: 5383: 5045: 4871: 4814: 4806: 4737: 4182: 3978: 3876: 3622: 3230: 2993: 2895: 2835: 2537: 2460: 2266: 2238: 2186:

Improve waste transportation to and from sites by utilizing closed container storage and shipping

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Parker, Laura. "With Millions of Tons of Plastic in Oceans, More Scientists Studying Impact."

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Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic. Plastics accumulate because they typically do not

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Marine debris is a widespread problem, not only the result of activities in coastal regions.

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causing death through starvation or infection. Tiny floating plastic particles also resemble

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Mekong, and accounting for "90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans."

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The US military used ocean dumping for unused weapons and bombs, including ordinary bombs,

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operates a number of such traps, known as "trash racks" or "gross pollutant traps" on the

1773: 1726: 1659: 1575: 1240: 1153: 711: 671: 541: 506: 438: 378: 306: 243: 143: 39: 7090: 3264: 1075:, is human-created solid material that has deliberately or accidentally been released in 5371: 4787:"Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter" 4481:"Yvan Bourgnon : "Au large, le Manta pourra ramasser 600 m3 de déchets plastiques"" 4144: 4079: 4014: 3938: 3848: 3710: 3610: 3567: 3285: 3210: 3133: 3028: 2973: 2926: 2867: 2525: 2448: 30:"Ocean dumping" redirects here. For shipping of waste across international borders, see 7946: 7880: 7753: 7427: 7407: 7317: 7277: 7165: 7098: 7081: 6815: 6701: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6493: 6478: 6429: 6419: 6331: 6185: 5941: 5912: 5761: 5624: 5273: 5248: 4506: 4169: 4129:"The COVID-19 pandemic and single-use plastic waste in households: A preliminary study" 4128: 4104: 4063: 4039: 3998: 3404: 3324: 3045: 3012: 2302: 2093: 2089: 2085: 1988: 1898: 1875: 1579: 1542: 1457: 1291: 1272: 1208: 1130: 1114: 1113:, human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics do not 1029: 833: 733: 688: 681: 676: 433: 128: 4064:"Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and recommendations" 3832: 3718: 1590:

ship off the British coast resulted in loss of cargo container holding 5 million

1282:, landmines and chemical weapons from at least 1919 until 1970. Millions of pounds of 7915: 7819: 7479: 6835: 6522: 6451: 6223: 5971: 5835: 5644: 5594: 5513:

Ghost net remediation program – NASA, NOAA and ATI collaborating to detect ghost nets

5387: 5379: 5183:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 4 November 2013. 4930: 4889: 4818: 4186: 3982: 3880: 3487: 3234: 3183: 2997: 2899: 2839: 2464: 2276: 2252: 2176: 2129: 2073: 2058: 1792: 1781: 1763: 1722: 1693: 1587: 1559: 1554: 1546: 1497: 1489: 1482: 1465: 1232: 1188: 1134: 848: 338: 333: 328: 86: 44: 4247:. Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board. Archived from 4152: 4022: 3947: 3922: 3626: 3575: 3142: 3117: 2981: 2934: 2875: 2814:"Plastic gear loss estimates from remote observation of industrial fishing activity" 2541: 7763: 7469: 7347: 7327: 7272: 6856: 6830: 6810: 6634: 6597: 6561: 6197: 6144: 6020: 5976: 5961: 5890: 5771: 5589: 3187: 2957: 2492: 2279: – Pseudonymous Australian artist who works with trash from oceans and beaches 2271: 2246: 2148: 2117: 2069: 2011:

to free inland and coastal waters from human influence. In the United Kingdom, the

1921: 1614: 1603: 1510: 1268: 1252: 1195: 881: 843: 828: 659: 624: 569: 288: 148: 5121: 1460:

extremely difficult, especially due to the wide area of its dispersal compared to

5095: 4386:"Canadian Coast Guard urges patience as it deals with up to 1,600 derelict boats" 7794: 7444: 7282: 7197: 7160: 6793: 6788: 6473: 6468: 6439: 6404: 6377: 5907: 5584: 5249:"Managing Marine Plastic Pollution: Policy Initiatives to Address Wayward Waste" 3831:

Santos, Robson G.; Machovsky-Capuska, Gabriel E.; Andrades, Ryan (2 July 2021).

1879: 1689: 1666: 1522: 1444:

Litter, made from diverse materials that are denser than surface water (such as

1356: 1256: 1216: 1141: 803: 501: 481: 118: 3036: 3011:

Karlsson, Therese M.; Kärrman, Anna; Rotander, Anna; Hassellöv, Martin (2020).

