450:, received from the T cell during differentiation. Differentiation through a T cell-independent antigen stimulation (stimulation of a B cell that does not require the involvement of a T cell) can happen anywhere in the body and results in short-lived cells that secrete IgM antibodies. The T cell-dependent processes are subdivided into primary and secondary responses: a primary response (meaning that the T cell is present at the time of initial contact by the B cell with the antigen) produces short-lived cells that remain in the extramedullary regions of lymph nodes; a secondary response produces longer-lived cells that produce IgG and IgA, and frequently travel to the bone marrow. For example, plasma cells will likely secrete
403:
221:
47:
488:(LLPC). LLPC mainly reside in the bone marrow for a long period of time and secrete antibodies, thus providing long-term protection. LLPC can maintain antibody production for decades or even for the lifetime of an individual, and, unlike B cells, LLPC do not need antigen restimulation to generate antibodies. Human LLPC population can be identified as
443:, cannot act as antigen-presenting cells because they no longer display MHC-II, and do not take up antigen because they no longer display significant quantities of immunoglobulin on the cell surface. However, continued exposure to antigen through those low levels of immunoglobulin is important, as it partly determines the cell's lifespan.
414:
The most immature blood cell that is considered of plasma cell lineage is the plasmablast. Plasmablasts secrete more antibodies than B cells, but less than plasma cells. They divide rapidly and are still capable of internalizing antigens and presenting them to T cells. A cell may stay in this state
538:
Originally it was thought that the continuous production of antibodies is a result of constant replenishment of short-lived plasma cells by memory B cell re-stimulation. Recent findings, however, show that some PC are truly long-lived. The absence of antigens and the depletion of B cells does not
501:
The long-term survival of LLPC are dependent on a specific environment in the bone marrow, the plasma cell survival niche. Removal of an LLPC from its survival niche results in its rapid death. A survival niche can only support limited number of LLPC, thus the niche's environment must protect its
465:
Plasma cells can only produce a single kind of antibody in a single class of immunoglobulin. In other words, every B cell is specific to a single antigen, but each cell can produce several thousand matching antibodies per second. This prolific production of antibodies is an integral part of the
534:
from active B cells but there are also long-lived PC, suggesting the existence of a similar survival niche. Tissue specific niches that allow for the survival of LLPC have been also described in nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT), human tonsillar lymphoid tissues and human mucosa or
543:
independently of B cells. LLPC in bone marrow are the main source of circulating IgG in humans. Even though IgA production is traditionally associated with mucosal sites, some plasma cells in bone marrow also produce IgA. LLPC in bone marrow have been observed producing
889:
Merino Tejero, Elena; Lashgari, Danial; García-Valiente, Rodrigo; Gao, Xuefeng; Crauste, Fabien; Robert, Philippe A.; Meyer-Hermann, Michael; Martínez, María Rodríguez; van Ham, S. Marieke; Guikema, Jeroen E. J.; Hoefsloot, Huub; van Kampen, Antoine H. C. (2020).
539:
appear to have an effect on the production of high-affinity antibodies by the LLPC. Prolonged depletion of B cells (with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment that affects B cells but not PC) also did not affect antibody titres. LLPC secrete high levels of
326:(SLAMF7). This antigen is expressed at high levels on normal human plasma cells. It is also expressed on malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma. Compared with CD138, which disappears rapidly ex vivo, the expression of CD319 is considerably more stable.
211:
to the site of the target antigen (foreign substance), where they initiate its neutralization or destruction. B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules closely modeled after the receptors of the precursor B cell.
1504:
van Laar, Jacob M.; Melchers, Marc; Teng, Y. K. Onno; van der Zouwen, Boris; Mohammadi, Rozbeh; Fischer, Randy; Margolis, Leonid; Fitzgerald, Wendy; Grivel, Jean-Charles; Breedveld, Ferdinand C.; Lipsky, Peter E. (September 2007).
389:
or plasma cells. Most of these B cells will become plasmablasts (or "immature plasma cells"), and eventually plasma cells, and begin producing large volumes of antibodies. Some B cells will undergo a process known as
1954:"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma: a review of the current understanding of epidemiology, biology, risk stratification, and management of myeloma precursor disease"
415:
for several days, and then either die or irrevocably differentiate into a mature, fully differentiated plasma cell. Differentiation of mature B cells into plasma cells is dependent upon the transcription factors
502:
LLPC cells but be able to accept new arrivals. The plasma cell survival niche is defined by a combination of cellular and molecular factors and though it has yet to be properly defined, molecules such as
1554:
Huard, Bertrand; McKee, Thomas; Bosshard, Carine; Durual, Stéphane; Matthes, Thomas; Myit, Samir; Donze, Olivier; Frossard, Christophe; Chizzolini, Carlo; Favre, Christiane; Zubler, Rudolf (2008-07-01).
