4076:(Georgiadis et al., 2012; Kringelbach, 2005; Kringelbach et al., 2003; Small et al., 2001; Veldhuizen et al., 2010). Finally, in the brainstem, a hindbrain site near the parabrachial nucleus of dorsal pons also appears able to contribute to hedonic gains of function (Söderpalm and Berridge, 2000). A brainstem mechanism for pleasure may seem more surprising than forebrain hot spots to anyone who views the brainstem as merely reflexive, but the pontine parabrachial nucleus contributes to taste, pain, and many visceral sensations from the body and has also been suggested to play an important role in motivation (Wu et al., 2012) and in human emotion (especially related to the somatic marker hypothesis) (Damasio, 2010).
913:, often by including insights from both the quality theories and the attitude theories. One way to combine these elements is to hold that pleasure consists in being disposed to desire an experience in virtue of the qualities of this experience. Some of the problems of the regular desire theory can be avoided this way since the disposition does not need to be realized for there to be pleasure, thereby taking into account that desire and pleasure can come apart.
4459:
1346:, hold that the specific content or quality of a pleasure-experience is not relevant to its value, which only depends on its quantitative features: intensity and duration. On this account, an experience of intense pleasure of indulging in food and sex is worth more than an experience of subtle pleasure of looking at fine art or of engaging in a stimulating intellectual conversation. Qualitative hedonists, following
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5230:
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72:
67:
623:, which are forms of feeling bad. It is closely related to value, desire and action: humans and other conscious animals find pleasure enjoyable, positive or worthy of seeking. A great variety of activities may be experienced as pleasurable, like eating, having sex, listening to music or playing games. Pleasure is part of various other mental states such as
898:: it seems that we usually desire things because they are enjoyable, not the other way round. So desire theories would be mistaken about the direction of explanation. Another argument against desire theories is that desire and pleasure can come apart: we can have a desire for things that are not enjoyable and we can enjoy things without desiring to do so.
4268: On the other hand, intense euphoria is harder to come by than everyday pleasures. The reason may be that strong enhancement of pleasure – like the chemically induced pleasure bump we produced in lab animals – seems to require activation of the entire network at once. Defection of any single component dampens the high.
1792:. The hotspot within the nucleus accumbens shell is located in the rostrodorsal quadrant of the medial shell, while the hedonic coldspot is located in a more posterior region. The posterior ventral pallidum also contains a hedonic hotspot, while the anterior ventral pallidum contains a hedonic coldspot. In rats, microinjections of
870:. One way for quality theorists to respond to this objection is by pointing out that the hedonic tone of pleasure-experiences is not a regular quality but a higher-order quality. As an analogy, a vividly green thing and a vividly red thing do not share a regular color property but they share "vividness" as a higher-order property.
819:. Quality theories hold that pleasure is a quality of pleasurable experiences themselves while attitude theories state that pleasure is in some sense external to the experience since it depends on the subject's attitude to the experience. More recently, dispositional theories have been proposed that incorporate elements of both
841:
enjoyment is linked to the taste of the chocolate and not to the itch. Another problem is due to the fact that sensations are usually thought of as localized somewhere in the body. But considering the pleasure of seeing a beautiful sunset, there seems to be no specific region in the body at which we experience this pleasure.
665:
and pain come in degrees and have been thought of as a dimension going from positive degrees through a neutral point to negative degrees. This assumption is important for the possibility of comparing and aggregating the degrees of pleasure of different experiences, for example, in order to perform the
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reactions elicited by sweetness, similar to the NAc and VP hot spots. Successful confirmation of hedonic hot spots in the OFC or insula would be important and possibly relevant to the orbitofrontal mid-anterior site mentioned earlier that especially tracks the subjective pleasure of foods in humans
1495:
Pleasure is often regarded as a bipolar construct, meaning that the two ends of the spectrum from pleasure to suffering are mutually exclusive. That is part of the circumplex model of affect. Yet, some lines of research suggest that people do experience pleasure and suffering at the same time, giving
1374:
makes this relation part of the definition of beauty by holding that there is a necessary connection between pleasure and beauty, e.g. that for an object to be beautiful is for it to cause pleasure or that the experience of beauty is always accompanied by pleasure. The pleasure due to beauty does not
840:
involves a sensation of the taste of chocolate together with a pleasure-sensation. An obvious shortcoming of this theory is that many impressions may be present at the same time. For example, there may be an itching sensation as well while eating the chocolate. But this account cannot explain why the
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or food. But in its most general sense, it includes all types of positive or pleasant experiences including the enjoyment of sports, seeing a beautiful sunset or engaging in an intellectually satisfying activity. Pleasure contrasts with pain or suffering, which are forms of feeling bad. Both pleasure
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are capable of enhancing liking reactions in these hotspots. The hedonic hotspots located in the anterior OFC and posterior insula have been demonstrated to respond to orexin and opioids in rats, as has the overlapping hedonic coldspot in the anterior insula and posterior OFC. On the other hand, the
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playing chess but not just pure or object-less enjoyment. According to this approach, pleasurable experiences differ in content (drinking a milkshake, playing chess) but agree in feeling or hedonic tone. Pleasure can be localized, but only to the extent that the impression it qualifies is localized.
1397:
have pointed out that despite commonly occurring together, there are cases of beauty without pleasure. For example, a cold jaded critic may still be a good judge of beauty due to her years of experience but lack the joy that initially accompanied her work. A further question for hedonists is how to
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In the prefrontal cortex, recent evidence indicates that the OFC and insula cortex may each contain their own additional hot spots (D.C. Castro et al., Soc. Neurosci., abstract). In specific subregions of each area, either opioid-stimulating or orexin-stimulating microinjections appear to enhance
1643:
is improved if the examination is extended by three minutes in which the scope is still inside but not moved anymore, resulting in a moderately uncomfortable sensation. This extended colonoscopy, despite involving more pain overall, is remembered less negatively due to the reduced pain at the end.
881:
propose to analyze pleasure in terms of attitudes to experiences. So to enjoy the taste of chocolate it is not sufficient to have the corresponding experience of the taste. Instead, the subject has to have the right attitude to this taste for pleasure to arise. This approach captures the intuition
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listed 14 kinds of pleasure; sense, wealth, skill, amity, a good name, power, piety, benevolence, malevolence, memory, imagination, expectation, pleasures dependent on association, and the pleasures of relief. Some commentators see 'complex pleasures' including wit and sudden realisation, and some
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These problems can be avoided by felt-quality-theories, which see pleasure not as a sensation but as an aspect qualifying sensations or other mental phenomena. As an aspect, pleasure is dependent on the mental phenomenon it qualifies, it cannot be present on its own. Since the link to the enjoyed
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So it makes sense that the real pleasure centers in the brain – those directly responsible for generating pleasurable sensations – turn out to lie within some of the structures previously identified as part of the reward circuit. One of these so-called hedonic hotspots lies in a subregion of the
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In the past, there has been debate as to whether pleasure is experienced by other animals rather than being an exclusive property of humankind; however, it is now known that animals do experience pleasure, as measured by objective behavioral and neural hedonic responses to pleasurable stimuli.
