297:
production. However, a benefit is that the slag itself is chemically inert and safe to handle (certain materials may affect the content of the gas produced, however). Shredding waste to small uniform particles before entering the main chamber is generally required. This creates an efficient transfer
359:
can be recovered from the slag and eventually sold as a commodity. Inert slag produced from some processes is granulated and can be used in construction. A portion of the syngas produced feeds on-site turbines, which power the plasma torches and thus support the feed system.
850:
814:
832:
233:
passing through the plasma created by the arc. The torch's temperature ranges from 2,000 to 14,000 °C (3,600 to 25,200 °F). The temperature of the plasma reaction determines the structure of the plasma and forming gas.
289:. Content and consistency of the waste directly impacts performance of a plasma facility. Pre-sorting to extract treatable material for the gasification provides consistency. Too much inorganic material such as metal and
1299:
499:. The compact system being used will treat all combustible solid waste generated on board the ship. After having completed factory acceptance testing in Montreal, the system is scheduled to be shipped to the
483:
Energy recovery from waste streams using plasma gasification is currently implemented in a total of one (possibly two) installation(s) representing a treatment capacity of 25-30 tonnes per day of waste.
480:
Plasma torch gasification is used commercially for waste disposal at a total of five sites worldwide with a combined design capacity of 200 tonnes of waste per day, half of which is biomass waste.
781:
557:
Moustakasa, K.; Fattab, D.; Malamisa, S.; Haralambousa, K.; et al. (2005-08-31). "Demonstration plasma gasification/vitrification system for effective hazardous waste treatment".
848:, Titus, Charles H.; Daniel R. Cohn & Jeffrey E. Surma, "Arc Plasma-Melter Electro Conversion System for Waste Treatment and Resource ...", published 1997-09-16
433:
Gasification with starved combustion and rapid quenching of syngas from elevated temperatures can avoid the production of dioxins and furans that are common to incinerators
1303:
1374:
1255:
387:
Some processes are designed to recover fly ash, bottom ash, and most other particulates, for 95% or better diversion from landfills, and no harmful emissions of
532:
1346:
830:, Springer, Marlin D.; William C. Burns & Thomas Barkley, "Apparatus and Method for Treating Hazardous Waste", published 1996-07-09
1137:
1325:
864:
Lemmens, Bert; Helmut
Elslander; Ive Vanderreydt; Kurt Peys; et al. (2007). "Assessment of Plasma Gasification of High Caloric Waste Streams".
789:
651:
493:
475:
692:
Bratsev, A. N.; Popov, V. E.; Rutberg, A. F.; Shtengel’, S. V. (2006). "A Facility for Plasma
Gasification of Waste of Various Types".
812:, Camacho, Salvador L., "Method for the Gasification of Carbonaceous Matter by Plasma Arc Pyrolysis", published 1980-01-01
785:
719:
Huang, H.; Lan Tang; C. Z. Wu (2003). "Characterization of
Gaseous and Solid Product from Thermal Plasma Pyrolysis of Waste Rubber".
1411:
907:
Mountouris, A.; E. Voutsas; D. Tassios (2008). "Plasma
Gasification of Sewage Sludge: Process Development and Energy Optimization".
341:
1207:
597:
Kalinenko, R. A.; Kuznetsov, A. P.; Levitsky, A. A.; Messerle, V. E.; et al. (1993). "Pulverized coal plasma gasification".
1144:
1165:
559:
1072:
Pourali, M. (2010). "Application of Plasma
Gasification Technology in Waste to Energy #x2014;Challenges and Opportunities".
599:
667:
1380:
1273:
1259:
1396:
1029:
Tendler, Michael; Philip
Rutberg; Guido van Oost (2005-05-01). "Plasma Based Waste Treatment and Energy Production".
1397:
Department of Trade and
Industry - Using thermal plasma technology to create a valuable product from hazardous waste
626:
Messerle, V. E.; Ustimenko, A. B. (2007). "Solid Fuel Plasma
Gasification". In Syred, Nick; Khalatov, Artem (eds.).
