479:
742:
605:, the species breeds in spring (e.g. from April) but in tropical parts of its range it times breeding to coincide with rainfall. Breeding is normally in single species colonies or in small single species groups amidst mixed-species colonies of other waterbirds such as herons, egrets and cormorants. Outside the breeding season Eurasian spoonbills forage singly or in small flocks of up to 100 individuals. Migration is usually conducted in flocks of up to 100 individuals. Most activity takes place during the morning and evening (although in coastal areas foraging is governed by tidal rhythms), they often roost communally in roosts which are up to 15 km (9.3 mi) away from the feeding areas.
579:
730:
490:
594:
715:
1545:
754:
656:
was in 1900. Through the 1900s, this breeding population was small and highly irregular, including long periods with none. The species became more thoroughly established in
Denmark in 1996 (where a few birds, likely from the Netherlands, arrived and began breeding) and its population has since rapidly increased with multiple colonies; first passing 100 pairs in 2011, and with almost 600 pairs as of 2021. It is likely that this northward spread has been aided by
703:
108:
232:
66:
42:
770:
445:
608:
The nest is a platform of sticks and vegetation which is either constructed on the ground on islands in lakes and rivers or in dense stands of reeds, bushes, mangroves or deciduous trees up to 5 m (16 ft) above the ground. Within colonies neighbouring nests are usually quite close together,
679:
Threats to the
Eurasian spoonbill include habitat loss and degradation by drainage and pollution, it is especially adversely affected by the disappearance of reed swamps. In Greece disturbance from fishing once caused the population to decline, and human exploitation of eggs and nestlings for food
655:
it rapidly increased from the 1980s, reaching almost 3000 pairs by 2015. Up to the early 2000s, in Europe only the
Netherlands, Spain, Austria, Hungary and Greece had sizeable breeding populations. The northernmost part of the Eurasian spoonbill's range is in Denmark where the first known breeding
637:, tadpoles and small fish up to 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long. It may also take algae or small fragments of aquatic plants (although these are possibly ingested accidentally with animal matter). They use sideways sweeps of their beaks to filter out the tiny fish and shrimps.
645:
Overall, the
Eurasian spoonbill is not threatened and the total global population was estimated at 63–65,000 mature birds in 2015. In Europe, the population experienced a significant decrease between 1960 and 1990, but since then it has been increasing and was estimated to number
463:. It has a crest in the breeding season. Non-breeders lack the crest and breast patch, and immature birds have a pale bill and black tips to the primary flight feathers. Unlike herons, spoonbills fly with their necks outstretched. The Eurasian spoonbill differs from the
1564:
451:
449:
446:
450:
609:
no more than 1 or 2 m (3.3 or 6.6 ft) apart. Breeding colonies are normally sited within 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) of feeding areas, often much less (although the species may also feed up to 35–40 km (22–25 mi) away).
448:
541:, be it fresh, brackish or saline water. They are especially attracted to locations with undisturbed islands for nesting and habitats with dense, riparian-emergent vegetation (e.g. reedbeds) and scattered trees/shrubs, especially
688:
2544:
478:
684:. Consequently, colonies are often restricted to islands free of ground predators; however, in some places, pairs in mainland colonies may breed successfully by nesting off the ground in trees and bushes.
529:
south to winter in southwestern Europe, the northern half of Africa or warm parts of Asia. However, some northern birds do remain in the general region during the winter, including the United
Kingdom, the
650:
29,000 mature birds in 2020. For example, in the
Netherlands, the population had reached a low point of less than 150 breeding pairs in 1968, but due to better habitat protection and bans of toxins like
497:
This species is found widely in Europe, Asia and Africa. In Europe, it breeds from the United
Kingdom and Portugal in the west, locally through the continent; ranging north to Denmark and east to the
601:
More northerly breeding populations are fully migratory but may only migrate short distances while other, more southerly populations are resident and nomadic or partially migratory. In the
741:
459:
This species is almost unmistakable in most of its range. The breeding bird is all white except for its dark legs, black bill with a yellow tip, and a yellow breast patch like a
668:. There were breeding attempts again in the mid-1990s, with the first successful breeding in 1998. This culminated with the formation of a small colony of 6 breeding pairs at
447:
537:
Eurasian spoonbills show a preference for extensive, shallow wetlands with muddy clay or fine, sandy beds. They may inhabit any type of marsh, river, lake, floodplain or
1301:]. Nederlandse Fauna 5 (in Dutch). Leiden: Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis, KNNV Uitgeverij & European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland. p. 88.
