22:
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2019:
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project to the PS3. Along with thousands of PCs already joined over the
Internet, PS3 owners contributed to the study of improper protein folding and associated diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, cystic fibrosis, and cancer. The software was included as part of the 1.6 firmware
138:
as the first PS3 cluster with published scientific results. It performed astrophysical simulations of large supermassive black holes capturing smaller compact objects. Khanna claims performance exceeds that of a 100+ Intel Xeon core based traditional Linux cluster, on his simulations. The PS3 Gravity
259:
and would not be forced to update. However, it would make replacing the individual consoles that compose the clusters very difficult or impossible, because newer models would be shipped with v3.21. This caused the end of the PS3's common use for clustered computing, though projects like "The Condor"
243:. as reported by Bio-IT World in July 2008. This application runs up to 30 times faster on a single PS3 than on a regular single CPU PC, and it runs on PS3 clusters, achieving screening of huge chemical compound libraries in hours or days rather than weeks.
165:(500 TFLOPS). As built, the Condor Cluster was the 33rd largest supercomputer in the world and was used to analyze high definition satellite imagery at a cost of only one tenth that of a traditional supercomputer.
217:. In March 2011, more than one million PS3s had Folding@home installed and more than 27,000 active, for a total of 8.1 petaFLOPS. By comparison, the world's most powerful supercomputer as of November 2010, the
1208:
374:
115:, clustered 8 PS3s. Mueller commented that the 256 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application, and considered attempting to retrofit more RAM. Software includes
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feature, with the v3.21 update, due to security concerns. This update would not affect any existing supercomputing clusters, because they are not connected to
161:, nicknamed the "Condor Cluster", by connecting together 1,760 consoles with 168 GPUs and 84 coordinating servers in a parallel array capable of 500 trillion
1287:
996:
139:
Grid gathered significant media attention through 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010. Khanna also created an instructional website on building such clusters.
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independently built a message-passing based cluster using eight PS3s running Fedora Linux, named the PS3 Gravity Grid. It was built with support from
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378:
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in a few hours. In
November 2007, they said: "Essentially, a single PlayStation 3 performs like a cluster of 30 PCs at the price of only one".
2092:
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360:
150:, built a cluster of 200 consoles which broke a record for the Diffie-Hellman problem on elliptic curves. The cluster operated until 2015.
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Even a single PS3 can significantly accelerate some computations. Marc
Stevens, Arjen K. Lenstra, and Benne de Weger have demonstrated an
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52:
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released Yellow Dog Linux for the PlayStation 3, and sold PS3s with it pre-installed, in single units and in 8 and 32 node clusters.
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77:. A distributed computing system utilizing PlayStation 3 consoles does not need to meet the strict definition of a
21:
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653:"Solving a 112-bit Prime Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem on Game Consoles using Sloppy Reduction"
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update on March 22, 2007, and can be set to run manually or automatically when the PS3 is idle through the
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640:. Gaurav Khanna, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth.
463:. Gaurav Khanna, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth.
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attracted interest in using multiple, networked PS3s for affordable high-performance computing.
342:
1984:
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449:. Frank Mueller, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University.
236:
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689:. The Official Web Site of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. November 17, 2010. Archived from
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project called PS3GRID. This project was expected to run sixteen times faster than on a PC.
89:
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942:"Rome Lab's supercomputer is made up of 1,700 off-the-shelf PlayStation 3 gaming consoles"
274:
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were still being created with older PS3 units, and have come online after that update.
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In May 2008, The
Laboratory for Cryptological Algorithms, under the direction of
2171:
1999:
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224:
The
Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics Lab in Barcelona has launched a
2229:
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1234:
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652:
553:
240:
218:
101:
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433:"NC State Engineer Creates First Academic Playstation 3 Computing Cluster"
1923:
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1828:
460:
214:
111:
On
January 3, 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, Professor of Computer Science at
2234:
2166:
2140:
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1908:
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1518:
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252:
205:. Processing power from PS3 users greatly contributed, ranked third to
2135:
1898:
1893:
1265:
1147:
1111:
401:"RapidMind and Terra Soft partner to unleash PlayStation 3 for Linux"
206:
832:"The Cell/B.E. Technology Opens New Frontiers in Molecular Modeling"
764:
531:"Nothing Escapes the Pull of a PlayStation 3, Not Even a Black Hole"
324:
637:
651:
Bos JW, Kaihara M, Kleinjung T, Lenstra AK, Montgomery PL (2012).