2383: 7849: 7207: 7192: 6970: 6587: 5902: 5895: 5878: 5863: 5756: 5609: 4833:"International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)" 4087: 3618: 2533: 2456: 2228: 2121: 1836: 1799: 1697: 1618: 1571: 1564: 1493: 1461: 1372: 1303: 1161: 1106: 853: 609: 113: 17: 4948: 4755: 4270: 4160: 4095: 4030: 3966: 3864: 2883: 7829: 7382: 7121: 6899: 6851: 6825: 6773: 6607: 6569: 6319: 6309: 5981: 5843: 5818: 5766: 5721: 5696: 5634: 4463:"Solar-Powered Vacuum Could Suck Up 24,000 Tons of Ocean Plastic Every Year" 3856: 3833:"Plastic ingestion as an evolutionary trap: Toward a holistic understanding" 3293: 3218: 2958:"Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru" 1944: 1384: 1352: 1337: 1316: 1260: 1244: 1118: 1102: 921: 876: 838: 788: 723: 629: 93: 73: 63: 7292: 5282: 4645:"Don't Call It A Garbage Patch: The Truth About Cleaning Up Ocean Plastics" 4178: 4113: 4048: 3974: 3872: 3674:. New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program. February 1995. Archived from 3583: 3301: 3226: 3151: 3054: 2989: 2942: 2891: 2700:"5 Trillion Pieces of Ocean Trash Found, But Fewer Particles Than Expected" 1298:

on exposure to sunlight, although they do so only under dry conditions, as

5426: 4559:"Great Pacific Garbage Patch Cleanup Work Tackled By Sausalito Non-Profit" 3672:"A Summary of the Proposed Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan" 3507: 2335:"Euronews Living | Watch: Italy's answer to the problem with plastic" 7352: 7312: 7232: 6544: 6488: 6149: 5998: 5966: 4303:"Lost fishing gear being recovered from Scapa Flow – The Orcadian Online" 3306:

The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea

3073: 1987:, an international treaty controlling marine pollution in the north-east 1777: 1762:. Once debris becomes "beach litter", collection by hand and specialized 1751: 1599: 1207:

Researchers classify debris as either land- or ocean-based; in 1991, the

1149: 1145: 293: 5264: 5049: 4875: 4741: 3801: 3170: 2588:"Explosive Beach Objects – Just Another Example Of Massachusetts' Charm" 2353:"Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report" 2100:, and if identifiable, they should be returned to their rightful owner. 1121:

from the fishing industry. Waterborne plastic poses a serious threat to

7322: 6505: 6008: 5986: 5873: 5868: 5331:(pp. 1–48, Rep.). (2015). McKinsey Center for Business and Environment. 4810: 3732:

Ron Hess; Denis Rushworth; Michael Hynes; John Peters (2 August 2006).

2109: 1911: 1684: 1453: 1388: 1368: 1248: 1220: 1126: 1110: 5230:"80% Of Ocean Plastic Comes From Land-Based Sources, New Report Finds" 4226: 3957: 3436:"Ship's lost plastic cargo washes up on shores from Florida to Norway" 2830: 2813: 2410:"FEATURE: UN's mission to keep plastics out of oceans and marine life" 1662:. Ships and subway cars have been deliberately sunk for that purpose. 7267: 7222: 6909: 6889: 6783: 6458: 5951: 5529: 5402:"Cigarette butts are toxic plastic pollution. Should they be banned?" 3461:"How long does it take for plastic to degrade: the Lego bricks study" 2772: 2144: 1948: 1803: 1380: 931: 911: 818: 808: 516: 5063: 4802: 3263:

Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017).

2128:, by sponsoring beach cleanup programs along with other activities. 5542: 3642:"New York City to Pay Jersey Town $ 1 Million Over Shore Pollution" 2213: 1750:

every month. The Corps has been doing this work since 1942, when a

7262: 7125: 6919: 6861: 6202: 6134: 6032: 5924: 5201:[Waste becomes state, UNESCO recognizes 'Garbage Patch']. 3923:"Global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic" 2212: 2162: 2023: 1980: 1716: 1640: 1578:, dropping hundreds of containers, most of which washed up on the 1521: 1449: 1445: 1376: 1236: 1194: 1182: 1088: 1080: 941: 886: 278: 38: 5466: 5329:

Stemming the tide: Land-based strategies for a plastic-free ocean

2557:"Should you cut up six-pack rings so they don't choke sea birds?" 1798:

Once a year there is a diving marine debris removal operation in

6894: 6015: 6003: 5919: 4626:"Photos: Sailing Cargo Vessel Recovers 67 Tons of Ocean Plastic" 1976: 1907: 1831:

Another method to gather artificial litter has been proposed by

1591: 1392: 1364: 1228: 1224: 1122: 1084: 916: 163: 158: 123: 7094: 5791: 5546: 5530:"Skeptoid #132: The Sargasso Sea and the Pacific Garbage Patch" 5439:

United Nations Environment Programme Marine Litter Publications

4690:. National Geographic Society, 13 June 2014. Web. 3 April 2016. 1721:

Skimmer boat used to remove floating debris and trash from the

1327:

and eventually death from lack of appropriate nutrient intake.

1083:. Floating oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of 5445:

UNEP Year Book 2011: Emerging Issues in Our Global Environment

2175:

coastal area cleanups are important, it is crucial to address

1279: 1076: 4890:"Beaches, Fishing Grounds and Sea Routes Protection Act 1932" 2480:"The pileup of plastic debris is more than ugly ocean litter" 2036:. Eighty percent of marine debris reaches the sea via rivers. 1791:

In lakes or near the coast, manual removal can also be used.