2674:
687:
The research network
Eurasian Spoonbill International Expert Group was formed in 1991. It made an action plan for the bird in 2008. In 2013 the group joined the
2726:
1508:
2858:
714:
293:, native to Europe, Africa and Asia. The species is partially migratory with the more northerly breeding populations mostly migrating south for the winter.
1614:
1430:
753:
729:
470:
They are mostly silent. Even at their breeding colonies the main sounds are bill snapping, occasional deep grunting and occasional trumpeting noises.
2635:
2687:
578:
1326:
565:
Eurasian spoonbills may also frequent sheltered marine habitats during the winter, such as deltas, estuaries, tidal creeks and coastal lagoons.
2752:
1449:
1306:
1053:
986:
978:
974:
2878:
1164:
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in 2010. In 2011, 8 breeding pairs nested, successfully fledging 14 young, and in 2018 the colony had increased to 28 breeding pairs.
888:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1184:
1118:
1200:
2873:
2804:
664:
around 1668, although in the previous century it had been a widespread breeding species in southern
England and Wales, even near
1225:
Lok, T.; Overdijk, O.; Horn, H.; Piersma, T. (2009). "De lepelaarpopulatie van de Waddenkomt het einde van de groei in zicht?".
2596:
1607:
310:
222:
489:
775:
2692:
1592:
1509:"International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian Spoonbill (Complete) (TS No.35) | AEWA"
680:
has threatened the species in the past. Breeding colonies are highly vulnerable to general disturbances and predators like
2713:
2518:
1494:
509:, as well as Kuwait, southern Iraq, Iran, southern Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka. In Africa, it breeds locally in coastal
1249:"Colony-breeding Eurasian Spoonbills in The Netherlands: local limits to population growth with expansion into new areas"
583:
2495:
2190:
1472:
912:
A Natural History of Birds : Illustrated with a Hundred and One Copper Plates, Curiously Engraven from the Life
2731:
2614:
1600:
1069:
769:
2868:
2653:
2627:
1534:
1134:
107:
593:
1556:
326:. Linnaeus cited works by earlier authors including the description and illustration by the English naturalist
702:
2835:
2437:
2359:
1041:
331:
2482:
2399:
362:
2500:
1551:
1105:
505:. In Asia, it breeds in a broad band across the central part of the continent, from the Black Sea to the
2778:
2329:
1804:
1751:
721:
378:
320:
202:
836:
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with which in overlaps in winter, in that the latter species has a red face and legs, and no crest.
2086:
1759:
1710:
1073:
958:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 267.
302:
55:
1907:
1434:
935:(in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 57.
1917:
1849:
1839:
1271:
102:
2783:
408:
2679:
2863:
2765:
2705:
2531:
2369:
2339:
2015:
1769:
1741:
1636:
1359:
1302:
1180:
1160:
1114:
1049:
1023:
982:
932:
Fauna svecica, sistens animalia sveciae regni mammalia, aves amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes
915:. Vol. 2. London: Printed for the author and sold by William Innys. p. 61, Plate 66.
522:
464:
382:
366:
290:
169:
2770:
2451:
2131:
1982:
1972:
1632:
1263:
1015:
1004:"Molecular phylogeny of the spoonbills (Aves: Threskiornithidae) based on mitochondrial DNA"
1002:
Chesser, R. Terry; Yeung, Carol K.L.; Yao, Cheng-Te; Tians, Xiu-Hua; Li, Shou-Hsien (2010).
891:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 139.
