264:'s light field sensor uses an array of micro-lenses placed in front of an otherwise conventional image sensor; to sense intensity, color, and directional information. Software then uses this data to create displayable 2D or 3D images. Lytro trades maximum 2D resolution, at a given distance, for enhanced resolution at other distances. Users can convert the Lytro camera's proprietary image into a regular 2D image file, at any desired focal distance. The maximum Illum 2D resolution is 2450 Ă— 1634 (4.0 megapixels), The 3D light field resolution is 40 "megarays". It has a maximum 2D resolution of 1080 Ă— 1080 pixels (roughly 1.2
125:
39:
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In some cases this may be the entire 2D image field. Users also are able to "refocus" 2D images at particular distances for artistic effects. The Illum allows the "refocus-able" and "Focus
Spreadable" range to be selected using the optical focus and zoom rings on the lens. The Illum also features "focus bracketing" to extend the refocusable range by capturing 3 or 5 consecutive images at different depths.
31:
3210:
206:: Because there is less need to focus the lens before taking a picture, a light field camera can capture images more quickly than conventional point-and-shoot digital cameras. This is an advantage in sports photography, for example, where many pictures are lost because the camera’s auto-focus system cannot precisely track a fast moving subject.
376:
and uses a printed film (mask) placed close to the sensor. Any hand-held camera can be converted into a light field camera using this technology by simply inserting a low-cost film on top of the sensor. A mask-based design avoids the problem of loss of resolution, since a high-resolution photo can be
316:
A later prototype added a light field illumination system consisting of a video projector (allowing computational control of illumination) and a second microlens array in the illumination light path of the microscope. The addition of a light field illumination system both allowed for additional types
199:
and "refocusing": Lytro's "Focus Spread" feature allows the depth of field (depth of focus) of a 2 dimensional representation of a Lytro image to be adjusted after a picture has been taken. Instead of setting the focus at a particular distance, "Focus Spread" allows more of a 2D image to be in focus.
144:
Computer
Graphics Laboratory used a 16-megapixel camera to demonstrate that pictures can be refocused after they are taken. The system used a 90,000-microlens array, yielding a resolution of 90 kilopixels. Research has shown that its maximum baseline is confined to the main lens entrance pupil size
434:
Lytro
Desktop is a cross-platform application to render light field photographs taken by Lytro cameras. It remains closed source and is not maintained since Google’s acquisition of Lytro. Several open-source tools have been released meanwhile. A Matlab tool for Lytro-type camera processing can be
239:
to create a different focal length. Each metalens was rectangular in shape. The light is routed separately through the shorter and longer sides of the rectangle, producing two focal points in the image. Differences among the metalenses were corrected algorithmically.
145:
which is small relative to stereoscopic setups. This implies that the "standard plenoptic camera" may be intended for close-range applications as it exhibits increased depth resolution at distances that can be metrically predicted based on the camera's parameters.
404:
The modification of standard digital cameras requires little more than suitable sheets of micro-lens material, hence a number of hobbyists have produced cameras whose images can be processed to give either selective depth of field or direction information.
97:". Lippmann's experimental results included crude integral photographs made by using a plastic sheet embossed with a regular array of microlenses, or by partially embedding small glass beads, closely packed in a random pattern, into the surface of the
413:
In a 2017 study, researchers observed that incorporation of light field photographed images into an online anatomy module did not result in better learning outcomes compared to an identical module with traditional photographs of dissected cadavers.
68:
emanating from a scene; that is, the intensity of light in a scene, and also the precise direction that the light rays are traveling in space. This contrasts with conventional cameras, which record only light intensity at various wavelengths.
219:: Since a plenoptic camera records depth information, 3D views can be constructed in software from a single plenoptic image capture. 3D views are different from solely stereo images in this case. Stereo images may also be constructed.
417:
Plenoptic cameras are good for imaging fast-moving objects that outstrip autofocus capabilities, and for imaging objects where autofocus is not practical such as with security cameras. A recording from a
182:
and loss of boundary pixels seen in microlens arrays, and allows greater spatial resolution. However, the mask-based design reduces the amount of light that reaches the image sensor, reducing brightness.
