230:
151:
337:
143:
135:
33:
1636:
1642:
321:
alkyl alcohols meet these specifications and are common plasticizers. Ortho-phthalate esters have traditionally been the most dominant plasticizers, but regulatory concerns have led to the move away from classified substances to non-classified which includes high molecular weight ortho-phthalates and other plasticisers, especially in Europe.
851:, energy yield per gram of propellant, or similar indices) of the propellant. An energetic plasticizer improves the physical properties of an energetic material while also increasing its specific energy yield. Energetic plasticizers are usually preferred to non-energetic plasticizers, especially for solid
855:. Energetic plasticizers reduce the required mass of propellant, enabling a rocket vehicle to carry more payload or reach higher velocities than would otherwise be the case. However, safety or cost considerations may demand that non-energetic plasticizers be used, even in rocket propellants. The solid
225:
is dependent on both temperature and plasticizer concentration. Below a certain concentration, referred to as the crossover concentration, a plasticizer can decrease the modulus of a material. The material's glass transition temperature will decrease, however, at all concentrations. In addition to a
158:
Plasticizers for polymers are either liquids with low volatility or solids. According to 2017 data, the total global market for plasticizers was 7.5 million metric tonnes. In North
America the 2017 volume was ~1.01 million metric tonnes and in Europe the figure was 1.35 million metric tonnes, split
320:
of polycarboxylic acids with linear or branched aliphatic alcohols of moderate chain length. These compounds are selected on the basis of many critieria including low toxicity, compatibility with the host material, nonvolatility, and expense. Phthalate esters of straight-chain and branched-chain
823:
on to the gypsum particles, giving them a negative charge, which leads to repulsion between particles. Lignin and naphthalene sulfonate plasticizers are organic polymers. The long molecules wrap themselves around the gypsum particles, giving them a highly negative charge so that they repel each
705:
and strength. The strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the amount of water added, i.e., the water-cement (w/c) ratio. In order to produce stronger concrete, less water is added (without "starving" the mix), which makes the concrete mixture less workable and difficult to mix,
785:
mixtures to improve workability. In order to reduce the energy consumed drying wallboard, less water is added, which makes the gypsum mixture very unworkable and difficult to mix, necessitating the use of plasticizers, water reducers, or dispersants. Some studies also show that too much
786:
lignosulfonate dispersant could result in a set-retarding effect. Data showed that amorphous crystal formations occurred that detracted from the mechanical needle-like crystal interaction in the core, preventing a stronger core. The sugars, chelating agents in lignosulfonates such as
217:
The molecules of plasticizer take control over mobility of the chain - a polymer chain does not show an increase of the free volume around polymer ends. If plasticizer/water creates hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic parts of the polymer, the associated free volume can be decreased.
745:, although newer products based on polycarboxylic ethers are now available. Traditional lignosulfonate-based plasticisers, naphthalene and melamine sulfonate-based superplasticisers disperse the flocculated cement particles through a mechanism of electrostatic repulsion (see
249:
plasticizers are selected based upon cost-performance evaluation. The rubber compounder must evaluate ester plasticizers for compatibility, processibility, permanence and other performance properties. The wide variety of ester chemistries that are in production include
209:
temperature for the plastic and making it softer. It was later shown that the free volume explanation could not account for all of the effects of plasticization. The mobility of a polymer chain is more complex in the presence of plasticizer than what the
593:- based plasticizers provide excellent compatibility with a range of plastic materials and synthetic rubbers (specifically nitrile rubber and neoprene), superior properties at low temperatures, and good oil resistivity. Some examples are:
770:(PC), work differently from sulfonate-based superplasticizers, giving cement dispersion by steric stabilisation. This form of dispersion is more powerful in its effect and gives improved workability retention to the cementitious mix.
360:" is often attributed to plasticizers or their degradation products, however, multiple studies on the makeup of the smell do not find phthalates in appreciable amounts, likely due to their extremely low volatility and vapor pressure.
