Oracle bone - Knowledge (XXG)

336:. The inscriptions contain around 5,000 different characters and a lot of them still being used today, though the total is uncertain because some may be different versions of the same character. Specialists have agreed on the form, meanings, and sound of a little more than a quarter of them, roughly 1,200 with certainty, but several hundred more under discussion. These known characters comprise much of the core vocabulary of modern Chinese. They provide important information on the late Shang period, and scholars have reconstructed the Shang royal genealogy from the cycle of ancestral sacrifices they record. When they were discovered in the end of the nineteenth century and deciphered in the early twentieth century, these records confirmed the existence of the Shang, which had been subject to scrutiny at the time by the 1131:) sent 250 (tortoise shells)", identifying this as, perhaps, a statelet within the Shang sphere of influence. These notations were generally made on the back of the shell's bridge (called bridge notations), the lower carapace, or the xiphiplastron (tail edge). Some shells may have been from locally raised tortoises, however. Scapula notations were near the socket or a lower edge. Some of these notations were not carved after being written with a brush, proving (along with other evidence) the use of the writing brush in Shang times. Scapulae are assumed to have generally come from the Shang's own livestock, perhaps those used in ritual sacrifice, although there are records of cattle sent as tribute as well, including some recorded via marginal notations. 470:, the first person to scientifically excavate, study, and decipher them. He was the first to conclude that the bones were records of divination from the Shang dynasty, and was the first to come up with a method of dating them (in order to avoid being fooled by fakes). In 1917 he published the first scientific study of the bones, including 2,369 drawings and inscriptions and thousands of ink rubbings. Through the donation of local people and his own archaeological excavations, he acquired the largest private collection in the world, over 35,000 pieces. He insisted that his collection remain in China, though some were sent to Canada by colleagues who were worried that they would be either destroyed or stolen during the 1224:

divination was raised multiple times, and often in different ways, such as in the negative, or by changing the date being divined about. One oracle bone might be used for one session or for many, and one session could be recorded on a number of bones. The divined answer was sometimes then marked either "auspicious" or "inauspicious", and the king occasionally added a "prognostication", his reading on the nature of the omen. On very rare occasions, the actual outcome was later added to the bone in what is known as a "verification". A complete record of all the above elements is rare; most bones contain just the date, diviner and topic of divination, and many remained uninscribed after the divination.

1157: 1348:, the last Shang king, and others to date from the early Western Zhou. The inscriptions are distinguished from those of Anyang in the way the bones and shells were prepared and used, the smallness of the characters, some unique vocabulary and the use of the phases of the moon as a dating device. Four pieces (HB 1, 12, 13 and 15) have been particularly puzzling, because they refer to sacrifices in the temples of Shang ancestors, and also differ from the other bones in calligraphy and syntax. Scholars disagree on whether they were produced at Anyang or the Zhouyuan, and whether the diviners and scribes were Shang or Zhou. 1140: 1148:

preparation. There is also speculation that only female tortoise shells were used, as these are significantly less concave. Pits or hollows were then drilled or chiseled partway through the bone or shell in an orderly series. At least one such drill has been unearthed at Erligang, exactly matching the pits in size and shape. The shape of these pits evolved over time, and is an important indicator for dating the oracle bones within various sub-periods in the Shang dynasty. The shape and depth also helped determine the nature of the crack that would appear. The number of pits per bone or shell varied widely.

1325:), which also appears in late Shang inscriptions. HB 310, which contained two brief divinations, has been lost, but is recorded in a rubbing and two photographs. HB 311 and 312 each contain a pair of characters that are similar to the late Shang script. HB 312 was found in an upper layer of the Erligang culture. The others were found accidentally in river management earthworks, and so lack archaeological context. Pei Mingxiang argued that they predated the Anyang site. Takashima, referring to character forms and syntax, argues that they were contemporaneous with the reign of Wu Ding. 432:, Wang reluctantly accepted a defense command, and killed himself in 1900 when allied troops entered Beijing. His son later sold the bones to Liu, who published the first book of rubbings of the oracle bone inscriptions in 1903. News of the discovery of the oracle bones spread quickly throughout China and among foreign collectors and scholars, and the market for oracle bones exploded, though many collectors sought to keep the location of the bones' source a secret. Although scholars tried to find their source, antique dealers falsely claimed that the bones came from 1088: 792: 1258:

of which extends back to the 4th millennium BCE, with archaeological finds from Liaoning, but these were not inscribed. In neolithic China at a variety of sites, the scapulae of cattle, sheep, pigs, and deer used in pyromancy have been found, and the practice appears to have become quite common by the end of the third millennium BCE. Scapulae were unearthed along with smaller numbers of pitless plastrons in the Nánguānwài (

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than for actual divination; in one case, inscribed deer antlers were reported, but Keightley (1978) reports that they are fake. Interestingly, tortoises are not native to the areas oracle bones were discovered and thus it is theorized they were presented to the region as tribute. Neolithic diviners in China had long been heating the bones of deer, sheep, pigs, and cattle for similar purposes; evidence for this in

1117:). By the end of the Erligang, the plastrons were numerous, and at Anyang, scapulae and plastrons were used in roughly equal numbers. Due to the use of these shells in addition to bones, early references to the oracle bone script often used the term "shell and bone script", but since tortoise shells are actually a bony material, the more concise term "oracle bones" is applied to them as well. 484: 1547:. Both terms are translated into English as 'chief editor' or 'editor-in-chief'. The project of a creating comprehensive catalog of oracle bone inscriptions was proposed in the early 1950s by Guo, who served as the first president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) from 1949 to 1978. Hu was transferred from Fudan University to the CAS in 1956 for the purpose of editing the 44: 355: 1447:, but they do not generally occur in strings of signs resembling writing; rather, they generally occur singly and whether or not these constitute writing or are ancestral to the Shang writing system is currently a matter of great academic controversy. They are also insignificant in number compared to the massive amounts of oracle bones found so far. 1186:), the highest god in the Shang society. A wide variety of topics were asked, essentially anything of concern to the royal house of Shang, from illness, birth and death, to weather, warfare, agriculture, tribute and so on. One of the most common topics was whether performing rituals in a certain manner would be satisfactory. 1257:

While the use of bones in divination has been practiced almost globally, such divination involving fire or heat has generally been found only in Asia and the Asian-derived North American cultures. The use of heat to crack scapulae (pyro-scapulimancy) originated in ancient China, the earliest evidence

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Keightley explains that this divination is unique in being addressed to the sun, but typical in that 10 cattle are being offered, with 100 more to follow if the harvest is good. Later divinations were more likely to be perfunctory, optimistic, made by the king himself, addressed to his ancestors, on

1176:, and the diviner name was noted. Next, the topic of divination (called the "charge") was posed, such as whether a particular ancestor was causing a king's toothache. The divination charges were often directed at ancestors, whom the ancient Chinese revered and worshiped, as well as natural powers and 443:

Decades of uncontrolled digs followed to fuel the antiques trade, and many of these pieces eventually entered collections in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Japan. The first Western collector was the American missionary Frank H. Chalfant (1862–1914). Chalfant also first coined the term "oracle

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David N. Keightley "Late Shang Divination: The Magico-Religious Legacy" in Keightley, David N. These Bones Shall Rise Again: Selected Writings on Early China.. Albany, NY: State Univ of New York Pr, 2014 p.108, David N. Keightley "The Shang: China’s First Historical Dynasty" in Loewe, Michael, and