153:
Lumsdaine and
Georgiev described a design in which the microlens array can be positioned before or behind the focal plane of the main lens. This modification samples the light field in a way that trades
1408:
Pascoe, Michael A.; Lee, Lisa M.J. (September 2017). "Incorporation of Light Field
Photography into an Online Anatomy Resource Does Not Influence Student Quiz Performance or Perceptions of Usability".
72:
One type uses an array of micro-lenses placed in front of an otherwise conventional image sensor to sense intensity, color, and directional information. Multi-camera arrays are another type. A
394:
A collaboration between
University of Bedfordshire and ARRI resulted in a custom-made plenoptic camera with a ray model for the validation of light-field geometries and real object distances.
713:
Ashok
Veeraraghavan, Ramesh Raskar, Amit Agrawal, Ankit Mohan and Jack Tumblin. Dappled Photography: Mask Enhanced Cameras for Heterodyned Light Fields and Coded Aperture Refocusing.
162:. With this design, images can be refocused with a much higher spatial resolution than images from a standard plenoptic camera. However, the lower angular resolution can introduce
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has thin multi-camera array systems intended for consumer electronics. Pelican's systems use from 4 to 16 closely spaced micro-cameras instead of a micro-lens array image sensor.
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is positioned slightly behind the microlenses. Using such images, the displacement of image parts that are not in focus can be analyzed and depth information can be extracted.
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estimation. From a single shot it can produce images focused at different distances, depth maps, all-in-focus images and stereo pairs. A similar optical design can be used in
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is a GUI-based application considering Lytro's and custom-built plenoptic cameras with cross-platform compatibility and the source code being made available online.
391:
in 2014. Pelican moved to designing supplementary cameras that add depth-sensing capabilities to a device's main camera, rather than stand-alone array cameras.
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of the scene in focus using 19 uniquely configured lenses. Each lens takes a 5.2-megapixel photo of the scene. Each image can be focused later in any way.
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used by researchers to compare designs. By definition it has microlenses placed one focal length away from the image plane of a sensor. In 2004, a team at
1355:
2894:
903:
Fan, Qingbin; Xu, Weizhu; Hu, Xuemei; Zhu, Wenqi; Yue, Tao; Zhang, Cheng; Yan, Feng; Chen, Lu; Lezec, Henri J.; Lu, Yanqing; Agrawal, Amit (2022-04-19).
369:
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has offered several models of plenoptic cameras for industrial and scientific applications since 2010, with field of view starting from 1 megapixel.
1285:
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In 2022, NIST announced a device with a focal range of 3 cm (1.2 in) to 1.7 km (1.1 mi). The device employed a 39x39-element
132:
after a photo is taken - Near focus (top), Far focus (middle), Full depth of field (bottom) - using the Lytro Illum light field camera software
641:
Hahne, C.; Aggoun, A.; Velisavljevic, V.; Fiebig, S.; Pesch, M. (2017). "Baseline and
Triangulation Geometry in a Standard Plenoptic Camera".
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305:. Light field capture is obtained by a module containing a microlens array and other optical components placed in the light path between the
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invested in
Pelican Imaging to produce a plenoptic camera system with 16-lens array that was expected to be implemented in Nokia
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In
November 2021 the German-based company K|Lens announced the first light field lens available for any standard lens mount on
585:
Hahne, C.; Aggoun, A.; Velisavljevic, V.; Fiebig, S.; Pesch, M. (2016). "Refocusing distance of a standard plenoptic camera".
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d'Optron and Rebellion Photonics offer plenoptic cameras, specializing in microscopy and gas leak detection, respectively.
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354:(Spain). CAFADIS stands (in Spanish) for phase-distance camera, since it can be used for distance and optical
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using a microlens array similar to the one used in their light field camera. The prototype is built around a
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than are feasible on conventional cameras, thus enabling photography in low-light environments.