831:
661:
506:
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2739:
2349:
2164:
2061:
1525:
425:
374:
315:
1731:
1248:
813:
1582:
1544:
342:
and means "broad", referring to the distinctive shape of the bill; the specific epithet
2622:
2609:
1962:
1794:
906:
657:
538:
526:
381:. In England it was traditionally known as the "shovelard", a name later used for the
231:
159:
432:) was formerly considered as a subspecies.. Birds in Asia were sometimes separated as
2852:
2822:
2700:
2549:
2225:
1113:. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 472–507 .
1003:
926:
902:
882:
822:
531:
417:
399:
347:
327:
306:
218:
75:
70:
2523:
1275:
953:
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41:
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2096:
1937:
1872:
1701:
1570:
518:
17:
2510:
1405:
1380:
886:
2601:
2796:
2718:
2661:
2431:
2121:
1992:
1953:
1927:
1077:
2817:
2038:
1897:
1888:
1830:
1814:
1586:
1019:
949:
630:
602:
510:
389:
2422:
1027:
2308:
2255:
2180:
2141:
2077:
1785:
1628:
502:
286:
179:
119:
2588:
1408:. Dansk Ornitologisk Forening (Danish Ornithological Society). 26 July 2017
1383:. Dansk Ornitologisk Forening (Danish Ornithological Society). 18 June 2022
1267:
858:
521:
coasts. Whereas those breeding in warmer parts of Asia, in Africa and the
2416:
2112:
1577:
622:
139:
2474:
2830:
2640:
2459:
2294:
1687:
1682:
681:
673:
669:
558:
514:
483:
460:
689:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
2744:
1177:
Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status
665:
618:
542:
498:
129:
2666:
2562:
2393:
525:
are resident or only move locally, more northern breeders generally
1352:
392:
are recognised. These are listed below with their breeding ranges.
2791:
2557:
2283:
1671:
592:
587:
577:
488:
477:
443:
370:
339:
92:
86:
2575:
2757:
1652:
1624:
634:
626:
282:
278:
149:
2397:
2251:
1648:
1596:
1048:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 139.
652:
550:
334:
as Europe but restricted it to Sweden in 1761. The genus name
1495:"AEWA International Species Expert Groups (ISEG) | AEWA"
1325:
Nyegaard, T.; Meltofte, H.; Tofft, J.; Grell, M.B. (2014).
1381:"Varmere klima sender flere fuglearter nordpå til Danmark"
1078:"Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans"
1247:
Oudman, T.; de Goeij, P.; Piersma, T.; Lok, T. (2017).
369:
found that the Eurasian spoonbill is sister taxon to a
1450:"Spoonbills return to breed in the UK after 300 years"
1406:"Mange skestorke flokkes i det våde danske sommerland"
1109:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
2406:
2306:
2282:
2215:
2178:
2155:
2110:
2075:
2052:
2029:
2006:
1951:
1886:
1863:
1828:
1783:
1699:
1670:
402:, 1758 – Europe to north China, India and Sri Lanka
330:that was published in 1734. Linnaeus specified the
1327:"Truede og sjældne ynglefugle i Danmark 1998-2012"
1106:"Family Threskiornithidae (Ibises and Spoonbills)"
1104:
837:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22697555A155460986.en
1425:
1423:
1400:
1398:
1320:
1318:
1299:Atlas of the Breeding Birds of the Netherlands
1295:Atlas van de Nederlandse Broedvogels 1998–2000
482:Common spoonbill in Danube Biosphere Reserve,
1608:
1242:
1240:
8:
971:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1346:
1344:
1046:The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names
2394:
2288:
2279:
2248:
1676:
1667:
1645:
1615:
1601:
1593:
1543:
420:, 1928 – coasts of the Red Sea and Somalia
230:
64:
40:
31:
1467:
1465:
1463:
835:
353:meaning "spoonbill", itself derived from
1431:"Breeding spoonbills return to Holkham"
1331:Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift
789:
698:
244: Breeding (locally also wintering)
2654:eurasian-spoonbill-platalea-leucorodia
1583:Audio recordings of Eurasian spoonbill
944:
942:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
597:Museum specimen - île Kiji, Mauritania
1084:. International Ornithologists' Union
973:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
952:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
411:& Roux, F, 1974 – west Mauritania
7:
2836:42B018F0-3C38-4E29-A34B-9F9AA9C8F53F
2628:55d77a3f-d1d4-48ff-8df6-eff61b7eb1d6
2859:IUCN Red List least concern species
1433:. 12 September 2011. Archived from
823:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1111:Handbook of the Birds of the World
305:in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
25:
1103:Matheu, E.; del Hoyo, J. (1992).
