1024:, mixing the divine privileges of men with the path of reincarnation between different animal species. He believed the human prize for the virtuous or the punishment for the guilty were not placed in different parts of the underworld but directly on Earth. After death, a guilty soul would be re-embodied first in a woman (in accordance with Plato's belief that women occupied a lower level of the natural scale), and then in an animal species, descending from quadrupeds down to snakes and fish. According to this theory, women and the lower animals were created only in order to provide a habitat for degraded souls.
31:
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911:) are attempting to answer whether the soul is one or made of parts. Socrates states: "It is obvious that the same thing will never do or suffer opposites in the same respect in relation to the same thing and at the same time. So that if ever we find these contradictions in the functions of the mind we shall know that it was not the same thing functioning but a plurality." (This is an example of Plato's
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should not be possible for the soul to be at the same time both in one state and its opposite. From this, it follows that there must be at least two aspects to the soul. Having named these as "reason" and "appetite", Plato goes on to identify a third aspect, "spirit", which in a healthy psyche ought to be aligned with reason.
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697:) in terms of self-motion: to be alive is to be capable of moving yourself; the soul is a self-mover. He also thinks that the soul is the bearer of moral properties (i.e., when I am virtuous, it is my soul that is virtuous as opposed to, say, my body). The soul is also the mind: it is that which thinks in us.
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It is not clear how these two roles of the soul are related to each other. Sarah
Broadie famously complained that “readers of the Phaedo sometimes take Plato to task for confusing soul as mind or that which thinks, with soul as that which animates the body." Others included II.M. Crombie and Dorothea
918:
For instance, it seems that, given each person has only one soul, it should be impossible for a person to simultaneously desire something yet also at that very moment be averse to the same thing, as when one is tempted to commit a crime but also averse to it. Both
Socrates and Glaucon agree that it
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More recent scholarship has overturned this accusation, arguing that part of the novelty of Plato's theory of the soul is that it was the first to unite the different features and powers of the soul that became commonplace in later ancient and medieval philosophy. For Plato, the soul moves things by
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In the cyclical and Form-of-life arguments, for instance, the soul is presented as something connected with life, where, in particular, in the final argument, this connection is spelled out concretely by means of the soul's conceptual connection with life. This connection is further developed in the
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where the definition of soul is given as self-motion. Rocks, for instance, do not move unless something else moves them; inanimate, unliving objects are always said to behave this way. In contrast, living things are capable of driving themselves. Plato uses this observation to illustrate his famous
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Meanwhile, in the recollection and affinity arguments, the connection with life is not explicated or used at all. These two arguments present the soul as a knower (i.e., a mind). This is most clear in the affinity argument, where the soul is said to be immortal by virtue of its affinity with the
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Plato was the first known person in the history of western philosophy to believe that the soul was both the source of life and the mind. In Plato's dialogues, we find the soul playing many disparate roles. Among other things, Plato believes that the soul is what gives life to the body (which was
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of a person, being that which decides how people behave. Plato considered this essence to be an incorporeal, eternal occupant of a person's being. Plato said that even after death, the soul exists and is able to think. He believed that as bodies die, the soul is continually reborn
884:) is the contrary state of the whole, often taking the specific form in which the spirited are obedient to the appetitive while they together either ignore the logical entirely or employ it in their pursuits of pleasure.
876:) is declared to be the state of the whole in which each part fulfills its function, while temperance is the state of the whole where each part does not attempt to interfere in the functions of the others. Injustice (
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would be the smallest part of the soul (as the rulers would be the smallest population within the
Republic), but that, nevertheless, a soul can be declared just only if all three parts agree that the
943:) is the thinking part of the soul, which loves the truth and seeks to learn it. Plato originally identifies the soul dominated by this part with the Athenian temperament.
972:) is part of the soul by which we are angry or get into a temper. He also calls this part 'high spirit' and initially identifies the soul dominated by this part with the
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712:), ruling, deliberating, and other such things? Could we correctly assign these things to anything besides the soul and say that they are characteristic (
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means of its thoughts, as one scholar puts it, and accordingly, the soul is both a mover (i.e., the principle of life, where life is conceived of as
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Broadie, Sarah. 2001. “Soul and Body in Plato and
Descartes.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 101: 295–308. Quotation from page 301.
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Plato, most of the time, says that there is a distinct reward-and-punishment phase of the afterlife between reincarnations. Only in the
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does the reward-and-punishment phase disappear; in these two texts, the punishment is said to be the reincarnation itself.
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Is there any function of the soul that you could not accomplish with anything else, such as taking care of something (
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most famously caused problems for scholars who were trying to understand this aspect of Plato's theory of the soul.
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See
Campbell 2021: 524 n.1 for more examples of this scholarly trend through the 20th and early 21st centuries.