1215:

A wide variety of man-made objects can become marine debris;

1095:

or tidewrack. Deliberate disposal of wastes at sea is called

5787: 5502:

Tiny Plastic Bits Too Small To See Are Destroying The Oceans

4445:"Solar powered SeaVax hoover concept to clean up the oceans" 2044:, harmful agal blooms, and threatened species. In 1972, the 5199:"Rifiuti diventano stato, Unesco riconosce 'Garbage Patch'" 3320:"Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers" 3319: 2618:"Military Ordinance [sic] Dumped in Gulf of Mexico" 2217:

Seven simple single-use swaps people can make to save trash

1941:

Beaches, Fishing Grounds and Sea Routes Protection Act 1932

1563:

dropped 21 containers (with one notably containing buoyant

1275:, in particular, are considered emblematic of the problem. 5064:"Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972" 3896:"Across the Pacific Ocean, plastics, plastics, everywhere" 1271:

are among the items commonly found to have washed ashore.

5478: 1902:

deposit into the ocean. Examples of such matter include:

5472: 5151: 2061:. It is illegal to dispose of any plastic in US waters. 3379:"How sneakers, toys and hockey gear help ocean science" 1557:. Similar incidents have happened before, such as when 1160:, and increasing concentrations of contaminants in the 4449:

The International Institute of Marine Surveying (IIMS)

2135:

On 11 April 2013 in order to create awareness, artist

1939:

One of the earliest anti-dumping laws was Australia's

1545:, usually during storms. One spillage occurred in the 3528:. Algalita Marine Research Foundation. Archived from 2651:. St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 112–128. 1610:

was found to be "ocean-based" and 44% "land-based".

1152:

waste all contribute to this problem. This increased

5492:– US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5469:– US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5177:"The garbage patch territory turns into a new state" 1496:

of marine debris particles caused by the effects of

1199:

Debris collected from beaches on Tern Island in the

7772: 7741: 7651: 7503: 7300: 7136: 6979: 6928: 6877: 6844: 6677: 6616: 6578: 6560: 6360: 6295: 6232: 6158: 6127: 6092: 6076: 6041: 5834: 5019:"EU parliament approves ban on single use plastics" 3486:Walker, T.R.; Grant, J.; Archambault, M-C. (2006). 2749:

Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear

2179:that originates from inland and landlocked states. 7780:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 4201:"Debris collection onsite after Bay Bridge struck" 2032:warning people to not pollute the local stream by 1696:to consume them and cause them to enter the ocean 1091:, frequently washing aground, when it is known as 4864:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 3265:"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea" 1983:respectively, and resulted in the passing of the 1140:Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into 5300:"7 Ways To Reduce Ocean Plastic Pollution Today" 4271:"10 Tips for Divers to Protect the Ocean Planet" 2120:is another organization, focusing on protecting 1963:government. It was repealed and replaced by the 4931:"Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981" 3771:"Crabs With Beach Trash Homes – Okinawa, Japan" 3192:"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean" 1456:, or even become buried under sediment, making 1109:, are also present. With the increasing use of 4700:Wabnitz, Colette; Nichols, Wallace J. (2010). 4557:Turner, Emily; Steimle, Susie (26 June 2019). 4499:"Methods for collecting plastic litter at sea" 4407:The Wrecked Abandoned or Hazardous Vessels Act 4366:Province of British Columbia (February 2020). 2751:. Rome: United Nations Environment Programme. 1967:, which gave effect to the London Convention. 7106: 5803: 5558: 5455:Web Archives Plastic debris, pp. 21–34. 4334:"Ghost Fishing UK to be Charges for Cleanups" 2189:Restrict open waste facilities near waterways 1965:Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981 1850:GPS satellite trackers which are deployed by 1049: 27:Human-created solid waste in the sea or ocean 8: 5496:Social & Economic Costs of Marine Debris 4203:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from 3017:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2096:, shipwrecked goods should be reported to a 1746:removes 90 tons of "drifting material" from 5038:Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law 1975:In 1972 and 1974, conventions were held in 1784:, which flows (during the wet season) into 7113: 7099: 7091: 5810: 5796: 5788: 5565: 5551: 5543: 5473:Marine Research, Education and Restoration 4540:"Official Launch of Ocean Phoenix Project" 3354:. National Geographic News. Archived from 1056: 1042: 946: 72: 50: 5272: 4791:The American Journal of International Law 4667:"Untangling the Problem of Ocean Plastic" 4361: 4359: 4168: 4103: 4038: 3956: 3946: 3506: 3141: 3044: 2829: 2491: 2378: 2376: 2374: 4368:"What We Heard on Marine Debris in B.C." 3495:Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 2167:The decomposition times of marine debris 1683:Many animals that live on or in the sea 1625:. On the remote sub-Antarctic island of 1421:Marine plastic pollution § Microplastics 1343: 7810:High-level radioactive waste management 6951:Pollutant release and transfer register 5187:from the original on 11 September 2017. 4702:"Plastic pollution: An ocean emergency" 4277:from the original on 23 September 2014. 3352:"Lost Sea Cargo: Beach Bounty or Junk?" 3069:"Plastic trash invades arctic seafloor" 2437:Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2325: 985: 949: 62: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4344:from the original on 29 September 2017 3812:from the original on 23 September 2008 3273:Environmental Science & Technology 1348:A sea turtle entangled in a ghost net. 1101:. Naturally occurring debris, such as 43:Marine debris washed up on a beach at 5475:– Algalita Marine Research Foundation 5294: 5292: 4682: 4680: 4313:from the original on 11 December 2017 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3081:from the original on 25 October 2012. 2586:Edgar B. Herwick III (29 July 2015). 2500:from the original on 9 December 2017. 2390:from the original on 13 February 2009 2082:lost, mislaid, and abandoned property 1806:, run by Ghost Fishing UK, funded by 7: 7825:Sewage regulation and administration 7041: 6282:Electromagnetic radiation and health 5747:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation 5132:from the original on 23 January 2009 4993:"Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009" 4538:Poizat, Christophe J. (3 May 2016). 4403:Transport Canada (30 October 2017). 3781:from the original on 14 October 2017 3523:"Plastic Debris: from Rivers to Sea" 3415:from the original on 9 February 2008 3190:; Wilcox, Chris (12 February 2015). 2147:–Paris in front of Director General 7057: 7049: 6140:Radium and radon in the environment 3802:"Plague of Plastic Chokes the Seas" 3640:Alfonso Narvaez (8 December 1987). 3318:Harald Franzen (30 November 2017). 2567:from the original on 6 October 2008 1310:Persistent industrial marine debris 1294:as many other substances do. They 284:Radium and radon in the environment 5310:from the original on 30 March 2018 5122:"Can you keep ship-wrecked goods?" 4947:. OSPAR Commission. Archived from 4933:. Federal Register of Legislation. 4892:. Federal Register of Legislation. 4665:David Helvarg (27 December 2019). 3902:from the original on 25 April 2016 3800:Kenneth R. Weiss (2 August 2006). 3743:. Rand Corporation. Archived from 3652:from the original on 11 March 2009 3434:Wilson, Jonathan (29 April 2021). 2787:"'Ghost fishing' killing seabirds" 2702:. 13 December 2014. Archived from 2628:from the original on 7 August 2015 2598:from the original on 3 August 2015 2013:Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 1955:from vessels outside the reach of 1137:, as well as to boats and coasts. 25: 5253:Environmental Health Perspectives 4762:from the original on 9 March 2009 4643:Mandel, Kyla (5 September 2020). 4521:"The Great Pacific Garbage Patch" 4384:Arrais, Pedro (10 October 2021). 3769:Miller, Shawn (19 October 2014). 3405:"Scavengers take washed-up goods" 3385:from the original on 8 April 2008 1617:, medical waste washed ashore in 7875: 7874: 7863: 7805:Extended producer responsibility 7291: 7075: 7065: 7056: 7048: 7040: 7028: 7027: 5620:Environmental impact of shipping 5425: 5380:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x 5247:Tibbetts, John H. (April 2015). 5102:from the original on 11 May 2009 5076:from the original on 30 May 2008 4730:Journal of International Affairs 4133:Science of the Total Environment 2680:from the original on 16 May 2008 2245: 2231: 2204:Extended Producer Responsibility 1481:This section is an excerpt from 1419:This section is an excerpt from 1336:This section is an excerpt from 1023: 1011: 7932:Environmental impact of fishing 7363:Mechanical biological treatment 5854:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5408:. 9 August 2019. Archived from 5228:Chow, Lorraine (29 June 2016). 5096:"Ocean Dumping Ban Act of 1988" 5069:. US Senate. 29 December 2000. 