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The uninscribed divination is thought to have been brush-written with ink or cinnabar on the oracle bones or accompanying documents, as a few of the oracle bones found still bear their brush-written divinations without carving, while some have been found partially carved. After use, shells and bones

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for the cracking. A number of cracks were typically made in one session, sometimes on more than one bone, and these were typically numbered. The diviner in charge of the ceremony read the cracks to learn the answer to the divination. How exactly the cracks were interpreted is not known. The topic of

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The bones or shells were first sourced and then prepared for use. Their sourcing is significant because some of them (especially many of the shells) are believed to have been presented as tribute to the Shang, which is valuable information about diplomatic relations of the time. We know this because

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of tortoises, and a few are ox rib bones, scapulae of sheep, boars, horses, and deer, and some other animal bones. The skulls of deer, oxen, and humans have also been found with inscriptions on them, although these are very rare and appear to have been inscribed for record keeping or practice rather

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When deciphered, the inscriptions on the oracle bones turned out to be the records of the divinations performed for or by the royal household. These, together with royal-sized tombs, proved beyond a doubt for the first time the existence of the Shang dynasty, which had recently been doubted, and the

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A tiny number of isolated mid to late Shang pottery, bone and bronze inscriptions may predate the oracle bones. However, the oracle bones are considered the earliest significant body of writing, due to the length of the inscriptions, the vast amount of vocabulary (very roughly 4000 graphs), and the

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Period V inscriptions often identify numbered ritual cycles, making it easier to estimate the reign lengths of the last two kings. The start of this period is dated 1100–1090 BCE by Keightley and 1101 BCE by the Xia–Shang–Zhou project. Most scholars now agree that the Zhou conquest of the

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recorded in inscriptions by the Bīn group, who worked during the reign of Wu Ding, possibly extending into the reign of Zu Geng. Assuming that the 60-day cycle continued uninterrupted into the securely dated period, scholars have sought to match the recorded dates with calculated dates of eclipses.

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in 1937. The Chinese still acknowledge the pioneering contribution of Menzies as "the foremost western scholar of Yin-Shang culture and oracle bone inscriptions". His former residence in Anyang was declared a "Protected Treasure" in 2004, and the James Mellon Menzies Memorial Museum for Oracle Bone

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has been found dating to the late fourth millennium BCE. However, over time, the use of ox bones increased, and use of tortoise shells does not appear until early Shang culture. The earliest tortoise shells found that had been prepared for divinatory use (i.e., with chiseled pits) date to the

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The bones or shells were cleaned of meat, and then prepared by sawing, scraping, smoothing, and even polishing, to create convenient, flat surfaces. The predominance of scapulae, and later of plastrons, is also thought to be related to their convenience as large, flat surfaces that needed minimal

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argued that the "Against Luxurious Ease" chapter should not be treated as a historical text, because it was composed much later, presents reign lengths as moral judgements, and gives other reign lengths that are contradicted by oracle bone evidence. Estimating an average reign length of 20 years

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The kings were involved in divination in all periods, but in later periods most divinations were done personally by the king. The extant inscriptions are not evenly distributed across these periods, with 55% coming from period I and 31% from periods III and IV. A few oracle bones date to the

783:, with its supplement (1999) edited by Peng Bangjiong, is the most comprehensive catalogue of oracle bone fragments. The 20 volumes contain reproductions of over 55,000 fragments. A separate work published in 1999 contains transcriptions of the inscriptions into standard characters. 1168:

Divinations were typically carried out for the Shang kings in the presence of a diviner. Very few oracle bones were used in divination by other members of the royal family or nobles close to the king. By the latest periods, the Shang kings took over the role of diviner personally.

511:, the father of Chinese archaeology, between 1928 and 1937 discovered 20,000 oracle bone pieces, which now form the bulk of the Academia Sinica's collection in Taiwan and constitute about 1/5 of the total discovered. The major archaeologically excavated pits of bones have been: 1050:

dates the earliest oracle bone inscriptions to 1230 BCE. 26 oracle bones throughout Wu Ding's reign have been radiocarbon dated to 1254–1197 BCE (±10 years) with an estimated 80-90% probability of containing the true individual ages.

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in Shandong on the floor of a semi-subterranean house dating from the Late Shang period. The style of characters is close to that used by particular diviner groups active at Anyang during the reign of Wu Ding, but with some variations.

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a regular cycle, and unlikely to ask the ancestors to do anything. Keightley suggests that this reflects a change in ideas about what the powers and ancestors could do, and the extent to which the living could influence them.

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used ritually were buried in separate pits (some for shells only; others for scapulae only), in groups of up to hundreds or even thousands (one pit unearthed in 1936 contained over 17,000 pieces along with a human skeleton).

1359:, about 18 km (11 mi) west of Qijia. They mention the Duke of Zhou and other figures of the early Western Zhou. A handful of oracle bones have been found at other Western Zhou sites, including some from Beijing. 1643:, p. 34 shows a large, clear photograph of a piece of inscribed human skull in the collection of the Institute of History and Philology at the Academia Sinica, Taiwan, presumably belonging to an enemy of the Shang. 2685:

David N. Keightley "The Making of the Ancestors: Late Shang Religion and its Legacy" in Keightley, David N. These Bones Shall Rise Again: Selected Writings on Early China.. Albany, NY: State Univ of New York Pr, 2014.

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The vast majority of the inscribed oracle bones were found at the Yinxu site in modern Anyang, and date to the reigns of the last nine Shang kings. The diviners named on the bones have been assigned to five periods by

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Diviners would submit questions to deities regarding weather, crop planting, the fortunes of members of the royal family, military endeavors, and similar topics. These questions were carved onto the bone or shell in

377:, but local inhabitants did not realize what the bones were and generally reburied them. During the 19th century, villagers in the area who were digging in the fields discovered a number of bones, and used them as 1367:

After the founding of Zhou, the Shang practices of bronze casting, pyromancy, and writing continued. Oracle bones that were found in the 1970s have been dated to the Zhou dynasty, with some of them dating to the

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in Beijing. Wang was a knowledgeable collector of Chinese bronzes, and is believed to be the first person in modern times to recognize the oracle bones' markings as ancient Chinese writing similar to that on

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if turtle plastrons were used. A recent count estimated that there were about 13,000 bones with a total of a little over 130,000 inscriptions in collections in China and some fourteen other countries.

425:, recognized as ancient writing. Xu Yahui states that, "o one can know how many oracle bones, prior to 1899, were ground up by traditional Chinese pharmacies and disappeared into people's stomachs." 1518:

Eleven royal-sized tombs were found. This exactly matches the number of kings who should have been buried at Yin (the 12th king died in the Zhou conquest and would not have received a royal burial).

