219:
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379:. Littering is often a serious problem in developing countries, where trash collection infrastructure is less developed than in wealthier nations. According to Sharma, Moser, Vermillion, Doll, and Rajagopalan (2014), they have noted that in the year 2009 only 13% of one trillion single-use plastic bags produced were recycled, the rest were thrown away, which means they end up in landfills and because they are so lightweight end up in the atmosphere blown into the environment.
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however, there are many that argue that this puts a strain on businesses and makes it more difficult for the customer to take goods home. There are alternatives such as purchasing cloth grocery bags so that those who don't agree with using plastic reusable bags can still have a bag that can be used many times over; however, government studies have found that cloth bags have a high
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light, its production requires little material and energy. It also avoids the production and purchase of garbage/bin liner bags since it benefits from a high reuse rate when reused for this purpose (77.7%)." Government studies from
Denmark and the United Kingdom, as well as a study from Clemson University, came to similar conclusions.
468:, 76% of British carrier bags are reused. A survey by the American Plastics Counsel found that 90% of Americans answer yes to the question "Do you or does anyone in your household ever reuse plastic shopping bags?" UK Environment Agency published a review of supermarket carrier bags and compares energy usage of current styles of bag.
111:, Sweden. Thulin's design produced a simple, strong bag with a high load-carrying capacity, and was patented worldwide by Celloplast in 1965. As his son Raoul said later, Sten believed that durable plastic bags will be not single-used but long-term used and could replace paper bags which need chopping of trees.
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Plastic bags don't do well in the environment, but several government studies have found them to be an environmentally friendly carryout bag option. According to the Recyc-Quebec, a
Canadian government agency, "The conventional plastic bag has several environmental and economic advantages. Thin and
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in the environment when improperly disposed of. The same properties that have made plastic bags so commercially successful and ubiquitous—namely their low weight and resistance to degradation—have also contributed to their proliferation in the environment. Due to their durability, plastic bags can
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By the mid-1900s, the expansion of recycling infrastructure in the United States yielded a 7% annual rate of plastic bag recycling. This corresponded to more than 800,000,000 pounds (360,000 tonnes) of bags and plastic film being recycled in 2007 alone. Each ton of recycled plastic bags saves the
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The number of plastic grocery bags disposed of in the U.S., apart from the rest of the world, is a number that is difficult to comprehend, this is why it is important that solutions are considered, weighed and measured to address this growing problem. Phasing out plastic bags is a viable option,
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From the mid-1980s onwards, plastic bags became common for carrying daily groceries from the store to vehicles and homes throughout the developed world. As plastic bags increasingly replaced paper bags, and as other plastic materials and products replaced glass, metal, stone, timber and other
98:
American and
European patent applications relating to the production of plastic shopping bags can be found dating back to the early 1950s, but these refer to composite constructions with handles fixed to the bag in a secondary manufacturing process. The modern lightweight shopping bag is the
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A 2022 global survey finds that 75% of people want single-use plastics banned, the research concluded that: "the percentage of people calling for bans is up from 71% since 2019, while those who said they favoured products with less plastic packaging rose to 82% from 75%, according to the
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was the CEO of this company. The company's patent position gave it a virtual monopoly on plastic shopping bag production, and the company set up manufacturing plants across Europe and in the US. However, other companies saw the attraction of the bag, too, and the US
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patented the "self-opening polyethylene bag stack." The main innovation of this redesign is that the removal of a bag from the rack opens the next bag in the stack via a minimal adhesive placed between the bags on a tab at the center-top. This team was headed by
62:
in the UK) incentivised customers to reuse 'single use' bags by offering loyalty points to those doing so. Even after they are no longer used for shopping, reuse of these bags for storage or trash is common, and modern plastic shopping bags are increasingly
482:
As of August 2018, over 160 countries, regions, and cities had enacted legislation to ban or put a fee on plastic bags with the aim to reduce the overall use of disposable plastic bags. Outright bans have been introduced in some countries, notably
153:
Without its plastic bag monopoly, Celloplast's business went into decline, and the company was split up during the 1990s. The Norrköping site remains a plastics production site, however, and is now the headquarters of Miljösäck, a manufacturer of
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Because plastic bags are so durable, this makes them a concern for the environment. They will not break down easily and as a result are very harmful to wildlife. Each year millions of discarded plastic shopping bags end up as
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On land, plastic bags are one of the most prevalent types of litter in inhabited areas. Large buildups of plastic bags can clog drainage systems and contribute to flooding, as occurred in
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387:. Ironically - and tragically, many states have used legislation to stop the banning of plastic bags. Plastic bags were found to constitute a significant portion of the floating
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study showing that more than 60% of bags are reused as bin liners and for other purposes, the 7% recycling rate accounts for 17.5% of the plastic bags available for recycling.