4153:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148571 4023:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111840 3948:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.022 3894:Charles Moore (November 2003). 3576:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.039 3350:Janice Podsada (19 June 2001). 3143:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110722 2982:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877 2935:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025 2876:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.060 2333:Graham, Rachel (10 July 2019). 2054:Environmental Protection Agency 1886:Ocean dumping is controlled by 1766:are used to gather the debris. 1321:Charlotte County, New Brunswick 1173:Sustainable Development Goal 14 104:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5479:UK Marine Conservation Society 2493:10.1146/knowable-120717-211902 2028:A sign above a storm drain in 1673:Impacts from plastic pollution 973:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 6342:Electrical resistance heating 5360:Journal of Industrial Ecology 4606:Yerkey, Ryan (24 June 2020). 4583:Michelle Lou (30 June 2019). 3719:10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00053-7 3377:Marsha Walton (28 May 2003). 1621:after having been blown from 1541:at sea each year are lost by 444:Electrical resistance heating 5994:Persistent organic pollutant 5205:(in Italian). Archived from 5098:. US EPA. 21 November 1988. 4068:Chemical Engineering Journal 2672:Alan Weisman (Summer 2007). 2555:Cecil Adams (16 July 1999). 1649:containing ingested flotsam. 154:Persistent organic pollutant 78:Air pollution from a factory 7942:Oceanographical terminology 7815:History of waste management 7004:Least polluted cities by PM 5630:Fish diseases and parasites 2384:"Facts about marine debris" 2114:Great Pacific Garbage Patch 1816:Dead Boats Disposal Society 1734:Coastal and river clean ups 1551:rubber ducks and other toys 1549:in 1992, when thousands of 1513:where currents are weakest. 7968: 7403:fluorescent lamp recycling 6946:Pollution haven hypothesis 6869:Brain health and pollution 6107:Ecological light pollution 5937:Internal combustion engine 5467:NOAA Marine Debris Program 4995:. UK Defra. Archived from 4291:28 September 2017, page 31 3775:Okinawa Nature Photography 3741:Disposal Options for Ships 3037:10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5 1744:US Army Corps of Engineers 1676: 1480: 1418: 1406: 1335: 1263:, and various wastes from 1261:lost fishing line and nets 29: 7858: 7289: 7025: 6749:Nonpoint source pollution 6669:War and environmental law 6028:Volatile organic compound 5825: 5702:Nonpoint source pollution 5580: 5490:High Seas GhostNet Survey 4909:. NewSouth. p. 230. 4906:Sydney Beaches: A History 4563:sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com 4088:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683 4003:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3927:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3699:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3619:10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8 3556:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3122:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2962:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2915:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2856:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2771:Esteban, Michelle (2002) 2534:10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8 2457:10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3 2080:may be of relevance when 2001:Water Framework Directive 1810:and Fat Face Foundation. 1704:COVID-19 pandemic impacts 1452:and interfere with other 699:War and environmental law 319:Health effects from noise 169:Volatile organic compound 7785:China's waste import ban 6208:Marine mammals and sonar 6119:Radio spectrum pollution 5737:Plastic pellet pollution 5451:13 February 2012 at the 4706:Marine Turtle Newsletter 2774:Tracking Down Ghost Nets 2298:Plastic-eating organisms 2005:European Union directive 1679:Marine plastic pollution 1507:greenhouse gas emissions 1409:Marine plastic pollution 324:Marine mammals and sonar 7146:Agricultural wastewater 7054:WikiProject Environment 7012:Most polluted countries 6956:Polluter pays principle 6687:Agricultural wastewater 5605:Cultural eutrophication 5486:– Australian Government 5181:UNESCO Office in Venice 4390:Victoria Times Colonist 4231:FishingForLitter.org.uk 3857:10.1126/science.abh0945 3294:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368 3219:10.1126/science.1260352 1844:Ocean Voyages Institute 1808:World Animal Protection 1764:beach-cleaning machines 1476:Garbage patches (gyres) 799:Freshwater salinization 719:Agricultural wastewater 7870:Environment portal 7548:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7438:water recycling shower 7072:Environment portal 6305:Agricultural pollution 5742:Point source pollution 5304:www.oceanicsociety.org 4945:"The OSPAR Convention" 4903:Caroline Ford (2014). 4630:The Maritime Executive 4608:"Record Haul of Trash" 2747:Macfadyen, G. (2009). 2674:"Polymers Are Forever" 2218: 2168: 2137:Maria Cristina Finucci 2046:United States Congress 2037: 1852:vessels of opportunity 1730: 1650: 1530: 1468:at certain locations. 1349: 1204: 1192: 1158:marine garbage patches 1018:Environment portal 48: 7238:Municipal solid waste 7218:Industrial wastewater 6727:Industrial wastewater 6593:Clutter (advertising) 6501:Municipal solid waste 6347:Soil guideline values 6191:Sustainable transport 6084:Information pollution 5884:Open burning of waste 5484:Harmful Marine Debris 5434:at Wikimedia Commons 4309:. 25 September 2017. 3599:Ocean Science Journal 3508:10.2166/wqrj.2006.029 2647:Alan Weisman (2007). 2514:Ocean Science Journal 2216: 2166: 2027: 1895:The London Convention 1720: 1644: 1637:Environmental impacts 1525: 1347: 1201:French Frigate Shoals 1198: 1187:Debris on beach near 1186: 759:Industrial wastewater 527:Municipal solid waste 449:Soil guideline values 42: 32:Environmental dumping 7433:water heat recycling 7338:Garden waste dumping 6999:Most polluted cities 6692:Biological pollution 6603:Overhead power lines 5752:Silver nanoparticles 5528:(16 December 2008). 5518:7 March 2016 at the 4797:(3): 626–636. 1973. 4413:Government of Canada 4227:"Fishing For Litter" 3734:"Chapter 5: Reefing" 2649:The World Without Us 2478:Weiss, K.R. (2017). 2288:National Cleanup Day 2194:refuse-derived fuels 1993:Barcelona Convention 1623:Fresh Kills Landfill 1537:An estimated 10,000 968:Most polluted cities 620:Overhead power lines 7800:Eco-industrial park 7388:appliance recycling 7308:Anaerobic digestion 7253:Post-consumer waste 7151:Biodegradable waste 7062:WikiProject Ecology 6759:Ocean acidification 6664:Unexploded ordnance 6535:Post-consumer waste 6395:Foam food container 6373:Biodegradable waste 5947:Global distillation 5717:Ocean deoxygenation 5712:Ocean acidification 5453:Library of Congress 5372:2013JInEc..17..175N 5265:10.1289/ehp.123-A90 5128:. 