747:1726 drawing by Jacobus Houbraken
365:study of the spoonbills based on
1565:Eurasian spoonbill photo gallery
1206:. BirdLife Europe. 1 August 2021
1179:. BirdLife International. 2004.
1082:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
955:Check-List of Birds of the World
812:BirdLife International (2019) .
768:
752:
740:
728:
713:
701:
660:. In the United Kingdom, it was
106:
1526:BirdLife species factsheet for
1448:Unwin, Brian (27 August 2000).
1289:Overdijk, O. (2002). "Lepelaar
1473:"Focus on: Eurasian Spoonbill"
1351:Holm, TS; et al. (2020).
776:New International Encyclopedia
761:The Garden of Earthly Delights
1:
720:Immature Eurasian spoonbill,
647:
617:The diet consists of aquatic
1657:subfamily: Threskiornithinae
1567:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1201:"European Red List of Birds"
513:, but more widely along the
2879:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
301:The Eurasian spoonbill was
2895:
1552:"Eurasian spoonbill media"
969:Jobling, James A. (2010).
493:in breeding plumage, Spain
49:Adult in breeding plumage
2291:
2278:
2247:
1679:
1666:
1644:
1571:Interactive range map of
1475:. BirdGuides. 2 July 2020
1353:"Fugle 2018-2019, NOVANA"
1020:10.11646/zootaxa.2603.1.2
830:: e.T22697555A155460986.
238:
229:
208:
201:
103:Scientific classification
101:
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
2191:Moloka'i flightless ibis
1557:Internet Bird Collection
1076:, eds. (December 2023).
1042:Lockwood, William Burley
474:Distribution and habitat
455:Eurasian spoonbill video
2874:Birds described in 1758
2360:Yellow-billed spoonbill
1623:Traditional listing of
658:increasing temperatures
1758:) and supporting page
1268:10.5253/arde.v105i2.a2
1155:Attenborough, D. 1998
598:
590:
494:
486:
456:
379:black-faced spoonbills
363:molecular phylogenetic
2779:Paleobiology Database
2330:Black-faced spoonbill
1805:White-shouldered ibis
1752:Australian white ibis
1535:"Platalea leucorodia"
722:Bundala National Park
596:
581:
569:Behaviour and ecology
492:
481:
454:
2623:Fauna Europaea (new)
2202:Maui flightless ibis
1764:T. moluccus pygmaeus
1721:Malagasy sacred ibis
1686:(prefix † indicates
859:"Appendices | CITES"
582:Migrant breeding in
2823:Platalea-leucorodia
2550:platalea-leucorodia
2452:Platalea_leucorodia
2438:Platalea leucorodia
2408:Platalea leucorodia
2087:American white ibis
1760:Solomons white ibis
1711:African sacred ibis
1573:Platalea leucorodia
1528:Platalea leucorodia
1291:Platalea leucorodia
816:Platalea leucorodia
324:Platalea leucorodia
270:Platalea leucorodia
212:Platalea leucorodia
56:Conservation status
35:Eurasian spoonbill
18:Platalea leucorodia
2320:Eurasian spoonbill
1918:Spot-breasted ibis
1850:Southern bald ibis
1840:Northern bald ibis
1578:IUCN Red List maps
1157:The Life of Birds.