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doctrine that the soul is a self-mover: life is self-motion, and the soul brings life to a body by moving it.
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presents a real challenge to commentators because Plato oscillates between different conceptions of the soul.
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We see this casual oscillation between different roles of the soul in many dialogues. First of all, in the
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while ferociously defending the whole from external invasion and internal disorder.
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Plato's account of the soul as consisting of logical, spirited, and appetitive parts
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From
Passions to Emotions: The Creation of a Secular Psychological Category
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the rulers, the military, and the ordinary citizens). The function of the
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Plato's theory of the reincarnation of the soul combined the ideas of
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1098:(Summer 2009 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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What about living? Will we deny that this is a function of the soul?
668:) in subsequent bodies. Plato divided the soul into three parts: the
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is to rule through the love of learning gently. The function of the
1123:(Fall 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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Kraut, Richard (2022), Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.),
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1079:(2nd ed.). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 236.
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Book 1, 353d. Translation found in
Campbell 2021: 523.
1351:"Plato's Psychology of Action and the Origin of Agency"
1147:"Self‐Motion and Cognition: Plato's Theory of the Soul"
821:, located in the stomach, is related to one's desires.
808:, located near the chest region, is related to spirit.
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is to produce and seek pleasure. The function of the
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629:, which was inspired variously by the teachings of
845:also correspond to the three classes of society (
1217:"Affect and control: A conceptual clarification"
1090:Lorenz, Hendrik (2009), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1503:Kamtekar, Rachana. "The Soul’s (After-) Life,"
1546:
1292:"Plato's Ethics and Politics in The Republic"
868:Whether in a city or an individual, justice (
841:, Plato asserted that the three parts of the
601:
8:
757:Forms that we observe in acts of cognition.
1280:– via University of Virginia Library.
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1457:. Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
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1355:Affectivity, Agency and Intersubjectivity
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1221:International Journal of Psychophysiology
2138:List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues
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980:, and the people of "northern regions".
1121:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1096:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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18:Plato's tripartite theory of soul
2117:List of speakers in Plato's dialogues
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962:According to Plato, the spirited or
532:Allegorical interpretations of Plato
1525:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1383:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1296:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1278:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
1274:"Psychological Ideas in Antiquity"
1151:The Southern Journal of Philosophy
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1215:Hommel, Bernhard (October 2019).
861:is to obey the directions of the
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61:
946:Plato makes the point that the
689:articulated most of all in the
2143:Cultural influence of Plato's
1357:. L'Harmattan. pp. 9–22.
1233:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.07.006
1073:King, Charles William (1885).
913:principle of non-contradiction
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2156:Platonism in the Renaissance
2008:Plato's political philosophy
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2151:Neoplatonism and Gnosticism
537:Plato's unwritten doctrines
148:Analogy of the divided line
34:Likeness of Plato after an
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1485:. Christ's College, Oxford
1379:"Ancient Theories of Soul"
1145:Campbell, Douglas (2021).
1092:"Ancient Theories of Soul"
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895:In Book IV, part 4 of the
684:The conception of the soul
642:
1918:
1521:"Plato: Moral Psychology"
1353:. In Šajda, Peter (ed.).
1076:Handbook of Engraved Gems
998:, translated to Latin as
1349:Calian, Florian (2012).
984:Appetite (ἐπιθυμητικόν)
929:Heraclitus § Logos
903:and his interlocutors (
1507:36 (1): 115-132. 2016.
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39:
2107:The Academy in Athens
1963:Platonic epistemology
1045:Tripartite (theology)
719:No, to nothing else.
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582:Philosophy portal
517:The Academy in Athens
33:
1483:"Socrates vs Darwin"
1117:"Aristotle's Ethics"
1054:id, ego and superego
831:, and also with the
825:In his treatise The
138:Allegory of the cave
103:Political philosophy
2216:Poitier Meets Plato
2133:Unwritten doctrines
1052:'s concepts of the
923:Reason (λογιστικόν)
817:(ἐπιθυμητικόν), or
773:The tripartite soul
725:That absolutely is.
2183:Oxyrhynchus Papyri
1505:Ancient Philosophy
958:Spirit (θυμοειδές)
550:Related categories
177:The works of Plato
143:Analogy of the Sun
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1939:Euthyphro dilemma
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1893:Second Alcibiades
1451:Dixon, T (2003).
1364:978-963-236-587-9
1163:10.1111/sjp.12429
769:) and a thinker.
736:Accordingly, the
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633:, considered the
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278:Second Alcibiades
108:Euthyphro dilemma
16:(Redirected from
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2176:and Christianity
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2112:Socratic problem
2074:The Divided Line
2013:Philosopher king
1996:Form of the Good
1949:Cardinal virtues
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1012:Reincarnation
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990:epithymetikon
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2166:Commentaries
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2038:Hyperuranion
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1981:
1974:
1967:
1953:
1905:
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1785:authenticity
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1499:
1489:November 21,
1487:. Retrieved
1473:
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1398:
1388:November 21,
1386:. Retrieved
1382:
1373:
1354:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1277:
1272:Long, A. A.