22 January 2007. 4951:on 12 February 2008 4756:"London Convention" 4688:National Geographic 4509:on 24 October 2013. 4469:. 19 February 2016. 4145:2021ScTEn.79348571L 4080:2021ChEnJ.40526683P 4015:2021MarPB.16211840O 3939:2019MarPB.142..189B 3898:. Natural History. 3849:2021Sci...373...56S 3711:1997MarPB..34...61W 3611:2014OSJ....49..151J 3568:2016MarPB.106...49D 3411:. 22 January 2007. 3286:2017EnST...5112246S 3280:(21): 12246–12253. 3211:2015Sci...347..768J 3171:10.1098/rsos.140317 3134:2020MarPB.15010722G 3029:2020ESPR...27.5559K 2974:2020MarPB.15110877D 2927:2009MarPB..58.1225F 2868:2019MarPB.143..152W 2526:2014OSJ....49..151J 2449:2007JPEnv..15..301S 2192:Promote the use of 2141:Garbage Patch State 1823:Mid-ocean clean ups 1631:Antarctic fur seals 1584:World Heritage Site 784:Ocean acidification 694:Unexploded ordnance 615:Advertising clutter 547:Post-consumer waste 492:Foam food container 477:Biodegradable waste 134:Global distillation 7845:Waste minimisation 7790:Cleaner production 7455:Reusable packaging 7368:Mechanical sorting 7171:Construction waste 7082:Ecology portal 6966:Waste minimisation 6941:Industrial ecology 6936:Cleaner production 6754:Nutrient pollution 6631:Herbicidal warfare 6425:Construction waste 6061:Introduced species 5932:Indoor air quality 5859:Chlorofluorocarbon 5707:Nutrient pollution 5600:Aquatic toxicology 5412:on 10 August 2019. 4527:. 6 December 2016. 4338:divemagazine.co.uk 3646:The New York Times 3244:on 22 January 2019 2818:Fish and Fisheries 2725:Smith, Christine. 2706:on 5 February 2015 2676:. Orion magazine. 2622:Maritime Executive 2267:Flotsam and jetsam 2239:Environment portal 2219: 2169: 2038: 1916:radioactive wastes 1864:reusable packaging 1731: 1651: 1645:The remains of an 1531: 1526:The travel of the 1350: 1249:cigarette lighters 1205: 1193: 1030:Ecology portal 655:Herbicidal warfare 199:Introduced species 139:Indoor air quality 109:Chlorofluorocarbon 49: 7909: 7908: 7840:Waste legislation 7749:Sanitation worker 7723:London Convention 7659:Bamako Convention 7450:Resource recovery 7418:textile recycling 7413:plastic recycling 7393:battery recycling 7333:Ecological design 7258:Radioactive waste 7088: 7087: 6961:Pollution control 6641:Nuclear holocaust 6550:Thermal treatment 6518:Plastic pollution 6435:Mercury poisoning 6388:Battery recycling 6287:Radioactive waste 6056:Genetic pollution 6051:Biological hazard 5849:Air quality index 5785: 5784: 5640:Friendly Floatees 5430:Media related to 5156:PlasticAdrift.org 4843:on 4 October 2019 4503:MarineDebris.Info 4433:. 31 August 2019. 4207:on 9 January 2009 3806:Los Angeles Times 3535:on 19 August 2008 3205:(6223): 768–771. 3184:Jambeck, Jenna R. 2831:10.1111/faf.12596 2758:978-92-5-106196-1 2624:. 3 August 2015. 2561:The Straight Dope 2484:Knowable Magazine 2359:. 6 November 2019 2313:World Cleanup Day 2293:Plastic pollution 2098:Receiver of Wreck 2084:is found at sea. 2050:Ocean Dumping Act 2020:United States law 1997:Mediterranean Sea 1957:local governments 1904:mercury compounds 1888:international law 1870:Laws and treaties 1833:The Ocean Cleanup 1756:Chester W. Nimitz 1754:carrying Admiral 1748:San Francisco Bay 1692:, which can lead 1528:Friendly Floatees 1502:plastic pollution 1066: 1065: 1001: 1000: 667:Nuclear holocaust 590:Urban heat island 404:Radioactive waste 189:Biological hazard 99:Air quality index 16:(Redirected from 7959: 7878: 7877: 7868: 7867: 7733:OSPAR Convention 7664:Basel Convention 7475:Waste collection 7465:Sewage treatment 7423:timber recycling 7398:bottle recycling 7378:Reclaimed lumber 7373:Photodegradation 7295: 7213:Industrial waste 7181:Electronic waste 7176:Demolition waste 7156:Biomedical waste 7130:waste management 7115: 7108: 7101: 7092: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7070: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7052: 7051: 7044: 7043: 7031: 7030: 6905:Legacy pollution 6764:Oil exploitation 6626:Chemical warfare 6540:Waste management 6447:Industrial waste 6415:Biomedical waste 6383:Electronic waste 6368:Advertising mail 6352:Phytoremediation 6327:Land degradation 6112:Overillumination 6066:Invasive species 5812: 5805: 5798: 5789: 5682:Invasive species 5574:Marine pollution 5567: 5560: 5553: 5544: 5539: 5507:Business Insider 5498:– NOAA Economics 5429: 5414: 5413: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5296: 5287: 5286: 5276: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4839:. 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management 512:Industrial waste 487:Electronic waste 472:Advertising mail 454:Phytoremediation 429:Land degradation 369:Depleted uranium 254:Overillumination 204:Invasive species 76: 66: 51: 21: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7952:Water pollution 7937:Ocean pollution 7922:Aquatic ecology 7912: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7881:Category: Waste 7862: 7854: 7835:Waste hierarchy 7768: 7759:Waste collector 7737: 7728:Oslo Convention 7647: 7499: 7495:Waste-to-energy 7490:Waste treatment 7460:Right to repair 7358:Landfill mining 7343:Illegal dumping 7296: 7287: 7248:Packaging waste 7243:Open defecation 7203:Hazardous waste 7132: 7119: 7089: 7084: 7076: 7074: 7064: 7021: 7007: 6975: 6924: 6873: 6840: 6779:Pharmaceuticals 6769:Oil exploration 6673: 6645:Nuclear fallout 6612: 6574: 6556: 6530:Packaging waste 6484:Deep sea mining 6410:Hazardous waste 6356: 6337:Open defecation 6291: 6257:Nuclear fallout 6252:Nuclear fission 6228: 6154: 6123: 6094:Electromagnetic 6088: 6072: 6037: 5957:Ozone depletion 5830: 5821: 5816: 5786: 5781: 5777:Water pollution 5692:Mercury in fish 5576: 5571: 5524: 5520:Wayback Machine 5423: 5418: 5417: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5298: 5297: 5290: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5209:on 14 July 2014 5197: 5196: 5192: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4999:on 2 April 2010 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4803:10.2307/2199200 4785: 4784: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4727: 4726: 4717: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4685: 4678: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4612:Star Advertiser 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4289:Daily Telegraph 4286: 4282: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4251:on 19 July 2008 4243: 4242: 4238: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4061: 4060: 4056: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3843:(6550): 56–60. 