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The degree to which something or someone is experienced as pleasurable not only depends on its objective attributes (appearance, sound, taste, texture, etc.), but on beliefs about its history, about the circumstances of its creation, about its rarity, fame, or price, and on other non-intrinsic
1392:
pleasure. A pleasure is disinterested if it is indifferent to the existence of the beautiful object. For example, the joy of looking at a beautiful landscape would still be valuable if it turned out that this experience was an illusion, which would not be true if this joy was due to seeing the
643:
are closely related to pleasure but not identical with it. There is no general agreement as to whether pleasure should be understood as a sensation, a quality of experiences, an attitude to experiences or otherwise. Pleasure plays a central role in the family of philosophical theories known as
861:
One objection to both the sensation theory and the felt-quality theory is that there is no one quality shared by all pleasure-experiences. The force of this objection comes from the intuition that the variety of pleasure-experiences is just too wide to point out one quality shared by all, for
889:
One important argument against this version is that while it is often the case that we desire something first and then enjoy it, this cannot always be the case. In fact, often the opposite seems to be true: we have to learn first that something is enjoyable before we start to desire it. This
1402:: is something beautiful because we enjoy it or do we enjoy it because it is beautiful? Identity theorists solve this problem by denying that there is a difference between beauty and pleasure: they identify beauty, or the appearance of it, with the experience of aesthetic pleasure.
882:
that a second person may have exactly the same taste-experience but not enjoy it since the relevant attitude is lacking. Various attitudes have been proposed for the type of attitude responsible for pleasure, but historically the most influential version assigns this role to
1819:. Furthermore, inhibition of one hotspot results in the blunting of the effects of activating another hotspot. Therefore, the simultaneous activation of every hedonic hotspot within the reward system is believed to be necessary for generating the sensation of an intense
886:. On this account, pleasure is linked to experiences that fulfill a desire had by the experiencer. So the difference between the first and the second person in the example above is that only the first person has a corresponding desire directed at the taste of chocolate.
1679:. The "illusion" occurs when people consider the impact of one specific factor on their overall happiness. They tend to greatly exaggerate the importance of that factor, while overlooking the numerous other factors that would in most cases have a greater impact.
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rise to so-called mixed feelings. Pleasure is considered one of the core dimensions of emotion. It can be described as the positive evaluation that forms the basis for several more elaborate evaluations such as "agreeable" or "nice". As such, pleasure is an
1852:
circuitry is activated by quite diverse pleasures, suggesting a common neural currency. Some commentators opine that our current understanding of how pleasure happens within us remains poor, but that scientific advance gives optimism for future progress.
894:, has recently been defended by Chris Heathwood, who holds that an experience is pleasurable if the subject of the experience wants the experience to occur for its own sake while it is occurring. But this version faces a related problem akin to the
835:
closely follows this association by holding that pleasure is a sensation. On the simplest version of the sensation theory, whenever we experience pleasure there is a distinctive pleasure-sensation present. So a pleasurable experience of eating
1350:, object to this version on the grounds that it threatens to turn axiological hedonism into a "philosophy of swine". Instead, they argue that the quality is another factor relevant to the value of a pleasure-experience, for example, that the
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affects how we remember the pleasantness or unpleasantness of experiences. It states that our overall impression of past events is determined for the most part not by the total pleasure and suffering it contained but by how it felt at its
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in order to account for the effect pleasure has on our behavior. It states that there is a strong, inborn tendency of our mental life to seek immediate gratification whenever an opportunity presents itself. This tendency is opposed by the
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Here, we show that opioid or orexin stimulations in orbitofrontal cortex and insula causally enhance hedonic "liking" reactions to sweetness and find a third cortical site where the same neurochemical stimulations reduce positive hedonic
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attributes, such as the social status or identity it conveys. For example, a sweater that has been worn by a celebrity is more desired than an otherwise identical sweater that has not, though considerably less so if it has been washed.
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in regards to the direction of time. On the positive side, we prefer pleasurable experiences to be in the future rather than in the past. On the negative side, we prefer painful experiences to be in the past rather than in the future.
1303:
draws the closest connection between pleasure and right action by holding that the agent should maximize the sum-total of everyone's happiness. This sum-total includes the agent's pleasure as well, but only as one factor among many.
1848:– an intrinsic reward has two components: a "wanting" or desire component that is reflected in approach behavior, and a "liking" or pleasure component that is reflected in consummatory behavior. Some research indicates that similar
810:
try to determine what all these pleasurable experiences have in common, what is essential to them. They are traditionally divided into quality theories and attitude theories. An alternative terminology refers to these theories as
890:
objection can be partially avoided by holding that it does not matter whether the desire was there before the experience but that it only matters what we desire while the experience is happening. This variant, originally held by
1748:
Pleasure is a component of reward, but not all rewards are pleasurable (e.g., money does not elicit pleasure unless this response is conditioned). Stimuli that are naturally pleasurable, and therefore attractive, are known as
1710:
in regards to temporal distance from the present. On the positive side, we prefer pleasurable experiences to be near rather than distant. On the negative side, we prefer painful experiences to be distant rather than near. The
1334:: they are valuable because or to the extent that they produce pleasure but lack value otherwise. Within the scope of axiological hedonism, there are two competing theories about the exact relation between pleasure and value:
1541:, i.e. that each person only aims at her own happiness. Our actions rely on beliefs about what causes pleasure. False beliefs may mislead us and thus our actions may fail to result in pleasure, but even failed actions are
1553:
states that pleasure-seeking behavior commonly fails also in another way. It asserts that being motivated by pleasure is self-defeating in the sense that it leads to less actual pleasure than following other motives.
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nucleus accumbens called the medial shell. A second is found within the ventral pallidum, a deep-seated structure near the base of the forebrain that receives most of its signals from the nucleus accumbens. ...
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is often pleasurable. Pleasure is sometimes subdivided into fundamental pleasures that are closely related to survival (food, sex, and social belonging) and higher-order pleasures (e.g., viewing art and altruism).
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727:
Pleasure is closely related to value, desire, motivation and right action. There is broad agreement that pleasure is valuable in some sense. Axiological hedonists hold that pleasure is the only thing that has
1694:. This principle states that the temporal location of a benefit or a harm is not important for its normative significance: a rational agent should care to the same extent about all parts of their life. The
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pleasure, for example, in the case of a beautifully tragic story. We take pleasure from many things that are not beautiful, which is why beauty is usually defined in terms of a special type of pleasure:
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phenomenon is already built into the pleasure, it solves the problem faced by sensation theories to explain how this link comes about. It also captures the intuition that pleasure is usually pleasure
5711:
1772:– i.e., brain structures that mediate pleasure or "liking" reactions from intrinsic rewards. As of October 2017, hedonic hotspots have been identified in subcompartments within the
3423:
Kron, Assaf; Goldstein, Ariel; Lee, Daniel Hyuk-Joon; Gardhouse, Katherine; Anderson, Adam Keith (2013-08-01). "How Are You
Feeling? Revisiting the Quantification of Emotional Qualia".