3388: 1240:, diviners were likely to ask the powers or ancestors about things like the weather, success in battle, or building settlements. Offerings were promised if they would help with earthly affairs. 1265:

Significant use of tortoise plastrons does not appear until the Shang culture sites. Ox scapulae and plastrons, both prepared for divination, were found at the Shang culture sites of Táixīcūn (

1989:, p. 1, citing Wei Juxian 1939, "Qín-Hàn shi fāxiàn jiǎgǔwén shuō", in Shuōwén Yuè Kān, vol. 1, no.4; and He Tianxing 1940, "Jiǎgǔwén yi xianyu gǔdài shuō", in Xueshu (Shànghǎi), no. 1 1160:

In this Shang-era oracle bone (which is incomplete), a diviner asks the Shang king if there would be misfortune over the next ten days; the king replied that he had consulted the ancestor

4000: 1576:. However, few or perhaps no inscriptions can be reliably assigned to pre-Wu Ding reigns. Many scholars assume that earlier oracle bones from Anyang exist but have not yet been found. 242: 236: 1706:

There is scholarly debate about whether the topic was posed as a question or not; Keightley prefers the term "charge", since grammatical questions were often not involved.

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Observing that the citation of these different works was becoming unwieldy, an effort was made to comprehensively publish all bones hitherto discovered. The result, the

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was visiting him and helped examine his medicine. They discovered, before it was ground into powder, that it bore strange glyphs, which they, having studied the ancient

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There appears to be some confusion in published reports between inscribed bones in general, and bones that have actually been heated and cracked for use in divination.

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notations were often made on them recording their provenance (e.g., tribute of how many shells from where and on what date). For example, one notation records that "

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There is general agreement on four of these, spanning dates from 1198 to 1180 BCE. A fifth is assigned by some scholars to 1201 BCE. From this data, the

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Illustrated guide to the Special Exhibition of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. Govt. Publ. No. 1009100250.

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Takashima, Ken-ichi (2012). "Literacy to the South and the East of Anyang in Shang China: Zhengzhou and Daxinzhuang". In Li, Feng; Branner, David Prager (eds.).

317:. The diviner would then interpret the pattern of cracks and write the prognostication upon the piece as well. Pyromancy with bones continued in China into the 2696:

Edward L. Shaughnessy. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. p.243-5

3993: 1697:, p. 12 notes that evidence of sawing is present on some oracle bones, and that the saws were likely made of bronze, although none have ever been found. 428:

It is not known how Wang and Liu actually came across these specimens, but Wang is credited with being the first to recognize their significance. During the

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During a divination session, the shell or bone was anointed with blood, and in an inscription section called the "preface", the date was recorded using the

1372:. However, very few of those were inscribed. It is thought that other methods of divination supplanted pyromancy, such as numerological divination using 1032: 1244:

Crack-making on jiazi (day 1) Zheng divined "In praying for harvest to the sun, (we) will cleave ten dappled cows, and pledge one hundred dappled cows."

1262:) stage at Zhengzhou; scapulae as well as smaller numbers of plastrons with chiseled pits were also discovered in the lower and upper Erligang stages. 1685:, p. 12 mentions reports of Xiǎotún villagers finding hundreds of shells of all sizes, implying live tending or breeding of the turtles onsite. 3986: 1156: 4542: 1189:

An intense heat source was then inserted in a pit until it cracked. Due to the shape of the pit, the front side of the bone cracked in a rough

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Only a small number of dealers and collectors knew the location of the source of the oracle bones until they were found by Canadian missionary

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sheer quantity of pieces found – at least 160,000 pieces bearing millions of characters. There are also inscribed or brush-written

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For a fuller overview of the topics of divination and what can be gleaned from them about the Shang and their environment, see

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was published between 1978 and 1982 by the Zhonghua Publishing House. Somewhat unusually, the work was credited to Guo Moruo (

3370: 1589:, p. 5, citing Yang Junshi 1963, the term plastromancy (from plastron + Greek μαντεία, "divination") was coined by Li Ji. 193: 1139: 1382:, leading to the decline in inscribed oracle bones. However, evidence for the continued use of plastromancy exists for the 1344:, part of the Zhou ritual centre known as the Zhōuyuán. Some of these are believed to be contemporaneous with the reign of 4522: 4517: 440:

discovered the source of the bones near Anyang and realized that the area was the site of the last Shang dynasty capital.

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Most full (non-fragmentary) oracle bones bear multiple inscriptions, the longest of which are around 90 characters long.

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Rev. Chalfant acquired 803 oracle bone pieces between 1903 and 1908, and hand-traced over 2500 pieces including these.

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Nearly 300 inscribed oracle bones (HB 1–290) were found in 1977 in two pits dug into a building foundation at Qijia,

471: 149: 4376: 3429: 3180: 1601:, p. 9 – the female shells are smoother, flatter and of more uniform thickness, facilitating pyromantic use. 337: 1087: 3455: 3342:

Zhang, Peiyu (2002). "Determining Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology through Astronomical Records in Historical Texts".

1444: 1369: 1026:, though sometimes the month was also given. Attempts to determine an absolute chronology focus on a number of 1015: 1046:

based on dated Zhou reigns, Keightley proposed that Wu Ding's reign started around 1200 BCE or earlier.

542:. Subsequently, many collections of inscriptions were also published. The following are the main collections. 365:

Shang-era oracle bones are thought to have been unearthed periodically by local farmers since as early as the

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The earliest oracle bones (corresponding to the reigns of Wu Ding and Zu Geng) record dates using only the

4557: 4547: 4537: 4285: 4013: 1664:, p. 35 does show an inscribed deer skull, thought to have been killed by a Shang king during a hunt. 313:

using a sharp tool. Intense heat was then applied with a metal rod until the bone or shell cracked due to

170: 3394: 1491:, p. 6 cites eight waves of illegal digs over three decades, with tens of thousands of pieces taken. 4215: 4177: 4110: 4034: 3961: 3719: 3471: 3425: 3198: 3132: 1555:

when the project officially began in 1961, with Guo playing an advisory role. Guo passed away in 1978.

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location of its last capital, Yin. Today, Xiaotun at Anyang is thus also known as the Ruins of Yin, or

4552: 4349: 4222: 3141: 3063: 1749:, p. 60 mentions that some were written with a brush and either ink or cinnabar, but not carved. 1373: 508: 467: 3448: 791: 422: 4486: 3902: 3848: 3731: 3560: 3333: 3256: 3206: 3093: 3032: 1055:

Shang took place close to 1046 or 1045 BCE, over a century later than the traditional date.

1047: 361:, Chinese politician and scholar, was the first to recognize the oracle bones as ancient writing. 333: 310: 3126:

Liu, Kexin; Wu, Xiaohong; Guo, Zhiyu; Yuan, Sixun; Ding, Xingfang; Fu, Dongpo; Pan, Yan (2021).

3105:——— (2002). "The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results". 1317:

Four inscribed bones have been found at Zhengzhou: three with numbers 310, 311, and 312 in the

1219:; 'to divine') may be a pictogram of such a crack; the reading of the character may also be an 4419: 4302: 4079: 3956: 3769: 3436:

Archaeological database documenting the origins of Oracle Bone divination in Ancient East Asia

3312: 3283: 3264: 3242: 3223: 3184: 3071: 3049: 2997: 2975: 2953: 2934: 2479: 2151: 1957: 1947: 1037: 314: 133: 125: 4496: 4414: 4371: 4344: 4130: 4103: 3725: 3550: 3351: 3149: 3114: 3024: 2967: 1173: 1023: 883: 88: 57: 3373:, United College Library, Chinese University of Hong Kong. Includes 45 inscribed fragments. 4332: 4244: 4157: 3892: 3540: 3046:

The ancestral landscape: time, space, and community in late Shang China, ca. 1200–1045 B.C

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In 2003, around 600 inscribed bones were found at Zhougongmiao, a temple dedicated to the

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bronzes. A legendary tale relates that Wang was sick with malaria, and his scholar friend

401: 329: 49: 3376: 109: 3145: 2133:

Wang Haiping (2006). "Menzies and Yin-Shang Culture Scholarship – An Unbreakable Bond".

