736:, apartment buildings that housed many families. These apartments usually lacked running water and heat. These buildings had no bathrooms and was common for a pot to be used. The quality of these buildings varied. Accessing upper floors was done via a staircase from the street they were built on. Sometimes these were built around a courtyard and of these, some were built around a courtyard containing a cistern. Lower floors were of higher quality while the higher ones were less so. By the beginning of the Roman Empire, the
443:. Those sources also hold that they were also not permitted to know the laws by which they were governed. However, some scholars doubt that patricians monopolised the magistracies of the early republic, as plebeian names appear in the lists of Roman magistrates back to the fifth century BC. It is likely that patricians, over the course of the first half of the fifth century, were able to close off high political office from plebeians and exclude plebeians from permanent social integration through marriage.
260:
526:
likely imaginative reconstructions reflecting the late republican politics of their writers. Contradicting claims that plebs were excluded from politics from the fall of the monarchy, plebeians appear in the consular lists during the early fifth century BC. The form of the state may also have been substantially different, with a temporary ad hoc "senate", not taking on fully classical elements for more than a century from the republic's establishment.
540:, who were defined not by caste or heredity, but by their accession to the high offices of state, elected from both patrician and plebeian families. There was substantial convergence in this class of people, with a complex culture of preserving the memory of and celebrating one's political accomplishments and those of one's ancestors. This culture also focused considerably on achievements in terms of war and personal merit.
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and mosaics on them to serve as decorations. Rents for housing in cities was often high because of the amount of demand and simultaneously low supply. Rents were higher in Rome than other cities in Italy along with other provincial cities. The owner of the insulae did not attend to duties regarding it and instead used an
803:
One popular outlet of entertainment for Roman plebeians was to attend large entertainment events such as gladiator matches, military parades, religious festivals and chariot races. As time went on, politicians increased the number of games in an attempt to win over votes and make the plebeians happy.
816:
Plebeians who resided in urban areas had to often deal with job insecurity, low pay, unemployment and high prices along with underemployment. A standard workday lasted for 6 hours although the length of the hours varied as Romans divided the day into 12 daytime hours and 12 nighttime hours; with the
1890:
The owner of the insula did not attend to it himself. A so called insularius was installed for that purpose, who was often a freedman, or sometimes an educated slave. The insularius was responsible for the maintenance of good order in the house; he would settle disputes between tenants, and collect
740:
were deemed to be so dangerous because of a risk to collapse that
Emperor Augustus passed a law limiting the height of the buildings to 18 metres (59 ft) but it appeared this law was not closely followed as buildings appeared that were six or seven floors high. Plebeian apartments had frescoes
679:
as a whole comprised a very small portion of the whole population. The average plebeian child was expected to enter the workforce at a young age. Plebeians typically belonged to a lower socio-economic class than their patrician counterparts, but there also were poor patricians and rich plebeians by
654:
In the later
Republic, the term lost its indication of a social order or formal hereditary class, becoming used instead to refer to citizens of lower socio-economic status. By the early empire, the word was used to refer to people who were not senators (of the empire or of the local municipalities)
1855:
Unemployment and underemployment caused hardship for many. Housing was in high demand and short supply. Rents were steep for even the worst accommodations. This situation encourage overcrowding. That, in turn, produced serious health, sanitation, and safety problems. People lived in tightly packed
525:
The veracity of the traditional story is profoundly unclear: "many aspects of the story as it has come down to us must be wrong, heavily modernised... or still much more myth than history". Substantial portions of the rhetoric put into the mouths of the plebeian reformers of the early
Republic are
827:
Some plebeians would sell themselves into slavery or their children in order to have access to wealthy households and to them hopefully advance socially along with getting a chance to have an education. Another way plebeians would try to advance themselves was by joining the military which became
778:. Roman fashion trends changed very little over the course of many centuries. However, hairstyles and facial hair patterns changed as initially early plebeian men had beards before a clean shaven look became more popular during the Republican era before having facial hair was popularized again by
505:
There was a radical reform in 367–6 BC, which abolished consular tribunes and "laid the foundation for a system of government led by two consuls, shared between patricians and plebeians" over the religious objections of patricians, requiring at least one of the consuls to be a plebeian. And
790:
Since meat was very expensive, animal products such as pork, beef and veal would have been considered a delicacy to plebeians. Instead, a plebeian diet mainly consisted of bread and vegetables. Common flavouring for their food included honey, vinegar and different herbs and spices. A well-known
610:
came to refer only to former consuls and the direct relatives and male descendants thereof. The new focus on the consulship "can be directly related to the many other displays of pedigree and family heritage that became increasingly common after Sulla" and with the expanded senate and number of
476:
meaning "social rank") refers to a struggle by plebeians for full political rights from the patricians. According to Roman tradition, shortly after the establishment of the
Republic, plebeians objected to their exclusion from power and exploitation by the patricians. The plebeians were able to
832:
as soldiers were expected to pay for their own weapons. By joining the military they could get a fixed salary, share of war loot along with a pension and an allotted land parcel. There was also the reward of getting citizenship for non-citizens. Potential recruits needed to meet a variety of
522:– were made binding on the whole Roman people. Moreover, it banned senatorial vetoes of plebeian council laws. And also around the year 300 BC, the priesthoods also were shared between patricians and plebeians, ending the "last significant barrier to plebeian emancipation".