159:
between various end-use applications with a chemical type trend moving to higher molecular weight (HMW) orthophthalates and alternative types following regulatory issues concerning lower molecular weight (LMW) orthophthalates.
2243:
1216:
Geiss, O.; Tirendi, S.; Barrero-Moreno, J.; Kotzias, D., "Investigation of volatile organic compounds and phthalates present in the cabin air of used private cars", Environment
International 2009, 35, 1188-1195.
757:, naphthalene, and melamine sulfonate superplasticisers are organic polymers. The long molecules wrap themselves around the cement particles, giving them a highly negative charge so that they repel each other.
242:
Over the last 60 years more than 30,000 different substances have been evaluated for their suitability as polymer plasticizers. Of these, only a small number – approximately 50 – are today in commercial use.
457:. DEHP was the most common plasticizer for decades and still holds that title globally even as it has largely been replaced now with higher molecular weight phthalates and alternatives in the US and Europe
846:
for guns, often employ plasticizers to improve physical properties of the propellant binder or of the overall propellant, to provide a secondary fuel, and ideally, to improve specific energy yield (e.g.
233:
Migration of plasticizers out of their host plastics leads to loss of flexibility, embrittlement, and cracking. This decades-old plastic lamp cord crumbles when flexed, due to loss of the plasticizers.
494:(DTDP) is the highest molecular weight phthalate plasticizer, providing greater performance at high temperature. It is the preferred plasticizer for automotive cable and wire application.
79:, either to facilitate the handling of the raw material during fabrication, or to meet the demands of the end product's application. Plasticizers are especially key to the usability of
352:
Substantial concerns have been expressed over the safety of some polymer plasticizers, especially because some low molecular weight ortho-phthalates have been classified as potential
509:
are isomeric with ortho phthalates but have proven to have cleaner toxicological results due to their inability to form stable monoesters during hydrolysis and metabolic breakdown.
1412:
1967:
356:
with some developmental toxicity reported. Plasticizers can escape plastics due to migration and abrasion of the plastic since they are not bound to the polymer matrix. The "
808:
condensate, although polycarboxylic ethers represent more modern alternatives. Both of these high range water reducers are used at 1/2 to 1/3 of the lignosulfonate types.
643:
995:
1420:
713:
is added to concrete to improve strength. This method of mix proportioning is especially popular when producing high-strength concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete.
1424:
970:
1428:
1160:
445:(DEHP) also commonly known as (dioctyl phthalate, DOP or diethylhexyl phthalate), historically used in flooring materials, medical devices, myriad consumer
83:(PVC), the third most widely used plastic. In the absence of plasticizers, PVC is hard and brittle; with plasticizers, it is suitable for products such as
957:
groups, NG and BTTN have relatively low thermal stability. TMETN, DEGDN, BDNPF, and BDNPA have relatively low energies. NG and DEGDN have relatively high
488:(DIUP), used for insulation of wires and cables, car undercoating, shoes, carpets, pool liners. Good high temperature and outdoor weathering performance
313:, and chemical structure. Compatibility and performance attributes are key factors in developing a rubber formulation for a particular application.
110:
formulations to make them more workable and fluid for pouring, thus allowing the water contents to be reduced. Similarly, they are often added to
1960:
1345:
790:
and extractive compounds are mainly responsible for set retardation. These low range water reducing dispersants are commonly manufactured from
536:
are used in automobile interiors and other applications where resistance to high temperature is required. They have extremely low volatility.
1843:
716:
Adding 1-2% plasticizer per unit weight of cement is usually sufficient. Adding an excessive amount of plasticizer will result in excessive
2302:
2253:
2222:
226:
crossover concentration, a crossover temperature exists. Below the crossover temperature the plasticizer will also increase the modulus.
1027:
David F. Cadogan and
Christopher J. Howick "Plasticizers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
377:-based plasticizers are used in situations where good resistance to water and oils is required. Some common phthalate plasticizers are:
1953:
1460:
1012:
1416:
867:
282:
applications such as tubing and hose products, flooring, wall-coverings, seals and gaskets, belts, wire and cable, and print rolls.