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produced later in the stream. Plastic bags are 100% recyclable. They need to be taken to a location that recycles plastic film, usually a grocery store or major retail chain.
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253:(resin identification code 2). Color concentrates and other additives are often used to add tint to the plastic. Plastic shopping bags are commonly manufactured by
1523:
294:
Biodegradable plastics are plastics that are decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually bacteria. Two basic classes of biodegradable plastics exist:
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bags, referring to carrying items from a store to a home. However, it is rare for bags to be worn out after single use and in the past some retailers (like
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was one of the first companies to exploit this new opportunity in the 1980s, along with similar firms such as
Houston Poly Bag and Capitol Poly.
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368:, it can take between 500 - 1,000 years for a plastic shopping bag to break down. The use lifespan of a bag is approximately 12 minutes of use.
275:, which can decay organically and prevent a build-up of toxic plastic bags in landfills and the natural environment. Bags can also be made from
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186:. This design and later variations upon it are commonplace through modern grocers, as they are space-efficient and customer-friendly.
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engineer Sten Gustaf Thulin. In the early 1960s, Thulin developed a method of forming a simple one-piece bag by folding, welding and
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1945:
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or to pick up pet feces. All types of plastic shopping bag can be recycled into new bags where effective collection schemes exist.
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1977:
146:-based grocery chain, began to replace its paper shopping bags with plastic bags in 1982, and was soon followed by its rival,
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energy equivalent of 11 barrels of oil, although most bags are produced from natural-gas-derived stock. In light of a 2002
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operations. In general, biodegradable plastic bags need to be kept separate from conventional plastic recycling systems.
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287:. However, most degradable bags do not readily decompose in a sealed landfill, and represent a possible contaminant to
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materials, a packaging materials war erupted, with plastic shopping bags at the center of highly publicized disputes.
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which banned very thin plastic bags nationwide in 2008. Several other countries impose a tax at the point of sale.
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539:"Tesco scraps club card loyalty point bonuses for 'bags for life' after 5p charge for carriers - Mirror Online"
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242:
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I.A. Hinojosa and M. Thiel (2009). "Floating marine debris in fjords, gulfs, and channels of southern Chile".
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Although few peer-reviewed studies or government surveys have provided estimates for global plastic bag use,
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420:
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2807:
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estimate that between 500 billion and 1 trillion plastic bags are used each year worldwide. In 2009, the
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Plastics made from petrochemicals containing biodegradable additives which enhance biodegradation or
1490:
1332:"Environmental and Economic Highlights of the Results of the Life Cycle Assessment of Shopping Bags"
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3279:
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1778:"Need a bag? A review of public policies on plastic carrier bags – Where, how and to what effect?"
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1998:
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1044:"Notes from the Packaging Laboratory: Polylactic Acid – An Exciting New Packaging Material" (PDF)
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Traditional plastic bags are usually made from polyethylene, which consists of long chains of
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47:
1367:"Life cycle assessment of supermarket carrier bags: a review of the bags available in 2006"
1034:. US Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
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2416:
2370:
2197:
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1651:
1624:"EPA NE: Questions About Your Community – Shopping Bags: Paper or Plastic or . . . ?"
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or compostable - at the Co-op for example. In recent decades, numerous countries have
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1991:
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reported that 102 billion plastic bags are used annually in the United States alone.
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87:
43:
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879:"Climate smart waste sacks and bags made from recycled post consumer polyethylene"
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process, as most of the sorting equipment is designed for rigid plastics such as
50:. In use by consumers worldwide since the 1960s, these bags are sometimes called
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3344:
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in the waters around southern Chile in a study conducted between 2002 and 2005.