379:. This hypothesis, that plebeians were racially distinct from patricians, however, is not supported by the ancient evidence. Alternatively, the patriciate may have been defined by their monopolisation of hereditary priesthoods that granted
683:
Education was limited to what their parent would teach them, which consisted of only learning the very basics of writing, reading and mathematics. Wealthier plebeians were able to send their children to schools or hire a private tutor.
823:
a day which was 5 times what a provincial worker would make. By middle of the 1st century CE this number was higher because of inflation but however the high cost of living in the city of Rome kept the value of real wages down.
698:(oldest male in the family) held ultimate authority over household manners. Sons could have no authority over fathers at any point in their life. Women had a subservient position in the family to fathers and husbands.
371:' appointment of the first hundred senators, whose descendants became the patriciate. Modern hypotheses date the distinction "anywhere from the regal period to the late fifth century" BC. The 19th-century historian
246:
745:
who was most often an educated slave or a freedman instead. Their job was to collect rent from tenants, manage disputes between individual tenants and be responsible for maintenance.
239:
1171:, p. 244. "That anyone could ever have thought that the Conflict of the Orders arose from a primordial division of the community into two ethnic groups is almost beyond belief".
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in the 2nd century CE. Some plebeian women would wear cosmetics made from charcoal and chalk. Romans generally wore clothes with bright colors and did wear a variety of jewelry.
1372:
586:), and plebeians who had held curule offices (e.g., dictator, consul, praetor, and curule aedile). Becoming a senator after election to a quaestorship did not make a man a
232:
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membership in the senate. Patricians also may have emerged from a nucleus of the rich religious leaders who formed themselves into a closed elite after accomplishing the
2113:
817:
hours being determined based on the seasons. Cicero wrote in the late republican period that he estimated the average laborer working in the city of Rome earned 6 1/2
410:, there are attested 43 clan names, of which 10 are plebeian with 17 of uncertain status. A single clan also might have both patrician and plebeian branches sharing a
496:
who shared power between plebeians and patricians in various years, but the consular tribunes apparently were not endowed with religious authority. In 445 BC, the
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431:
does not seem to have become important before the foundation of the
Republic". The literary sources hold that in the early Republic, plebeians were excluded from
3952:
667:
Much less is known about the plebeians than the patricians in
Ancient Rome as most could not write and thus could not record what happened in their daily life.
1013:, there is a major class divide. The rich and educated live in safeguarded facilities while others live in dilapidated cities referred to as the "pleeblands".
795:, which is a fish sauce, was also largely consumed. Apartments often did not have kitchens in them so families would get food from restaurants and/or bars.
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which were made of timber frames and wicker walls open to streets with the exception of shutters being one to two floors high with tightly packed spaces.
480:
Ancient Roman tradition claimed that the
Conflict led to laws being published, written down, and given open access starting in 494 BC with the law of the
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774:, generally made of wool felt or inexpensive material, with a belt at the waist, as well as sandals. Meanwhile, women wore a long dress called a
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333:. Plebeians were not a monolithic social class. Those who resided in the city and were part of the four urban tribes are sometimes called the
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2344:
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1911:
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1364:
938:(short term for Fourth Class Cadets) because they are still civilian antiques and they are expected to master first the spirit of
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requirements as well which included: being male, at least 172 centimetres (5.64 ft) tall, enlist before one was 35, having a
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was abolished in 326, freeing plebeians from the possibility of slavery by patrician creditors. By 287, with the passage of the
1706:
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rows of flimsy tabernae, one- or two-story buildings with timber frames and wicker walls open to the street except shutters.
1458:
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3709:
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3625:
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Not all plebeians lived in these conditions, as some wealthier plebs were able to live in single-family homes, called a
354:
62:
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Momigliano, Arnaldo; Lintott, Andrew (2012). "plebs". In
Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.).
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achieve their political goals by a series of secessions from the city: "a combination of mutiny and a strike".