251:
On March 28, 2010, Sony announced it would be disabling the PS3's
26:
20:
714:"Defense Department discusses new Sony PlayStation supercomputer"
475:"Astrophysicist Replaces Supercomputer with Eight PlayStation 3s"
419:"Engineer Creates First Academic Playstation 3 Computing Cluster"
2382:
2186:
2034:
1933:
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221:, has a peak performance of 2.56 petaFLOPS, or 2,566 teraFLOPS.
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62:
56:
435:. College of Engineering, North Carolina State University.
683:"AFRL to hold ribbon cutting for Condor supercomputer"
620:"Black Holes and Quantum Loops: More Than Just a Game"
297:. Console Watcher.com. August 28, 2006. Archived from
270:
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units
549:"Playstation 3 Consoles Tackle Black Hole Vibrations"
493:"PS3 cluster creates homemade, cheaper supercomputer"
2375:
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919:"Air Force disappointed by PS3's Other OS removal"
940:Dave Tobin, The Post-Standard (March 23, 2011).
896:"PS3 Firmware (v3.21) Update – PlayStation Blog"
321:"Scientific Computing on the Sony PlayStation 2"
339:"Terra Soft to Provide Linux for PLAYSTATION 3"
130:, a professor in the Physics Department of the
86:National Center for Supercomputing Applications
2050:
1281:
997:
977:Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics Lab
763:. Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from
657:International Journal of Applied Cryptography
8:
295:"Building Supercomputer Using Playstation 3"
2057:
2043:
2035:
1288:
1274:
1266:
1004:
990:
982:
569:"Playstation 3: A Discount Supercomputer?"
73:PlayStation 3 clusters have had different
2366:PlayStation Official Magazine – Australia
898:. Blog.us.playstation.com. March 28, 2010
872:. Bio-IT World. July 2008. Archived from
239:software for the PS3. It was released by
119:Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, OpenMP v2.5,
787:"Folding@Home – Client statistics by OS"
601:"The PlayStation powered super-computer"
148:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
286:
506:Highfield, Roger (February 17, 2008).
25:A cluster of PlayStation 3s running a
132:University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
7:
508:"Why scientists love games consoles"
163:floating-point operations per second
851:"eHiTS Lightning by SimBioSys, Inc"
712:Koff, Stephen (November 30, 2010).
618:Farrell, John (November 12, 2010).
529:Peckham, Matt (December 23, 2008).
2359:PlayStation Official Magazine – UK
2352:PlayStation: The Official Magazine
2345:Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine
800:Electronista (November 16, 2009).
14:
587:"The Supercomputer Goes Personal"
2424:
2423:
2018:
2017:
917:McElroy, Justin (May 12, 2010).
447:"Sony PS3 Cluster (IBM Cell BE)"
51:Before and during the console's
1489:Analysis of parallel algorithms
113:North Carolina State University
2077:Sony Interactive Entertainment
1158:Initiative for a Common Engine
1050:Synergistic Processing Element
1:
1436:Simultaneous and heterogenous
802:"TOP500 listing for Tianhe1A"
231:eHiTS Lightning is the first
155:Air Force Research Laboratory
2024:Category: Parallel computing
1112:Toshiba Qosmio F50, G50, G55
377:. Terra Soft. Archived from
359:. Terra Soft. Archived from
357:"Linux pre-installed on PS3"
341:. Terra Soft. Archived from
1250:Simultaneous multithreading
1074:Vector Multimedia Extension
403:. RapidMind. Archived from
136:Sony Computer Entertainment
39:distributed system computer
2484:
1331:High-performance computing
2411:
2108:RSX 'Reality Synthesizer'
2072:
2013:
1965:Automatic parallelization
1601:Application checkpointing
1019:
870:"Bio-IT World, July 2008"
669:10.1504/IJACT.2012.045590
2093:Technical specifications
1209:STI Center of Competence
1062:Power Processing Element
514:. London. Archived from
2398:PlayStation 3 Jailbreak
1980:Embarrassingly parallel
1975:Deterministic algorithm
1230:Heterogeneous computing
638:"ps3cluster.umassd.edu"
121:GNU Compiler Collection
1695:Associative processing
1651:Non-blocking algorithm
1457:Clustered multi-thread
857:on September 12, 2012.