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39:
1983:
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2018:
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72:
64:
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931:
Beasley, M. Wayne; Fletcher, Wade D.; Wilfong, Harry B. Jr. (Aug 9, 1994),
904:
Beasley, M. Wayne; Fletcher, Wade D.; Wilfong, Harry B. Jr. (Aug 9, 1994),
620:"Co-op rolls out 100% compostable bags across all stores | Co-op Blog"
19:
1972:
1224:
594:
419:
is often identical to other accepted plastics, they pose problems for the
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2701:
2696:
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2640:
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1402:"Life Cycle Assessment of Grocery Bags inCommon Use in the United States"
230:
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1171:
514:
512:
450:
1776:
Nielsen, Tobias Dan; Holmberg, Karl; Stripple, Johannes (2019-03-15).
994:"Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bags from Indonesia, Taiwan, and Vietnam"
23:
A German plastic shopping bag, before use (left) and after use (right)
2675:
2630:
2595:
2537:
2037:
2032:
499:, the process through which chemicals decompose when exposed to light
376:
360:
170:
139:
100:
1602:"2007 National Post-Consumer Recycled Plastic Bag & Film Report"
1432:"75% of people want single-use plastics banned, global survey finds"
648:"China Says Its Plastic Bag Ban Has Saved 4.8 Million Tonnes Of Oil"
854:
852:
791:"Plastic bags were created to save the planet, inventor's son says"
2482:
934:
Self-opening polyethylene bag stack and process for producing same
907:
Self-opening polyethylene bag stack and process for producing same
868:
Natural
Resource Defense Council. 2003. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
484:
434:
Some large store chains have banned plastic shopping bags such as
400:
346:
338:
330:
217:
209:
128:
55:
18:
1063:"Biodegradable plastic bags carry more ecological harm than good"
411:
Plastic shopping bags are in most cases not accepted by standard
2889:
824:"Plastic pollution: how plastic bags could help save the planet"
762:"Custom reusable shopping bags Wholesale, Reusable Plastic Bags"
439:
241:. The polyethylene used in most plastic shopping bags is either
3303:
2796:
1987:
107:
a flat tube of plastic for the packaging company
Celloplast of
2014:
1884:"Kenya plastic bag ban comes into force after years of delays"
831:
71:
restricting the provision of plastic bags, in a bid to reduce
1666:"Evidence: Life Cycle Assessment of Supermarket Carrier Bags"
882:
2792:
1654:. Environment.gov.au (2010-06-13). Retrieved on 2010-11-23.
1174:. Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation. 4 February 2011.
1024:
445:
Heavy-duty plastic shopping bags are suitable for reuse as
519:
European
Plastics News: Plastic Brief Carrier Bag (1965)
1910:
Polymer
Recycling: Science, Technology and Applications
960:"Plastic left holding the bag as environmental plague"
403:
poll of more than 20,000 people across 28 countries."
1491:"Why Are Plastic Bags So Bad For Your Recycling Bin?"
1053:. University of Florida. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
3622:
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3428:
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3182:
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3003:
2830:
2689:
2586:
2430:
2379:
2271:
2171:
2025:
1864:"Northern Ireland's new five-pence carrier bag tax"
1225:"Plastic bag found floating near Titanic shipwreck"
1093:"Are Plastic Grocery Bags Sacking the Environment?"
707:"A short history of plastic bag laws in California"
1461:"Can I Recycle Plastic Bags in the Recycling Bin?"
1198:"The Manila Floods: Why Wasn't the City Prepared?"
570:"Sainsbury's to stop Nectar points for bag reuse"
222:Plastic bag "made mainly from limestone" in Japan
992:U.S. International Trade Commission (May 2009).
1546:"Whole Foods Chain to Stop Use of Plastic Bags"
1254:"Life Cycle Assessment of grocery carrier bags"
1115:"How New York dropped the ball on plastic bags"
681:"Los Angeles City Council OKs Plastic Bag Ban"
3315:
2808:
1999:
1699:"Greening Up by Cutting Down on Plastic Bags"
987:
985:
730:
728:
528:. 26 September 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
271:Some modern bags are made of vegetable-based
8:
283:(PLA), a biodegradable polymer derived from
200:United States International Trade Commission
114:Hasminin was a well-established producer of
131:overturned Celloplast's US patent in 1977.
118:film and a pioneer in plastics processing.
3322:
3308:
3300:
3179:
2815:
2801:
2793:
2006:
1992:
1984:
642:
640:
449:. Lighter weight bags are often reused as
364:take centuries to decompose. According to
1809:
1576:"IKEA to Phase Out Plastic Bags in U.S."