1421:
1416:
500:
242:
757:
1148:
1002:
Huang, Haitao; Lan Tang (2007). "Treatment of
Organic Waste Using Thermal Plasma Pyrolysis Technology".
333:
in the waste stream are not broken down but melted, which includes glass, ceramics, and various metals.
1232:
1240:
1081:
1038:
947:
728:
635:
630:
Advanced
Combustion and Aerothermal Technologies. Environmental Protection and Pollution Reductions
274:
146:
409:
330:
290:
336:
The high temperature and lack of oxygen prevents the formation of many toxic compounds such as
1097:
1054:
889:
881:
647:
576:
492:
The US Navy is employing Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System (PAWDS) on its latest generation
1274:"Alter NRG Announces Commissioning of Biomass Gasifier at Waste To Liquids Facility in China"
301:
Steam is sometimes added into gasification processes to increase the generation of hydrogen (
1089:
1046:
1011:
984:
955:
916:
873:
736:
701:
639:
627:
608:
568:
522:
517:
282:
154:
102:
527:
427:
318:
302:
286:
158:
142:
118:
628:
462:
Little or even negative net energy production when taking into account all energy inputs.
17:
1085:
1042:
951:
732:
449:
Large initial investment costs relative to that of alternatives, including landfill and
225:. A strong electric current under high voltage passes between the two electrodes as an
405:
349:
174:
106:
1211:
1050:
988:
1405:
423:
246:
1348:
Air Products abandons plans for plasma-based energy from waste plants in Tees Valley
960:
935:
1169:
1147:, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering. p. 23. Archived from
1015:
920:
512:
450:
393:
Potential production of vitrified slag which could be used as construction material
238:
226:
162:
126:
122:
74:
1138:
Solid Waste Conversion: A review and database of current and emerging technologies
572:
877:
27:
Thermal process converting organic matter into synthesis gas using a plasma torch
846:
828:
810:
436:
Air emissions can be cleaner than landfills and similar to that of incinerators.
416:
388:
1256:"The Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System to Reduce Waste Aboard CVN-78, pg. 13"
671:
459:
Wet feed stock results in less syngas production and higher energy consumption.
352:
in the flame itself. However, dioxins are formed during cooling of the syngas.
1192:
1093:
975:
Jimbo, Hajime (1996). "Plasma Melting and Useful Application of Molten Slag".
705:
643:
230:
1376:
The Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System to Reduce Waste Aboard CVN-78, pg. 13
1101:
1058:
885:
356:
262:
218:
202:
190:
178:
170:
130:
893:
580:
1277:
1115:
380:
The main advantages of plasma torch technologies for waste treatment are:
1300:"Second Plasma Gasification Plant for Teesside Following Government Deal"
445:
Main disadvantages of plasma torch technologies for waste treatment are:
369:
322:
250:
210:
198:
114:
612:
397:
278:
214:
150:
69:
740:
401:
314:
294:
258:
206:
134:
110:
84:
337:
254:
222:
194:
1379:, Seaframe - Carderock Division Publication, 2008, archived from
1258:. Seaframe - Carderock Division Publication. 2008. Archived from
1190:
Czekaj, Laura (2008-12-07). "Mechanical problems plague Plasco".
261:). Molecular dissociation using plasma is referred to as "plasma
668:"The Recovered Energy System: Discussion on Plasma Gasification"
166:
138:
88:
372:, but most attempt to recover gaseous and/or solid resources.
141:
remaining as a byproduct. It is used commercially as a form of
345:
298:
of energy which enable sufficient breakdown of the materials.
257:. The resulting elemental components are in a gaseous phase (
456:
Operational costs are high relative to that of incineration.
1136:
Williams, R.B.; Jenkins, B.M.; Nguyen, D. (December 2003).
1233:"INEOS Bio Commercializes bioenergy technology in Florida"
1210:. US Air Force Special Operations Command. Archived from
1208:"AFSOC makes 'green' history while investing in future"
1168:. A Partnership for a Zero Waste Ottawa. Archived from
273:
The feedstock for plasma waste treatment is most often
465:
Frequent maintenance and limited plant availability.