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547:(326–304 BC), plebeians who had risen to power through these social reforms began to acquire the aura of
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565:" for the consulship repeated joint terms, suggesting a deliberate political strategy of cooperation.
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There existed an aristocracy of wealthy families in the regal period, but "a clear-cut distinction of
259:
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1063:(aka Plodgate or Gategate), a 2012 British political scandal involving the use of the word as a slur
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986:, is used as a derogatory term for someone considered unsophisticated, uncultured, or lower class.
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578:(a person entering the nobility) exists; Mommsen, positively referenced by Brunt (1982), said the
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The completion of plebeian political emancipation was founded on a republican ideal dominated by
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488:, which became foundational to republican politics. This succession also forced the creation of
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634:(new men) in the late Republic, when many of Rome's richest and most powerful men – such as
518:
367:, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was as old as Rome itself, instituted by
303:
The precise origins of the group and the term are unclear, but may be related to the Greek,
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Popular leadership and collective behavior in the late Roman
Republic (ca. 80–50 B.C.)
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561:. From the mid-4th century to the early 3rd century BC, several plebeian–patrician "
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with authority to defend plebeian interests. Following this, there was a period of
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The average plebeian did not come into a wealthy family; the politically active
591:
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were patricians, patrician whose families had become plebeian (in a conjectural
205:
78:
942:. As plebes, they are also expected to become the "working force (force men or
450:
and the tribes; they also served in the army and also in army officer roles as
3476:
2816:
2600:
1613:
948:) in the Corps of Cadets. They must also know the different plebe knowledges.
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557:("nobility", also "fame, renown"), marking the creation of a ruling elite of
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Schultz, Celia E.; Ward, Allen M.; Heichelheim, F. M.; Yeo, C. A. (2019).
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Plebeians in ancient Rome lived in three or four-storey buildings called
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83:
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1025: – Figure of speech referring to a superficial means of appeasement
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State, Society, and
Popular Leaders In Mid-Republican Rome 241-167 BC
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2106:"Andrew Mitchell and the Plebgate affair explained for non-Brits"
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Throughout Roman society at all levels including plebeians, the
506:
after 342 BC, plebeians regularly attained the consulship.
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360:
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2339:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1161.
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1118:
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1110:
1870:"The Living Conditions of the Urban Plebs in Republican Rome"
375:
believed plebeians were possibly foreigners immigrating from
927:, the system and traditions were programmed the same as the
2587:
Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, article
2455:
Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic
1744:
Aspects of Roman History 82BC-AD14: A Source-based Approach
398:("clans") were patrician, signalled by their family names (
1959:"Literate Games: Roman Urban Society and the Game of Alea"
1365:"Secession of the Plebs: When the Peasants Went on Strike"
1801:
Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome
1139:
1137:
1135:
1567:
1565:
1039: – Principal assembly of the ancient Roman Republic
502:
permitted intermarriage among plebeians and patricians.
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Patricians and plebeians: The origin of the Roman state
2418:
From the Patrician State to the Patricio-Plebeian State
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Plebeians who lived in the cities were referred to as
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611:praetors diluting the honour of the lower offices.
2161:"Oryx and Crake: Chapter 2 Summary & Analysis"
860:Plebes (first-year students) marching in front of
1126:
2031:"Introduction to Legion: life in the Roman army"
1033: – Lowest class of citizens of ancient Rome
911:. The term is also used for new cadets at the
804:A popular dice game among plebeians was called
602:in the post-Sullan Republic, the definition of
2670:
240:
8:
3354:
2483:Plebsand Politics in the Late Roman Republic
2312:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1741:Davies, Mark Everson; Swain, Hilary (2010).
1804:. University of Chicago Press. p. 42.
1447:. Cambridge University Press. p. 217.
752:. Another type of housing that existed was
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417:
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328:
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2438:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2227:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
247:
233:
40:
2271:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
889:Valley Forge Military Academy and College
1478:
1180:
1143:
1000:followed plebeians during ancient Rome.
1221:
1192:
1168:
1155:
1077:
979:, along with the more recently derived
57:
2436:The Crowd In Rome In the Late Republic
2220:
1667:THE ROMAN EMPIRE: In The First Century
1583:
1571:
1556:
1428:
1416:
1350:
1323:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1087:The Desk Encyclopedia of World History
931:. First Year Cadets in PMA are called
516:, plebiscites – or laws passed by the
1832:
1830:
1828:
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1764:
1736:
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1700:
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1669:. Devillier Donegan Enterprises. 2006
1404:
1392:
1335:
1308:
1248:
1236:
1209:
7:
3953:Social history of the United Kingdom
2085:from the original on 11 January 2008
2055:from the original on 11 January 2008
1891:the rent at fixed times in the year.