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Low-light sensitivity: The ability to adjust focus in post-processing allows the use of larger
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Lars Rehm, DP Review. "CES 2012: Lytro Photowalk." Jan 13, 2012. Retrieved Apr 20, 2012
937:
905:"Trilobite-inspired neural nanophotonic light-field camera with extreme depth-of-field"
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511:
Adelson, E. H.; Wang, J. Y. A. (1992). "Single Lens Stereo with Plenoptic Camera".
478:
458:
363:
113:
46:, the first consumer light field camera, showing the front lens and LCD touchscreen
30:
784:"Meet the Stealthy Start-Up That Aims to Sharpen Focus of Entire Camera Industry"
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853:. TVB Europe. 23 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012.
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2015:
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1482:"Computer scientists create a 'light field camera' that banishes fuzzy photos"
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108:
in stereo matching. To achieve this, an array of microlenses is placed at the
1452:"Polydioptric Camera Design - VideoGeometry :: Home Page of Jan Neumann"
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to commercialize the light field camera he developed as a graduate student.
1192:
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instead of a microlens array was proposed in 2007. This design reduces the
880:"Record-breaking camera keeps everything between 3 cm and 1.7 km in focus"
27:
Type of camera that can also capture the direction of travel of light rays
2681:
2496:
1993:
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1712:
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232:
163:
1333:"Pelican Imaging's 16-lens array camera coming to smartphones next year"
615:
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was founded by Stanford University Computer Graphics Laboratory alumnus
2721:
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285:
Stanford University Computer Graphics Laboratory developed a prototype
271:
534:
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1635:
1580:, with sample images and diagrams of operation, retrieved 2012 May 11
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59:
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This demonstrates the capability of changing the focal distance and
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43:
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1159:"Recording and controlling the 4D light field in a microscope"
513:
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
833:"3D imaging and wavefront sensing with a plenoptic objective"
832:
309:
and camera, with the final multifocused image rendered using
104:
In 1992, Adelson and Wang proposed a design that reduced the
1584:
1266:
569:
1106:"The First Plenoptic Camera on the Market | PetaPixel"
1092:"One Camera With 40,000 Lenses Helps Prevent Blurry Images"
552:"Light Field Photography with a Hand-Held Plenoptic Camera"
1123:
Levoy, M; Ng, R; Adams, A; Footer, M; Horowitz, M (2006).
709:
707:
372:'s (MERL) light field camera is based on the principle of
1376:
1587:
Website explaining the plenoptic camera with animations.
807:"Shoot First, Focus Later With Lytro's New Camera Tech"
728:"Lytro software update introduces Focus Spread feature"
235:
array. Each metalens is either right- or left-circle
3150:
3097:
3002:
2945:
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2735:
2647:
2599:
2339:
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1906:
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422:based upon plenoptic technology could be used to
76:image is a type of film-based light field image.
863:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1045:"Lytro camera: 5 things to know before you buy"
777:
775:
401:. The project was canceled in January of 2022.
1234:"PopSci's How It Works – 100 Megapixel Camera"
1232:Keats, Jonathon; Holland, Kris; McLeod, Gary.
377:generated for the focused parts of the scene.
1606:
1578:Lightfield photography revolutionizes imaging
1068:
1066:
89:The first light field camera was proposed by
34:Lytro Illum 2nd generation light field camera
8:
1152:
1150:
831:JosĂ© Manuel RodrĂguez-Ramos (1 April 2011).
636:
634:
580:
578:
3158:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1020:"Lytro Illum 40 Megaray Light Field Camera"
987:"Doubts About Lytro's "Focus Later" Camera"
350:CAFADIS is a plenoptic camera developed by
174:A design that used a low-cost printed film
2895:Comparison of digital and film photography
1613:
1599:
1591:
268:), Lytro ceased operations in March 2018.
3115:Photographs considered the most important
1568:by Stanford Computer Graphics Laboratory.