1287:
takes the strongest position on this relation in stating that considerations of increasing pleasure and decreasing pain fully determine what we should do or which action is right.
4396:"prospects seem good for new and deep scientific understanding of pleasure and of how it is organized in the brain." Conclusion, Pleasure, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
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with an intrinsic reward. In other words, extrinsic rewards function as motivational magnets that elicit "wanting", but not "liking" reactions once they have been acquired.
4333:"How we and our hedonic experience are situated or constituted in our brains and organisms remains to be seen."Conclusion, Pleasure, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
4249:
1569:, which constitutes a learned capacity to delay immediate gratification in order to take the real consequences of our actions into account. Freud also described the
1504:, as it forms one component of several different emotions. The clinical condition of being unable to experience pleasure from usually enjoyable activities is called
1475:, and explained their relations with one another. He concludes that human needs and desires are endless, and "their satisfaction is by definition impossible."
3492:(2010) 280 pages. Draws on neuroscience, philosophy, child-development research, and behavioral economics in a study of our desires, attractions, and tastes.
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connects pleasure to ethics in stating that whether an action is right depends on the pleasure it produces: it should maximize the sum-total of pleasure.
3267:
3233:
Haque, Amber (2004). "Psychology from
Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists".
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In everyday language, the term "pleasure" is primarily associated with sensory pleasures like the enjoyment of food or sex. One traditionally important
1537:
generalizes this insight by holding that all our actions aim at increasing pleasure and avoiding pain. This is usually understood in combination with
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732:. Many desires are concerned with pleasure. Psychological hedonism is the thesis that all our actions aim at increasing pleasure and avoiding pain.
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Draws on neuroscience, philosophy, child-development research, and behavioral economics in a study of our desires, attractions, and tastes.
656:"Pleasure" refers to experience that feels good, that involves the enjoyment of something. The term is primarily used in association with
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Hedonic hotspots are functionally linked, in that activation of one hotspot results in the recruitment of the others, as indexed by the
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mechanism that motivates the organism to recreate the situation it has just found pleasurable, and to avoid past situations that caused
680:. These terms are used in overlapping ways, but their meanings tend to come apart in technical contexts like philosophy or psychology.
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2464:
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4270: Whether the pleasure circuit – and in particular, the ventral pallidum – works the same way in humans is unclear.
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1299:, on the other hand, is a family of altruist theories that are more respectable in the philosophical community. Within this family,
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ties pleasure to motivation and action by holding that there is a strong psychological tendency to seek pleasure and to avoid pain.
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is a systematic tendency of thinking and judging in a way that deviates from a normative criterion, especially from the demands of
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5471:
113:
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Schimmack, Ulrich (2005-08-01). "Response latencies of pleasure and displeasure ratings: Further evidence for mixed feelings".
3282:"The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology"
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version, each agent should only aim at maximizing her own pleasure. This position is usually not held in very high esteem.
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1427:(the absence of pain), and pleasure as "freedom from pain in the body and freedom from turmoil in the soul". According to
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Schimmack, Ulrich (2001-01-01). "Pleasure, displeasure, and mixed feelings: Are semantic opposites mutually exclusive?".
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Frijda, Nico F. (2010). "On the Nature and
Function of Pleasure". In Kringelbach, Morten L.; Berridge, Kent C. (eds.).
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967:
1753:, whereas stimuli that are attractive and motivate approach behavior, but are not inherently pleasurable, are termed
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Pleasure is related not just to how we actually act, but also to how we ought to act, which belongs to the field of
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understood pleasure as a negative sensation, one that negates the usual existential condition of suffering.
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While all pleasurable stimuli can be seen as rewards, some rewards do not evoke pleasure. Based upon the
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parabrachial nucleus hotspot has only been demonstrated to respond to benzodiazepine receptor agonists.
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Pleasure comes in various forms, for example, in the enjoyment of food, sex, sports, seeing a beautiful
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3774:"Does Living in California Make People Happy? A Focusing Illusion in Judgments of Life Satisfaction"
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1330:. This position entails that things other than pleasure, like knowledge, virtue or money, only have
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http://fs2.american.edu/dfagel/www/Philosophers/Bentham/principlesofMoralsAndLegislation.pdf#page30
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Greene, Preston; Holcombe, Alex; Latham, Andrew James; Miller, Kristie; Norton, James (2021).
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Many pleasurable experiences are associated with satisfying basic biological drives, such as
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is experience that feels good, that involves the enjoyment of something. It contrasts with
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This even increases the likelihood for the patient to return for subsequent procedures.
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Chapter V, An
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Bentham, 1789,
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Moccia, Lorenzo; Mazza, Marianna; Nicola, Marco Di; Janiri, Luigi (4 September 2018).
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can often lead us to pursue courses of action that are not in our best self-interest.
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can be classified in relation to whose pleasure should be increased. According to the
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is identified with "the individual's balance of pleasant over unpleasant experience".
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Richard JM, Castro DC, Difeliceantonio AG, Robinson MJ, Berridge KC (November 2013).
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700:, like health, virtue, knowledge or the fulfillment of desires. On some conceptions,
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4348:"The Experience of Pleasure: A Perspective Between Neuroscience and Psychoanalysis"
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The
Pleasure Center : Trust Your Animal Instincts: Trust Your Animal Instincts
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is a common phenomenon and may indeed dominate our conduct at times. The thesis of
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4090:"Mapping brain circuits of reward and motivation: in the footsteps of Ann Kelley"
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3206:, From Section IX, Torquatus sets out his understanding of Epicurus's philosophy.
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1431:(or rather his character Torquatus) Epicurus also believed that pleasure was the
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1988:
696:. But there may be other things besides or instead of pleasure that constitute
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Figure 3: Neural circuits underlying motivated 'wanting' and hedonic 'liking'.
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explain the relation between beauty and pleasure. This problem is akin to the
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4472:
4172:
3792:
3670:
1922:
1578:
1505:
1416:
1170:
1145:
1111:
1085:
1007:
837:
677:
636:
620:
545:
515:
435:
415:
385:
365:
345:
245:
225:
180:
160:
155:
71:
66:
4383:
4320:
4245:
4191:
4148:"Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula"
4123:
4065:
4009:
3712:
3655:
3452:
3350:
3323:
3165:
2423:
5271:
5266:
5256:
5191:
4950:
4940:
4905:
4892:
4775:
4718:
4668:
4648:
3215:
1820:
1420:
1371:
1269:. Such theories are usually grouped together under the label "hedonism".
1257:
1135:
1080:
1032:
977:
962:
933:
757:
645:
628:
410:
400:
320:
275:
230:
3638:
3621:
3280:
Posner, Jonathan; Russell, James A.; Peterson, Bradley S. (2005-09-01).