1777:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 162.
1747:. Taylor & Francis. p. 15.
590:, only those who were entitled to a
2447:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
2009:Maria Milani: ANCIENT ROMAN HISTORY
618:by election to the consulate was a
27:General body of free Roman citizens
2920:
2367:World History: Journey Across Time
25:
1719:from the original on 26 June 2021
446:Plebeians were enrolled into the
295:". Both classes were hereditary.
3922:
3921:
2599:
2535:Vanderbroeck, Paul J.J. (1987).
2510:Social Struggles in Archaic Rome
2369:. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.
2309:A critical history of early Rome
846:United States military academies
44:
2337:The Oxford classical dictionary
2293:from the original on 2023-03-07
2196:SPQR: a history of ancient Rome
2171:from the original on 2022-06-29
2143:from the original on 2022-08-19
2136:Plebs (TV Series 2013– ) - IMDb
2116:from the original on 2022-02-10
1914:from the original on 2023-01-13
1644:from the original on 2021-04-29
1539:from the original on 2021-04-29
1461:from the original on 2022-02-28
1375:from the original on 2020-05-24
791:condiment to this day known as
359:In the annalistic tradition of
263:Distributing bread to plebeians
3948:Social classes in ancient Rome
3563:
2508:Raaflaub, Kurt A, ed. (2005).
2452:Morstein-Marx, Robert (2004).
2427:The Culture of the Roman Plebs
1957:Purcell, Nicholas (May 1995).
952:British and Commonwealth usage
929:United States Military Academy
568:No contemporary definition of
279:were the general body of free
164:Assassination of Julius Caesar
1:
2553:Williamson, Caroline (2005).
2544:Vishnia, Rachel Feig (1996).
2443:Mitchell, Richard E. (1990).
1840:A History of the Roman People
1127:Momigliano & Lintott 2012
1057: – Class of wage-earners
2555:The Laws of the Roman People
2401:Resources in other libraries
2104:Walker, Peter (2014-11-27).
1497:The Journal of Roman Studies
1085:Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006).
897:U.S. Merchant Marine Academy
799:Recreation and entertainment
468:The Conflict of the Orders (
355:Social class in ancient Rome
2425:Horsfall, Nicholas (2003).
2265:Flower, Harriet I. (2010).
2081:. Oxford University Press.
2051:. Oxford University Press.
1933:"Plebeians in Ancient Rome"
925:Philippine Military Academy
919:Philippine Military Academy
913:Philippine Military Academy
909:California Maritime Academy
866:United States Naval Academy
3979:
2769:Weberian (three-component)
2615:Collier's New Encyclopedia
2481:Mouritsen, Henrik (2001).
2420:. Amsterdam: A.M. Hakkert.
2199:(1st ed.). New York.
2029:de Lima, Carolina Rangel.
923:Since the construction of
849:
837:and completing training.
598:. However, by the time of
461:
352:
29:
3917:
3583:
3570:
3557:
2927:
2914:
2727:
2698:
2396:Resources in your library
2079:Oxford English Dictionary
2049:Oxford English Dictionary
1821:– via Google Books.
1787:– via Google Books.
1757:– via Google Books.
1614:10.1017/S0009840X00243242
3891:Pre-industrial East Asia
2491:10.1017/CBO9780511482885
2464:10.1017/CBO9780511482878
2416:Ferenczy, Endre (1976).
1904:"Ancient Roman Clothing"
1843:. Taylor & Francis.
1444:Samnium and the Samnites
1048: – Turkish ideology
994:The British comedy show
901:Georgia Military College
835:letter of recommendation
646:– were plebeian nobles.
630:are notable examples of
2939:Administrative detainee
2645:Encyclopædia Britannica
2434:Millar, Fergus (2002).
2306:Forsythe, Gary (2005).
1774:In Search of the Romans
1771:Renshaw, James (2012).
1596:Lintott, A. W. (1974).
1493:"Nobilitas and Novitas"
1091:Oxford University Press
893:Marine Military Academy
671:Childhood and education
287:, as determined by the
3355:
2648:(11th ed.). 1911.
2630:Encyclopedia Americana
2239:The beginnings of Rome
2003:Milani, Maria (2017).
1798:Faas, Patrick (2005).
1598:"Review: Novi Homines"
1441:Salmon, E. T. (1967).
871:In the U.S. military,
868:
730:
718:
712:
550:
473:
464:Conflict of the Orders
458:Conflict of the Orders
418:
412:
400:
392:
385:expulsion of the kings
373:Barthold Georg Niebuhr
341:
335:
329:
311:
264:
3896:Pre-industrial Europe
2604:Texts on Wikisource:
2518:10.1002/9780470752753
2363:Spielvogel, Jackson J
2242:. London: Routledge.