1934:
394:. This process favors, by selection for the ability to bind antigen with higher affinity, the activation and growth of B cell clones able to secrete antibodies of higher affinity for the antigen.
484:
The current findings suggest that after the process of affinity maturation in germinal centers, plasma cells develop into one of two types of cells: short-lived plasma cells (SLPC) or
892:"Multiscale Modeling of Germinal Center Recapitulates the Temporal Transition From Memory B Cells to Plasma Cells Differentiation as Regulated by Antigen Affinity-Based Tfh Cell Help"
2415:
622:
584:
362:
method. First, the B cells must encounter a foreign antigen and are then required to be activated by T helper cells before they differentiate into specific cells.
2856:
148:
579:
of the plasma cells. Multiple myeloma is frequently identified because malignant plasma cells continue producing an antibody, which can be detected as a
2408:
358:). These T cells bind to the MHC II-antigen molecule and cause activation of the B cell. This is a type of safeguard to the system, similar to a
1802:
Longmire RL, McMillan R, Yelenosky R, Armstrong S, Lang JE, Craddock CG (October 1973). "In vitro splenic IgG synthesis in
Hodgkin's disease".
2018:
1120:
Radbruch, Andreas; Muehlinghaus, Gwendolin; Luger, Elke O.; Inamine, Ayako; Smith, Kenneth G. C.; Dörner, Thomas; Hiepe, Falk (October 2006).
2045:
1000:
958:
834:
717:
1704:"Maintenance of long-lived plasma cells and serological memory despite mature and memory B cell depletion during CD20 immunotherapy in mice"
530:
antibodies and contribute to mucosal immunity. Recent findings suggest that plasma cells in the gut do not necessarily need to be generated
1939:
1449:"Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Is a Site of Long-Term Virus-Specific Antibody Production following Respiratory Virus Infection of Mice"
462:(a process completed before differentiation into a plasma cell), these antibodies frequently have a very high affinity for their antigen.
2264:
2401:
284:
Terminally differentiated plasma cells express relatively few surface antigens, and do not express common pan-B cell markers, such as
2849:
1055:
1030:
870:
750:
71:
3248:
2747:
2300:
590:
564:
155:
587:
is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by the secretion of a myeloma protein into the blood and may lead to multiple myeloma.
1614:"Long-lived plasma cells are generated in mucosal immune responses and contribute to the bone marrow plasma cell pool in mice"
1408:"Long-lived plasma cells are generated in mucosal immune responses and contribute to the bone marrow plasma cell pool in mice"
1242:
1225:
2742:
523:
440:
446:
The lifespan, class of antibodies produced, and the location that the plasma cell moves to also depends on signals, such as
2685:
2223:
515:
339:
143:
3130:
2842:
2345:
2315:
2295:
2333:
2328:
2168:
269:
75:
Micrograph of a plasma cell with distinct clear perinuclear region of the cytoplasm, which contains large numbers of
3167:
2571:
1557:"APRIL secreted by neutrophils binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans to create plasma cell niches in human mucosa"
272:
combined with a well-developed Golgi apparatus makes plasma cells well-suited for secreting immunoglobulins. Other
1880:"Long-lived antigen-induced IgM plasma cells demonstrate somatic mutations and contribute to long-term protection"
312:
is a good marker for plasma cells; naïve B cells are CD27−, memory B-cells are CD27+ and plasma cells are CD27++.
3155:
2992:
2938:
2038:
359:
3192:
3187:
2950:
594:
370:
131:
119:
2131:
2751:
2509:
2372:
467:
335:
256:
in a characteristic cartwheel or clock face arrangement. Their cytoplasm also contains a pale zone that on
3258:
3089:
2773:
2491:
2427:
2215:
651:
485:
479:
305:
3041:
3202:
2720:
2576:
2554:
2254:
2231:
2207:
782:
Frigyesi I, Adolfsson J, Ali M, Christophersen MK, Johnsson E, Turesson I, et al. (February 2014).
617:
603:
is caused by the deposition of excess immunoglobulin light chains which are secreted from plasma cells.