701:
are also called high range water reducers. When added to concrete mixtures, they confer a number of properties including improved
173:, giving this material improved flexibility and durability. Other polymers which can contain high loadings of plasticizers include
333:
that have effect opposite to those of plasticizers. They increase the modulus while decreasing the glass transition temperature.
1485:
1361:
Kirby, Glen H.; Jennifer A. Lewis (2002). "Rheological property evolution in concentrated cement-polyelectrolyte suspensions".
720:
and is not advisable. Depending on the particular chemical used, use of too much plasticizer may result in a retarding effect.
629:
515:(DEHT; Dioctyl terephthalate, DOTP) (Eastman Chemical Company Trademark: Eastman 168™), used as a replacement for DEHP and DINP
512:
92:
946:
2238:
2217:
2114:
1868:
1290:
1307:
815:
sulfonate-based plasticisers disperse the flocculated gypsum particles through a mechanism of electrostatic repulsion (see
2359:
2292:
2212:
928:
916:
2285:
2207:
2023:
1620:
1061:(1) Casalini, R.; Ngai, K. L.; Robertson, C. G.; Roland, C. M. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 2000, 38, 1841–1847.
922:
442:
340:
278:, and other specialty blends. This broad product line provides an array of performance benefits required for the many
1550:
1525:
539:
190:
940:
934:
557:
521:
Dibutyl terephthalate (DBT)(Eastman
Chemical Trademark: Eastman Effusion™), used as a replacement for DBP and DiBP
518:
Diisopentyl terephthalate (DiPT)(Evonik
Industries Trademark: ELATUR® DPT), used as a replacement for DBP and DiBP
2325:
2059:
1945:
1858:
1683:
1500:
1490:
1432:
1158:
2129:
2119:
1981:
1668:
1615:
1505:
1407:
582:
551:
545:
298:
229:
1124:
1719:
1610:
1595:
1575:
835:
717:
485:
122:, and other pastes prior to molding and forming. For these applications, plasticizers largely overlap with
883:
760:
388:(DMP), used in fragrances, as an insect repellent, and in several industrial processes as a solvent/carrier
211:
2134:
2012:
1767:
1495:
1453:
904:
668:
491:
428:
205:, spacing them apart (increasing the "free volume"), or swelling them and thus significantly lowering the
2344:
2314:
2018:
1663:
1132:
664:
753:
on to the cement particles, giving them a negative charge, which leads to repulsion between particles.
406:(DBP), used for cellulose plastics, food wraps, adhesives, perfumes, and cosmetics - about a third of
150:
2034:
2029:
2002:
1920:
1080:
863:
479:
467:
403:
397:
53:
1343:
706:
necessitating the use of plasticizers, water reducers, superplasticizers, fluidizer or dispersants.
2164:
1925:
1848:
1762:
1714:
660:
623:
353:
52:) is a substance that is added to a material to make it softer and more flexible, to increase its
2179:
2097:
1838:
1812:
1782:
1742:
1724:
1673:
1625:
1605:
1106:
832:
450:
446:
436:
385:
170:
80:
263:
142:
2354:
2309:
2275:
2195:
2007:
1829:
1747:
1446:
1286:
1199:
1008:
954:
887:
856:
852:
839:
482:(DIDP), used for insulation of wires and cables, car undercoating, shoes, carpets, pool liners
470:(DINP), used in flooring materials, found in garden hoses, shoes, toys, and building materials
391:
182:
134:
1194:
1177:
275:
201:
It was commonly thought that plasticizers work by embedding themselves between the chains of
2200:
1895:
1797:
1772:
1704:
1570:
1565:
1510:
1370:
1332:
1278:
1218:
1189:
1096:
1088:
1071:
Capponi, S.; Alvarez, F.; Racko, D. (2020), "Free Volume in a PVME Polymer–Water
Solution",
1028:
1000:
891:
871:
848:
843:
763:
698:
617:
602:
596:
423:
336:
330:
310:
206:
174:
88:
2349:
2064:
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1915:
1802:
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1349:
1164:
1145:
791:
724:
302:
290:
222:
45:
1234:
1635:
1388:
2,2,2-trinitroethyl 2-nitroxyethyl ether and a method of preparation - US Patent 4745208
1084:
32:
2093:
1905:
1807:
1678:
1374:
958:
910:
898:
795:
728:
710:
186:
2338:
2280:
2087:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1757:
1658:
1580:
1530:
1110:
860:
802:
732:
506:
432:
357:
259:
285:
Low to high polarity esters provide utility in a wide range of elastomers including
1900:
1890:
1752:
1600:
1545:
1520:
787:
742:
533:
119:
84:
1052:(1) Maeda, Y.; Paul, D. R. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 1987, 25, 1005–1016.