3830: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3750:on 29 June 2007 3747: 3736: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3490: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3465:The Fact Source 3459: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3358:on 6 April 2008 3349: 3348: 3344: 3330: 3328: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3194: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3163: 3159: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3097: 3086: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2416:. 27 April 2017 2408: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2262:Citizen Science 2251: 2244: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2161: 2106: 2067: 2022: 1973: 1961:New South Wales 1937: 1874:The ocean is a 1872: 1825: 1786:Gulf St Vincent 1774:South Australia 1736: 1715: 1706: 1681: 1675: 1639: 1576:English Channel 1574:beached in the 1543:container ships 1520: 1515: 1514: 1500:and increasing 1486: 1478: 1438: 1436:Deep-sea debris 1433: 1432: 1424: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1341: 1333: 1312: 1245:cigarette stubs 1241:plastic bottles 1181: 1154:water pollution 1148:and wind-blown 1131:marine reptiles 1062: 1024: 1022: 1010: 1003: 1002: 902: 894: 893: 867: 859: 858: 794:Pharmaceuticals 774:Nonpoint source 714: 704: 703: 672:Nuclear fallout 645: 635: 634: 605: 595: 594: 585: 575: 574: 565: 557: 556: 542:Packaging waste 507:Hazardous waste 467: 459: 458: 419: 409: 408: 379:Nuclear fallout 374:Nuclear fission 354: 344: 343: 309: 299: 298: 274: 266: 265: 239: 237:Electromagnetic 229: 228: 219: 211: 210: 184: 174: 173: 144:Ozone depletion 89: 79: 64: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7965: 7963: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7914: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7872: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7754:Street sweeper 7751: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7666: 7661: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7638:United Kingdom 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7428:tire recycling 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7408:land recycling 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7318:Biodegradation 7315: 7310: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7278:Surface runoff 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7166:Chemical waste 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7095: 7086: 7085: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6994:Law by country 6991: 6985: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6816:Surface runoff 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6702:Eutrophication 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6659:Scorched earth 6656: 6653:nuclear winter 6649:nuclear famine 6638: 6628: 6622: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6584: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6494:Uranium mining 6491: 6486: 6481: 6479:Surface mining 6476: 6471: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6430:Lead poisoning 6427: 6422: 6420:Chemical waste 6417: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6332:Bioremediation 6329: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6247:Bioremediation 6244: 6238: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168:Transportation 6164: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6098: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5942:Global dimming 5939: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5913:Diesel exhaust 5905: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5762:Surface runoff 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5660:North Atlantic 5657: 5652: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5625:Eutrophication 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5526:Dunning, Brian 5522: 5510: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5461:978-9280731019 5441: 5422: 5421:External links 5419: 5416: 5415: 5393: 5366:(2): 175–185. 5350: 5333: 5321: 5288: 5239: 5220: 5190: 5168: 5143: 5113: 5087: 5055: 5044:(2): 333–369. 5028: 5010: 4984: 4962: 4936: 4922: 4916:978-1742246840 4915: 4895: 4881: 4870:(3): 579–614. 4854: 4824: 4773: 4747: 4736:(1): 257–269. 4715: 4692: 4676: 4657: 4635: 4617: 4598: 4575: 4549: 4530: 4512: 4490: 4472: 4454: 4436: 4418: 4395: 4376: 4355: 4324: 4307:orcadian.co.uk 4294: 4280: 4262: 4236: 4218: 4192: 4119: 4054: 3988: 3913: 3886: 3823: 3792: 3761: 3724: 3689: 3678:on 24 May 2005 3663: 3632: 3605:(2): 151–162. 3589: 3546: 3514: 3501:(3): 256–262. 3478: 3467:. 19 July 2021 3452: 3426: 3396: 3369: 3342: 3325:Deutsche Welle 3310: 3255: 3175: 3157: 3108: 3084: 3060: 3003: 2948: 2905: 2845: 2804: 2793:. 28 June 2007 2778: 2764: 2757: 2739: 2717: 2691: 2664: 2658:978-0312347291 2657: 2639: 2609: 2578: 2547: 2520:(2): 151–162. 2503: 2470: 2443:(4): 301–305. 2427: 2401: 2370: 2344: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2303:Project Kaisei 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2242: 2226: 2223: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2160: 2157: 2105: 2102: 2094:United Kingdom 2090:treasure trove 2078:law of the sea 2066: 2063: 2059:medical wastes 2021: 2018: 1989:Atlantic Ocean 1972: 1969: 1936: 1935:Australian law 1933: 1932: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1899:United Nations 1878:, so negative 1871: 1868: 1842:In June 2019, 1824: 1821: 1735: 1732: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1694:filter feeders 1677:Main article: 1674: 1671: 1665:Additionally, 1638: 1635: 1580:Jurassic Coast 1555:ocean currents 1519: 1516: 1498:ocean currents 1487: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1454:sea-floor life 1437: 1434: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1407:Main article: 1404: 1401: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1311: 1308: 1273:Six-pack rings 1209:United Nations 1203:over one month 1180: 1177: 1135:marine mammals 1064: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1020: 1005: 1004: 999: 998: 997: 996: 988: 987: 983: 982: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 963:Law by country 960: 952: 951: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 892: 891: 890: 889: 884: 874: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 834:Surface runoff 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 734:Eutrophication 731: 726: 721: 715: 710: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 696: 691: 689:Scorched earth 686: 685: 684: 682:Nuclear winter 679: 677:Nuclear famine 674: 664: 663: 662: 652: 646: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 606: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 586: 581: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 434:Bioremediation 431: 426: 420: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 364:Bioremediation 361: 355: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 314:Transportation 310: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 291: 286: 281: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 261:Radio