511:
459:
522:
have been shown to play a role in the survival of LLPC. LLPC can also be found, to a lesser degree, in
1177:"Long-Lived Plasma Cells Are Contained within the CD19(-)CD38(hi)CD138(+) Subset in Human Bone Marrow"
136:
3268:
3253:
3046:
2737:
2670:
2581:
2505:
2278:
2095:
2031:
1891:
1756:
1367:"Plasma cell survival is mediated by synergistic effects of cytokines and adhesion-dependent signals"
572:
2393:
3263:
3197:
3125:
3051:
2982:
2797:
2732:
2715:
2549:
2467:
2287:
2126:
1175:
Halliley JL, Tipton CM, Liesveld J, Rosenberg AF, Darce J, Gregoretti IV, et al. (July 2015).
597:
from lymphocytes to plasma cells. The result is a low serum antibody level and risk of infections.
568:
391:
257:
3015:
2617:
2259:
2246:
1157:
764:
3182:
3177:
2665:
2431:
2310:
2191:
2110:
2090:
1991:
1973:
1917:
1860:
1819:
1784:
1725:
1684:
1643:
1635:
1594:
1576:
1536:
1486:
1468:
1429:
1388:
1347:
1306:
1288:
1247:
1206:
1149:
1141:
1102:
1051:
1026:
996:
992:
985:
954:
931:
913:
866:
840:
830:
805:
756:
746:
713:
184:
3243:
3108:
3030:
2785:
2725:
2697:
2692:
2660:
2647:
2637:
2183:
2159:
2012:
1981:
1965:
1907:
1899:
1850:
1811:
1774:
1764:
1715:
1674:
1625:
1584:
1568:
1526:
1518:
1476:
1460:
1419:
1378:
1337:
1296:
1278:
1237:
1196:
1188:
1133:
1092:
1084:
921:
903:
795:
738:
560:
545:
540:
527:
455:
245:
220:
208:
95:
402:
2680:
2175:
1878:
Bohannon C, Powers R, Satyabhama L, Cui A, Tipton C, Michaeli M, et al. (June 2016).
1839:"Blood-borne human plasma cells in steady state are derived from mucosal immune responses"
1365:
Cassese G, Arce S, Hauser AE, Lehnert K, Moewes B, Mostarac M, et al. (August 2003).
1073:"Bone marrow is a major site of long-term antibody production after acute viral infection"
382:
366:
261:
253:
188:
3172:
1267:"Factors Affecting Early Antibody Secreting Cell Maturation Into Long-Lived Plasma Cells"
1895:
1760:
1702:
DiLillo DJ, Hamaguchi Y, Ueda Y, Yang K, Uchida J, Haas KM, et al. (January 2008).
59:), many displaying characteristic "clockface nuclei", also seen in normal plasma cells.
46:
3135:
2915:
2874:
2707:
2652:
2593:
2513:
2486:
1986:
1953:
1912:
1879:
1779:
1744:
1589:
1531:
1506:
1301:
1266:
1201:
1176:
926:
891:
600:
386:
293:
225:
1679:
1662:
1481:
1448:
1097:
1072:
276:
in a plasma cell include ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plasma membrane.
3237:
3020:
2945:
2675:
2564:
2382:
2364:
2202:
2164:
2085:
1464:
507:
503:
351:
1161:
1088:
768:
338:(APC) and internalizes offending antigens, which are taken up by the B cell through
3160:
3010:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2642:
2627:
2622:
2559:
2457:
2197:
2100:
1612:
Lemke, A; Kraft, M; Roth, K; Riedel, R; Lammerding, D; Hauser, A E (January 2016).
683:
556:
407:
204:
90:
76:
56:
31:
1969:
1265:
Nguyen, Doan C.; Joyner, Chester J.; Sanz, Iñaki; Lee, F. Eun-Hyung (2019-09-11).
229:
60:
1855:
1838:
1837:
Mei HE, Yoshida T, Sime W, Hiepe F, Thiele K, Manz RA, et al. (March 2009).
1192:
800:
783:
742:
665:
124:
3147:
3056:
2969:
2933:
2923:
2865:
2377:
2075:
1815:
1383:
1366:
1122:"Competence and competition: the challenge of becoming a long-lived plasma cell"
641:
Guyton and Hall
Textbook of Medical Physiology 14th edition: unit 6, chapter 35.
580:
378:
1749:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1720:
1703:
1522:
1507:"Sustained Secretion of Immunoglobulin by Long-Lived Human Tonsil Plasma Cells"
3117:
3084:
3066:
2964:
2765:
2518:
2424:
2054:
908:
829:. P. A. H. Moss, J. E. Pettit (6th ed.). Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.
249:
237:
196:
1977:
1639:
1580:
1472:
1342:
1325:
1292:
1283:
1145:
917:
844:
2974:
2959:
2823:
2528:
2350:
2305:
2153:
1769:
1406:
Lemke A, Kraft M, Roth K, Riedel R, Lammerding D, Hauser AE (January 2016).