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Since divination was by heat or fire and most often on plastrons or scapulae, the terms

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in the area acquired a number of oracle bones from locals, several of which he sold to

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By the time of the establishment of the Institute of History and Philology headed by

163: 2732:, p. 8, note 25, citing KKHP 1973.1, pp. 70, 79, 88, 91, plates 3.1, 4.2, 13.8. 321:, but the questions and prognostications were increasingly written with brushes and 3887: 3832: 3807: 3736: 3682: 3517: 1573: 1387: 1383: 1356: 1352: 1220: 1075: 1008: 414: 378: 370: 318: 297: 221: 95: 3220:

Writing and Literacy in Early China: Studies from the Columbia Early China Seminar

3978: 4327: 4164: 4049: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3578: 3532: 3492: 3201:(1985–1987). "Zhouyuan Oracle-Bone Inscriptions: Entering the Research Stage?". 2994:

Sources of Shang history : the oracle-bone inscriptions of Bronze Age China

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that the reign of Wu Ding lasted 59 years, dated it from 1250 to 1192 BCE.

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in 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced back to modern Xiaotun (

405: 386: 374: 366: 358: 343: 4095: 3355: 3311:. Translated by Caltonhill, Mark; Moser, Jeff. Taipei: National Palace Museum. 3118: 483: 4448: 4443: 4381: 4337: 4317: 4181: 4069: 4064: 4044: 3951: 3914: 3759: 3746: 3657: 3639: 3629: 3619: 3598: 3512: 3474: 3401: 3128:"Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of the Late Shang Period in Ancient China" 1628: 1413: 1236:

The targets and purposes of divination changed over time. During the reign of

776: 437: 281: 277: 142: 1961: 4455: 4431: 4307: 4265: 3924: 3882: 3872: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3667: 3652: 3624: 3614: 3172: 3085: 1114: 1065: 956: 780: 492: 409: 346:

is the discipline for the study of oracle bones and the oracle bone script.

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Those that were for practice or records were buried in common rubbish pits.

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dynasty periods, and Keightley mentions its use in Taiwan as late as 1972.

43: 2974:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1937: 1035:, relying on the statement in the "Against Luxurious Ease" chapter of the 4407: 4312: 4227: 4210: 4074: 4054: 4029: 3946: 3919: 3897: 3858: 3802: 3776: 3522: 3507: 1569: 1565: 1418: 1161: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1096: 397: 390: 322: 269: 207: 3440: 3210: 3154: 3127: 3097: 2903:, p. 9, n.30, citing Hu Xu 1782–1787, ch. 4, p.3b on use in Jiangsu 1305:. Plastrons do not become more numerous than scapulae until the Rénmín ( 354: 4239: 4126: 4039: 3936: 3672: 3593: 3570: 3545: 3309:

Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin

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A Little Primer of Chinese Oracle-bone Inscriptions with Some Exercises

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The oracle bones bear the earliest known significant corpus of ancient

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Pit YH127 in Xiaotun North (1936), with over 17,000 inscribed pieces.

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Oracle bone inscriptions were published as they were discovered, in

4402: 4234: 4151: 4059: 3692: 3088:(1985–1987). "Are they Shang inscriptions or Zhou inscriptions?". 2148:

Cross Culture and Faith: the Life and Work of James Mellon Menzies

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A turtle plastron bearing several short inscriptions was found at

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is the specific term if ox scapulae were used for the divination,

4465: 4397: 4084: 4024: 4009: 3931: 1551:, and was in charge of the day-to-day editorial activity of the 1391: 4099: 3982: 3444: 3282:(6th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. 3263:(4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. 4277: 2931:

The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system

1459:, p. 12 cites two such scapulae, citing his own "商殷帝王本紀" 1788: 1786: 233: 2286: 2284: 1832: 1830: 2075: 2073: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1728:

The nature of this heat source is still a matter of debate.

2541: 2539: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2497: 2495: 1214: 1099:, probably female and ox scapulae, although some are the 212: 198: 154: 1285:) in Henan, while unpitted scapulae have been found at 518:

Xiaotun South (1977–1979), with 4,612 inscribed pieces.

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Huayuangzhuang East (1991), with 561 inscribed pieces.

2812: 2810: 1281:. One or more pitted scapulae were found at Lùsìcūn ( 507:

in Henan. Official archaeological excavations led by

453: 130: 114: 100: 27:

Shells and bones used for divination in ancient China

3413:

by Hayashi Taisuke – another collection of rubbings.

3404:– a collection of rubbings or oracle bone fragments. 3222:. University of Washington Press. pp. 141–172. 2768:, p. 8, note 25 cites Zhèngzhoū Èrlĭgāng, p.38. 2637: 2635: 2325: 2323: 2090: 2088: 1939:

Jia gu xue dao lun = History of China historiography

1479:

and includes a photo of the relevant page and entry.