672:
The concept of pleasure is similar but not identical to the concepts of
5701:
5281:
5149:
5109:
5095:
5090:
5080:
4991:
4851:
4750:
4713:
4683:
4678:
4643:
4623:
4613:
4598:
4540:
4527:
3929:
3902:
3842:
3018:
2971:
2908:
2625:
1897:
1793:
1501:
1105:
781:
761:
530:
505:
500:
490:
305:
270:
240:
215:
200:
190:
175:
58:
17:
3877:
3752:
3735:
3695:
3133:
2891:
2779:
2018:
1840:– the attractive and motivational property of a stimulus that induces
5731:
5065:
5053:
5048:
5043:
4897:
4844:
4703:
4618:
3620:
Do, Amy M.; Rupert, Alexander V.; Wolford, George (1 February 2008).
1907:
1801:
1656:, which is aware of pleasure and pain as they are happening, and the
1538:
1428:
1424:
1367:
1279:
1150:
1130:
883:
803:
753:
720:
may have a role to play in this attitude, but it is not identical to
475:
370:
255:
195:
3857:
3826:
3520:
3503:
3150:
3002:
2686:
2647:
2617:
2601:
2535:
2492:
Smuts, Aaron (September 2011). "The feels good theory of pleasure".
2344:
2235:
2188:
2096:
2076:
1972:
1379:, i.e. exclude all unpleasant elements. Instead, beauty can involve
3893:
3754:
The Point of View of the
Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics
3604:
3132:
Levinson, Jerrold (2003). "Philosophical
Aesthetics: An Overview".
2856:
5213:
5139:
5033:
5006:
4885:
4820:
4815:
4785:
4723:
4593:
4588:
4496:
2830:
1812:
1468:
777:
765:
733:
570:
520:
465:
445:
355:
350:
325:
280:
170:
165:
3930:"The Rationality of Near Bias Toward Both Future and Past Events"
3669:
Redelmeier, Donald A.; Katz, Joel; Kahneman, Daniel (July 2003).
1757:. Extrinsic rewards (e.g., money) are rewarding as a result of a
688:
is about what is good for a person. Many philosophers agree that
5016:
4977:
4960:
4863:
4790:
4770:
4578:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
2781:
The
Pursuit of Unhappiness: The Elusive Psychology of Well-Being
2265:
1155:
772:. The appreciation of cultural artifacts and activities such as
616:
455:
430:
425:
375:
330:
315:
4500:
4416:
How
Pleasure Works: The New Science of Why We Like What We Like
4141:
4139:
4137:
3490:
How Pleasure Works: The New Science of Why We Like What We Like
3067:
1318:
as something that is desirable and worth seeking. According to
5712:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
4945:
4633:
1393:
landscape as a valuable real estate opportunity. Opponents of
773:
405:
205:
3976:"Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data"
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3856:
Brink, David O. (2011). "Prospects for Temporal Neutrality".
2390:"Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data"
1419:
posited pleasure as the universal aim for all people. Later,
1648:
explains this distortion in terms of the difference between
3622:"Evaluations of pleasurable experiences: The peak–end rule"
3558:
De Mijolla, Alain (2005). "pleasure/unpleasure principle".
2575:"Hedonism: 2.1 Ethical Hedonism and the Nature of Pleasure"
3606:
The Oxford Companion to Emotion and the Affective Sciences
2753:"The History of Utilitarianism: 2. The Classical Approach"
2478:
Complex Pleasure: Forms of Feeling in German Literature,
4285:
Berridge, Kent C.; Kringelbach, Morten L. (6 May 2015).
2468:
https://www.utilitarianism.com/jeremy-bentham/index.html
1265:
plays a central role in theories from various areas of
1690:
are two different forms of violating the principle of
1443:
claimed that following Pyrrhonism's prescriptions for
806:
or engaging in an intellectually satisfying activity.
4447:. A general overview of the neuroscience of pleasure.
1508:. An active aversion to obtaining pleasure is called
3603:
Litvak, P.; Lerner, J. S. (2009). "Cognitive Bias".
2921:
2919:
5299:
5237:
4539:
4413:
3751:Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna de; Singer, Peter (2014).
3083:
3081:
2346:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
2190:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
5107:
4437:The pleasure center: Trust Your Animal Instincts
3096:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2368:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2301:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2090:
2088:
692:is good for a person and therefore is a form of
4486:"The Difference Between Happiness and Pleasure"
4280:
4278:
3573:De Mijolla, Alain (2005). "reality principle".
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2810:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2759:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2732:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2581:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2212:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2127:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2070:
2068:
2053:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1973:"An Honest Look at Hybrid Theories of Pleasure"
1867:Animal sexual behaviour § Sex for pleasure
37:"Pleasant" redirects here. For other uses, see
4982:
2234:Tiberius, Valerie (2015). "Prudential value".
4512:
3671:"Memories of colonoscopy: a randomized trial"
2949:
2947:
2687:"The Reduction of Sensory Pleasure to Desire"
2310:
2308:
1366:A very common element in many conceptions of
1237:
684:refers to a certain type of experience while
593:
8:
5286:
5125:
5116:
4883:
4398:https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pleasure/
4335:https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pleasure/
4146:Castro, DC; Berridge, KC (24 October 2017).
2536:"The Distinctive Feeling Theory of Pleasure"
2338:
2336:
1545:by considerations of pleasure, according to
714:right attitude towards one's life as a whole
5785:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
4849:
3734:Kahneman, Daniel (2011). "35. Two Selves".
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
4519:
4505:
4497:
3923:
3921:
3876:Greene, Preston; Sullivan, Meghan (2015).
3575:International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis
3560:International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2288:
2286:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2229:
2227:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1244:
1230:
920:
794:see a wide range of pleasurable feelings.
600:
586:
45:
27:Experience that feels good or is enjoyable
4373:
4363:
4310:
4181:
4171:
4113:
4055:
3999:
3901:
3871:
3869:
3859:The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Time
3820:
3818:
3694:
3637:
3313:
3197:About the Ends of Goods and Evils, Book I
3138:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–24.
2907:
2413:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
4030:Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML (May 2015).
3831:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
3740:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
2960:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
1467:) analyzed different types of pleasure-
909:try to account for pleasure in terms of
3757:. Oxford University Press. p. 276.
3094:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2896:Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
2808:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2757:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2730:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2579:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2366:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2299:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2210:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2125:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2051:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2020:The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1934:
1639:. For example, the memory of a painful
1354:of the body are less valuable than the
932:
57:
3478:. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
2857:"John Stuart Mill: ii. Basic Argument"
2784:. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1863:Reward system § Animals vs humans
3270:, Chapter 1, General Rules Section 1.
2831:"Jeremy Bentham: 4. Moral Philosophy"
2437:Kringelbach, Morten L. (2008-10-15).
2343:Borchert, Donald (2006). "Hedonism".
2295:"Happiness: 2.1 The chief candidates"
2187:Borchert, Donald (2006). "Pleasure".
1706:", refers to our tendency to violate
7:
4209:Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC (2012).
3521:"Explaining the Paradox of Hedonism"
3505:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3152:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3040:Matthen, Mohan; Weinstein, Zachary.
3003:"Aesthetic Hedonism and Its Critics"
2098:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2078:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2017:Lopez, Shane J. (2009). "Pleasure".