612:
447:
381:, the activated B cell begins to differentiate into more specialized cells.
273:
265:
241:
1995:
1921:
1864:
1788:
1729:
1647:
1598:
1540:
1490:
1433:
1392:
1351:
1310:
1251:
1210:
1153:
935:
809:
760:
17:
1823:
1688:
1106:
824:
3218:
3094:
2928:
2813:
2598:
2586:
2544:
2498:
2462:
2119:
2070:
1556:
1121:
1903:
2818:
2632:
2481:
2452:
2338:
1630:
1613:
1424:
1407:
416:
200:
70:
2834:
1745:"Maintenance of the plasma cell pool is independent of memory B cells"
161:
2790:
2778:
2523:
2474:
2141:
2105:
2062:
1572:
1243:
10.1002/1521-4141(200204)32:4<923::aid-immu923>3.0.co;2-1
576:
374:
347:
192:
1137:
953:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 347.
495:
420:
401:
323:
316:
297:
219:
107:
949:
Glader B, Greer JG, Foerster J, Rodgers GC, Paraskevas F (2008).
784:"Robust isolation of malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma"
519:
492:
489:
451:
428:
424:
309:
301:
289:
285:
203:. These antibodies are transported from the plasma cells by the
2838:
2397:
2027:
823:
Hoffbrand, A. V. (2011). "Chapter 9 White Cells: Lymphocytes".
2023:
1025:. Vol. 67. S. Karger AG (Switzerland). pp. 103–104.
733:
Rawstron AC (May 2006). "Immunophenotyping of plasma cells".
342:
and processed. Pieces of the antigen (which are now known as
1743:
Ahuja A, Anderson SM, Khalil A, Shlomchik MJ (March 2008).
454:
antibodies if they matured in the presence of the cytokine
684:"Plasma Cell - LabCE.com, Laboratory Continuing Education"
199:
in response to being presented specific substances called
27:
White blood cell that secretes large volumes of antibodies
585:
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
350:
molecules, and presented on its extracellular surface to
1048:
Histology and cell biology: an introduction to pathology
1016:
1014:
1012:
1661:
Slifka MK, Antia R, Whitmire JK, Ahmed R (March 1998).
652:"Plasma Cell - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2015: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
365:
Upon stimulation by a T cell, which usually occurs in
884:
882:
334:
After leaving the bone marrow, the B cell acts as an
3211:
3146:
3116:
3107:
3077:
3029:
3003:
2908:
2882:
2873:
2806:
2764:
2706:
2607:
2537:
2445:
2438:
2363:
2286:
2277:
2245:
2140:
2061:
1326:"Staying alive: regulation of plasma cell survival"
983:Walport M, Murphy K, Janeway C, Travers PJ (2008).
623:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
142:
130:
118:
106:
101:
89:
84:
39:
984:
1663:"Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells"
1952:Agarwal, Amit; Ghobrial, Irene M. (2013-03-01).
1447:Liang, Bin; Hyland, Lisa; Hou, Sam (June 2001).
856:
854:
195:and secrete large quantities of proteins called
1071:Slifka MK, Matloubian M, Ahmed R (March 1995).
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
292:. Instead, plasma cells are identified through
1023:Human B Cell Populations (Chemical Immunology)
2850:
2409:
2039:
439:Unlike their precursors, plasma cells cannot
8:
535:mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT).
3113:
2879:
2857:
2843:
2835:
2442:
2416:
2402:
2394:
2283:
2146:
2046:
2032:
2024:
951:Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 2-Vol. Set
708:Bona C, Bonilla FA, Soohoo M (1996). "5".
319:(syndecan-1) is expressed at high levels.
69:
45:
1985:
1911:
1854:
1778:
1768:
1719:
1678:
1629:
1588:
1530:
1480:
1423:
1382:
1341:
1300:
1282:
1241:
1200:
1096:
925:
907:
865:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 189–191.
799:
593:is thought to be due to a problem in the
1021:Caligaris-Cappio F, Ferrarini M (1997).
458:. Since B cell maturation also involves
252:cytoplasm and an eccentric nucleus with
634:
991:. New York: Garland Science. pp.
861:Neuberger MS, Honjo T, Alt FW (2004).
712:(2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 102.
159:
36:
322:Another important surface antigen is
7:
2265:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
1804:The New England Journal of Medicine
1324:Tangye, Stuart G. (December 2011).
244:and a characteristic appearance on
1224:Manz RA, Radbruch A (April 2002).