1086:
1084:
375:in 1988 and 1998 and almost annually in
1261:Denmark Environmental Protection Agency
508:
2905:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
1758:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1751:
1231:from the original on 14 September 2010
1178:from the original on 10 September 2021
1152:from the original on 22 September 2010
1078:. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
970:from the original on 10 September 2021
305:, and many of which are biodegradable.
2845:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
2840:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
1771:
1769:
1582:from the original on 5 September 2011
1248:
1246:
660:from the original on 12 November 2012
7:
3657:List of environmental health hazards
3577:List of environmental health hazards
2468:Flexible intermediate bulk container
1709:from the original on 18 October 2014
1671:. Environment Agency. Archived from
301:, whose components are derived from
1006:from the original on 7 October 2012
742:from the original on 3 January 2013
335:Groceries in multiple plastic bags.
3462:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
1697:Irena Choi Stern (5 August 2007).
1645:Plastic shopping bags in Australia
1204:from the original on 29 March 2012
1025:"US Life Cycle Inventory Database"
14:
2528:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
1374:United Kingdom Environment Agency
1172:"Plastic bags & Metro Floods"
736:"Mauritania bans plastic bag use"
709:. Plastic Bag Laws Organisation.
595:"Carrier bags | Recycle Now"
2994:
2988:
2880:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
2855:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
1971:
713:from the original on 9 June 2012
687:from the original on 4 July 2012
2860:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
2296:Diplomatic bag / pouch
1842:from the original on 2019-06-17
1556:from the original on 2014-07-17
1526:from the original on 2019-02-22
1501:from the original on 2016-03-13
1471:from the original on 2017-06-16
1442:from the original on 2022-02-23
1412:from the original on 2019-01-12
1383:from the original on 2019-03-02
1348:from the original on 2019-02-23
1310:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.10.020
1270:from the original on 2020-02-05
1127:from the original on 2018-01-24
941:from the original on 2016-10-20
914:from the original on 2016-10-20
838:from the original on 2020-01-16
805:from the original on 2020-01-22
772:from the original on 2019-06-23
626:from the original on 2021-06-24
601:from the original on 2021-06-24
576:from the original on 2021-06-24
551:from the original on 2021-06-24
3223:Category:Plastics applications
2970:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
2965:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
2950:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
407:Reduction, reuse and recycling
1:
2930:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
1952:Packaging for the Environment
1924:Packaging and the Environment
1544:Martin, Andrew (2008-01-23).
1200:. ICIMOD. 29 September 2009.
1146:"Planet Earth's new nemesis?"
679:Scott Sincoff (1 July 2012).
3647:Persistent organic pollutant
3608:Toxic Substances Control Act
3567:Persistent organic pollutant
2850:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
1802:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.025
1113:Donnelly, Tim (2018-01-21).
277:degradable polyethylene film
3640:Great Pacific garbage patch
3562:Great Pacific garbage patch
2975:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
2890:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
1902:Celloplast 1965 US Patent:
1664:Environment Agency (2011).
1430:Geddie, John (2022-02-22).
881:. Miljösäck. Archived from
413:curbside recycling programs
233:. Ethylene is derived from
206:Manufacture and composition
158:manufactured from recycled
3737:
3603:Japan Toxic Substances Law
3398:Miscellaneous plasticizers
1095:. National Geographic News
964:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
958:Joan Lowy (20 July 2004).
475:
320:
264:
3677:
3598:European REACH regulation
3593:California Proposition 65
3336:polyhalogenated compounds
3213:High-performance plastics
3038:High-performance plastics
2986:
1904:Copy of US Patent 5669504
1465:Plastics Make It Possible
442:in the U.S. and the U.K.
247:resin identification code
134:The Dixie Bag Company of
3023:Fibre-reinforced plastic
2960:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
1578:GreenBiz. 2 April 2008.
1520:"Plastic Film Recycling"
1148:. BBC News. 8 May 2002.
859:"It's Not My Sag, Baby!"
3074:Biodegradable additives
1495:National Recycling Week
738:. BBC. 2 January 2013.