4474: 4390: 4364: 4255: 4144: 4137: 3841: 3785: 3745: 3638: 3607: 3569: 3531: 3485: 2669: 2667: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2568: 2566: 2117: 2115: 1847: 1845: 1817: 1815: 1813: 227: 220: 206: 192: 185: 175: 169: 162: 148: 141: 124: 108: 94: 87: 82: 70: 56: 32: 3379:, Institute of History and Philology, Taipei City. 3183:. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China. 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 695:Kyōto daigaku jimbunkagaku kenkyūshozō kōkotsumoji 2478:(Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. 1614:, p. 7, only four rib bones have been found. 1376:(yarrow) in connection with the hexagrams of the 2876: 2840: 487:Reconstruction of oracle bone pit YH127 at Yinxu 373:dynasties, and perhaps starting as early as the 2019: 3383:High-resolution digital images of oracle bones 3329:"The Unsung Canadian Some Knew as 'Old Bones'" 4111: 3994: 3456: 1321:corpus, and one that has a single character ( 1091:Tortoise plastron with divination inscription 458: 62: 8: 2996:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2950:Oracle Bone Collections in the United States 2933:. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society. 2377: 1509:over 100,000 pieces have been found in all. 4141: 4118: 4104: 4096: 4001: 3987: 3979: 3482: 3463: 3449: 3441: 3389:Couling-Chalfant oracle bone collection 甲骨 3303:Now issued by Joint Publishing, Hong Kong. 3068:Early China: a social and cultural history 2912: 2900: 2888: 2765: 2753: 2744:, p. 8, note 25 cites KK 1973.2 p.74. 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2545: 2530: 2518: 2501: 2476:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Book 2461: 2449: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2353: 2341: 2290: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 1911: 1836: 1804: 1792: 1682: 1598: 1586: 79: 42: 3299:Chinese Writing: Its Origin and Evolution 3153: 2864: 2828: 2801: 2777: 2437: 2365: 2203: 2179: 2079: 2052: 2007: 1899: 1777: 1716: 3070:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2150:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 818: 3167:. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, Limited. 2852: 1923: 1770: 1673:Some cattle scapulae were also tribute. 1435: 3048:. Berkeley: University of California. 2915:, p. 9 cites Zhāng Guangyuan 1972 132: 29: 3391:(Or 7694/1506–2125), British Library. 2314: 2302: 1875: 48:A Shang dynasty oracle bone from the 7: 3165:Oracle Records from the Waste of Yin 3011:——— (1978b). "The 2121: 2106: 2094: 1986: 1887: 1694: 1611: 1456: 795:Ox scapula recording divinations by 3327:York, Geoffrey (January 19, 2008). 3179:. Transl. by Gilbert L. Mattos and 2789: 2641: 1974: 1863: 1851: 1821: 1746: 1232:Changes in the nature of divination 1174:Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches 1095:The oracle bones are mostly turtle 3017:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 2952:. University of California Press. 2816: 2673: 2658: 2620: 2572: 2557: 2425: 2329: 2191: 2167: 2064: 2040: 1944:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 1661: 1640: 1488: 1472: 596:Ji Yin xu wen zi ying tie hui bian 25: 3344:Journal of East Asian Archaeology 3301:. Macau: University of East Asia. 3177:Chinese writing (Wenzixue gaiyao) 3107:Journal of East Asian Archaeology 1143:Holes drilled into an oracle bone 1079:are often used for this process. 1033:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project 396:In 1899, an antiques dealer from 1477:The Compendium of Materia Medica 1253:Evidence of pre-Anyang pyromancy 2242:, pp. 97–98, 139–140, 203. 325:ink, which degraded over time. 234: 213: 199: 176: 155: 3278:——— (2022). 3237:——— (2015). 3044:——— (2000). 2948:Chou, Hung-hsiang 周鴻翔 (1976). 2708:, pp. 3, 4, n. 11 and 12. 1205: 1199: 1178: 1123: 962: 938: 929: 920: 911: 902: 893: 869: 860: 851: 842: 797: 761: 750: 739:Zhanhou Jingjin xinhuo jiaguji 738: 727: 716: 705: 694: 683: 672: 661: 650: 639: 628: 617: 606: 595: 584: 573: 562: 551: 131: 115: 101: 63: 1: 4543:Religion in the Shang dynasty 3280:Chinese History: A New Manual 3261:Chinese History: A New Manual 762:Zhanhou Ninghu xinhuo jiaguji 285: 280: – during the 3422:Winds of the Four Directions 3385:, Cambridge Digital Library. 3015:and Shang-Chou Chronology". 1215: 1007:beginning of the subsequent 383:traditional Chinese medicine 276: – a form of 4533:Objects used for divination 3297:Woon Wee Lee (雲惟利) (1987). 2020:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 1152:Cracking and interpretation 454: 436:in Henan. In 1908, scholar 4574: 3356:10.1163/156852302322454602 3163:Menzies, James M. (1917). 3119:10.1163/156852302322454585 2929:Boltz, William G. (2003). 2230:, pp. 31, 92–93, 203. 1297:) in Liaoning, and Qijia ( 1109:earliest Shang stratum at 472:Japanese invasion of China 4020: 3481: 3430:National Library of China 2970:; Goldman, Merle (2006). 2623:, p. 28, citing the 1942:. Jianzhen Wei. Beijing: 1936:Wang, Yuxin; 王宇信 (2010). 1914:, pp. xiii, 185–187. 1564:Dong also included kings 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1322: 1306: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1274: 1266: 1259: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1128: 966: 942: 933: 924: 915: 906: 897: 873: 864: 855: 846: 804:during the reign of king 801: 756: 745: 733: 722: 711: 700: 689: 678: 667: 656: 645: 634: 623: 612: 601: 590: 579: 568: 557: 546: 500: 475:Studies was established. 459: 338:Doubting Antiquity School 332:, using an early form of 255: 78: 41: 37: 2392:, pp. 116, 174–175. 2356:, pp. 174–175, 228. 1445:Neolithic signs in China 1370:Spring and Autumn period 408:, the chancellor of the 385:practice of grinding up 4492:List of writing systems 4203:Broussonetia papyrifera 4190:Folding-book manuscript 4173:Bamboo and wooden slips 3663:Cowrie-shell divination 3307:Xu Yahui (許雅惠) (2002). 2146:See Linfu Dong (2005). 1424:Bamboo and wooden slips 1293:) in Hebei, Níngchéng ( 585:Yin xu shu qi qian bian 444:bone" in his 1906 book 389:fossils into tonics or 4014:religion and mythology 3377:Oracle Bone Collection 3199:Shaughnessy, Edward L. 2720:, pp. 3, 6, n.16. 2137:, August 12, 2006, p.1 1461:Shāng–Yīn dìwáng bĕnjì 1165: 1164:in a worship ceremony. 1144: 1092: 808: 775:(1978–1982) edited by 488: 400:who was searching for 381:, in reference to the 362: 4216:Corypha umbraculifera 3426:World Digital Library 2877:Shaughnessy 1985–1987 2841:Shaughnessy 1985–1987 2474:Raven, James (2020). 2464:, p. 7, note 21. 2218:, pp. xiii, 139. 1475:, pp. 4–5 cites 1159: 1142: 1090: 794: 651:yīn xū shū qì xù biān 486: 446:Early Chinese Writing 357: 295:) in ancient China. 4523:Chinese inscriptions 4518:Archaeology of China 2972:China: a new history 1193:shape. The character 728:Tieyun canggui shiyi 574:Yinxu wenzi bingbian 479:Official excavations 468:James Mellon Menzies 293: 1250 BCE 3409:Guījiǎ shòugǔ wénzì 3257:Wilkinson, Endymion 3155:10.1017/RDC.2020.90 3146:2021Radcb..63..155L 2990:Keightley, David N. 2968:Fairbank, John King 2867:, pp. 158–165. 