296:by their additional expression of
25:
1561:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1511:The American Journal of Pathology
1050:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 275.
2301:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
1465:10.1128/JVI.75.11.5416-5420.2001
737:. Chapter. Chapter 6: Unit6.23.
591:Common variable immunodeficiency
156:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
1089:10.1128/jvi.69.3.1895-1902.1995
385:B cells may differentiate into
2743:Immunoglobulin class switching
1230:European Journal of Immunology
1226:"Plasma cells for a lifetime?"
735:Current Protocols in Cytometry
524:gut-associated lymphoid tissue
516:stromal cell-derived factor-1α
1:
1970:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2922
1680:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80541-5
565:Waldenström macroglobulinemia
340:receptor-mediated endocytosis
2346:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
2334:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
2329:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
2316:Uterine natural killer cells
2296:Cytokine-induced killer cell
1940:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1856:10.1182/blood-2008-04-153544
1193:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.016
863:Molecular biology of B cells
801:10.1182/blood-2013-09-529800
743:10.1002/0471142956.cy0623s36
1816:10.1056/nejm197310112891501
1384:10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1684
526:(GALT), where they produce
270:rough endoplasmic reticulum
3285:
2572:Polyclonal B cell response
2019:Histology at wadsworth.org
1721:10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.361
1523:10.2353/ajpath.2007.070005
477:
226:Dutcher and Russell bodies
29:
3156:Hypersegmented neutrophil
3063:Hemoglobin precipitation
2993:Hereditary stomatocytosis
2939:Hereditary elliptocytosis
2324:
2149:
2013:Histology image: 21001loa
1126:Nature Reviews Immunology
909:10.3389/fimmu.2020.620716
371:secondary lymphoid organs
360:two-factor authentication
154:
68:
44:
3188:Critical green inclusion
2979:Sickle cell/drepanocyte
2951:Hereditary spherocytosis
1958:Clinical Cancer Research
1343:10.1016/j.it.2011.09.001
1284:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02138
1046:Kierszenbaum AL (2002).
601:Primary amyloidosis (AL)
51:Micrograph of malignant
30:Not to be confused with
3249:Connective tissue cells
2920:Membrane abnormalities
2373:Hematopoietic stem cell
2132:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
1770:10.1073/pnas.0800555105
1271:Frontiers in Immunology
987:Janeway's immunobiology
896:Frontiers in Immunology
666:"Plasma cell - biology"
486:long-lived plasma cells
474:Long-lived plasma cells
468:humoral immune response
441:switch antibody classes
336:antigen-presenting cell
236:Plasma cells are large
3090:Red cell agglutination
2686:Tolerance in pregnancy
2428:adaptive immune system
710:Textbook of Immunology
480:Long-lived plasma cell
411:
306:Interleukin-6 receptor
260:contains an extensive
233:
187:that originate in the
2721:Somatic hypermutation
2555:Polyclonal antibodies
2550:Monoclonal antibodies
2279:Innate lymphoid cells
2255:Natural killer T cell
1884:Nature Communications
1708:Journal of Immunology
1371:Journal of Immunology
826:Essential haematology
618:Plasma cell dyscrasia
552:Clinical significance
460:somatic hypermutation
405:
398:Immature plasma cells
223:
3193:Alder–Reilly anomaly
3047:Basophilic stippling
2738:Junctional diversity
2506:Antigen presentation
1330:Trends in Immunology
573:plasma cell leukemia
315:The surface antigen
3168:Pelger–Huët anomaly
3126:Reactive lymphocyte
3052:Pappenheimer bodies
2983:Sickle cell disease
2733:V(D)J recombination
2716:Affinity maturation
2468:Antigenic variation
2247:Innate-like T cells
2127:Transitional B cell
1904:10.1038/ncomms11826
1896:2016NatCo...711826B
1761:2008PNAS..105.4802A
1453:Journal of Virology
1077:Journal of Virology
569:heavy chain disease
518:and signalling via
392:affinity maturation
258:electron microscopy
3016:Hypochromic anemia
1631:10.1038/mi.2015.38
1618:Mucosal Immunology
1425:10.1038/mi.2015.38
1412:Mucosal Immunology
412:
354:(sometimes called
346:) are loaded onto
344:antigenic peptides
234:
224:Plasma cells with
137:H2.00.03.0.01006
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3183:Toxic vacuolation
3178:Toxic granulation
3109:White blood cells
3103:
3102:
3042:Howell–Jolly body
2832:
2831:
2760:
2759:
2510:professional APCs
2391:
2390:
2359:
2358:
2273:
2272:
1459:(11): 5416–5420.