1483:The 19th-century German philosopher
1342:. Quantitative hedonists, following
1312:Pleasure is intimately connected to
3934:Review of Philosophy and Psychology
3072:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2861:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2835:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2648:"The Feels Good Theory of Pleasure"
2270:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2237:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory
2095:Craig, Edward (1996). "Happiness".
1698:, also discussed under the labels "
1461:Treatise of the Self and the Spirit
3525:Australasian Journal of Philosophy
3502:Craig, Edward (1996). "Hedonism".
2075:Craig, Edward (1996). "Pleasure".
1715:refers to our tendency to violate
25:
4484:Paul, Margaret (April 14, 2015).
4439:(2009). Oxford University Press.
4238:10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40
3626:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
3135:The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics
5228:
5222:
4471:
4457:
3149:Craig, Edward (1996). "Beauty".
1742:Reward system § Pleasure centers
1740:This section is an excerpt from
1599:. Cognitive biases in regard to
1423:defined the highest pleasure as
1322:, it is the only thing that has
70:
65:
4352:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
4287:"Pleasure systems in the brain"
4106:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.008
4032:"Pleasure systems in the brain"
3827:"A Near-Term Bias Reconsidered"
3286:Development and Psychopathology
2443:. Oxford University Press, US.
2362:"The History of Utilitarianism"
862:example, the quality shared by
708:, on the other hand, hold that
4420:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3974:Schultz, Wolfram (July 2015).
3235:Journal of Religion and Health
3001:Berg, Servaas Van der (2020).
2892:"Aesthetic Pleasure Explained"
2388:Schultz, Wolfram (July 2015).
2240:. Oxford University Press USA.
1675:A closely related bias is the
1668:. Our tendency to rely on the
1:
4462:The dictionary definition of
3687:10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00003-4
3590:Beyond the pleasure principle
3537:10.1080/00048402.2018.1483409
3166:The Forty Principal Doctrines
1435:and pain the chief evil. The
1370:is its relation to pleasure.
748:Sources and types of pleasure
5737:Social emotional development
4303:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018
4048:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018
4983:
2956:"On Liking Aesthetic Value"
2778:Haybron, Daniel M. (2008).
2726:"Egoism: 2. Ethical Egoism"
1764:The reward system contains
1664:happen on the level of the
968:Julien Offray de La Mettrie
5834:
3992:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014
3946:10.1007/s13164-020-00518-1
3862:. Oxford University Press.
3609:. Oxford University Press.
3577:. Macmillan Reference USA.
3562:. Macmillan Reference USA.
3088:Sartwell, Crispin (2017).
2954:Gorodeisky, Keren (2019).
2890:De Clercq, Rafael (2019).
2406:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014
1989:10.1007/s11098-020-01464-5
1860:
1739:
1727:
1255:
706:Life satisfaction theories
36:
29:
5780:
5220:
3519:Dietz, Alexander (2019).
3394:10.1080/02699930541000020
3298:10.1017/S0954579405050340
3247:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z
2703:10.1007/s11098-006-9004-9
2685:Heathwood, Chris (2007).
2664:10.1007/s11098-010-9566-4
2600:Myers, Gerald E. (1957).
2552:10.1007/s11098-011-9755-9
2506:10.1007/s11098-010-9566-4
2045:Katz, Leonard D. (2016).
1289:Ethical hedonist theories
39:Pleasant (disambiguation)
32:Pleasure (disambiguation)
5670:in virtual communication
4365:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00359
3588:Freud, Siegmund (1950).
3437:10.1177/0956797613475456
2316:"Psychological hedonism"
1971:Pallies, Daniel (2021).
1445:philosophical skepticism
1301:classical utilitarianism
853:drinking a milkshake or
742:Classical utilitarianism
4173:10.1073/pnas.1705753114
4094:Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev
3793:10.1111/1467-9280.00066
3737:Thinking, Fast and Slow
3112:Encyclopedia Britannica
2724:Shaver, Robert (2019).
2320:Encyclopedia Britannica
1774:nucleus accumbens shell
1525:Motivation and behavior
1018:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
5287:
5126:
5117:
5108:
4884:
4850:
4476:Quotations related to
3592:. New York: Liveright.
3476:Pleasures of the Brain
3351:10.1080/02699930126097
3220:Praeparatio Evangelica
2802:Moore, Andrew (2019).
2751:Driver, Julia (2014).
2573:Moore, Andrew (2019).
2482:, Stanford Press, 1998
2360:Driver, Julia (2014).
1730:Affective neuroscience
1547:psychological hedonism
1535:psychological hedonism
1465:Kitab al Nafs Wa’l Ruh
1411:Hellenistic philosophy
1209:"Wine, women and song"
1066:Psychological hedonism
998:Aristippus the Younger
907:Dispositional theories
902:Dispositional theories
98:Emotional intelligence
4100:(9 Pt A): 1919–1931.
3980:Physiological Reviews
3825:Dorsey, Dale (2019).
3781:Psychological Science
3425:Psychological Science
3382:Cognition and Emotion
3339:Cognition and Emotion
3046:Oxford Bibliographies
2927:"Beauty and Ugliness"
2691:Philosophical Studies
2652:Philosophical Studies
2646:Smuts, Aaron (2011).
2606:Journal of Philosophy
2540:Philosophical Studies
2534:Bramble, Ben (2013).
2494:Philosophical Studies
2394:Physiological Reviews
2293:Haybron, Dan (2020).
2204:Haybron, Dan (2020).
2119:Crisp, Roger (2017).
1977:Philosophical Studies
1846:consummatory behavior
1455:In the 12th century,
1336:quantitative hedonism
988:Theodorus the Atheist
868:enjoying a chess game
849:something: enjoyment
5707:Group affective tone
4412:Bloom, Paul (2010).
3066:Spicher, Michael R.
3042:"Aesthetic Hedonism"
2931:www.encyclopedia.com
1817:immediate early gene
1786:orbitofrontal cortex
1782:parabrachial nucleus
1704:temporal discounting
1340:qualitative hedonism
1320:axiological hedonism
1076:Axiological hedonism
864:enjoying a milkshake
808:Theories of pleasure
798:Theories of pleasure
712:involves having the
667:Utilitarian calculus
301:Emotional Detachment
30:For other uses, see
5760:constructed emotion
5430:functional accounts
4490:The Huffington Post
4230:2012SciAm.307b..40K
4218:Scientific American
4164:2017PNAS..114E9125C
4158:(43): E9125–E9134.
3878:"Against Time Bias"
3768:Schkade, David A.;
3639:10.3758/PBR.15.1.96
3268:Counsels and Maxims
3178:Letter to Menoeceus
1759:learned association
1717:temporal neutrality
1708:temporal neutrality
1692:temporal neutrality
1551:paradox of hedonism
1516:Pleasure and belief
1485:Arthur Schopenhauer
1451:Medieval philosophy
1447:produced pleasure.
1199:Paradox of hedonism
1060:Schools of hedonism
5818:Concepts in ethics
5660:in decision-making
4901:(sense of purpose)
4435:M.L. Kringelbach.