838:on September 10, 2012.
789:. Stanford University.
345:on September 22, 2007.
323:. NCSA. Archived from
153:In November 2010, the
41:composed primarily of
30:
16:Supercomputer platform
2393:PlayStation 3 cluster
2182:Life with PlayStation
2103:Cell (microprocessor)
1811:Hardware acceleration
1724:Superscalar processor
1714:Dataflow architecture
1311:Distributed computing
518:on September 6, 2009.
363:on December 11, 2007.
327:on November 20, 2004.
226:distributed computing
108:package for the PS3.
35:PlayStation 3 cluster
24:
2458:Cell BE architecture
1690:Pipelined processing
1639:Explicit parallelism
1634:Implicit parallelism
1624:Dataflow programming
1173:Software development
1013:Cell BE architecture
812:on November 17, 2010
607:. September 4, 2010.
98:Terra Soft Solutions
88:had already built a
2318:TurboGrafx-16 games
2203:PlayStation Network
1914:Parallel Extensions
1719:Pipelined processor
876:on January 22, 2016
693:on December 9, 2010
557:. January 28, 2009.
535:The Washington Post
512:The Daily Telegraph
495:. October 24, 2007.
481:. October 17, 2007.
407:on August 22, 2007.
301:on February 6, 2007
257:PlayStation Network
194:Stanford University
188:On March 22, 2007,
157:created a powerful
123:, and CellSDK 1.1.
53:production lifetime
46:video game consoles
2463:Parallel computing
2271:Best-selling games
1788:Massively parallel
1766:distributed shared
1586:Cache invalidation
1550:Instruction window
1341:Manycore processor
1321:Massively parallel
1316:Parallel computing
1297:Parallel computing
1117:IBM BladeCenter QS
1095:Sony PlayStation 3
718:blog.cleveland.com
461:"PS3 Gravity Grid"
178:brute-force attack
106:stream programming
31:
2445:
2444:
2032:
2031:
1985:Parallel slowdown
1619:Stream processing
1509:Karp–Flatt metric
1263:
1262:
1240:Scratchpad memory
767:on March 18, 2007
237:molecular docking
233:virtual screening
2475:
2427:
2426:
2339:PlayStation Blog
2215:PlayStation Home
2131:PlayStation Move
2059:
2052:
2045:
2036:
2021:
2020:
1995:Software lockout
1794:Computer cluster
1729:Vector processor
1684:Array processing
1669:Flynn's taxonomy
1576:Memory coherence
1351:Computer network
1290:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1255:Vector processor
1127:Namco System 357
1006:
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853:. Archived from
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834:. Archived from
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808:. Archived from
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375:"Linux clusters"
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184:Medical research
79:computer cluster
29:operating system
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2323:Cancelled games
2281:PS one Classics
2239:
2220:PlayStation Now
2191:
2162:System software
2150:
2126:PlayStation Eye
2112:
2081:
2068:
2063:
2033:
2028:
2009:
1953:
1859:Coarray Fortran
1815:
1799:Beowulf cluster
1655:
1605:
1596:Synchronization
1581:Cache coherence
1571:Multiprocessing
1559:
1523:
1504:Cost efficiency
1499:Gustafson's law
1467:
1411:
1360:
1336:Multiprocessing
1326:Cloud computing
1299:
1294:
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1177:
1136:
1083:Implementations
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967:eHiTS Lightning
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840:eHiTS Lightning
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381:on May 27, 2007
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275:Beowulf cluster
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55:, its powerful
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2313:NEOGEO Station
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1990:Race condition
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1734:Multiprocessor
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961:External links
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944:. syracuse.com
932:
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861:
859:SimBioSys, Inc
842:
823:
792:
778:
761:"Folding@home"
752:
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663:(3): 212–228.
643:
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745:September 19,
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739:"Nostradamus"
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589:. April 2009.