1002:978-0-8153-4123-9
960:978-0-7817-6507-7
836:978-1-118-29397-3
719:978-3-7186-0596-5
185:white blood cells
170:
169:
165:
16:(Redirected from
3276:
3198:Jordans' anomaly
3114:
3031:Inclusion bodies
2880:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2726:Clonal selection
2698:Immune privilege
2693:Immunodeficiency
2648:Cross-reactivity
2638:Hypersensitivity
2443:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2311:Adaptive NK cell
2284:
2147:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1949:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1573:10.1172/JCI33760
1567:(8): 2887–2895.
1551:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1286:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1018:
1007:
1006:
990:
980:
965:
964:
946:
940:
939:
929:
911:
886:
877:
876:
858:
849:
848:
820:
814:
813:
803:
779:
773:
772:
730:
724:
723:
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
680:
674:
673:
662:
656:
655:
648:
642:
639:
561:multiple myeloma
456:interferon-gamma
367:germinal centers
280:Surface antigens
246:light microscopy
209:lymphatic system
181:effector B cells
162:edit on Wikidata
96:Lymphatic system
73:
49:
37:
21:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3207:
3142:
3099:
3073:
3025:
2999:
2904:
2875:Red blood cells
2869:
2863:
2833:
2828:
2802:
2756:
2702:
2681:Clonal deletion
2609:
2603:
2533:
2434:
2422:
2392:
2387:
2355:
2320:
2269:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2136:
2114:
2057:
2052:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1336:(12): 595–602.
1323:
1322:
1318:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1138:10.1038/nri1886
1132:(10): 741–750.
1119:
1118:
1114:
1083:(3): 1895–902.
1070:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1003:
982:
981:
968:
961:
948:
947:
943:
888:
887:
880:
873:
860:
859:
852:
837:
822:
821:
817:
781:
780:
776:
753:
732:
731:
727:
720:
707:
706:
702:
692:
690:
682:
681:
677:
664:
663:
659:
650:
649:
645:
640:
636:
631:
609:
595:differentiation
554:
482:
476:
437:
400:
383:Germinal center
332:
282:
262:Golgi apparatus
254:heterochromatin
218:
189:lymphoid organs
166:
80:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:Russell bodies
3128:
3122:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:Developmental
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2916:Poikilocytosis
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2712:
2710:
2708:Immunogenetics
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2656:
2655:
2653:Co-stimulation
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2594:Immune complex
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Dendritic cell
2502:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2492:Conformational
2489:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2449:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2007:External links
2005:
2002:
2001:
1964:(5): 985–994.
1944:
1927:
1870:
1849:(11): 2461–9.
1829:
1794:
1755:(12): 4802–7.
1735:
1694:
1653:
1604:
1546:
1517:(3): 917–927.
1496:
1439:
1398:
1377:(4): 1684–90.
1357:
1316:
1257:
1216:
1167:
1112:
1063:
1056:
1038:
1031:
1008:
1001:
966:
959:
941:
878:
871:
850:
835:
815:
794:(9): 1336–40.
774:
751:
725:
718:
700:
675:
670:britannica.com
657:
643:
633:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
620:
615:
608:
605:
553:
550:
478:Main article:
475:
472:
436:
433:
399:
396:
387:memory B cells
356:T helper cells
331:
328:
294:flow cytometry
281:
278:
240:with abundant
217:
214:
177:plasma B cells
175:, also called
168:
167:
158:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
82:
81:
74:
66:
65:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Immune system
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3021:Polychromasia
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Clonal anergy
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2565:Microantibody
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2383:Prolymphocyte
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2365:Lymphopoiesis
2362:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:Memory T cell
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Cytotoxic CD8
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:Marginal zone
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:"Plasma cell"
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:(15): 763–7.
1809:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1714:(1): 361–71.
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1673:(3): 363–72.
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:(1): 132–45.
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1057:0-323-01639-1
1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1032:3-8055-6460-0
1028:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
998:
994:
989:
988:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
967:
962:
956:
952:
945:
942:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
885:
883:
879:
874:
872:0-12-053641-2
868:
864:
857:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
832:
828:
827:
819:
816:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
752:0-471-14295-6
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
726:
721:
715:
711:
704:
701:
689:
688:www.labce.com
685:
679:
676:
671:
667:
661:
658:
653:
647:
644:
638:
635:
628:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
606:
604:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
549:
547:
542:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
499:
497:
494:
491:
487:
481:
473:
471:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
409:
406:Plasmablast,
404:
397:
395:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
327:
325:
320:
318:
313:
311:
308:. In humans,
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
231:
230:H&E stain
227:
222:
215:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
163:
157:
153:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
135:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
111:
109:
105:
100:
97:
94:
92:
88:
83:
78:
72:
67:
62:
61:H&E stain
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3173:Döhle bodies
3161:Arneth count
3148:Granulocytes
3011:Anisochromia
2989:Stomatocyte
2900:Microcytosis
2895:Macrocytosis
2890:Anisocytosis
2643:Inflammation
2628:Alloimmunity
2623:Autoimmunity
2608:Immunity vs.