2855:, pp. 173–174. 2804:, pp. 160–171. 2780:, pp. 143–160. 2440:, pp. 142–143. 2428:, pp. 328–330. 2416:, pp. 226–228. 2344:, pp. 428–429. 2317:, pp. 352–354. 2278:, pp. 113–116. 2266:, pp. 139–140. 2206:, pp. 685–686. 2055:, pp. 681–682. 751:Yinxu wenzi cunzhen 552:Yinxu wenzi jiabian 423:bronze inscriptions 272:which were used in 4528:Chinese inventions 4487:History of writing 3732:Tarot card reading 3334:The Globe and Mail 3205:. 11/12: 146–163. 3092:. 11/12: 173–176. 2756:, p. 6, n.16. 1289:in Henan, Cixian ( 1166: 1145: 1093: 1048:Ken-ichi Takashima 809: 563:Yinxu wenzi yibian 489: 363: 334:Chinese characters 311:oracle bone script 4505: 4504: 4360: 4359: 4303:Photographic film 4093: 4092: 4080:Wheel of the Year 3976: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3770:Spirit possession 3318:978-957-562-420-0 3289:978-0-674-26018-4 3270:978-0-674-06715-8 3248:978-3-447-19355-9 3229:978-0-295-80450-7 3077:978-0-521-71981-0 2792:, pp. 41–42. 2599:, pp. 13–14. 2485:978-0-19-870298-6 2156:978-0-8020-3869-2 1953:978-7-5004-8878-1 1807:, pp. 40–42. 1795:, pp. 33–35. 1038:Book of Documents 1004: 1003: 673:Yinqizhiyi xubian 448:, which was then 315:thermal expansion 264:are pieces of ox 259: 258: 251: 250: 194:Yale Romanization 89:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 4565: 4497:Written language 4415:Electronic media 4372:Electronic paper 4345:Textile printing 4142: 4131:writing material 4120: 4113: 4106: 4097: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3980: 3726:Sortes Sanctorum 3483: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3442: 3359: 3338: 3337:. pp. F4–5. 3322: 3302: 3293: 3274: 3252: 3241:. Harrassowitz. 3233: 3214: 3194: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3122: 3101: 3081: 3059: 3040: 3007: 2985: 2963: 2944: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2891:, p. 4 n.4. 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2662: 2656: 2645: 2639: 2630: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2505: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2144: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2083: 2077: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1840: 1834: 1825: 1819: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1781: 1775: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1621: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1583: 1577: 1562: 1556: 1546: 1542: 1539:and Hu Houxuan ( 1538: 1534: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1470: 1464: 1454: 1448: 1440: 1324: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1276: 1268: 1261: 1218: 1207: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1180: 1130: 1125: 1059:Shang divination 968: 964: 944: 940: 935: 931: 926: 922: 917: 913: 908: 904: 899: 895: 875: 871: 866: 862: 857: 853: 848: 844: 828:Common diviners 819: 803: 799: 763: 758: 752: 747: 740: 735: 729: 724: 718: 717:Jiagu zhuihebian 713: 707: 702: 696: 691: 690:京都大學人文科学研究所蔵甲骨文字 685: 680: 674: 669: 663: 658: 652: 647: 641: 636: 630: 625: 619: 614: 608: 603: 597: 592: 586: 581: 575: 570: 564: 559: 553: 548: 502: 462: 461: 457: 452:into Chinese as 410:Imperial Academy 294: 290: 287: 247: 246: 216: 215: 202: 201: 181: 180: 179: 158: 157: 137: 136: 135: 120: 119: 118: 104: 103: 80: 66: 65: 46: 30: 21: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4482:Writing systems 4470: 4391:Carrier objects 4386: 4356: 4256:Other materials 4251: 4245:Cyperus papyrus 4158:Trema micrantha 4133: 4124: 4094: 4089: 4016: 4007: 3977: 3968: 3893:Fortune-telling 3837: 3781: 3741: 3634: 3603: 3565: 3527: 3477: 3469: 3367: 3362: 3341: 3326: 3319: 3306: 3296: 3290: 3277: 3271: 3255: 3249: 3236: 3230: 3217: 3197: 3191: 3171: 3162: 3125: 3104: 3084: 3078: 3062: 3056: 3043: 3029:10.2307/2718906 3010: 3004: 2988: 2982: 2966: 2960: 2947: 2941: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2913:Keightley 1978a 2911: 2907: 2901:Keightley 1978a 2899: 2895: 2889:Keightley 1978a 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2766:Keightley 1978a 2764: 2760: 2754:Keightley 1978a 2752: 2748: 2742:Keightley 1978a 2740: 2736: 2730:Keightley 1978a 2728: 2724: 2718:Keightley 1978a 2716: 2712: 2706:Keightley 1978a 2704: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2648: 2640: 2633: 2619: 2615: 2609:Keightley 1978a 2607: 2603: 2597:Keightley 1978a 2595: 2591: 2585:Keightley 1978a 2583: 2579: 2571: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2546:Keightley 1978a 2544: 2537: 2531:Keightley 1978a 2529: 2525: 2519:Keightley 1978a 2517: 2508: 2502:Keightley 1978a 2500: 2493: 2486: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2462:Keightley 1978a 2460: 2456: 2450:Keightley 1978a 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2414:Keightley 1978a 2412: 2408: 2402:Keightley 1978a 2400: 2396: 2390:Keightley 1978a 2388: 2384: 2378:Liu et al. 2021 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2354:Keightley 1978a 2352: 2348: 2342:Keightley 1978b 2340: 2336: 2328: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2291:Keightley 1978a 2289: 2282: 2276:Keightley 1978a 2274: 2270: 2264:Keightley 1978a 2262: 2258: 2252:Keightley 1978a 2250: 2246: 2240:Keightley 1978a 2238: 2234: 2228:Keightley 1978a 2226: 2222: 2216:Keightley 1978a 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2113: 2109:, pp. 1–2. 2105: 2101: 2093: 2086: 2078: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1954: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1912:Keightley 1978a 1910: 1906: 1902:, p. 1278. 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1843: 1839:, p. xiii. 1837:Keightley 1978a 1835: 1828: 1820: 1811: 1805:Keightley 1978a 1803: 1799: 1793:Keightley 1978a 1791: 1784: 1780:, p. 1277. 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1683:Keightley 1978a 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1622: 1618: 1609: 1605: 1599:Keightley 1978a 1597: 1593: 1587:Keightley 1978a 1584: 1580: 1563: 1559: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1471: 1467: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1400: 1365: 1363:After the Shang 1315: 1255: 1234: 1154: 1137: 1085: 1061: 1043:David Keightley 789: 536: 497:Academia Sinica 481: 430:Boxer Rebellion 402:Chinese bronzes 352: 330:Chinese writing 292: 288: 240: 177: 116: 71:Literal meaning 52: 50:Shanghai Museum 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4571: 4569: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4510: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4475:Related topics 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4429: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4237: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4199: 4196:Streblus asper 4187: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4161: 4148: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3798:Cephalonomancy 3795: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3688:Obi divination 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3648:Astragalomancy 3644: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3589:Crystal gazing 3586: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3414: 3405: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3366: 3365:External links 3363: 3361: 3360: 3339: 3324: 3317: 3304: 3294: 3288: 3275: 3269: 3253: 3247: 3234: 3228: 3215: 3195: 3189: 3169: 3160: 3140:(1): 155–175. 