2236:Cornell, Tim (1995).
970:South African English
881:U.S. Military Academy
859:
709:
353:Further information:
291:, or in other words "
262:
3753: or countries
3564:By country or region
2802:Class discrimination
2548:. London: Routledge.
2539:. Amsterdam: Gieben.
2429:. London: Duckworth.
2193:Beard, Mary (2015).
1975:10.1093/past/147.1.3
1707:"Life as a Plebeian"
1602:The Classical Review
1311:, pp. 148, 151.
903:(only for the first
770:Plebeian men wore a
377:other parts of Italy
30:For other uses, see
3958:Class-related slurs
3285:Vanniar (Chieftain)
1888:– via JSTOR.
1868:Yavetz, Z. (1958).
1491:Brunt, P A (1982).
680:the late Republic.
584:transitio ad plebem
416:distinguished by a
310:In Latin, the word
53:Part of a series on
3866:18th-century Spain
3720:Standard of living
3424:Upper middle class
3419:Lower middle class
3010:Political prisoner
2792:Chattering classes
2764:Spoon class theory
2563:10.3998/mpub.15992
1992:– via JSTOR.
1963:Past & Present
1937:historylink101.com
1908:www.vita-romae.com
1224:, pp. 255–56.
1195:, pp. 251–52.
1183:, pp. 167–68.
1023:Bread and circuses
990:In popular culture
885:U.S. Naval Academy
869:
719:
614:A person becoming
606:had shifted. Now,
545:Second Samnite War
307:, meaning masses.
265:
174:Battle of Philippi
169:Second Triumvirate
159:Caesar's Civil War
3935:
3934:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3746:
3745:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3447:Lumpenproletariat
2949:illegal immigrant
2910:
2909:
2822:Classless society
2595:Livius.org: Plebs
2377:Library resources
2346:978-0-19-954556-8
2319:978-0-520-94029-1
2278:978-0-691-14043-8
2206:978-0-87140-423-7
1586:, pp. 156–7.
1559:, pp. 155–6.
1454:978-0-521-06185-8
1395:, pp. 150–1.
1338:, pp. 147–8.
1100:978-0-7394-7809-7
828:easier after the
756:(lodging houses)
494:consular tribunes
490:plebeian tribunes
257:
256:
221:Theatre of Pompey
154:First Triumvirate
36:Plebs (TV series)
16:(Redirected from
3970:
3963:Social divisions
3925:
3924:
3752:
3653:Mexican-American
3581:
3572:
3559:
3360:
3303:Business magnate
3193:Knowledge worker
3078:
2966:dual or multiple
2929:
2916:
2870:Social exclusion
2865:Social cleansing
2779:
2729:
2718:Economic classes
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2649:
2634:
2619:
2603:
2576:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2504:
2477:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2370:
2358:
2331:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2261:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1834:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1105:
1104:
1082:
1051:
1042:
1037:Plebeian Council
812:Financial status
735:
717:
555:
519:concilium plebis
423:
415:
406:). In the early
405:
397:
344:
338:
332:
249:
242:
235:
48:
47:
41:
21:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3905:
3854:
3742:
3714:
3681:
3665:Underprivileged
3607:
3566:
3565:
3541:
3471:
3428:
3388:
3370:
3289:
3207:
3167:
3069:
3024:
2923:
2922:
2906:
2885:Social position
2875:Social mobility
2773:
2723:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2637:
2622:
2607:
2583:
2573:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2507:
2501:
2480:
2474:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2412:
2410:Further reading
2407:
2406:
2405:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2361:
2347:
2334:
2320:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2279:
2268:Roman republics
2264:
2250:
2235:
2219:
2207:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1851:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1705:Karen, Harris.
1704:
1703:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1363:Harris, Karen.
1362:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1133:
1125:
1108:
1101:
1093:. p. 507.
1084:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1049:
1040:
1019:
1005:Margaret Atwood
992:
981:adjectival form
954:
921:
854:
848:
843:
814:
801:
788:
780:Emperor Hadrian
768:
704:
702:Living quarters
690:
673:
665:
652:
543:Throughout the
532:
530:Noble plebeians
466:
460:
452:tribuni militum
357:
351:
349:In ancient Rome
321:collective noun
301:
253:
119:Clodius Pulcher
45:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:Ottoman Empire
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:Ancient Greece
3868:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3845:United Kingdom
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3738:Home-ownership
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3593:American Dream
3590:
3584:
3578:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Migrant worker
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2921:By demographic
2919:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2901:Status Anxiety
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Ranked society
2852:
2847:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:Class conflict
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2780: topics
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2754:Mudsill theory
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2635:
2620:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2581:External links
2579:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2550:
2541:
2532:
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2472:
2449:
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2411:
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2404:
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2345:
2332:
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2248:
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2205:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2152:
2126:
2096:
2066:
2036:
2021:
1995:
1949:
1924:
1895:
1860:
1849:
1824:
1810:
1790:
1783:
1760:
1753:
1730:
1680:
1654:
1608:(2): 261–263.