2560:Autoantibody
2458:Superantigen
2080:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1938:
1930:
1890:(1): 11826.
1887:
1883:
1873:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1624:(1): 83–97.
1621:
1617:
1607:
1564:
1560:
1549:
1514:
1510:
1499:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1418:(1): 83–97.
1415:
1411:
1401:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1236:(4): 923–7.
1233:
1229:
1219:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1047:
1041:
1022:
986:
950:
944:
899:
895:
862:
825:
818:
791:
787:
777:
734:
728:
709:
703:
691:. Retrieved
687:
678:
669:
660:
646:
637:
599:
589:
557:Plasmacytoma
555:
537:
531:
500:
483:
464:
445:
438:
413:
408:Wright stain
373:such as the
364:
355:
352:CD4+ T cells
343:
333:
321:
314:
283:
248:. They have
235:
232:, 100×, oil)
205:blood plasma
180:
176:
173:Plasma cells
172:
171:
112:
77:Golgi bodies
57:plasmacytoma
53:plasma cells
52:
32:blood plasma
3269:Lymphocytes
3254:Human cells
3131:Smudge cell
3118:Lymphocytes
3057:Cabot rings
2970:Schistocyte
2934:Elliptocyte
2924:Acanthocyte
2766:Lymphocytes
2425:Lymphocytic
2378:Lymphoblast
2076:Plasmablast
2055:Lymphocytes
581:paraprotein
379:lymph nodes
330:Development
268:. Abundant
238:lymphocytes
113:plasmocytus
102:Identifiers
40:Plasma cell
18:Plasmablast
3264:Immunology
3238:Categories
3203:Left shift
3085:Haemoconia
3067:Heinz body
2965:Echinocyte
2946:Spherocyte
2866:Blood film
2807:Substances
2671:Peripheral
2659:Inaction:
2538:Antibodies
2519:Macrophage
2432:complement
2192:Regulatory
2165:Helper CD4
2091:Follicular
902:: 620716.
629:References
304:, and the
274:organelles
266:centrioles
250:basophilic
197:antibodies
2975:Degmacyte
2960:Dacrocyte
2824:Cytolysin
2814:Cytokines
2661:Tolerance
2610:tolerance
2529:Immunogen
2351:LTi cells
2306:Null cell
2154:Thymocyte
1978:1557-3265
1640:1933-0219
1581:0021-9738
1473:0022-538X
1293:1664-3224
1146:1474-1733
918:1664-3224
845:768731797
613:Leukocyte
448:cytokines
242:cytoplasm
216:Structure
3219:Auer rod
3095:Rouleaux
2929:Codocyte
2868:findings
2774:Cellular
2618:Immunity
2616:Action:
2599:Paratope
2587:Idiotype
2577:Allotype
2545:Antibody
2499:Mimotope
2463:Allergen
2446:Antigens
2439:Lymphoid
2339:Nuocytes
2288:NK cells
2120:B10 cell
1996:23224402
1922:27270306
1865:18987362
1789:18339801
1730:18097037
1667:Immunity
1648:25943272
1599:18618015
1541:17690187
1491:11333927
1434:25943272
1393:12902466
1352:22001488
1311:31572364
1277:: 2138.
1252:11920557
1211:26187412
1181:Immunity
1162:23664563
1154:16977339
936:33613551
810:24385542
769:19511070
761:18770841
607:See also
435:Function
207:and the
201:antigens
3244:B cells
2819:Opsonin
2798:NK cell
2786:Humoral
2666:Central
2633:Allergy
2582:Isotype
2482:Epitope
2453:Antigen
2142:T cells
2071:B1 cell
2063:B cells
1987:3593941
1913:4899631
1892:Bibcode
1824:4542304
1780:2290811
1757:Bibcode
1689:9529153
1590:2447926
1532:1959503
1302:6749102
1202:4680845
1107:7853531
993:387–388
927:7892951
577:cancers
532:de novo
498:cells.