655:
Triethylene glycol di-2ethylhexanoate (Eastman
Chemical Trademark: Eastman TEG-EH)
1222:
1092:
801:
High range superplasticizers (dispersants) have generally been manufactured from
2083:
2055:
1910:
1590:
1585:
1387:
1311:
1043:(1) Maeda, Y.; Paul, D. R. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 1987, 25, 957–980.
812:
805:
735:
702:
676:
576:
572:
407:
255:
96:
652:
Alkyl sulphonic acid phenyl ester (ASE). (Lanxess
Chemical Trademark: Mesamoll)
2159:
1787:
1777:
1641:
820:
750:
679:, or BPA, is not a plasticizer, although it is often wrongly described as one.
306:
123:
36:
PVC, used extensively in sewage pipes, is only useful because of plasticizers.
1282:
1032:
1004:
649:
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate (Hanwha
Trademark: Eco-DEHCH)
2248:
2154:
2124:
1994:
1555:
1540:
1515:
779:
431:(benzyl butyl phthalate, BBzP) is found in vinyl tiles, traffic cones, food
419:
415:
374:
279:
271:
267:
178:
163:
57:
1203:
17:
2169:
739:
694:
590:
251:
107:
100:
61:
1101:
305:. Plasticizer-elastomer interaction is governed by many factors such as
2297:
2174:
2146:
2075:
1977:
1699:
1469:
816:
746:
671:
is used broadly as a secondary plasticizer in many vinyl applications.
411:
286:
202:
72:
68:
782:
754:
454:
115:
575:-based plasticizers are used for low-temperature or resistance to
335:
317:
246:
228:
166:
149:
141:
133:
31:
410:, glosses, enamels, and hardeners contain it, together with some
27:
Substance added to a material to make it softer and more flexible
1535:
1402:
473:
294:
111:
1949:
1442:
316:
Plasticizers used in PVC and other plastics are often based on
1333:
C&EN: Coverstory - Synthetic
Chemistry Moves Into Concrete
76:
993:
Allsopp, M. W.; Vianello, G. (2012). "Poly(Vinyl Chloride)".
394:(DEP), used in fragrances as a carrier and extender/fixative
1438:
731:. Superplasticizers have generally been manufactured from
659:
Bio-based plasticizers have been investigated, such as
1235:
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/8020stuff.html
819:). In normal plasticisers, the active substances are
749:). In normal plasticisers, the active substances are
1125:"Chemical Economics Handbook Report on Plasticizers"
2268:
2231:
2188:
2145:
2107:
2074:
2043:
1989:
1938:
1883:
1828:
1821:
1733:
1692:
1649:
1476:
476:(DPHP), used in cables, wires and roofing materials
644:1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester
162:Almost 90% of polymer plasticizers, most commonly
1233:Chemical and Engineering News, 2002, 80(20), 45;
542:(TEHTM) (TOTM, Trioctyl Trimellitate plasticizer)
138:Europe's and Global Plasticiser Use by type 2017
971:Conservation and restoration of plastic objects
1275:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1273:Cadogan DF, Howick CJ (2000). "Plasticizers".
996:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1961:
1454:
8:
988:
986:
723:Plasticizers are commonly manufactured from
1968:
1954:
1946:
1825:
1461:
1447:
1439:
1193:
1100:
667:. They are used in niche applications.
1195:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714
947:2,2,2-Trinitroethyl 2-nitroxyethyl ether
605:, Di-octyl Sebacate (or DOS plasticizer)
103:, and electric wire insulation/coating.
1363:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1310:. www.admixtures.org.uk. Archived from
982:
154:Europe's Plasticiser Market Trends 2017
1551:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
1141:
1130:
901:(NG, aka "nitro", glyceryl trinitrate)
709:Plasticizers are also often used when
463:High Molecular Weight Ortho Phthalates
1491:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
1486:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
919:(TMETN, aka Metriol trinitrate, METN)
874:, as a non-energetic secondary fuel.
381:Low Molecular Weight Ortho Phthalates
214:predicts for a simple polymer chain.
106:Plasticizers are also often added to
7:
2303:List of environmental health hazards
2223:List of environmental health hazards
878:Plasticizers for energetic materials
64:during its handling in manufacture.
585:(DEHA, dioctyl adipate plasticizer)
67:Plasticizers are commonly added to
2108:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
1375:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00568.x
25:
1431:, Risk Assessment Reports by the
1640:
1634:
1526:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
1501:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
1123:Malveda, Michael P (July 2015).
646:(BASF Trademark: Hexamoll DINCH)
1506:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
1403:Plasticisers Information Centre
811:Traditional lignosulfonate and
630:2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate
513:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate
1869:Category:Plastics applications
1616:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
1611:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
1596:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
1306:Cement Admixture Association.
1182:Annual Review of Public Health
221:The effect of plasticizers on
1:
1576:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
778:Plasticizers can be added to
697:technology, plasticizers and
540:Tri(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate
474:Bis(2-propylheptyl) phthalate
146:Europe's Plasticiser Use 2017
2293:Persistent organic pollutant
2254:Toxic Substances Control Act
2213:Persistent organic pollutant
1496:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
1223:10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.016
1093:10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00472
941:Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal
935:Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)formal
929:Triethylene glycol dinitrate
917:Trimethylolethane trinitrate
558:Tri(isotridecyl)trimellitate
2286:Great Pacific garbage patch
2208:Great Pacific garbage patch
1621:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
1536:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
1178:"Plastics and Health Risks"
931:(TEGDN, less commonly TEGN)
925:(DEGDN, less commonly DEGN)
923:Diethylene glycol dinitrate
443:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
364:Common polymer plasticizers
341:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
2376:
2249:Japan Toxic Substances Law
2044:Miscellaneous plasticizers
191:cellulose acetate butyrate
2323:
2244:European REACH regulation
2239:California Proposition 65
1982:polyhalogenated compounds
1859:High-performance plastics
1684:High-performance plastics
1632:
1433:European Chemicals Bureau
738:condensate or sulfonated
552:Tri(isodecyl)trimellitate
546:Tri(isononyl)trimellitate
1669:Fibre-reinforced plastic
1606:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
1283:10.1002/14356007.a20_439
1176:Halden, Rolf U. (2010).
1033:10.1002/14356007.a20_439
1005:10.1002/14356007.a21_717
836:pyrotechnic compositions
794:, a by-product from the
727:, a by-product from the
603:Di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate
583:Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
567:Adipates & Sebacates
343:is a common plasticizer.