1588:
1576:
1574:, p. 156.
1561:
1549:
1509:10.2307/299112
1483:
1481:, p. 269.
1471:
1453:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1407:, p. 152.
1397:
1385:
1355:
1340:
1328:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1251:, p. 147.
1241:
1239:, p. 146.
1226:
1214:
1212:, p. 151.
1197:
1185:
1173:
1160:
1158:, p. 242.
1148:
1146:, p. 157.
1131:
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1066:
1065:
1064:
1058:
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1018:
1015:
1010:Oryx and Crake
991:
988:
974:back-formation
953:
950:
920:
917:
847:
844:
842:
839:
830:Marian reforms
813:
810:
800:
797:
787:
784:
767:
764:
703:
700:
689:
686:
672:
669:
664:
661:
651:
648:
640:Marcus Crassus
531:
528:
462:Main article:
459:
456:
408:Roman Republic
350:
347:
300:
297:
281:Roman citizens
255:
254:
252:
251:
244:
237:
229:
226:
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224:
223:
218:
213:
211:Curia Hostilia
208:
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189:
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183:
180:Bellum Siculum
176:
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166:
161:
156:
147:
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144:Marcus Agrippa
141:
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101:
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86:
81:
70:
69:
55:
54:
50:
49:
32:Plebs (spider)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3863:
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3857:
3851:
3850:United States
3848:
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3808:
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3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:Other regions
3749:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
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3690:
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3684:
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3634:
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3629:
3627:
3624:
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3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
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3586:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:United States
3573:
3569:
3560:
3556:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
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3507:
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3501:
3498:
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3493:
3491:
3488:
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3474:
3468:
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3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
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3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
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3234:
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3204:
3201:
3199:
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3182:
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3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
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3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Socioeconomic
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Social stigma
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Social orphan
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:Nouveau riche
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Class traitor
2810:
2808:
2807:Class society
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Gilbert model
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2572:9780472110537
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2527:9780470752753
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2500:9780511482885
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2473:9780511482878
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2249:0-415-01596-0
2245:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:(147): 3–37.
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:9781351754705
1846:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1813:
1811:9780226233475
1807:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1784:9781853997488
1780:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:9781135151607
1750:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:Forsythe 2005
1475:
1472:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1431:, p. 39.
1430:
1425:
1422:
1419:, p. 25.
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1369:History Daily
1366:
1359:
1356:
1353:, p. 52.
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1326:, p. 51.
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1299:, p. 50.
1298:
1293:
1290:
1287:, p. 45.
1286:
1281:
1278:
1275:, p. 49.
1274:
1269:
1266:
1263:, p. 48.
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:Forsythe 2005
1177:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:Forsythe 2005
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:
998:
989:
987:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
951:
949:
947:
946:
941:
937:
936:
930:
926:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
863:
862:Bancroft Hall
858:
853:
845:
840:
838:
836:
831:
825:
822:
821:
811:
809:
807:
798:
796:
794:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
765:
763:
761:
760:
755:
751:
746:
744:
739:
734:
733:
726:
724:
716:
715:
708:
701:
699:
697:
696:
695:paterfamilias
687:
685:
681:
678:
670:
668:
662:
660:
658:
650:Later history
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
622:(a new man).