1215:"Stanford Light Field Microscope Project"
1174:
936:
654:
614:
524:
370:Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
1286:"Lytro vs Mask Based Light Field Camera"
1157:Levoy, M; Zhang, Z; McDowall, I (2009).
1074:"Google is buying Lytro for about $ 40M"
546:
544:
500:
1273:from the original on 26 November 2019.
856:
851:"Plenoptic lens arrays signal future?"
336:light field camera is a prototype 100-
1358:from the original on 26 November 2019
136:The "standard plenoptic camera" is a
7:
506:
504:
62:that captures information about the
3110:Museums devoted to one photographer
1480:Strehlow, Anne (November 3, 2005).
1267:"CAFADIS - University of la Laguna"
1043:Goldman, Joshua (26 October 2011).
2657:Timeline of photography technology
25:
1240:. Popular Science. Archived from
3208:
3198:
3197:
1346:Koifman, Vladimir (2015-07-25).
1185:10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03195.x
985:Coldewey, Devin (23 July 2011).
687:"Light field geometry estimator"
93:in 1908. He called his concept "
3209:
717:, Vol. 26, Issue 3, July 2007.
1:
2707:Painted photography backdrops
2639:Golden triangle (composition)
1914:35 mm equivalent focal length
1549:Article by Ren Ng of Stanford
805:Geron, Tomio (21 June 2011).
568:Lumsdaine, A., Georgiev, T.,
112:of the camera main lens. The
1566:Light Field Microscopy video
1129:ACM Transactions on Graphics
750:"Depth Composition Features"
715:ACM Transactions on Graphics
570:The Focused Plenoptic Camera
424:produce an accurate 3D model
295:transmitted light microscope
2417:Intentional camera movement
1555:Say Sayonara to Blurry Pics
1284:Amit Agrawal (2013-12-31).
3262:
3105:Most expensive photographs
2462:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1348:"Pelican Imaging Layoffs?"
1024:Digital Photography Review
921:10.1038/s41467-022-29568-y
3193:
1561:Fourier slice photography
1422:10.1007/s40670-017-0410-8
1219:www.graphics.stanford.edu
878:Blain, Loz (2022-04-29).
665:10.1007/s11263-017-1036-4
317:of illumination (such as
120:Standard plenoptic camera
3039:Digital image processing
1410:Medical Science Educator
1308:www77.pelicanimaging.com
1125:"Light Field Microscopy"
149:Focused plenoptic camera
2712:Photography and the law
1141:10.1145/1141911.1141976
756:. Lytro. Archived from
474:Light-in-flight imaging
352:University of La Laguna
299:fluorescence microscope
3059:Gelatin silver process
2083:Science of photography
2068:Photographic processes
2046:Perspective distortion
1526:"PlenoptiCam Software"
287:light field microscope
133:
106:correspondence problem
47:
35:
2517:Schlieren photography
2056:Photographic printing
1979:Exposure compensation
1163:Journal of Microscopy
909:Nature Communications
760:on September 28, 2014
556:graphics.stanford.edu
449:Angle-sensitive pixel
325:) and correction for
180:chromatic aberrations
170:Coded aperture camera
127:
99:photographic emulsion
41:
33:
2301:Straight photography
1939:Chromatic aberration
1304:"Pelicanimaging.com"
1112:. 23 September 2010.
786:. All Things Digital
607:10.1364/oe.24.021521
374:optical heterodyning
340:camera that takes a
319:oblique illumination
95:integral photography
42:Front and back of a
3168:photographic plates
2853:Digital photography
2031:Hyperfocal distance
1944:Circle of confusion
1512:"LightFieldToolbox"
1486:Stanford University
1391:"Lightfield Camera"
1352:Image Sensors World
643:Int. J. Comput. Vis
599:2016OExpr..2421521H
593:(19): 21521–21540.
572:, ICCP, April 2009.