299:chlorinated polyethylene
181:-type plastics, such as
1720:Biodegradable additives
1163:March 27, 2009, at the
999:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
718:segregation of concrete
684:For inorganic materials
620:include the following:
2135:Perfluorooctanoic acid
1571:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
1566:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
1511:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
1348:July 24, 2011, at the
1140:Cite journal requires
905:Butanetriol trinitrate
884:energetic plasticizers
669:Epoxidized soybean oil
579:light. An example is:
486:Diisoundecyl phthalate
429:Butyl benzyl phthalate
344:
234:
155:
147:
139:
37:
2315:Biodegradable plastic
1664:Thermosetting polymer
1561:Polylactic acid (PLA)
761:Polycarboxylate ether
665:acetyltributylcitrate
339:
329:Antiplasticizers are
232:
153:
145:
137:
60:, and/or to decrease
35:
2326:Identification codes
1926:Foam food containers
1849:Engineering plastics
864:solid rocket booster
492:Ditridecyl phthalate
480:Diisodecyl phthalate
468:Diisononyl phthalate
404:Di-n-butyl phthalate
398:Diisobutyl phthalate
354:endocrine disruptors
307:solubility parameter
2360:Concrete admixtures
2165:Endocrine disruptor
1763:Compression molding
1715:Polymer stabilizers
1254:TOTM as plasticizer
1085:2020MaMol..53.4770C
838:, especially solid
828:Energetic materials
661:glycerol triacetate
624:Tricresyl phosphate
439:, and plastic foams
348:Safety and toxicity
197:Mechanism of action
2180:Polymer fume fever
1839:Commodity plastics
1813:Rotational molding
1783:Fiberglass molding
1743:Injection moulding
1725:Filler (materials)
1674:Corrugated plastic
1626:Tritan copolyester
1581:Polypropylene (PP)
1531:Polycarbonate (PC)
1263:DEHS (plasticizer)
1245:DEHP (plasticizer)
888:rocket propellants
853:rocket propellants
840:rocket propellants
833:Energetic material
437:artificial leather
386:Dimethyl phthalate
345:
235:
212:Flory–Fox equation
156:
148:
140:
81:polyvinyl chloride
56:, to decrease its
38:
2332:
2331:
2310:Plastic recycling
2276:Plastic pollution
2262:
2261:
2196:Plastic pollution
1976:Health issues of
1934:
1933:
1830:Plastics industry
1748:Plastic extrusion
1601:Polyurethane (PU)
1591:Polysulfone (PES)
1546:Polyethylene (PE)
1521:Polybutylene (PB)
1369:(12): 2989–2994.
1314:on March 16, 2008
955:secondary alcohol
892:smokeless powders
859:used to fuel the
857:rocket propellant
844:smokeless powders
699:superplasticizers
424:insect repellents
392:Diethyl phthalate
331:polymer additives
183:cellulose acetate
120:solid rocket fuel
16:(Redirected from
2367:
2201:Rubber pollution
2051:Organophosphates
1970:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1826:
1798:Filament winding
1773:Transfer molding
1700:Polymer additive
1644:
1638:
1586:Polystyrene (PS)
1463:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1408:Glass transition
1390:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1358:
1352:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1173:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1079:(XXX): XXX–XXX,
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1025:
1019:
1018:
990:
872:synthetic rubber
849:specific impulse
764:superplasticizer
663:(Triacetin) and
618:Organophosphates
612:Organophosphates
597:Dibutyl sebacate
369:Ortho phthalates
325:Antiplasticizers
311:molecular weight
207:glass transition
21:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
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2364:
2335:
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2319:
2264:
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2258:
2227:
2184:
2141:
2103:
2070:
2039:
1985:
1974:
1940:
1930:
1879:
1817:
1803:Solvent bonding
1793:Plastic welding
1735:
1729:
1688:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1541:Polyester (PEs)
1478:
1472:
1467:
1399:
1394:
1393:
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1360:
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1355:
1350:Wayback Machine
1342:
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1165:Wayback Machine
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1117:
1070:
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1047:
1042:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1015:
992:
991:
984:
979:
967:
880:
830:
792:lignosulfonates
776:
768:polycarboxylate
725:lignosulfonates
691:
686:
640:
614:
569:
530:
503:
371:
366:
350:
327:
303:epichlorohydrin
291:polychloroprene
240:
223:elastic modulus
199:
132:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
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2337:
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2172:
2167:
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2157:
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2149:
2143:
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2138:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2094:Vinyl chloride
2091:
2088:Polycarbonates
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Packaging film
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1884:Specific goods
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1808:Vacuum forming
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1679:Polymeric foam
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Polyimide (PI)
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:Polyamide (PA)
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1397:External links
1395:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1353:
1336:
1325:
1298:
1291:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1226:
1209:
1168:
1151:
1142:|journal=
1115:
1073:Macromolecules
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1020:
1014:978-3527306732
1013:
981:
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
966:
963:
959:vapor pressure
951:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
911:Dinitrotoluene
908:
902:
899:Nitroglycerine
882:Here are some
879:
876:
829:
826:
796:paper industry
775:
772:
766:(PCE) or just
729:paper industry
711:pozzolanic ash
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
657:
656:
653:
650:
647:
639:
636:
635:
634:
633:
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563:
562:
561:
555:
549:
543:
529:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
519:
516:
507:Terephthalates
502:
501:Terephthalates
499:
498:
497:
496:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
460:
459:
458:
440:
433:conveyor belts
426:
401:
395:
389:
378:
370:
367:
365:
362:
349:
346:
326:
323:
260:terephthalates
239:
236:
198:
195:
187:nitrocellulose
169:, are used in
131:
128:
93:vinyl flooring
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2372:
2361:
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2308:
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2301:
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2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:Garbage patch
2279:
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2271:
2267:
2255:
2252:
2250:
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2209:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
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2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2147:Health issues
2144:
2136:
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2132:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
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2113:
2112:
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2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
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1998:
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1988:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Shopping bags
1919:
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1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:(Agriculture)
1875:
1874:Plasticulture
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Geosynthetics
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1850:
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1759:
1758:Thermoforming
1756:
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1723:
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1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
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1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Thermoplastic
1657:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
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1213:
1210:
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1201:
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1191:
1187:
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1155:
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1147:
1134:
1126:
1119:
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1103:
1098:
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1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1016:
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1002:
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989:
987:
983:
976:
972:
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968:
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927:
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903:
900:
897:
896:
895:
893:
889:
885:
877:
875:
873:
869:
865:
862:
861:Space Shuttle
858:
854:
850:
845:
841:
837:
834:
827:
825:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
788:aldonic acids
784:
781:
773:
771:
769:
765:
762:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
714:
712:
707:
704:
700:
696:
688:
683:
678:
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673:
672:
670:
666:
662:
654:
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648:
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641:
637:
631:
628:
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621:
619:
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611:
604:
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598:
595:
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589:
584:
581:
580:
578:
574:
571:
570:
566:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
535:
534:Trimellitates
532:
531:
528:Trimellitates
527:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:
508:
505:
504:
500:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
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465:
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461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
438:
434:
430:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:nail polishes
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
363:
361:
359:
358:new car smell
355:
347:
342:
338:
334:
332:
324:
322:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
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281:
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261:
257:
253:
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237:
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227:
224:
219:
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213:
208:
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196:
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172:
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165:
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136:
129:
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125:
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117:
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109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2345:Plasticizers
1991:Plasticizers
1990:
1939:Environment
1891:Blister pack
1844:Construction
1753:Blow molding
1709:
1383:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1339:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1301:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1229:
1212:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1154:
1133:cite journal
1118:
1102:10261/218380
1076:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1023:
994:
952:
881:
831:
810:
800:
777:
767:
759:
743:formaldehyde
722:
715:
708:
692:
658:
462:
380:
351:
328:
315:
284:
245:
241:
220:
216:
200:
161:
157:
130:For polymers
105:
97:rain gutters
85:vinyl siding
66:
49:
41:
39:
29:
2232:Regulations
2084:Bisphenol A
1768:Calendering
1710:Plasticizer
1650:Mechanical
1188:: 179–194.