3843:10.1111/phpr.12496
3202:2013-12-09 at the
3183:2008-10-13 at the
3019:10.1111/phc3.12645
3007:Philosophy Compass
2972:10.1111/phpr.12641
2909:10.1111/jaac.12636
2612:(March): 181–187.
2602:"Ryle on Pleasure"
2023:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1834:incentive salience
1809:induced expression
1571:pleasure principle
1562:pleasure principle
1395:aesthetic hedonism
1372:Aesthetic hedonism
1332:instrumental value
1181:Felicific calculus
1096:Christian hedonism
738:pleasure principle
5790:
5789:
5377:Appeal to emotion
5155:Social connection
4445:978-0-19-532285-9
4211:"The Joyful Mind"
3068:"Aesthetic Taste"
1913:Pain and pleasure
1888:Flow (psychology)
1850:mesocorticolimbic
1842:approach behavior
1755:extrinsic rewards
1751:intrinsic rewards
1677:focusing illusion
1654:experiencing self
1612:focusing illusion
1575:positive feedback
1567:reality principle
1529:Pleasure-seeking
1400:Euthyphro dilemma
1254:
1253:
1204:Hedonic treadmill
948:Ajita Kesakambali
896:Euthyphro dilemma
879:Attitude theories
874:Attitude theories
658:sensory pleasures
610:
609:
536:Social connection
16:(Redirected from
5825:
5765:discrete emotion
5665:in the workplace
5561:Empathy quotient
5292:
5232:
5226:
5131:
5122:
5113:
4988:
4889:
4855:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4498:
4493:
4475:
4461:
4431:
4419:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4367:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4314:
4282:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4255:on 29 March 2017
4254:
4248:. Archived from
4215:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4185:
4175:
4143:
4132:
4127:
4117:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4059:
4027:
4014:
4013:
4003:
3971:
3958:
3957:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3778:
3770:Kahneman, Daniel
3765:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3698:
3681:(1–2): 187–194.
3666:
3660:
3659:
3641:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3431:(8): 1503–1511.
3420:
3414:
3413:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3230:
3224:
3213:
3207:
3194:
3188:
3187:, Section 131-2.
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3030:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2887:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2829:Sweet, William.
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2799:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2643:
2630:
2629:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2489:
2483:
2480:Stanley Corngold
2476:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2385:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2042:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1968:
1798:endocannabinoids
1778:ventral pallidum
1770:hedonic hotspots
1766:pleasure centers
1735:Pleasure centers
1670:remembering self
1666:remembering self
1658:remembering self
1585:Cognitive biases
1356:higher pleasures
1348:John Stuart Mill
1285:Ethical hedonism
1246:
1239:
1232:
1193:Related articles
1071:Ethical hedonism
1043:Esperanza Guisán
1038:Torbjörn Tännsjö
958:John Stuart Mill
921:
827:Quality theories
662:enjoyment of sex
602:
595:
588:
74:
69:
46:
21:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5776:
5717:Jealousy in art
5460:in conversation
5382:Amygdala hijack
5295:
5233:
5227:
5218:
5207:sense of wonder
4535:
4525:
4483:
4454:
4428:
4411:
4408:
4406:Further reading
4403:
4395:
4391:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4145:
4144:
4135:
4128:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4029:
4028:
4017:
3973:
3972:
3961:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3241:(4): 357–377 .
3232:
3231:
3227:
3214:
3210:
3204:Wayback Machine
3195:
3191:
3185:Wayback Machine
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2889:
2888:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2645:
2644:
2633:
2618:10.2307/2022655
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2477:
2473:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2387:
2386:
2373:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2028:
2016:
2015:
2004:
1970:
1969:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1878:
1869:
1859:
1857:Animal pleasure
1830:
1825:
1824:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1646:Daniel Kahneman
1587:
1560:formulated his
1527:
1518:
1493:
1481:
1453:
1413:
1408:
1364:
1352:lower pleasures
1324:intrinsic value
1310:
1275:
1260:
1250:
1221:
1220:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1013:Pierre Gassendi
943:
919:
904:
876:
829:
800:
750:
730:intrinsic value
654:
606:
577:
576:
575:
140:
139:
130:
109:Self-regulation
107:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5831:
5829:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5795:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5770:somatic marker
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5744:
5742:Stoic passions
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5690:social sharing
5687:
5682:
5680:self-conscious
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5623:thought method
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:lateralization
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5415:classification
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5135:Sentimentality
5132:
5123:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4971:at first sight
4968:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4895:
4890:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4709:Disappointment
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4481:
4469:
4453:
4452:External links
4450:
4449:
4448:
4433:
4427:978-0393340006
4426:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4389:
4338:
4326:
4297:(3): 646–664.
4274:
4201:
4133:
4080:
4071:the number of
4042:(3): 646–664.
4015:
3986:(3): 853–951.
3959:
3940:(4): 905–922.
3917:
3894:10.1086/680910
3888:(4): 947–970.
3865:
3848:
3837:(2): 461–477.
3814:
3787:(5): 340–346.
3772:(6 May 2016).
3760:
3743:
3726:
3661:
3612:
3595:
3580:
3565:
3550:
3531:(3): 497–510.
3511:
3494:
3481:
3466:
3415:
3388:(5): 671–691.
3372:
3329:
3292:(3): 715–734.
3272:
3260:
3225:
3208:
3189:
3170:
3158:
3141:
3124:
3099:
3077:
3058:
3032:
2993:
2966:(2): 261–280.
2943:
2915:
2902:(2): 121–132.
2873:
2855:Heydt, Colin.
2847:
2821:
2787:
2770:
2743:
2716:
2677:
2658:(2): 241–265.
2631:
2592:
2565:
2546:(2): 201–217.
2519:
2500:(2): 241–265.
2484:
2471:
2456:
2449:
2429:
2400:(3): 853–951.
2371:
2352:
2332:
2304:
2282:
2264:Weijers, Dan.
2243:
2223:
2196:
2138:
2104:
2084:
2064:
2026:
2002:
1983:(3): 887–907.
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:False pleasure
1879:
1877:
1874:
1858:
1855:
1829:
1826:
1790:insular cortex
1746:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1592:cognitive bias
1586:
1583:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1477:
1452:
1449:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1363:
1360:
1344:Jeremy Bentham
1328:good in itself
1309:
1306:
1297:Utilitarianism
1274:
1271:
1256:Main article:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1176:Tetrapharmakos
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1101:Utilitarianism
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
953:Jeremy Bentham
950:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
930:
929:
918:
915:
903:
900:
892:Henry Sidgwick
875:
872:
833:quality-theory
828:
825:
817:intentionalism
799:
796:
749:
746:
653:
650:
608:
607:
605:
604:
597:
590:
582:
579:
578:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
266:Disappointment
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
142:
141:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
129:
128:
123:
122:
121:
116:
105:
100:
95:
90:
88:Classification
85:
79:
76:
75:
62:
61:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5830:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5784:
5779:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5524:dysregulation
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5472:interpersonal
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5325:in psychology
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:consciousness
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5225:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:Schadenfreude
5115:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:Mono no aware
4981:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4837:Joie de vivre
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Gratification
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4734:Embarrassment
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Belongingness
4637:
4635:
4632:
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4468:at Wiktionary
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3168:, Number III.