1072:; Donsker, David;
759:Hieronymus Bosch:
633:, worms, leeches,
599:
591:
495:
487:
457:
319:under the current
303:formally described
265:Eurasian spoonbill
194:P. leucorodia
2846:
2845:
2766:Open Tree of Life
2400:Taxon identifiers
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2370:Roseate spoonbill
2340:African spoonbill
2302:
2301:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2016:Sharp-tailed ibis
1770:Straw-necked ibis
1746:T. melanocephalus
1742:Black-headed ibis
1695:
1694:
1637:Threskiornithidae
1360:Aarhus University
1308:978-90-5011-161-4
1074:Rasmussen, Pamela
1055:978-0-19-866196-2
988:978-1-4081-2501-4
523:Iberian Peninsula
465:African spoonbill
452:
383:northern shoveler
367:mitochondrial DNA
291:Threskiornithidae
261:
260:
170:Threskiornithidae
96:
79:
16:(Redirected from
2886:
2869:Birds of Eurasia
2839:
2838:
2826:
2825:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2773:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2722:
2721:
2719:NBNSYS0000000255
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2656:
2644:
2643:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:A0A584C1E7D786FE
2455:
2454:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2395:
2289:
2280:
2249:
2132:White-faced ibis
1983:Black-faced ibis
1973:Buff-necked ibis
1677:
1668:
1646:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1561:
1547:
1542:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1484:
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1480:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1173:
1167:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1038:
1032:
1031:
999:
993:
992:
966:
960:
959:
946:
937:
936:
923:
917:
916:
899:
893:
892:
879:
873:
872:
870:
869:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
839:
809:
772:
756:
744:
732:
717:
705:
649:
613:Food and feeding
507:Korean Peninsula
453:
397:P. l. leucorodia
275:common spoonbill
255:
249:
243:
234:
214:
111:
110:
90:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2743:
2740:Observation.org
2738:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2402:
2392:
2379:
2350:Royal spoonbill
2312:
2298:
2274:
2235:
2211:
2174:
2165:Madagascar ibis
2151:
2106:
2071:
2062:Bare-faced ibis
2048:
2025:
2002:
1967:T. caerulescens
1947:
1882:
1859:
1824:
1779:
1691:
1662:
1640:
1621:
1550:
1533:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1454:The Independent
1447:
1446:
1442:
1437:on 5 June 2014.
1429:
1428:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1378:
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1014:(2603): 53–60.
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426:royal spoonbill
373:containing the
316:Systema Naturae
299:
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253:
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105:
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2240:
2237:
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2234:
2233:
2230:X. xympithecus
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2210:
2209:
2198:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2126:P. falcinellus
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2043:M. cayennensis
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
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2012:
2010:
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2001:
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1990:
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1963:Plumbeous ibis
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1935:
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1915:
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1894:
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1802:
1795:Red-naped ibis
1791:
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1774:T. spinicollis
1767:
1749:
1739:
1728:
1718:
1715:T. aethiopicus
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332:type locality
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328:Eleazar Albin
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321:binomial name
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312:
311:tenth edition
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307:Carl Linnaeus
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239:Distribution
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71:Least Concern
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38:
33:
30:
19:
2407:
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2363:
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2343:
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2319:
2313:(spoonbills)
2307:
2293:
2267:
2261:
2229:
2216:
2205:
2194:
2179:
2168:
2156:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2111:
2100:
2097:Scarlet ibis
2090:
2076:
2065:
2053:
2042:
2030:
2019:
2007:
1997:T. branickii
1996:
1987:T. melanopis
1986:
1976:
1966:
1952:
1941:
1938:Wattled ibis
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1887:
1876:
1873:Crested ibis
1864:
1853:
1843:
1829:
1818:
1808:
1799:P. papillosa
1798:
1784:
1773:
1763:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1732:Réunion ibis
1724:
1714:
1702:Threskiornis
1700:
1681:
1572:
1555:
1538:
1527:
1503:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1435:the original
1410:. Retrieved
1385:. Retrieved
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1334:
1330:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1259:
1255:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1195:
1176:
1171:
1165:0563 38792 0
1156:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1129:
1110:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1081:
1064:
1045:
1036:
1011:
1007:
997:
970:
964:
954:
931:
921:
911:
897:
887:
877:
866:. Retrieved
862:
853:
841:. Retrieved
827:
821:
815:
760:
735:ID composite
686:
678:
644:
641:Conservation
616:
607:
600:
560:
552:
544:
536:
534:and France.