3123: 3102: 3082: 3076: 3060: 3054: 3041: 3023:(2): 423–438. 3008: 3002: 2986: 2980: 2964: 2958: 2945: 2939: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2879:, p. 147. 2869: 2865:Takashima 2015 2857: 2845: 2843:, p. 155. 2833: 2831:, p. 141. 2829:Takashima 2012 2821: 2819:, p. 118. 2806: 2802:Takashima 2012 2794: 2782: 2778:Takashima 2012 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2688: 2678: 2663: 2646: 2631: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2562: 2550: 2535: 2523: 2506: 2491: 2484: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2438:Takashima 2012 2430: 2418: 2406: 2404:, p. 228. 2394: 2382: 2380:, p. 165. 2370: 2368:, p. 142. 2366:Takashima 2012 2358: 2346: 2334: 2332:, p. 331. 2319: 2307: 2305:, p. 353. 2295: 2293:, p. 174. 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2204:Wilkinson 2013 2196: 2184: 2182:, p. 684. 2180:Wilkinson 2013 2172: 2160: 2139: 2126: 2111: 2099: 2084: 2082:, p. 682. 2080:Wilkinson 2013 2069: 2057: 2053:Wilkinson 2013 2045: 2024: 2012: 2010:, p. 681. 2008:Wilkinson 2013 1991: 1979: 1967: 1952: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1900:Wilkinson 2022 1892: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1841: 1826: 1809: 1797: 1782: 1778:Wilkinson 2022 1769: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1751: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1717:Keightley 2000 1708: 1699: 1687: 1675: 1666: 1654: 1645: 1633: 1616: 1603: 1591: 1578: 1557: 1520: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1481: 1465: 1449: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1396: 1364: 1361: 1314: 1311: 1309:) Park phase. 1254: 1251: 1233: 1230: 1153: 1150: 1136: 1133: 1084: 1081: 1060: 1057: 1028:lunar eclipses 1002: 1001: 999: 990: 986: 985: 983: 974: 970: 969: 959: 950: 946: 945: 890: 881: 877: 876: 839: 834: 830: 829: 826: 823: 788: 785: 767: 766: 754: 743: 731: 720: 709: 698: 687: 676: 665: 654: 643: 632: 621: 610: 599: 588: 577: 566: 555: 535: 532: 523: 522: 519: 516: 480: 477: 463:in the 1930s. 351: 348: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 241:Kap-kut ( 235:Kah-kut ( 231: 225: 224: 218: 217: 210: 204: 203: 196: 190: 189: 187:Yue: Cantonese 183: 182: 173: 167: 166: 160: 159: 152: 146: 145: 139: 138: 128: 122: 121: 112: 106: 105: 98: 92: 91: 85: 84: 83:Transcriptions 76: 75: 74:Shell and bone 72: 68: 67: 60: 54: 53: 47: 39: 38: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4570: 4559: 4558:Bone carvings 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4548:Writing media 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4538:Shang dynasty 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3793:Anthropomancy 3791: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3584:Catoptromancy 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3556:Rhapsodomancy 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3498:Alectryomancy 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3190:1-55729-071-7 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3055:1-55729-070-9 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013:Bamboo Annals 3009: 3005: 3003:0-520-02969-0 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2981:0-674-01828-1 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2959:0-520-09534-0 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2940:0-940490-18-8 2936: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2676:, p. 32. 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2661:, p. 30. 2660: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2644:, p. 62. 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2626:Rites of Zhou 2622: 2617: 2614: 2611:, p. 18. 2610: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2587:, p. 11. 2586: 2581: 2578: 2575:, p. 24. 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2560:, p. 22. 2559: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2533:, p. 10. 2532: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2254:, p. 31. 2253: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2194:, p. 10. 2193: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2067:, p. 16. 2066: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2022:, p. 33. 2021: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1977:, p. 60. 1976: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1854:, p. 49. 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1824:, p. 61. 1823: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610:According to 1607: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1585:According to 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1436: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Fufeng County 1334: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1312: 1310: 1304: 1288: 1280: 1272: 1263: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1202: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1170: 1163: 1158: 1151: 1149: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1000: 998: 994: 991: 988: 987: 984: 982: 978: 975: 972: 971: 965: 960: 958: 954: 951: 948: 947: 941: 932: 923: 914: 905: 896: 891: 889: 885: 882: 879: 878: 872: 863: 854: 845: 840: 838: 835: 832: 831: 827: 824: 821: 820: 817: 815: 807: 800: 793: 786: 784: 782: 778: 774: 773: 772:Jiaguwen Heji 764: 755: 753: 744: 741: 732: 730: 721: 719: 710: 708: 699: 697: 688: 686: 677: 675: 666: 664: 655: 653: 644: 642: 633: 631: 622: 620: 611: 609: 607:Yinxu cuibian 600: 598: 589: 587: 578: 576: 567: 565: 556: 554: 545: 544: 543: 541: 533: 531: 529: 520: 517: 514: 513: 512: 510: 506: 503:) village at 498: 494: 485: 478: 476: 473: 469: 464: 456: 451: 447: 441: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 360: 356: 349: 347: 345: 341: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 306: 304: 300: 299: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 254: 244: 238: 232: 230: 226: 223: 219: 211: 209: 205: 197: 195: 191: 188: 184: 174: 172: 168: 165: 161: 153: 151: 147: 144: 140: 134: 129: 127: 123: 113: 111: 107: 99: 97: 93: 90: 86: 81: 77: 73: 69: 61: 59: 55: 51: 45: 40: 36: 31: 19: 4424: 4420: 4297: 4262:Animal skin 4243: 4226: 4214: 4201: 4194: 4182: 4163: 4156: 3910:Mesopotamian 3903: 3888:Cledonomancy 3863: 3833:Scapulimancy 3812: 3808:Omphalomancy 3737:Tasseography 3724: 3712: 3683:Molybdomancy 3518:Ornithomancy 3421: 3417: 3408: 3395: 3371:Oracle bones 3347: 3343: 3332: 3308: 3298: 3279: 3260: 3238: 3219: 3202: 3181:Jerry Norman 3176: 3164: 3137: 3131: 3110: 3106: 3089: 3067: 3045: 3020: 3016: 3012: 2993: 2971: 2949: 2930: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2853:Li 1985–1987 2848: 2836: 2824: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2691: 2681: 2624: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2553: 2548:, p. 9. 