1326:"Air Products Will Exit Energy-from-Waste Business"
293:increases slag production, which in turn decreases
80:
63:
53:
43:
35:
384:Preventing hazardous waste from reaching landfills
1116:"National Cheng Kung University - Tainan, Taiwan"
241:. Only at these extreme conditions can molecular
776:
774:
145:, and has been tested for the gasification of
113:(synthesis gas) which is primarily made up of
533:Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster
368:Some plasma gasification reactors operate at
8:
936:"Plasma Processing of Municipal Solid Waste"
552:
550:
548:
281:waste, or both. Feedstocks may also include
30:
592:
590:
1276:(Press release). Alter NRG. Archived from
503:shipyard for installation on the carrier.
29:
959:
237:The waste is heated, melted and finally
1302:. Waste Management News. Archived from
1074:IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy
544:
721:Environmental Science & Technology
600:Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing
189:Small plasma torches typically use an
752:
750:
476:Plasma gasification commercialization
7:
1031:Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
101:is an extreme thermal process using
758:"How Stuff Works- Plasma Converter"
786:United States Department of Energy
54:Main technologies or sub-processes
25:
634:. Springer Netherlands. pp.
1298:Messenger, Ben (12 April 2013).
1004:Energy Conversion and Management
909:Energy Conversion and Management
1145:University of California, Davis
961:10.1590/S0103-97332004000800015
1016:10.1016/j.enconman.2006.08.013
934:Leal-Quirós, Edbertho (2004).
921:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.01.025
560:Journal of Hazardous Materials
253:are separated into individual
67:Municipal and industrial waste
1:
989:10.1016/S0956-053X(96)00087-6
573:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.038
355:Metals resulting from plasma
197:where larger torches require
940:Brazilian Journal of Physics
878:10.1016/j.wasman.2006.07.027
1328:(Press release). 2016-04-04
1051:10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/016
422:Safe means to destroy both
419:products (metals) from slag
229:. Pressurized inert gas is
221:, along with various other
1438:
473:
317:consists predominantly of
129:is used to ionize gas and
1094:10.1109/TSTE.2010.2061242
706:10.1007/s10740-006-0099-7
644:10.1007/978-1-4020-6515-6
18:Plasma arc waste disposal
1412:Sustainable technologies
412:into fuels or chemicals.
245:occur by breaking apart
497:-class aircraft carrier
400:waste into combustible
31:Plasma Arc gasification
313:Pure highly calorific
782:"Plasma Gasification"
92:Separated metal scrap
1306:on 28 September 2015
1262:on December 1, 2012.
1118:. PEAT International
133:organic matter into
44:Industrial sector(s)
1383:on December 1, 2012
1166:"About the Project"
1086:2010ITSE....1..125P
1043:2005PPCF...47A.219T
952:2004BrJPh..34.1587L
733:2003EnST...37.4463H
331:Inorganic compounds
287:hazardous materials
275:refuse-derived fuel
147:refuse-derived fuel
99:Plasma gasification
59:Plasma electrolysis
32:
613:10.1007/BF01447176
501:Huntington Ingalls
291:construction waste
1422:Thermal treatment
1417:Plasma processing
946:(4B): 1587–1593.
872:(11): 1562–1569.
741:10.1021/es034193c
727:(19): 4463–4467.
653:978-1-4020-6515-6
470:Commercialization
370:negative pressure
251:Complex molecules
96:
95:
16:(Redirected from
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1385:
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1280:on March 7, 2013
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1010:(4): 1331–1337.
999:
993:
992:
977:Waste Management
972:
966:
965:
963:
931:
925:
924:
915:(8): 2264–2271.
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898:
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866:Waste Management
861:
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837:
836:
835:
831:
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797:
788:. Archived from
778:
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766:
765:
754:
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710:
709:
694:High Temperature
689:
683:
682:
680:
679:
670:. Archived from
664:
658:
657:
633:
623:
617:
616:
594:
585:
584:
567:(1–3): 120–126.