621:
617:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
554:
553:
546:
541:
539:
538:
529:
527:
523:
521:
520:
515:
514:
513:lex Hortensia
509:
503:
501:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:Twelve Tables
478:
475:
471:
465:
457:
455:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
422:
421:
414:
409:
404:
403:
396:
395:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
356:
348:
346:
343:
342:plebs rustica
337:
331:
326:
322:
319:
315:
314:
308:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
283:who were not
282:
278:
274:
270:
261:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
230:
228:
227:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
192:
187:
186:War of Actium
184:
182:
181:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
150:
145:
142:
140:
139:Sextus Pompey
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3901:Soviet Union
3876:Ancient Rome
3733:Homelessness
3658:Upper Middle
3530: /
3517:
3511: /
3502: /
3467:Working poor
3363:
3350:Robber baron
3173:Intellectual
3163:Royal family
3127:Ancient Rome
2981:second-class
2899:
2842:
2841: /
2836:
2832:High society
2739:Elite theory
2716:
2709:
2702:
2689:Social class
2643:
2628:
2613:
2588:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2509:
2482:
2454:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2391:Online books
2381:
2366:
2336:
2308:
2295:. Retrieved
2267:
2238:
2195:
2173:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2145:, retrieved
2135:
2129:
2118:. Retrieved
2110:The Guardian
2109:
2099:
2089:24 September
2087:. Retrieved
2078:
2069:
2059:24 September
2057:. Retrieved
2048:
2039:
2024:
2014:December 17,
2012:. Retrieved
2008:
1998:
1988:December 17,
1986:. Retrieved
1966:
1962:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1916:. Retrieved
1907:
1898:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1854:
1839:
1815:. Retrieved
1800:
1793:
1773:
1743:
1721:. Retrieved
1671:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1646:. Retrieved
1605:
1601:
1591:
1579:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1500:
1496:
1486:
1474:
1463:. Retrieved
1443:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1368:
1358:
1331:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1222:Cornell 1995
1217:
1193:Cornell 1995
1188:
1176:
1169:Cornell 1995
1163:
1156:Cornell 1995
1151:
1089:. New York:
1086:
1080:
1030:Capite censi
1029:
1008:
1002:
995:
993:
983:
976:
956:In British,
955:
944:
943:
940:Followership
934:
932:
922:
872:
870:
852:Plebe Summer
826:
819:
815:
805:
802:
789:
769:
757:
747:
742:
737:
727:
723:plebs urbana
722:
720:
693:
691:
682:
676:
674:
666:
653:
632:novi homines
631:
619:
615:
613:
607:
603:
595:
587:
583:
579:
573:
569:
567:
558:
548:
542:
535:
533:
524:
517:
511:
508:Debt bondage
504:
499:lex Canuleia
497:
485:
479:
467:
451:
447:
445:
435:, religious
433:magistracies
428:
426:
389:
380:
358:
336:plebs urbana
309:
304:
302:
276:
272:
269:ancient Rome
266:
190:
178:
148:
73:
59:Ancient Rome
3820:New Zealand
3537:Untouchable
3462:Proletariat
3452:Pea-pickers
3402:Bourgeoisie
3090:Aristocracy
2976:naturalized
2971:native-born
2005:"Plebeians"
1942:December 1,
1817:December 9,
1673:December 1,
1584:Flower 2010
1572:Flower 2010
1557:Flower 2010
1429:Flower 2010
1417:Flower 2010
1351:Flower 2010
1324:Flower 2010
1297:Flower 2010
1285:Flower 2010
1273:Flower 2010
1261:Flower 2010
1055:Proletariat
966:New Zealand
841:Derivatives
754:diversorias
688:Family life
657:equestrians
592:curule seat
206:Curia Julia
3942:Categories
3810:Luxembourg
3700:Inequality
3365:Superclass
3156:Hereditary
3132:Post-Roman
3123:Patrician
2993:adolescent
2817:Classicide
2297:2021-04-29
2175:2022-02-28
2165:SparkNotes
2147:2020-04-15
2120:2022-02-14
1918:2023-01-13
1880:(3): 515.
1663:"PLEBIANS"
1648:2021-04-29
1543:2021-04-29
1465:2022-02-28
1405:Beard 2015
1393:Beard 2015
1379:2020-04-15
1336:Beard 2015
1309:Beard 2015
1249:Beard 2015
1237:Beard 2015
1210:Beard 2015
1068:References
962:Australian
933:Plebes or
850:See also:
743:insularius
620:novus homo
575:novus homo
439:, and the
381:ex officio
323:, and its
285:patricians
3835:Sri Lanka
3728:Education
3695:Household
3588:Affluence
3523:Rat tribe
3485:Ant tribe
3457:Precariat
3442:Lazzaroni
3384:Bohemians
3345:Overclass
3340:Old money
3276:Spartiate
3251:Kshatriya
3241:Hashashin
3198:Professor
3139:Political
3112:Oligarchy
3102:Hanseaten
3020:Stateless
3000:Convicted
2932:By status
2895:Subaltern
2827:Euthenics
2759:New class
2625:Plebeians
2610:Plebeians
2355:959667246
2287:301798480
2223:cite book
2215:902661394
1638:162366274
1622:0009-840X
1533:162220741
1517:0075-4358
1073:Citations
1007:'s novel
945:"porsmen"
710:Ruins of
552:nobilitas
365:Dionysius
299:Etymology
293:commoners
273:plebeians
196:Caesareum
114:Cleopatra
3927:Category
3859:Historic
3780:Colombia
3770:Cambodia
3705:Personal
3603:Mobility
3532:Freedman
3518:Plebeian
3504:Prisoner
3490:Commoner
3376:Creative
3357:Seigneur
3323:Nobility
3281:Vanniyar
3266:Pendekar
3226:Cossacks
2860:Snobbery
2732:Theories
2365:(2008).