1267:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1184:
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1125:, retrieved
1120:
1110:
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709:
707:
701:
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694:
690:
687:
677:
673:
669:
659:) to be the
626:
620:
619:
527:Neoplatonism
512:Commentaries
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
458:
451:
444:
437:
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388:
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339:
332:
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318:
311:
304:
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292:Rival Lovers
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
185:
128:The Republic
126:
98:Epistemology
92:
36:engraved gem
2026:Anima mundi
1983:Theia mania
1800:Definitions
1783:Of doubtful
767:self-motion
439:Definitions
2232:Categories
2089:Myth of Er
2049:Allegories
1955:Sophrosyne
1931:Philosophy
1872:On Justice
1858:Hipparchus
1766:Theaetetus
1731:Protagoras
1703:Parmenides
1619:Euthydemus
1301:August 29,
1242:1887/81987
1127:2023-06-24
1102:2023-07-05
1060:References
1022:Pythagoras
1006:desiderium
964:thymoeides
952:logistikon
948:logistikon
935:logistikon
927:See also:
909:Adeimantus
874:dikaiosyne
870:δικαιοσύνη
863:logistikon
859:thymoeides
855:logistikon
806:thumoeides
793:logistikon
789:λογιστικόν
674:thymoeides
670:logistikon
446:On Justice
334:Protagoras
327:Euthydemus
285:Hipparchus
243:Parmenides
222:Theaetetus
168:Myth of Er
1976:Peritrope
1879:On Virtue
1807:Demodocus
1759:Symposium
1752:Statesman
1689:Menexenus
1626:Euthyphro
1591:Clitophon
1584:Charmides
1259:198998249
1185:Republic,
1171:236220977
995:epithymia
978:Scythians
974:Thracians
716:) of it?
650:romanized
460:Demodocus
453:On Virtue
383:Clitophon
376:Menexenus
306:Charmides
257:Symposium
236:Statesman
187:Euthyphro
55:Platonism
2145:Republic
2069:The Cave
2059:Atlantis
2032:Demiurge
1969:Amanesis
1900:Sisyphus
1828:Epistles
1821:Epinomis
1814:Epigrams
1793:Axiochus
1738:Republic
1724:Philebus
1717:Phaedrus
1598:Cratylus
1481:(2009).
1436:Republic
1418:Republic
1403:Republic
1334:4.436b–c
1331:Republic
1316:Republic
1251:31362029
1039:See also
1018:Socrates
901:Socrates
897:Republic
890:Republic
838:Phaedrus
828:Republic
746:Phaedrus
702:Republic
695:Phaedrus
631:Socrates
495:Epigrams
488:Axiochus
467:Sisyphus
432:Epistles
425:Epinomis
390:Republic
264:Phaedrus
250:Philebus
215:Cratylus
118:Atlantis
113:Demiurge
47:a series
45:Part of
2079:The Sun
1907:Theages
1851:Halcyon
1844:Eryxias
1773:Timaeus
1745:Sophist
1640:Gorgias
1605:Critias
1577:Apology
1227:: 1–6.
1183:Plato,
1029:Timaeus
905:Glaucon
888:In the
761:Frede.
661:essence
652::
481:Eryxias
474:Halcyon
404:Critias
397:Timaeus
341:Gorgias
299:Theages
229:Sophist
194:Apology
2126:Legacy
1710:Phaedo
1668:Laches
1461:
1439:4.439e
1421:4.442a
1406:4.435e
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1319:4.433a
1257:
1249:
1169:
992:(from
969:thymos
966:(from
937:(from
882:adikia
878:ἀδικία
843:psyche
801:thymos
791:), or
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731:Phaedo
656:psūkhḗ
635:psyche
313:Laches
208:Phaedo
2253:Souls
2238:Plato
1865:Minos
1682:Lysis
1612:Crito
1569:Works
1562:Plato
1255:S2CID
1167:S2CID
940:logos
784:Logos
750:Laws,
622:Plato
563:Plato
411:Minos
320:Lysis
201:Crito
78:Works
2099:Life
1696:Meno
1675:Laws
1491:2021
1459:ISBN
1390:2021
1359:ISBN
1303:2009
1247:PMID
1033:Laws
1031:and
1020:and
915:.)
907:and
847:viz.
814:eros
811:The
798:The
781:The
748:and
729:The
714:idia
693:and
691:Laws
644:ψῡχή
627:soul
418:Laws
348:Meno
73:Life
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2198:228
1661:Ion
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1229:doi
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369:Ion
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