421:single-stream recycling
261:Biodegradable materials
196:environmental activists
171:Sonoco Products Company
3489:Perfluorooctanoic acid
2925:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
2920:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
2865:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
1954:, A. D. Little, 1991,
464:According to the UK's
447:reusable shopping bags
352:
351:Plastic bag in the sea
344:
336:
317:Environmental concerns
223:
215:
84:reusable shopping bags
69:introduced legislation
46:and made from various
24:
3669:Biodegradable plastic
3018:Thermosetting polymer
2915:Polylactic acid (PLA)
2722:Electronic flight bag
2533:Reusable shopping bag
2128:Reusable shopping bag
1978:Plastic shopping bags
1606:americanchemistry.com
1223:Brett Israel (2010).
350:
343:Plastic bag pollution
342:
334:
221:
213:
136:College Park, Georgia
90:, fibers, or fabric.
28:Plastic shopping bags
22:
3680:Identification codes
3280:Foam food containers
3203:Engineering plastics
2218:Lightweight Rucksack
2118:Red box (government)
2113:Plastic shopping bag
1980:at Wikimedia Commons
255:blown film extrusion
36:plastic grocery bags
16:Type of shopping bag
3719:Disposable products
3519:Endocrine disruptor
3117:Compression molding
3069:Polymer stabilizers
1794:2019WaMan..87..428N
1302:2009MarPB..58..341H
1091:John Roach (2003).
547:. 10 October 2015.
303:renewable materials
249:4) or, more often,
3704:Swedish inventions
3534:Polymer fume fever
3193:Commodity plastics
3167:Rotational molding
3137:Fiberglass molding
3097:Injection moulding
3079:Filler (materials)
3028:Corrugated plastic
2980:Tritan copolyester
2935:Polypropylene (PP)
2885:Polycarbonate (PC)
2578:Zipper storage bag
2493:Packet (container)
1938:Plastics Packaging
1703:The New York Times
1650:2013-10-29 at the
1550:The New York Times
1489:WCMS, Webboy.net.
1406:Clemson University
1068:2016-06-11 at the
1049:2015-02-14 at the
1030:2009-03-18 at the
864:2008-10-29 at the
766:Plastic Bag Source
524:2010-02-11 at the
466:Environment Agency
353:
345:
337:
267:Biodegradable bags
224:
216:
25:
3686:
3685:
3664:Plastic recycling
3630:Plastic pollution
3616:
3615:
3550:Plastic pollution
3330:Health issues of
3288:
3287:
3184:Plastics industry
3102:Plastic extrusion
2955:Polyurethane (PU)
2945:Polysulfone (PES)
2900:Polyethylene (PE)
2875:Polybutylene (PB)
2790:
2789:
2453:Biodegradable bag
2108:Nuclear briefcase
1976:Media related to
1950:Stillwell, E. J.
1634:on 26 April 2006.
1341:. December 2017.
1263:. February 2018.
795:independent.co.uk
417:their composition
327:plastic pollution
289:plastic recycling
77:plastic pollution
3726:
3555:Rubber pollution
3405:Organophosphates
3324:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3180:
3152:Filament winding
3127:Transfer molding
3054:Polymer additive
2998:
2992:
2940:Polystyrene (PS)
2817:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1975:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1890:. 28 August 2017
1879:
1877:
1875:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1813:
1782:Waste Management
1773:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1734:. Archived from
1733:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1678:on 13 March 2011
1677:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1630:. Archived from
1620:
1614:
1613:
1608:. Archived from
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1258:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1088:
1079:
1060:
1054:
1041:
1035:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1005:
999:. p. IV-7.
998:
989:
980:
979:
977:
975:
955:
949:
948:
947:
946:
928:
922:
921:
920:
919:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
885:on 23 April 2013
875:
869:
856:
847:
846:
844:
843:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
787:
781:
780:
778:
777:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
732:
723:
722:
720:
718:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
676:
670:
669:
667:
665:
656:. 21 June 2012.