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203:XrossMediaBar
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159:supercomputer
156:
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144:Arjen Lenstra
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128:Gaurav Khanna
126:In mid-2007,
124:
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118:
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94:PlayStation 2
92:based on the
91:
87:
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61:
58:
54:
49:
47:
44:
43:PlayStation 3
40:
36:
28:
23:
19:
2434:
2416:
2403:Kevin Butler
2392:
2388:Folding@home
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2303:PS2 Classics
1564:Coordination
1494:Amdahl's law
1430:Simultaneous
1204:Ken Kutaragi
1153:Folding@home
1104:
1043:Architecture
946:. Retrieved
935:
923:. Retrieved
912:
900:. Retrieved
890:
880:February 23,
878:. Retrieved
874:the original
864:
855:the original
845:
836:the original
826:
814:. Retrieved
810:the original
805:
795:
781:
769:. Retrieved
765:the original
755:
743:. Retrieved
741:. Win.tue.nl
733:
721:. Retrieved
717:
707:
697:December 15,
695:. Retrieved
691:the original
686:
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405:the original
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383:. Retrieved
379:the original
369:
361:the original
351:
343:the original
333:
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315:
303:. Retrieved
299:the original
289:
250:
230:
223:
198:Folding@home
187:
172:
152:
141:
125:
110:
104:developed a
83:
72:
50:
34:
32:
18:
2433:Successor:
2308:Classics HD
2208:2011 outage
2172:Remote Play
2146:DualShock 3
2118:Accessories
2000:Scalability
1761:distributed
1644:Concurrency
1611:Programming
1452:Cooperative
1441:Speculative
1377:Instruction
1189:David Bader
1168:PhyreEngine
1090:Fabrication
1055:SpursEngine
69:Deployments
2452:Categories
2296:PAL region
2005:Starvation
1744:asymmetric
1479:PRAM model
1447:Preemptive
806:top500.org
305:August 28,
281:References
169:Single PS3
2230:FirstPlay
1739:symmetric
1484:PEM model
1235:Power ISA
1225:Gameframe
921:. Joystiq
771:March 18,
723:March 28,
554:Space.com
241:SimBioSys
219:Tianhe-IA
215:teraflops
102:RapidMind
2429:Category
2276:PS Minis
2155:Software
2086:Hardware
1970:Deadlock
1958:Problems
1924:pthreads
1904:OpenHMPP
1829:Ateji PX
1790:computer
1661:Hardware
1528:Elements
1514:Slowdown
1425:Temporal
1407:Pipeline
1141:Software
1105:clusters
816:April 9,
605:BBC News
264:See also
213:GPUs in
2376:Related
2235:VidZone
2196:Network
2167:OtherOS
2141:Sixaxis
1929:RaftLib
1909:OpenACC
1884:GPUOpen
1874:C++ AMP
1849:Charm++
1591:Barrier
1535:Process
1519:Speedup
1304:General
1163:OtherOS
1029:Toshiba
972:PS3GRID
573:NPR.org
385:June 5,
253:OtherOS
247:Decline
90:cluster
2136:PlayTV
2098:Models
2022:
1899:OpenCL
1894:OpenMP
1839:Chapel
1756:shared
1751:Memory
1686:(SIMT)
1629:Models
1540:Thread
1472:Theory
1443:(SpMT)
1397:Memory
1382:Thread
1365:Levels
1182:People
1148:Apulet
1100:models
624:Forbes
207:Nvidia
117:Fedora
2332:Media
2286:Japan
2244:Games
1869:Dryad
1834:Boost
1555:Array
1545:Fiber
1459:(CMT)
1432:(SMT)
1346:GPGPU
1067:Xenon
479:Wired
37:is a
27:Linux
2383:Zego
2225:Qore
2187:PSGL
1934:ROCm
1864:CUDA
1854:Cilk
1821:APIs
1781:COMA
1776:NUMA
1707:MIMD
1702:MISD
1679:SIMD
1674:SISD
1402:Loop
1392:Data
1387:Task
1245:SIMD
1218:Misc
1132:Zego
1024:Sony
950:2012
927:2012
904:2012
882:2009
818:2010
773:2007
747:2012
725:2011
699:2010
387:2007
307:2006
235:and
209:and
192:and
84:The
60:Cell
2266:Q–Z
2261:J–P
2256:D–I
2251:A–C
1949:ZPL
1944:TBB
1939:UPC
1919:PVM
1889:MPI
1844:HPX
1771:UMA
1372:Bit
1034:IBM
665:doi
211:AMD
190:SCE
175:MD5
146:at
63:CPU
57:IBM
2454::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