2526: 2521:, p. 8. 2504:, p. 3. 2475: 2469: 2457: 2452:, p. 7. 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2337: 2310: 2298: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2170:, p. 9. 2163: 2147: 2142: 2135:Anyang Ribao 2134: 2129: 2102: 2097:, p. 1. 2060: 2048: 2043:, p. 4. 2015: 1982: 1970: 1938: 1931: 1926:, p. 2. 1924:Menzies 1917 1919: 1907: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1800: 1773: 1754: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1711: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1669: 1657: 1648: 1636: 1619: 1606: 1594: 1581: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1528: 1523: 1514: 1505: 1496: 1484: 1476: 1468: 1463:, pp. 18–21. 1460: 1452: 1438: 1384:Eastern Zhou 1377: 1366: 1357:Tang dynasty 1353:Duke of Zhou 1350: 1335: 1327: 1318: 1316: 1273:and Qiūwān ( 1264: 1256: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1226: 1221:onomatopoeia 1204: 1198: 1188: 1177: 1171: 1167: 1146: 1122: 1119: 1094: 1076:scapulimancy 1074: 1071:plastromancy 1070: 1064: 1062: 1053: 1036: 1016:60-day cycle 1013: 1009:Zhou dynasty 1005: 961: 937: 928: 919: 910: 901: 892: 868: 859: 850: 841: 810: 796: 770: 768: 760: 749: 737: 726: 715: 704: 693: 682: 671: 660: 649: 638: 627: 616: 605: 594: 583: 572: 561: 550: 537: 524: 490: 465: 445: 442: 427: 415:Zhou dynasty 395: 379:dragon bones 364: 342: 327: 319:Zhou dynasty 307: 303:plastromancy 302: 298:Scapulimancy 296: 262:Oracle bones 261: 260: 222:Southern Min 171:Romanization 150:Romanization 96:Hanyu Pinyin 18:Plastromancy 4553:Oraculology 4432:Inscription 4365:Impermanent 4328:Clay tablet 4298:Oracle bone 4165:Ficus aurea 4145:Plant-based 4050:Eschatology 3813:Oracle bone 3786:Somatomancy 3755:Gastromancy 3708:Runic magic 3703:Rhabdomancy 3579:Aspidomancy 3533:Bibliomancy 3493:Ailuromancy 3486:Theriomancy 3396:Yīnxū shūqì 3350:: 335–357. 3203:Early China 3133:Radiocarbon 3113:: 321–333. 3090:Early China 2922:Works cited 1623:such as ox 1355:during the 1330:Daxinzhuang 1313:Other sites 1211:Old Chinese 1135:Preparation 981:Wen Wu Ding 814:Dong Zuobin 684:Yinqi yizhu 534:Publication 406:Wang Yirong 387:Pleistocene 375:Han dynasty 359:Wang Yirong 344:Oraculology 289: 1050 268:and turtle 214:Gaap3 gwat1 33:Oracle bone 4512:Categories 4449:Palimpsest 4444:Manuscript 4437:Bas-relief 4382:Skywriting 4338:Wax tablet 4318:Petroglyph 4178:Birch bark 4070:Golden Age 4065:Heortology 4060:Eviternity 4045:Divination 3952:Revelation 3915:Numerology 3878:Apparition 3760:Mediumship 3747:Necromancy 3658:Cartomancy 3640:Cleromancy 3630:Hydromancy 3620:Capnomancy 3599:Oculomancy 3513:Myrmomancy 3475:divination 3472:Methods of 3402:Luo Zhenyu 3173:Qiu, Xigui 3086:Li, Xueqin 2315:Zhang 2002 2303:Zhang 2002 1876:Boltz 2003 1766:References 1629:talus bone 1414:Tung Shing 777:Hu Houxuan 706:Yiqi yicun 438:Luo Zhenyu 291: – c. 282:Late Shang 278:divination 156:Chiaʔ-kueʔ 110:Wade–Giles 4456:Microform 4350:Silk text 4266:Parchment 4223:Palm leaf 3925:Isopsephy 3883:Astrology 3873:Apophenia 3828:Rumpology 3823:Podomancy 3818:Palmistry 3668:Favomancy 3653:Belomancy 3625:Aeromancy 3615:Pyromancy 3608:Elemental 2992:(1978a). 2122:York 2008 2107:Chou 1976 2095:Chou 1976 1987:Chou 1976 1962:690131145 1888:Woon 1987 1695:Chou 1976 1612:Chou 1976 1457:Chou 1976 1115:Zhengzhou 1097:plastrons 1083:Materials 1066:pyromancy 957:Kang Ding 781:Guo Moruo 757:戰後寧滬新獲甲骨集 734:戰後京津新獲甲骨集 591:集殷虛文字楹帖彙編 540:fascicles 493:Fu Sinian 391:poultices 350:Discovery 274:pyromancy 200:Gaap-gwāt 4408:Notebook 4324:Tablets 4313:Geoglyph 4291:Stamping 4286:Intaglio 4228:Borassus 4211:Ola leaf 4138:Enduring 4075:Prophecy 4055:Eternity 4030:Calendar 3947:Prophecy 3920:Gematria 3898:Geomancy 3803:Haruspex 3777:Taghairm 3698:Opon Ifá 3508:Myomancy 3259:(2013). 3211:23351457 3175:(2000). 3098:23351461 3066:(2013). 3064:Li, Feng 2790:Qiu 2000 2642:Qiu 2000 1975:Qiu 2000 1864:Qiu 2000 1852:Qiu 2000 1822:Qiu 2000 1747:Qiu 2000 1570:Xiao Xin 1566:Pan Geng 1419:Futomani 1398:See also 1162:Xiao Jia 1113:(modern 1111:Erligang 1106:Liaoning 1101:carapace 1024:branches 618:Houshang 398:Shandong 323:cinnabar 284:period ( 270:plastron 208:Jyutping 4427:(baton) 4282:Metals 4240:Papyrus 4127:Writing 4040:Destiny 4035:Deities 3957:Ecstasy 3937:Onmyodo 3904:I Ching 3849:African 3673:Kumalak 3594:Dowsing 3571:Scrying 3546:Falnama 3142:Bibcode 3037:2718906 2817:Li 2013 2674:Xu 2002 2659:Xu 2002 2621:Xu 2002 2573:Xu 2002 2558:Xu 2002 2426:Li 2002 2330:Li 2002 2192:Xu 2002 2168:Xu 2002 2065:Xu 2002 2041:Xu 2002 1662:Xu 2002 1641:Xu 2002 1625:humerus 1574:Xiao Yi 1489:Xu 2002 1473:Xu 2002 1409:Jiaobei 1404:Kau Cim 1386:, Han, 1379:I Ching 1374:milfoil 1342:Shaanxi 1287:Erlitou 1279:Jiangsu 1238:Wu Ding 953:Lin Xin 884:Zu Geng 837:Wu Ding 806:Wu Ding 640:Cuibian 495:at the 450:calqued 434:Tangyin 266:scapula 178:Gap-gut 117:Chia-ku 58:Chinese 4461:Scroll 4377:Screen 4271:Vellum 4183:Betula 3962:Vision 3942:Oracle 3865:Sikidy 3765:Séance 3720:Sortes 3714:Sikidy 3678:Mengdu 3561:Virgil 3503:Augury 3411:龜甲獸骨文字 3315: 3286: 3267: 3245: 3226: 3209: 3187: 3096: 3074: 3052: 3035: 3000: 2978: 2956: 2937: 2482: 2154: 1960: 1950: 1390:, and 1346:Di Xin 997:Di Xin 888:Zu Jia 822:Period 787:Dating 765:(1951) 746:殷墟文字存真 742:(1954) 723:鐵雲藏龜拾遺 668:殷契摭佚續編 646:殷虛書契續編 629:Houxia 580:殷虛書契前編 569:殷墟文字丙編 558:殷墟文字乙編 547:殷墟文字甲編 505:Anyang 229:Tâi-lô 4425:Shaku 4403:Codex 4333:Slate 4308:Stone 4235:Paper 4152:Amate 3859:Nggàm 3842:Other 3693:Opele 3551:Homer 3541:Bible 3523:Nggàm 3207:JSTOR 3094:JSTOR 3033:JSTOR 2686:p.161 1543:) as 1535:) as 1430:Notes 1303:Gansu 1301:) in 1277:) in 1271:Hebei 1269:) in 1020:stems 993:Di Yi 977:Wu Yi 861:Zhēng 825:Kings 798:Zhēng 712:甲骨綴合編 662:Kikkō 528:Yinxu 509:Li Ji 455:jiǎgǔ 419:Liu E 164:Hakka 102:Jiǎgǔ 4466:Sign 4398:Book 4129:and 4085:Yuga 4025:Aeon 4010:Time 3932:Omen 3398:殷虛書契 3313:ISBN 3284:ISBN 3265:ISBN 3243:ISBN 3224:ISBN 3185:ISBN 3072:ISBN 3050:ISBN 2998:ISBN 2976:ISBN 2954:ISBN 2935:ISBN 2480:ISBN 2152:ISBN 1958:OCLC 1948:ISBN 1572:and 1553:Heji 1549:Heji 1529:Heji 1527:The 1392:Qing 1388:Tang 1319:Hebu 1216:*puk 1073:and 1022:and 912:Xíng 870:Xuān 779:and 701:殷契佚存 679:殷契遺珠 602:殷墟萃編 371:Tang 369:and 243:lit. 237:col. 4278:Ink 4012:in 3854:Ifá 3420:or 3418:四方风 3400:by 3352:doi 3150:doi 3115:doi 3025:doi 1627:or 1545:总编辑 1541:胡厚宣 1533:郭沫若 1283:鹿寺村 1267:台西村 1260:南關外 1203:or 1124:Què 1018:of 949:III 939:Chū 930:Yǐn 852:Bīn 843:Què 501:小屯村 367:Sui 126:IPA 4514:: 4421:Hu 3428:. 3346:. 3331:. 3148:. 3138:63 3136:. 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