653:Business Insider
644:
635:
634:
632:
631:
616:
610:
609:
607:
606:
591:
585:
584:
582:
581:
566:
560:
559:
557:
556:
535:
529:
516:
497:Photodegradation
438:in the U.S. and
385:carbon footprint
310:photodegradation
180:Wade D. Fletcher
48:kinds of plastic
3736:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3714:Mass production
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3673:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3581:
3538:
3495:
3457:
3424:
3393:
3339:
3328:
3294:
3284:
3233:
3171:
3157:Solvent bonding
3147:Plastic welding
3089:
3083:
3042:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2984:
2895:Polyester (PEs)
2832:
2826:
2821:
2791:
2786:
2685:
2588:Purses/handbags
2582:
2426:
2417:Padded envelope
2375:
2267:
2167:
2021:
2012:
1968:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1859:
1857:Further reading
1854:
1845:
1843:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:"Archived copy"
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1652:Wayback Machine
1643:
1639:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1600:
1599:
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1585:
1583:
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1415:
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1369:
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1349:
1345:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1290:Mar Pollut Bull
1287:
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1282:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1222:
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1217:
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1191:
1181:
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1170:
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1144:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1070:Wayback Machine
1061:
1057:
1051:Wayback Machine
1042:
1038:
1032:Wayback Machine
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
996:
991:
990:
983:
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944:
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930:
929:
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917:
915:
903:
902:
898:
888:
886:
877:
876:
872:
866:Wayback Machine
857:
850:
841:
839:
822:
821:
817:
808:
806:
799:The Independent
789:
788:
784:
775:
773:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
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663:
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613:
604:
602:
593:
592:
588:
579:
577:
568:
567:
563:
554:
552:
537:
536:
532:
526:Wayback Machine
517:
510:
506:
493:
480:
478:Plastic bag ban
474:
472:Bag legislation
409:
329:
319:
281:polylactic acid
269:
263:
208:
192:
96:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3448:Vinyl chloride
3445:
3442:Polycarbonates
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:Packaging film
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3238:Specific goods
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3162:Vacuum forming
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3033:Polymeric foam
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Polyimide (PI)
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Polyamide (PA)
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Cowboy bedroll
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Stand-up pouch
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Antistatic bag
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
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2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
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2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1967:
1966:External links
1964:
1963:
1962:
1948:
1936:Selke, Susan.
1934:
1922:Selke, Susan.
1920:
1906:
1900:
1880:
1870:. 8 April 2013
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1765:
1720:
1689:
1656:
1637:
1615:
1612:on 2009-04-13.
1593:
1567:
1536:
1511:
1481:
1452:
1422:
1393:
1358:
1323:
1280:
1242:
1215:
1189:
1163:
1137:
1105:
1080:
1055:
1036:
1017:
981:
950:
923:
896:
870:
848:
834:. 2019-10-17.
815:
801:. 2019-10-17.
782:
753:
724:
698:
671:
636:
611:
586:
561:
530:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
492:
489:
476:Main article:
473:
470:
408:
405:
318:
315:
314:
313:
306:
265:Main article:
262:
259:
214:Film extrusion
207:
204:
191:
188:
175:Hartsville, SC
125:petrochemicals
95:
92:
38:are a type of
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3732:
3731:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Shopping bags
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3635:Garbage patch
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
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3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3501:Health issues
3498:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
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3379:
3376:
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3352:
3350:
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3342:
3337:
3333:
3325:
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3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Shopping bags
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:(Agriculture)
3229:
3228:Plasticulture
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Geosynthetics
3206:
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3191:
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3188:
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3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Thermoforming
3110:
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3098:
3095:
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3092:
3086:
3080:
3077:
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3057:
3055:
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3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Thermoplastic
3011:
3010:
3008:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2981:
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2976:
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2753:
2750:
2748:
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2728:
2725:
2723:
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2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Messenger bag
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Tobacco pouch
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
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2524:
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2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
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2489:
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2484:
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2388:
2387:Catcher pouch
2385:
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2317:
2316:Gladstone bag
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2229:
2228:Messenger bag
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2206:
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2196:
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2193:Bandolier bag
2191:
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2059:
2058:Dromedary bag
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2017:and flexible
2016:
2009:
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1960:0-8144-5074-1
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1932:1-56676-104-2
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1741:on 2013-02-12
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1296:(3): 341–50.
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389:marine debris
386:
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369:
367:
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359:
358:plastic waste
349:
341:
333:
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324:
323:garbage patch
316:
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185:
184:Harry Wilfong
181:
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102:
99:invention of
93:
91:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:shopping bags
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
3345:Plasticizers
3293:Environment
3274:
3245:Blister pack
3198:Construction
3107:Blow molding
2772:Sleeping bag
2767:Sickness bag
2548:Shopping bag
2543:Security bag
2478:Fuel bladder
2407:Mail satchel
2356:Toiletry bag
2336:Norfolk case
2223:Medicine bag
2198:Bivouac sack
2148:Survival bag
2138:Shopping bag
2112:
1951:
1937:
1923:
1909:
1908:Scheirs, J.