953:Due to the
813:naphthalene
806:naphthalene
736:naphthalene
703:workability
677:Bisphenol A
577:ultraviolet
449:, and high
264:dibenzoates
124:dispersants
50:plasticiser
42:plasticizer
18:Plasticiser
2339:Categories
2160:Carcinogen
2125:Organotins
1995:Phthalates
1941:and health
1788:Pultrusion
1778:Laminating
1736:processing
1292:3527306730
977:References
803:sulfonated
733:sulfonated
453:, such as
451:explosives
420:emollients
416:sunscreens
272:phthalates
268:glutarates
54:plasticity
2189:Pollution
2155:Teratogen
2086:(BPA, in
1734:Plastics
1705:Colorants
1693:Additives
1477:Chemical
1111:219911779
780:wallboard
375:Phthalate
280:elastomer
252:sebacates
238:Selection
179:cellulose
175:acrylates
164:phthalate
58:viscosity
2355:Concrete
2170:Diabetes
2076:Monomers
2056:Adipates
1978:plastics
1832:segments
1822:Products
1470:Plastics
1346:Archived
1318:April 2,
1204:20070188
1161:Archived
965:See also
886:used in
866:employs
821:adsorbed
751:adsorbed
740:melamine
695:concrete
689:Concrete
591:Sebacate
560:(TITDTM)
447:products
412:shampoos
276:azelates
256:adipates
203:polymers
108:concrete
101:plumbing
75:such as
73:plastics
69:polymers
62:friction
2298:Dioxins
2218:Dioxins
2175:Obesity
1916:Cutlery
1906:Bottles
1081:Bibcode
943:(BDNPA)
937:(BDNPF)
824:other.
817:Colloid
747:colloid
693:In the
573:Adipate
554:(TIDTM)
548:(TINTM)
418:, skin
287:nitrile
89:roofing
2350:Cement
2015:(BBzP)
1984:(PHCs)
1896:Chairs
1864:Nurdle
1435:(ECB).
1289:
1202:
1109:
1011:
949:(TNEN)
907:(BTTN)
783:stucco
774:Stucco
755:Lignin
675:Note:
455:Semtex
422:, and
400:(DIBP)
318:esters
301:, and
167:esters
116:stucco
2269:Waste
2115:PBDEs
2026:(DOP)
1652:types
1479:types
1308:"CAA"
1107:S2CID
913:(DNT)
638:Other
626:(TCP)
599:(DBS)
247:Ester
112:clays
2130:PFCs
2120:PCBs
2096:(in
2060:DEHA
2035:DINP
2030:DIDP
2024:DEHP
2019:DIHP
2003:DIBP
1980:and
1911:Bags
1429:DEHP
1417:DINP
1413:DIDP
1320:2008
1287:ISBN
1200:PMID
1146:help
1009:ISBN
890:and
870:, a
868:HTPB
842:and
295:EPDM
189:and
177:and
71:and
2098:PVC
2065:DOA
2013:BBP
2008:DBP
1427:, *
1425:BBP
1421:DBP
1415:, *
1371:doi
1279:doi
1219:doi
1190:doi
1097:hdl
1089:doi
1077:XXX
1029:doi
1001:doi
171:PVC
77:PVC
2341::
1993::
1423:,
1419:,
1367:85
1365:.
1285:.
1277:.
1198:.
1186:31
1184:.
1180:.
1137::
1135:}}
1131:{{
1105:,
1095:,
1087:,
1075:,
1007:.
985:^
961:.
894::
798:.
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414:,
309:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
193:.
185:,
126:.
118:,
114:,
99:,
95:,
91:,
87:,
48::
46:UK
40:A
2100:)
2090:)
2067:)
2058:(
1969:e
1962:t
1955:v
1462:e
1455:t
1448:v
1377:.
1373::
1322:.
1295:.
1281::
1221::
1206:.
1192::
1148:)
1144:(
1127:.
1099::
1091::
1083::
1031::
1017:.
1003::
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