3167:
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2100:
2099:
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2052:
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2037:
2035:
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2027:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
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1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
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1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Sadomasochism
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Gratification
1891:
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1724:Reward system
1723:
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1696:nearness bias
1693:
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1684:nearness bias
1680:
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1662:peak–end rule
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1628:peak–end rule
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1606:peak–end rule
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1558:Sigmund Freud
1555:
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1390:disinterested
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1358:of the mind.
1357:
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1026:
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993:Michel Onfray
991:
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981:
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813:phenomenalism
809:
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687:
683:
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663:
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544:
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539:
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532:
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524:
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519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Schadenfreude
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
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414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
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389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:Gratification
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:Embarrassment
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:Determination
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
211:Belongingness
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
134:
133:
127:
124:
120:
119:Dysregulation
117:
115:
114:Interpersonal
112:
111:
110:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
78:
77:
73:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5782:
5722:Meta-emotion
5635:Emotionality
5608:responsivity
5556:and bullying
5551:intelligence
5361:Affectivity
5345:neuroscience
5315:in education
5028:
4898:
4859:Homesickness
4835:
4761:Enthrallment
4746:Emotion work
4609:Anticipation
4489:
4480:at Wikiquote
4464:
4436:
4415:
4392:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4329:
4294:
4290:
4264:
4257:. Retrieved
4250:the original
4224:(2): 44–45.
4221:
4217:
4204:
4195:
4155:
4151:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4072:
4069:
4039:
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3830:
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3763:
3753:
3746:
3736:
3729:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3632:(1): 96–98.
3629:
3625:
3615:
3605:
3598:
3589:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3559:
3553:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3508:. Routledge.
3504:
3497:
3489:
3488:Paul Bloom.
3484:
3475:
3469:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3345:(1): 81–97.
3342:
3338:
3332:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3263:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3218:
3211:
3192:
3173:
3161:
3155:. Routledge.
3151:
3144:
3134:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:
3108:"Aesthetics"
3102:
3093:
3071:
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3045:
3035:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2963:
2959:
2934:. Retrieved
2930:
2899:
2895:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2807:
2780:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2756:
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2729:
2719:
2697:(1): 23–44.
2694:
2690:
2680:
2655:
2651:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2578:
2568:
2543:
2539:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2474:
2459:
2439:
2432:
2397:
2393:
2365:
2355:
2349:. Macmillan.
2345:
2323:. Retrieved
2319:
2298:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:
2236:
2214:. Retrieved
2209:
2199:
2193:. Macmillan.
2189:
2129:. Retrieved
2124:
2121:"Well-Being"
2101:. Routledge.
2097:
2081:. Routledge.
2077:
2055:. Retrieved
2050:
2019:
1980:
1976:
1870:
1831:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1700:present bias
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1603:include the
1600:
1590:
1588:
1570:
1556:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1510:hedonophobia
1494:
1482:
1479:Schopenhauer
1473:intellectual
1464:
1460:
1454:
1439:philosopher
1415:The ancient
1414:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1355:
1351:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1313:
1311:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1213:
1160:
1125:Key concepts
1110:
1091:Epicureanism
1048:Peter Singer
1023:David Pearce
911:dispositions
906:
905:
888:
878:
877:
867:
863:
860:
854:
850:
846:
843:
832:
830:
823:approaches.
816:
812:
807:
801:
751:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
671:
657:
655:
612:
611:
460:
186:Anticipation
43:
5650:and culture
5455:recognition
5440:homeostatic
5340:forecasting
5289:Weltschmerz
5262:Misanthropy
5039:grandiosity
4921:Inspiration
4911:Infatuation
4879:Humiliation
4801:Frustration
4674:Contentment
3903:10220/40397
3051:10 February
2206:"Happiness"
1788:(OFC), and
1713:future bias
1688:future bias
1641:colonoscopy
1635:and at its
1621:future bias
1597:rationality
1500:and not an
1441:Aenesidemus
1375:need to be
1112:Libertinage
821:traditional
391:Humiliation
336:Frustration
236:Contentment
5797:Categories
5727:Pathognomy
5628:well-being
5544:and gender
5539:expression
5534:exhaustion
5519:detachment
5504:competence
5485:Emotional
5467:regulation
5450:perception
5445:in animals
5395:and memory
5331:Affective
5239:Worldviews
5101:melancholy
5086:Resentment
4956:Loneliness
4931:Irritation
4916:Insecurity
4906:Indulgence
4781:Excitement
4766:Enthusiasm
4699:Depression
4659:Confidence
4654:Compassion
4629:Attraction
4554:Admiration
4549:Acceptance
4259:17 January
3696:10315/7959
3223:Chapter 18
3117:9 February
2936:9 February
2866:3 February