1892:. Retrieved
1872:. Retrieved
1844:. Retrieved
1785:
1781:
1743:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1702:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1673:the original
1659:
1640:
1632:the original
1627:
1618:
1610:the original
1605:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:28 September
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1514:
1503:. Retrieved
1494:
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1444:. Retrieved
1435:
1425:
1414:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1373:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1339:Recyc-Quebec
1338:
1326:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1272:. Retrieved
1260:
1233:. Retrieved
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1118:
1108:
1097:. Retrieved
1075:The Guardian
1073:
1058:
1039:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
972:. Retrieved
963:
953:
943:, retrieved
933:
926:
916:, retrieved
906:
899:
887:. Retrieved
883:the original
873:
840:. Retrieved
827:
818:
807:. Retrieved
794:
785:
774:. Retrieved
765:
756:
744:. Retrieved
715:. Retrieved
701:
689:. Retrieved
674:
662:. Retrieved
651:
628:. Retrieved
614:
603:. Retrieved
589:
578:. Retrieved
564:
553:. Retrieved
544:Daily Mirror
542:
533:
481:
463:
455:
444:
433:
410:
397:
393:
381:
370:
354:
293:
270:
251:high-density
225:
193:
168:
164:
160:polyethylene
152:
133:
120:Amer Mansour
113:
97:
88:plastic film
86:are made of
81:
35:
32:carrier bags
31:
27:
26:
3586:Regulations
3438:Bisphenol A
3122:Calendering
3064:Plasticizer
3004:Mechanical
2621:Gucci Diana
2611:Evening bag
2558:Thermal bag
2523:Plastic bag
2473:Boil-in-bag
2422:Portmanteau
2366:Travel pack
2341:Portmanteau
2331:Nomadic bag
2306:Garment bag
2281:Bug-out bag
2233:Pack basket
2187:Duluth pack
2133:Shell purse
2098:Medical bag
2093:Laundry bag
2073:Grocery bag
1811:10654/44108
1788:: 428–440.
1208:5 September
1182:5 September
1156:26 November
1120:The Outline
889:28 November
436:Whole Foods
366:The Outline
299:Bioplastics
285:lactic acid
273:bioplastics
243:low-density
235:natural gas
156:waste sacks
105:die-cutting
60:Sainsbury's
40:plastic bag
3693:Categories
3514:Carcinogen
3479:Organotins
3349:Phthalates
3295:and health
3142:Pultrusion
3132:Laminating
3090:processing
2777:Stuff sack
2742:Gunny sack
2732:Flour sack
2656:Minaudière
2606:Coin purse
2601:Birkin bag
2513:Pastry bag
2503:Paper sack
2463:Coffee bag
2443:Bag-in-box
2431:Containers
2397:Mail pouch
2361:Train case
2301:Duffel bag
2291:Diaper bag
2286:Carpet bag
2248:Sabretache
2208:Fanny pack
2183:Canoe pack
2163:Tucker bag
2143:String bag
2063:Flight bag
2048:Bugout bag
2019:containers
1846:2020-06-04
1745:2013-03-24
1530:2019-02-22
1505:2016-03-13
1475:2016-03-13
1446:2022-02-23
1416:2019-02-22
1387:2019-02-22
1352:2019-02-22
1274:2019-02-22
1235:1 December
1131:2018-01-23
1099:2016-05-23
974:1 December
945:2016-09-10
918:2016-09-10
842:2020-01-22
809:2020-01-22
776:2017-10-02
664:15 October
630:2021-06-19
605:2021-06-19
580:2021-06-19
555:2021-06-19
504:References
459:Australian
451:trash bags
373:Bangladesh
321:See also:
190:Production
144:Cincinnati
109:Norrköping
65:recyclable
52:single-use
3543:Pollution
3509:Teratogen
3440:(BPA, in
3088:Plastics
3059:Colorants
3047:Additives
2831:Chemical
2782:Throw bag
2757:SchultĂĽte
2737:Gamow bag
2712:Doggy bag
2661:Money bag
2646:Lady Dior
2636:Kelly bag
2568:Trash bag
2508:Parfleche
2498:Paper bag
2402:Mail sack
2346:Saddlebag
2243:Randoseru
2103:Money bag
2088:Haversack
2078:Hambiliya
2043:Briefcase
1894:28 August
1874:28 August
1836:104472741
1820:0956-053X
1227:. Today.