554:
523:Waste management
518:Staged reforming
428:hazardous wastes
408:and heat or for
283:biomedical waste
155:industrial waste
47:Waste management
33:
21:
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1241:Biomass Program
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528:Waste to energy
509:
490:
478:
472:
443:
426:and many other
378:
366:
346:nitrogen oxides
328:
319:carbon monoxide
311:
303:steam reforming
271:
247:molecular bonds
187:
159:hazardous waste
143:waste treatment
119:carbon monoxide
105:which converts
91:
87:
72:
68:
58:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1391:External links
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1199:
1182:
1157:
1154:on 2007-04-15.
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1107:
1080:(3): 125–130.
1064:
1021:
994:
983:(5): 417–422.
967:
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700:(6): 823–828.
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607:(1): 141–167.
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541:
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495:Gerald R. Ford
489:
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474:Main article:
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420:
415:Production of
413:
406:electric power
396:Processing of
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350:sulfur dioxide
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125:powered by an
107:organic matter
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1244:. 2011-11-21.
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441:Disadvantages
440:
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315:synthesis gas
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52:
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42:
38:
34:
19:
1381:the original
1375:
1369:
1363:
1353:, retrieved
1351:, 2016-04-05
1347:
1341:
1330:. Retrieved
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1293:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:the original
1268:
1260:the original
1250:
1239:
1227:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1202:
1191:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:the original
1160:
1149:the original
1131:
1120:. Retrieved
1110:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1037:(5A): A219.
1034:
1030:
1024:
1007:
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943:
939:
929:
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908:
902:
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859:
841:
823:
805:
794:. Retrieved
790:the original
762:. Retrieved
760:. 2007-04-25
724:
720:
714:
697:
693:
687:
676:. Retrieved
672:the original
662:
629:
621:
604:
598:
564:
558:
513:Gasification
494:
491:
488:Military use
482:
479:
451:incineration
444:
379:
367:
354:
335:
312:
300:
272:
243:dissociation
236:
227:electric arc
188:
163:hydrocarbons
161:, and solid
127:electric arc
123:plasma torch
98:
97:
75:hydrocarbons
36:Process type
417:value-added
389:toxic waste
1406:Categories
1355:2016-04-06
1332:2016-04-06
1284:2013-01-29
1218:2011-04-28
1193:Ottawa Sun
1176:2009-04-10
1143:(Report).
1122:2009-04-09
796:2010-08-07
764:2012-09-09
678:2008-10-20
540:References
376:Advantages
269:Feedstocks
205:vary from
203:electrodes
165:, such as
81:Product(s)
57:Plasma arc
1102:1949-3029
1059:0741-3335
886:0956-053X
410:synthesis
364:Equipment
357:pyrolysis
321:(CO) and
263:pyrolysis
239:vaporized
219:zirconium
191:inert gas
179:oil shale
171:oil sands
64:Feedstock
894:17134888
581:15878635
507:See also
323:hydrogen
211:tungsten
199:nitrogen
193:such as
131:catalyze
115:hydrogen
39:Chemical
1310:29 July
1082:Bibcode
1039:Bibcode
948:Bibcode
729:Bibcode
424:medical
398:biomass
342:dioxins
279:biomass
231:ionized
215:hafnium
185:Process
175:petcoke
151:biomass
137:, with
109:into a
70:Biomass
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402:syngas
338:furans
309:Yields
295:syngas
259:syngas
223:alloys
207:copper
201:. The
135:syngas
111:syngas
103:plasma
85:Syngas
73:Solid
49:Energy
1236:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
1141:(PDF)
535:NEPIC
348:, or
255:atoms
195:argon
121:. A
1312:2013
1098:ISSN
1055:ISSN
890:PMID
882:ISSN
648:ISBN
577:PMID
404:for
285:and
177:and
167:coal
139:slag
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1090:doi
1047:doi
1012:doi
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