327:optical aberrations
142:Stanford University
2672:Autochrome Lumière
2667:Analog photography
2492:Pigeon photography
2281:Social documentary
1760:discontinued films
1585:www.plenoptic.info
754:Lytro Illum manual
191:Features include:
160:spatial resolution
156:angular resolution
138:mathematical model
134:
54:, also known as a
52:light field camera
48:
36:
3223:
3222:
3024:Collodion process
2960:Chromogenic print
2947:Color photography
2457:Multiple exposure
2432:Lo-fi photography
1959:Color temperature
1576:article May 2012
1094:. March 18, 2019.
535:10.1109/34.121783
489:Strip photography
464:Femto-photography
342:three-dimensional
16:(Redirected from
3253:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3079:Print permanence
3029:Cross processing
2987:CMYK color model
2972:Color management
2925:Foveon X3 sensor
2920:Three-CCD camera
2564:Miniature faking
2522:Sabattier effect
2134:Astrophotography
1989:Zebra patterning
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1536:
1535:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1492:on July 23, 2010
1488:. Archived from
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1458:. Archived from
1456:sites.google.com
1448:
1442:
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1405:
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1329:
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1322:
1320:
1319:
1310:. Archived from
1300:
1294:
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1288:. Archived from
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1080:. 21 March 2018.
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963:. Archived from
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689:. Archived from
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548:
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469:Integral imaging
230:titanium dioxide
91:Gabriel Lippmann
56:plenoptic camera
21:
18:Plenoptic camera
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3246:Optical devices
3236:Cameras by type
3226:
3225:
3224:
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3189:
3146:
3093:
3084:Push processing
3005:
2998:
2992:RGB color model
2941:
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2731:
2643:
2609:Diagonal method
2595:
2335:
2239:Photojournalism
2102:
1934:Black-and-white
1902:
1881:Slide projector
1876:Movie projector
1755:available films
1624:
1619:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1377:"KLens company"
1375:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1359:
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1317:
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1297:
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1260:
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1156:
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1103:
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1089:
1085:
1072:
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1064:
1054:
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1042:
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1037:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
984:
983:
979:
970:
968:
961:"Lytro website"
959:
958:
954:
902:
901:
897:
888:
886:
877:
876:
872:
855:
849:
848:
844:
830:
829:
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815:
813:
804:
803:
799:
789:
787:
781:
780:
773:
763:
761:
748:
747:
743:
733:
731:
726:
725:
721:
712:
705:
696:
694:
685:
684:
680:
640:
639:
632:
584:
583:
576:
567:
563:
550:
549:
542:
510:
509:
502:
497:
445:
432:
420:security camera
411:
381:Pelican Imaging
360:adaptive optics
283:
251:
246:
226:
189:
172:
151:
122:
87:
82:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3206:
3194:
3191:
3190:
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3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3154:
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3148:
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3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2861:Digital camera
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2687:Camera obscura
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:Rule of thirds
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:Harris shutter
2394:
2392:Hand-colouring
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Red-eye effect
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Exposure value
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Depth of focus
1966:
1964:Depth of field
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1551:(now at Lytro)
1544:
1543:External links
1541:
1538:
1537:
1517:
1503:
1472:
1443:
1416:(3): 465–474.
1400:
1395:cameramaker.se
1382:
1368:
1338:
1335:. May 2, 2013.
1324:
1295:
1292:on 2013-12-31.
1276:
1258:
1224:
1206:
1176:10.1.1.163.269
1169:(2): 144–162.
1146:
1115:
1097:
1083:
1078:techcrunch.com
1062:
1035:
1011:
1000:
977:
952:
895:
870:
842:
823:
797:
771:
741:
719:
703:
678:
630:
587:Optics Express
574:
561:
540:
526:10.1.1.53.7845
499:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
444:
441:
431:
428:
426:of a subject.