2328:70728478
2291:Archived
2258:31515793
2169:Archived
2141:archived
2114:Archived
2083:Archived
2053:Archived
2045:"plebby"
1912:Archived
1886:41521048
1723:14 April
1714:Archived
1642:Archived
1537:Archived
1503:: 1–17.
1459:Archived
1373:Archived
1061:Plebgate
1017:See also
877:freshmen
759:Tabernae
738:insulaes
636:Lucullus
486:libertas
437:colleges
420:cognomen
390:Certain
325:genitive
318:singular
201:Comitium
84:Augustus
67:Republic
61:and the
3830:Romania
3825:Nigeria
3710:Poverty
3613:Classes
3598:History
3509:Peasant
3495:Outcast
3434:Working
3414:Burgher
3271:Samurai
3261:Ocēlōtl
3221:Chhetri
3213:Warrior
3203:Scholar
3117:Russian
3107:Magnate
3095:Aristoi
3074:By type
2961:Citizen
2954:refugee
2850:Poverty
2844:Parvenu
2778:Related
2749:Marxian
2711:Stratum
2633:. 1920.
2618:. 1921.
2186:Sources
1874:Latomus
1046:Plebism
907:), and
905:quarter
879:at the
820:denarii
714:insulae
677:nobiles
616:nobilis
608:nobilis
604:nobilis
596:nobiles
588:nobilis
580:nobiles
570:nobilis
563:tickets
559:nobiles
537:nobiles
369:Romulus
305:plēthos
191:Places
149:Events
129:Lepidus
124:Crassus
99:Cassius
74:People
65:of the
3785:France
3765:Belize
3760:Africa
3687:Income
3643:Middle
3636:Gentry
3500:Outlaw
3407:Petite
3394:Middle
3328:Landed
3313:Gentry
3246:Knight
3186:Priest
3181:Clergy
3144:Family
3082:Ruling
3031:collar
2988:Clique
2704:Status
2569:
2524:
2497:
2470:
2379:about
2353:
2343:
2326:
2316:
2285:
2275:
2256:
2246:
2213:
2203:
2075:"pleb"
1983:651038
1981:
1884:
1847:
1808:
1781:
1751:
1636:
1630:708820
1628:
1620:
1531:
1525:299112
1523:
1515:
1451:
1097:
984:plebby
972:, the
935:Plebos
895:, the
891:, the
873:plebes
766:Attire
732:insula
644:Pompey
642:, and
628:Cicero
624:Marius
600:Cicero
448:curiae
441:Senate
394:gentes
330:plebis
289:census
271:, the
216:Rostra
134:Pompey
109:Cicero
94:Caesar
89:Brutus
79:Antony
3881:Aztec
3840:Tibet
3815:Nepal
3805:Italy
3795:India
3790:Haiti
3775:China
3675:Under
3670:Lower
3648:Black
3631:Donor
3626:Black
3621:Upper
3528:Slave
3477:Under
3333:Petty
3308:Elite
3295:Upper
3236:Harii
3231:Cuāuh
3065:White
3045:Green
2944:Alien
2787:Caste
2640:Plebs
2589:Plebs
2382:Plebs
1979:JSTOR
1882:JSTOR
1717:(PDF)
1710:(PDF)
1634:S2CID
1626:JSTOR
1529:S2CID
1521:JSTOR
997:Plebs
958:Irish
793:garum
786:Meals
776:stola
772:tunic
750:domus
594:were
470:Latin
429:birth
413:nomen
402:nomen
316:is a
313:plebs
277:plebs
3800:Iran
3513:Serf
3318:Lord
3256:Nair
3149:List
3060:Pink
3050:Grey
3040:Blue
3029:By "
2567:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2351:OCLC
2341:ISBN
2324:OCLC
2314:ISBN
2283:OCLC
2273:ISBN
2254:OCLC
2244:ISBN
2229:link
2211:OCLC
2201:ISBN
2091:2012
2061:2012
2016:2023
1990:2023
1944:2023
1845:ISBN
1819:2023
1806:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1725:2020
1675:2023
1618:ISSN
1513:ISSN
1449:ISBN
1095:ISBN
977:pleb
968:and
875:are
806:alea
663:Life
626:and
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