519:Gulf of Aden
496:
469:
458:
433:
429:
423:
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405:
396:
387:
358:
354:
350:
343:
335:
323:
314:
300:
274:
269:
268:
264:
262:
211:
209:
193:
192:
180:
29:
2662:iNaturalist
2432:Wikispecies
2364:P. flavipes
2262:Plataleinae
2260:subfamily:
2169:L. cristata
2146:P. ridgwayi
2122:Glossy ibis
2020:C. oxycerca
1993:Andean ibis
1977:T. caudatus
1954:Theristicus
1932:B. hagedash
1928:Hadada ibis
1902:B. olivacea
1819:P. gigantea
1809:P. davisoni
1756:T. moluccus
1725:T. bernieri
1135:"Spoonbill"
1070:Gill, Frank
950:Mayr, Ernst
631:crustaceans
440:Description
434:P. l. major
361:"heron". A
351:leukerodios
89:Appendix II
2853:Categories
2818:Xeno-canto
2256:Spoonbills
2157:Lophotibis
2039:Green ibis
1912:B. bocagei
1898:Olive ibis
1889:Bostrychia
1844:G. eremita
1831:Geronticus
1815:Giant ibis
1629:spoonbills
1587:Xeno-canto
1233:: 149–157.
1159:BBC books.
868:2022-01-14
784:References
662:extirpated
603:Palearctic
511:Mauritania
390:subspecies
344:leucorodia
2217:Xenicibis
2206:A. brevis
2195:A. glenos
2181:Apteribis
2142:Puna ibis
2078:Eudocimus
1877:N. nippon
1854:G. calvus
1786:Pseudibis
1456:. London.
1044:(1993) .
1028:1175-5326
863:cites.org
708:Nestlings
503:Black Sea
287:spoonbill
188:Species:
126:Kingdom:
120:Eukaryota
2864:Platalea
2792:Species+
2706:22697555
2680:10196492
2576:45512149
2488:22697555
2483:BirdLife
2472:BioLib:
2417:Wikidata
2374:P. ajaja
2354:P. regia
2334:P. minor
2309:Platalea
2268:Platalea
2136:P. chihi
2113:Plegadis
2101:E. ruber
2091:E. albus
2054:Phimosus
2008:Cercibis
1865:Nipponia
1690:species)
1276:90180890
929:(1761).
909:(1734).
885:(1758).
843:21 March
623:mollusks
586:, south
574:Breeding
553:Quercus
501:and the
400:Linnaeus
346:is from
336:Platalea
297:Taxonomy
219:Linnaeus
181:Platalea
166:Family:
140:Chordata
136:Phylum:
130:Animalia
116:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
2831:ZooBank
2641:2480801
2563:eurspo1
2524:bob1440
2511:eurspo1
2460:Avibase
2423:Q171360
2344:P. alba
2295:Species
2266:genus:
1922:B. rara
1688:extinct
1683:Species
1539:Avibase
1387:29 June
1365:29 June
1088:23 July
1008:Zootaxa
695:Gallery
682:red fox
674:Norfolk
670:Holkham
619:insects
561:Populus
559:poplar
543:willow
527:migrate
515:Red Sea
499:Balkans
484:Ukraine
461:pelican
418:Neumann
409:Naurois
359:erodios
313:of his
309:in the
289:family
281:of the
176:Genus:
156:Order:
146:Class:
91: (
74: (
2810:416678
2784:368589
2771:317305
2758:416678
2732:257867
2693:174933
2597:EURING
2501:747386
1653:Ibises
1633:family
1625:ibises
1479:21 May
1412:21 May
1305:
1274:
1227:Limosa
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