410:
407:
307:objective lens
282:
279:
250:
247:
245:
242:
225:
224:Metalens array
222:
221:
220:
214:
207:
201:
197:depth of field
188:
185:
171:
168:
150:
147:
130:depth of field
121:
118:
86:
85:Early research
83:
81:
78:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:Photographers
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Bleach bypass
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:primary color
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Reversal film
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Image sharing
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
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2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:United States
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Daguerreotype
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Stopping down
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Rephotography
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Long-exposure
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Architectural
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Shutter speed
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Metering mode
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Color balance
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Angle of view
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Manufacturers
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
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1741:
1738:
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1733:
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1731:
1728:
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1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1462:on 2022-10-09
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1314:on 2020-10-20
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1247:on 2008-01-17
1245:(Adobe Flash)
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1135:(3): 924–93.
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1110:petapixel.com
1107:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1001:
988:
981:
978:
967:on 2011-11-04
966:
962:
956:
953:
948:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
896:
885:
881:
874:
871:
866:
860:
852:
846:
843:
838:
834:
827:
824:
812:
808:
801:
798:
785:
778:
776:
772:
759:
755:
751:
745:
742:
729:
723:
720:
716:
710:
708:
704:
693:on 2019-09-11
692:
688:
682:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
652:
648:
644:
637:
635:
631:
626:
622:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
581:
579:
575:
571:
565:
562:
557:
553:
547:
545:
541:
536:
532:
527:
522:
519:(2): 99–106.
518:
514:
507:
505:
501:
494:
490:
487:
485:
484:Streak camera
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
442:
440:
438:
429:
427:
425:
421:
415:
408:
406:
402:
400:
395:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
371:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
314:
312:
311:deconvolution
308:
304:
301:and standard
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
278:
275:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
248:
244:Manufacturers
243:
241:
238:
234:
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3180:Polaroid art
3074:K-14 process
3069:Instant film
3064:Gum printing
3019:C-41 process
3004:Photographic
2905:Image sensor
2900:Film scanner
2554:Sun printing
2487:Print toning
2274:space selfie
2244:Pictorialism
2174:Ethnographic
2154:Conservation
2026:Guide number
2021:Focal length
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691:the original
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616:10547/622011
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479:Photo finish
459:Compound eye
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364:astrophysics
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297:/wide-field
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114:image sensor
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3241:Microscopes
3185:Stereoscopy
3049:E-6 process
3044:Dye coupler
2977:color space
2890:Digiscoping
2883:camera back
2798:Philippines
2727:Visual arts
2717:Glass plate
2702:Heliography
2601:Composition
2576:Ultraviolet
2532:Stereoscopy
2527:Slow motion
2512:Scanography
2427:Kite aerial
2367:Contre-jour
2259:Post-mortem
2249:Pornography
2229:Neues Sehen
2164:Documentary
2098:Zone System
2073:Reciprocity
1999:Film format
1929:Backscatter
1907:Terminology
1777:beauty dish
1676:rangefinder
1641:light-field
1622:Photography
1055:21 November
1049:CNET Editor
915:(1): 2130.
764:October 19,
437:PlenoptiCam
399:Kickstarter
389:smartphones
303:CCD cameras
166:artifacts.
158:for higher
110:focal plane
74:holographic
65:light field
3230:Categories
3175:Lomography
3006:processing
2955:Print film
2871:comparison
2838:Uzbekistan
2788:Luxembourg
2748:Bangladesh
2697:Dufaycolor
2677:Box camera
2634:Simplicity
2591:Zoom burst
2586:Xerography
2581:Vignetting
2571:Time-lapse
2559:Tilt–shift
2452:Mordançage
2442:Luminogram
2407:Holography
2402:High-speed
2382:Fill flash
2362:Burst mode
2340:Techniques
2321:Vernacular
2316:Underwater
2311:Toy camera
2291:Still life
2219:Monochrome
2209:High-speed
2159:Cloudscape
2149:Conceptual
2051:Photograph
2036:Lens flare
2016:Film speed
1898:Zone plate
1844:wide-angle
1829:long-focus
1466:2021-07-12
1362:2015-11-17
1318:2021-08-24
1238:PopSci.com
1029:2014-10-19
971:2011-10-30
889:2022-04-30
730:. DPREVIEW
697:2018-03-27
656:2010.04638
495:References
323:dark-field
321:and quasi-
281:Prototypes
266:megapixels
3125:Norwegian
3089:Stop bath
3034:Developer
2662:Ambrotype
2624:Lead room
2547:Slit-scan
2482:Photogram
2477:Panoramic
2387:Fireworks
2372:Cyanotype
2214:Landscape
1859:telephoto
1807:reflector
1802:monolight
1797:lens hood
1782:cucoloris
1718:safelight
1629:Equipment
1496:April 14,
1438:148803076
1430:2156-8650
1171:CiteSeerX
993:19 August
929:2041-1723
884:New Atlas
816:19 August
673:255109335
649:: 21–35.