417:Blimp-1
193:B cells
125:D010950
85:Details
3004:Colour
2791:B cell
2779:T cell
2524:B cell
2487:Linear
2475:Hapten
2086:Memory
2081:Plasma
1994:
1984:
1976:
1920:
1910:
1863:
1822:
1787:
1777:
1728:
1687:
1646:
1638:
1597:
1587:
1579:
1539:
1529:
1489:
1482:114951
1479:
1471:
1432:
1391:
1350:
1309:
1299:
1291:
1250:
1209:
1199:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1105:
1098:188803
1095:
1054:
1029:
999:
957:
934:
924:
916:
869:
843:
833:
808:
767:
759:
749:
716:
693:2 June
571:, and
427:, and
375:spleen
348:MHC II
183:, are
91:System
3212:Other
3078:Other
2909:Shape
2198:Naïve
2106:Pre-B
2101:Naïve
1843:Blood
1158:S2CID
788:Blood
765:S2CID
512:TNF-α
496:CD138
421:PRDM1
324:CD319
317:CD138
298:CD138
160:[
149:70574
108:Latin
2883:Size
2430:and
2158:αβ (
2115:cell
1992:PMID
1974:ISSN
1918:PMID
1861:PMID
1820:PMID
1785:PMID
1726:PMID
1685:PMID
1644:PMID
1636:ISSN
1595:PMID
1577:ISSN
1537:PMID
1487:PMID
1469:ISSN
1430:PMID
1389:PMID
1348:PMID
1307:PMID
1289:ISSN
1248:PMID
1207:PMID
1150:PMID
1142:ISSN
1103:PMID
1052:ISBN
1027:ISBN
997:ISBN
955:ISBN
932:PMID
914:ISSN
867:ISBN
841:OCLC
831:ISBN
806:PMID
757:PMID
747:ISBN
714:ISBN
695:2018
575:are
520:CD44
508:IL-6
504:IL-5
493:CD38
490:CD19
452:IgG3
429:IRF4
425:BCL6
377:and
310:CD27
302:CD78
290:CD20
288:and
286:CD19
264:and
120:MeSH
2752:HLA
2748:MHC
2113:reg
1982:PMC
1966:doi
1937:at
1908:PMC
1900:doi
1851:doi
1847:113
1812:doi
1808:289
1775:PMC
1765:doi
1753:105
1716:doi
1712:180
1675:doi
1626:doi
1585:PMC
1569:doi
1565:118
1527:PMC
1519:doi
1515:171
1477:PMC
1461:doi
1420:doi
1379:doi
1375:171
1338:doi
1297:PMC
1279:doi
1238:doi
1197:PMC
1189:doi
1134:doi
1093:PMC
1085:doi
922:PMC
904:doi
796:doi
792:123
739:doi
546:IgM
541:IgG
528:IgA
369:of
191:as
179:or
144:FMA
3240::
2512::
2260:γδ
2234:VM
2226:RM
2218:EM
2210:CM
2190:/
2188:17
2182:/
2174:/
2171:FH
2167:/
1990:.
1980:.
1972:.
1962:19
1960:.
1956:.
1916:.
1906:.
1898:.
1886:.
1882:.
1859:.
1845:.
1841:.
1818:.
1806:.
1783:.
1773:.
1763:.
1751:.
1747:.
1724:.
1710:.
1706:.
1683:.
1669:.
1665:.
1642:.
1634:.
1620:.
1616:.
1593:.
1583:.
1575:.
1563:.
1559:.
1535:.
1525:.
1513:.
1509:.
1485:.
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1457:75
1455:.
1451:.
1428:.
1414:.
1410:.
1387:.
1373:.
1369:.
1346:.
1334:32
1332:.
1328:.
1305:.
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1275:10
1273:.
1269:.
1246:.
1234:32
1232:.
1228:.
1205:.
1195:.
1185:43
1183:.
1179:.
1156:.
1148:.
1140:.
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1101:.
1091:.
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1079:.
1075:.
1011:^
995:.
969:^
930:.
920:.
912:.
900:11
898:.
894:.
881:^
853:^
839:.
804:.
790:.
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686:.
668:.
583:.
567:,
563:,
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514:,
510:,
506:,
470:.
431:.
423:,
300:,
132:TH
2858:e
2851:t
2844:v
2750:/
2508:/
2417:e
2410:t
2403:v
2232:T
2224:T
2216:T
2208:T
2194:)
2186:h
2184:T
2180:3
2178:h
2176:T
2169:T
2111:B
2047:e
2040:t
2033:v
1998:.
1968::
1924:.
1902::
1894::
1888:7
1867:.
1853::
1826:.
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1759::
1732:.
1718::
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1671:8
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1422::
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1005:.
963:.
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847:.
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