spectrum 258: 257: 256: 251: 240: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 207: 206: 196: 191: 185: 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 129:Global dimming 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 90: 85: 84: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 60: 59: 26: 24: 18:Plastic debris 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7964: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7927:Ecotoxicology 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7902: 7901:Organizations 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7820:Landfill fire 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7669:EU directives 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7643:United States 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7480:Waste sorting 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7228:Marine debris 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7111: 7109: 7104: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7083: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7055: 7047: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6836:Water quality 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Traffic signs 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6523:Microplastics 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6513:Nanomaterials 6511: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6452:Lead smelting 6450: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6272:Radioactivity 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6224:Noise control 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:Metal working 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:Marine debris 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5665:South Pacific 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650:Great Pacific 5648: 5647: 5646: 5645:Garbage patch 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Anoxic waters 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432:Marine debris 5428: 5420: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5351: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5322: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5072: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4899: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4855: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4658: 4646: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4599: 4586: 4579: 4576: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4485:Libération.fr 4482: 4476: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4369: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4325: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4250: 4246: 4245:"Trash Racks" 4240: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3914: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3793: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3562:(–2): 49–57. 3561: 3557: 3550: 3547: 3531: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3479: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3189: 3188:Geyer, Roland 3185: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:Marine Policy 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2740: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2640: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2579: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2428: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2277:Marina DeBris 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2253:Oceans portal 2248: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2177:plastic waste 2172: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2130:Marina DeBris 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074:admiralty law 2071: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2055: 2052:, giving the 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042:hypoxic zones 2035: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2003:of 2000 is a 2002: 1998: 1995:protects the 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890:, including: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1880:externalities 1877: 1876:global common 1869: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1793:Project AWARE 1789: 1787: 1783: 1782:Torrens River 1779: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1712: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1655:anthropogenic 1648: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1627:South Georgia 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1588:Tokio Express 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1560:Hansa Carrier 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:Pacific Ocean 1544: 1540: 1535: 1529: 1524: 1517: 1512: 1511:oceanic gyres 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:garbage patch 1484: 1483:Garbage patch 1475: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1466:microplastics 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1429: 1422: 1414:Microplastics 1413: 1410: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1339: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1253:beverage cans 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:medical waste 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1202: 1197: 1190: 1189:Dar es Salaam 1185: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1098:ocean dumping 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073:marine litter 1070: 1069:Marine debris 1059: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 995: 992: 991: 990: 989: 984: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 954: 953: 948: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 898: 897: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 863: 862: 855: 852: 850: 849:Water quality 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 713: 708: 707: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 668: 665: 661: 658: 657: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 639: 638: 631: 628: 626: 625:Traffic signs 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 604: 599: 598: 591: 588: 587: 584: 579: 578: 571: 568: 567: 561: 560: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 532:Nanomaterials 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 469: 463: 462: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 418: 413: 412: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 394:Radioactivity 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 353: 348: 347: 340: 339:Soundproofing 337: 335: 334:Noise control 332: 330: 329:Noise barrier 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 308: 303: 302: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 270: 269: 262: 259: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 245: 242: 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