2840:3 February
2814:29 January
2804:"Hedonism"
2763:2 February
2736:2 February
2585:1 February
2325:29 January
2275:29 January
2266:"Hedonism"
2216:29 January
2131:29 January
2057:29 January
2047:"Pleasure"
1930:References
1903:Recreation
1861:See also:
1828:Motivation
1728:See also:
1650:two selves
1491:Psychology
1437:Pyrrhonist
1433:chief good
1267:philosophy
1141:Eudaimonia
1003:Hermarchus
973:Aristippus
917:Philosophy
786:literature
698:well-being
694:well-being
686:well-being
674:well-being
641:well-being
496:Resentment
421:Loneliness
311:Enthusiasm
251:Depression
221:Confidence
151:Admiration
146:Acceptance
93:In animals
5755:appraisal
5695:sociology
5646:Emotions
5618:symbiosis
5603:reasoning
5573:isolation
5514:contagion
5499:blackmail
5425:expressed
5420:evolution
5410:and sleep
5400:and music
5335:computing
5282:Reclusion
5277:Pessimism
5252:Defeatism
5182:Suffering
5128:Sehnsucht
5071:Rejection
5022:self-pity
4997:Nostalgia
4966:limerence
4936:Isolation
4874:Hostility
4831:Happiness
4811:Gratitude
4756:Emptiness
4739:vicarious
4689:Curiosity
4664:Confusion
4604:Annoyance
4584:Amusement
4574:Agitation
4569:Affection
4564:Aesthetic
4559:Adoration
3954:230797064
3912:142294499
3801:1467-9280
3721:206055276
3705:0304-3959
3648:1531-5320
3545:171459875
3445:0956-7976
3410:144217149
3402:0269-9931
3367:144572285
3359:0269-9931
3306:1469-2198
3027:213973255
2988:204522523
2980:1933-1592
2711:170419589
2672:170258796
2560:170819498
2514:170258796
1997:219440957
1923:Happiness
1836:model of
1768: or
1543:motivated
1506:anhedonia
1417:Cyrenaics
1386:aesthetic
1171:Suffering
1166:Sensation
1146:Happiness
1086:Cyrenaics
1008:Lucretius
838:chocolate
722:happiness
710:happiness
702:happiness
678:happiness
660:like the
637:Happiness
621:suffering
556:Suspicion
546:Suffering
516:Self-pity
481:Rejection
436:Nostalgia
416:Limerence
386:Hostility
366:Happiness
346:Gratitude
291:Elevation
246:Curiosity
226:Confusion
181:Annoyance
161:Amusement
156:Affection
5808:Emotions
5803:Pleasure
5613:security
5593:literacy
5578:lability
5568:intimacy
5509:conflict
5489:aperture
5386:Emotion
5370:negative
5365:positive
5355:spectrum
5320:measures
5272:Optimism
5267:Nihilism
5257:Fatalism
5247:Cynicism
5192:Sympathy
5187:Surprise
5029:Pleasure
4951:Kindness
4941:Jealousy
4926:Interest
4893:Hysteria
4776:Euphoria
4719:Distrust
4669:Contempt
4649:Calmness
4541:Emotions
4528:Emotions
4478:Pleasure
4465:pleasure
4384:30233347
4321:25950633
4246:22844850
4192:29073109
4124:23261404
4066:25950633
4010:26109341
3809:14091201
3713:12855328
3656:18605486
3453:23824581
3324:16262989
3255:38740431
3216:Eusebius
3200:Archived
3181:Archived
3090:"Beauty"
2424:26109341
1876:See also
1821:euphoria
1686:and the
1619:and the
1601:pleasure
1531:behavior
1469:sensuous
1421:Epicurus
1263:Pleasure
1258:Hedonism
1161:Pleasure
1136:Ataraxia
1081:Charvaka
1033:Yang Zhu
978:Epicurus
963:Jovinian
942:Thinkers
934:Hedonism
926:a series
924:Part of
758:exercise
718:Pleasure
690:pleasure
682:Pleasure
652:Overview
646:hedonism
629:euphoria
613:Pleasure
551:Surprise
461:Pleasure
411:Kindness
401:Jealousy
396:Interest
321:Euphoria
276:Distrust
231:Contempt
138:Emotions
59:Emotions
51:a series
49:Part of
5813:Feeling
5783:Italics
5746:Theory
5702:Feeling
5655:history
5640:bounded
5598:prosody
5405:and sex
5390:and art
5350:science
5306:Affect
5300:Related
5175:chronic
5150:Shyness
5110:Saudade
5096:Sadness
5091:Revenge
5081:Remorse
5012:Passion
5002:Outrage
4992:Neglect
4852:Hiraeth
4751:Empathy
4729:Ecstasy
4714:Disgust
4684:Cruelty
4679:Courage
4644:Boredom
4624:Arousal
4614:Anxiety
4599:Anguish
4375:6131593
4358:: 359.
4312:4425246
4226:Bibcode
4197:impact.
4183:5664503
4160:Bibcode
4115:3706488
4057:4425246
4001:4491543
3315:2367156
2626:2022655
2415:4491543
1898:Leisure
1794:opioids
1615:, the
1502:emotion
1406:History
1106:Yangism
884:desires
791:Bentham
782:dancing
762:hygiene
676:and of
625:ecstasy
531:Shyness
506:Saudade
501:Sadness
491:Remorse
451:Passion
441:Outrage
306:Empathy
286:Ecstasy
271:Disgust
241:Courage
216:Boredom
201:Arousal
191:Anxiety
176:Anguish
126:Valence
18:Pleased
5750:affect
5732:Pathos
5685:social
5529:eating
5202:Wonder
5170:Stress
5160:Sorrow
5076:Relief
5066:Regret
5054:vanity
5049:insult
5044:hubris
4899:Ikigai
4869:Horror
4845:Hatred
4704:Desire
4694:Defeat
4619:Apathy
4443:
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4382:
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4291:Neuron
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1865:, and
1838:reward
1802:orexin
1800:, and
1702:" or "
1652:: the
1609:, the
1549:. The
1539:egoism
1498:affect
1429:Cicero
1425:aponia
1368:beauty
1362:Beauty
1326:or is
1293:egoist
1280:ethics
1273:Ethics
1151:Hedone
1131:Aponia
804:sunset
784:, and
768:, and
754:eating
566:Wonder
541:Sorrow
486:Relief
476:Regret
381:Horror
371:Hatred
256:Desire
196:Apathy
83:Affect
5675:moral
5583:labor
5435:group
5214:Worry
5197:Trust
5165:Spite
5145:Shock
5140:Shame
5034:Pride
5007:Panic
4886:Hygge
4826:Guilt
4821:Grief
4816:Greed
4786:Faith
4724:Doubt
4594:Angst
4589:Anger
4579:Agony
4253:(PDF)
4214:(PDF)
3950:S2CID
3908:S2CID
3805:S2CID
3777:(PDF)
3717:S2CID
3541:S2CID
3457:S2CID
3406:S2CID
3363:S2CID
3251:S2CID
3023:S2CID
2984:S2CID
2707:S2CID
2668:S2CID
2622:JSTOR
2556:S2CID
2510:S2CID
1993:S2CID
1815:, an
1813:c-Fos
1633:peaks
1573:as a
1381:mixed
1315:value
1308:Value
778:music
766:sleep
734:Freud
571:Worry
561:Trust
526:Shock
521:Shame
466:Pride
446:Panic
361:Guilt
356:Grief
351:Greed
326:Faith
281:Doubt
171:Angst
166:Anger
5494:bias
5479:work
5061:Rage
5017:Pity
4978:Lust
4961:Love
4864:Hope
4796:Flow
4791:Fear
4771:Envy
4532:list
4441:ISBN
4422:ISBN
4380:PMID
4317:PMID
4261:2017
4242:PMID
4188:PMID
4120:PMID
4062:PMID
4006:PMID
3797:ISSN
3709:PMID
3701:ISSN
3675:Pain
3652:PMID
3644:ISSN
3449:PMID
3441:ISSN
3398:ISSN
3355:ISSN
3320:PMID
3302:ISSN
3119:2021
3053:2021
2976:ISSN
2938:2021
2868:2021
2842:2021
2816:2021
2765:2021
2738:2021
2587:2021
2445:ISBN
2420:PMID
2327:2021
2277:2021
2218:2021
2133:2021
2059:2021
1844:and
1682:The
1626:The
1579:pain
1471:and
1457:Razi
1377:pure
1338:and
1156:Pain
866:and
815:and
639:and
633:flow
631:and
617:pain
471:Rage
456:Pity
431:Lust
426:Love
376:Hope
331:Fear
316:Envy
103:Mood
4946:Joy
4634:Awe
4370:PMC
4360:doi
4307:PMC
4299:doi
4234:doi
4222:307
4178:PMC
4168:doi
4156:114
4110:PMC
4102:doi
4052:PMC
4044:doi
3996:PMC
3988:doi
3942:doi
3898:hdl
3890:doi
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3839:doi
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3691:hdl
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3294:doi
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2699:doi
2695:133
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2548:doi
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1985:doi
1981:178
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