521:CiteSeerX
356:wavefront
338:megapixel
237:polarized
211:apertures
195:Variable
3204:Category
2910:CMOS APS
2808:Slovenia
2736:Regional
2682:Calotype
2619:Headroom
2497:Redscale
2412:Infrared
2357:Brenizer
2331:Wildlife
2254:Portrait
2199:Forensic
2189:Fine-art
2124:Aircraft
2114:Abstract
1994:F-number
1974:Exposure
1949:Clipping
1924:Aperture
1792:hot shoe
1713:enlarger
1708:Darkroom
1574:Spectrum
1557:. Wired.
1356:Archived
1271:Archived
1201:13194109
1193:19659909
947:35440101
859:cite web
734:25 March
625:27661891
443:See also
430:Software
293:Eclipse
249:Products
233:metalens
217:3D views
187:Features
164:aliasing
3215:Outline
3151:Related
2843:Vietnam
2828:Ukraine
2763:Denmark
2743:Albania
2722:Tintype
2649:History
2614:Framing
2507:Rollout
2472:Panning
2422:Kirlian
2326:Wedding
2204:Glamour
2184:Fashion
2169:Eclipse
2139:Banquet
2061:Albumen
1871:Monopod
1849:fisheye
1817:softbox
1666:pinhole
1656:instant
1646:digital
1251:26 July
938:9019092
790:24 June
595:Bibcode
435:found.
272:Raytrix
80:History
58:, is a
3213:
3202:
3135:street
3130:Polish
2823:Turkey
2818:Taiwan
2803:Serbia
2793:Norway
2768:Greece
2753:Canada
2347:Afocal
2306:Street
2286:Sports
2269:Selfie
2224:Nature
2179:Erotic
2144:Candid
2119:Aerial
2107:Genres
2009:medium
1886:Tripod
1854:swivel
1767:Filter
1745:holder
1740:format
1636:Camera
1531:GitHub
1436:
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1051:. CNET
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811:Forbes
671:
623:
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258:Ren Ng
60:camera
3140:women
3098:Lists
3054:Fixer
2937:Pixel
2866:D-SLR
2813:Sudan
2783:Korea
2778:Japan
2773:India
2758:China
2542:Strip
2467:Night
2447:Macro
2352:Bokeh
2296:Stock
2264:Ruins
2004:large
1834:prime
1812:snoot
1772:Flash
1750:stock
1725:Drone
1686:still
1671:press
1661:phone
1651:field
1572:IEEE
1434:S2CID
1197:S2CID
669:S2CID
651:arXiv
454:Bokeh
385:Nokia
345:photo
334:Adobe
291:Nikon
262:Lytro
254:Lytro
204:Speed
44:Lytro
3163:film
2878:MILC
2377:ETTR
2234:Nude
2194:Fire
2093:Sync
1891:head
1839:zoom
1824:Lens
1787:gobo
1735:base
1730:Film
1701:view
1498:2008
1426:ISSN
1253:2009
1189:PMID
1057:2018
995:2011
943:PMID
925:ISSN
865:link
837:SPIE
818:2011
792:2011
766:2014
736:2015
621:PMID
332:The
176:mask
2915:CCD
1696:toy
1691:TLR
1681:SLR
1418:doi
1181:doi
1167:235
1137:doi
933:PMC
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661:doi
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