1010:9 October
746:4 January
415:; though
239:petroleum
169:In 1992,
116:cellulose
73:littering
3699:Plastics
3524:Diabetes
3430:Monomers
3410:Adipates
3332:plastics
3186:segments
3176:Products
2824:Plastics
2747:Poop bag
2702:Burn bag
2697:Body bag
2681:Wristlet
2671:Tote bag
2666:Reticule
2641:Kinchaku
2616:Gaji bag
2573:Wineskin
2518:Pipe bag
2488:Milk bag
2458:Bota bag
2392:Mail bag
2351:Suitcase
2321:Hobo bag
2263:Takiding
2238:Pasiking
2213:Golf bag
2203:Book bag
2179:Backpack
2158:Tote bag
2123:Reticule
2068:Gaji bag
2053:Dillybag
1940:, 2004,
1926:, 1994,
1912:, 1998,
1888:BBC News
1868:BBC News
1840:Archived
1828:31109543
1754:cite web
1707:Archived
1648:Archived
1580:Archived
1554:Archived
1524:Archived
1499:Archived
1469:Archived
1440:Archived
1410:Archived
1408:. 2014.
1378:Archived
1343:Archived
1318:19124136
1265:Archived
1229:Archived
1202:Archived
1176:Archived
1150:Archived
1125:Archived
1066:Archived
1047:Archived
1028:Archived
1001:Archived
968:Archived
939:archived
912:archived
862:Archived
836:Archived
803:Archived
770:Archived
740:Archived
711:Archived
685:Archived
658:Archived
624:Archived
599:Archived
574:Archived
549:Archived
522:Archived
491:See also
279:or from
231:monomers
228:ethylene
42:used as
3652:Dioxins
3572:Dioxins
3529:Obesity
3270:Cutlery
3260:Bottles
2762:Showbag
2752:Sandbag
2727:Feedbag
2717:Dry bag
2626:Handbag
2448:Bin bag
2412:Mochila
2326:Holdall
2311:Gig bag
2273:Luggage
2258:Sporran
2253:Satchel
2083:Handbag
2026:Carried
1790:Bibcode
1713:8 April
1682:7 April
1628:epa.gov
1436:Reuters
1298:Bibcode
828:bbc.com
683:. ENN.
425:bottles
148:Safeway
101:Swedish
94:History
3369:(BBzP)
3338:(PHCs)
3250:Chairs
3218:Nurdle
2676:Wallet
2631:It bag
2596:Bayong
2538:Sachet
2380:Postal
2038:Bindle
2033:Bayong
1958:
1944:
1930:
1916:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1586:3 July
1316:
717:3 July
691:2 July
377:Manila
361:litter
140:Kroger
127:group
3623:Waste
3469:PBDEs
3380:(DOP)
3006:types
2833:types
2690:Other
2483:Mashk
2371:Trunk
1832:S2CID
1739:(PDF)
1732:(PDF)
1676:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1335:(PDF)
1268:(PDF)
1257:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
485:China
401:IPSOS
129:Mobil
82:Some
56:Tesco
34:, or
3484:PFCs
3474:PCBs
3450:(in
3414:DEHA
3389:DINP
3384:DIDP
3378:DEHP
3373:DIHP
3357:DIBP
3334:and
3265:Bags
2172:Worn
2153:Swag
2015:Bags
1956:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1896:2017
1876:2017
1824:PMID
1816:ISSN
1760:link
1715:2011
1684:2011
1588:2012
1562:2012
1314:PMID
1237:2010
1210:2011
1184:2011
1158:2010
1012:2012
976:2010
891:2012
748:2013
719:2012
693:2012
666:2012
440:IKEA
429:pulp
325:and
237:and
182:and
142:, a
75:and
58:and
3452:PVC
3419:DOA
3367:BBP
3362:DBP
1806:hdl
1798:doi
1306:doi
832:BBC
173:of
3695::
3347::
2185:,
1886:.
1866:.
1838:.
1830:.
1822:.
1814:.
1804:.
1796:.
1786:87
1784:.
1780:.
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1756:}}
1752:{{
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1292:.
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1123:.
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245:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
