365:
467:
42:
338:
94:
353:
216:
69:
454:
475:
range extends from southern
California and Louisiana south to include the rest of its breeding range. The white-faced ibis chooses to nest in the parts of a marsh with dense vegetation such as bulrush, cattails, shrubs, and short trees. It will then build a nest from reeds. The white-faced ibis usually lays three or four blue-green eggs at a time.
421:
501:
had devastating impacts on members of this species in the past. In order to correct these damages, DDT was banned in 1970 and various programs were created to better maintain and protect wetland nesting habitats. Yet, there is still some debate whether populations of white-faced ibises in all geographic areas are recovered and growing.
437:, and in the past was sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the glossy ibis. Another theory was that a small population of glossy ibis dispersed to the Americas, which became isolated and evolved into a separate species. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies show that the white-faced ibis may actually be
500:
caused eggshells to be so thin and fragile that parent white-faced ibises crushed the eggs when they were incubating them. Also, since this species is so dependent on wetlands and marshes for both feeding and nesting, changes to water systems such as pollution and man-made draining of water habitats
474:
This species breeds colonially in marshes, usually nesting in bushes or low trees. Its breeding range extends from the western United States south through Mexico, as well as from southeastern Brazil and southeastern
Bolivia south to central Argentina, and along the coast of central Chile. Its winter
404:
Migration and interchange between North and South
American subspecies does not occur. Within North America, birds breeding in northern areas of the range move south to wintering areas. For example, breeders in northern California and southern Oregon move to wintering areas in southern California and
304:
except that it tends to be slightly smaller and its plumage has a somewhat warmer color. Breeding adults have a pink, bare face bordered with white feathers (rather than a bluish bare face with no bordering feathers), a grey bill, and brighter-colored, redder legs. Adults have red eyes year-round,
280:, usually nesting in bushes or low trees. Its breeding range extends from the western United States south through Mexico, as well as from southeastern Brazil and southeastern Bolivia south to central Argentina, and along the coast of central Chile. Its winter range extends from southern
789:
449:
The white-faced ibis eats a variety of organisms, including many invertebrates such as insects, leeches, snails, crayfish and earthworms. It may also eat vertebrates such as fish, newts, and frogs. Its feeding style is to use its bill to probe for prey.
483:
White-faced ibises in captivity live up to fourteen years on average. In the wild, white-faced ibises usually live for nine years; however, the oldest recorded wild white-faced ibis lived for fourteen years and six months.
679:
Ramirez, J. L., C. Y. Miyaki, and S. N. Del Lama. "Molecular phylogeny of
Threskiornithidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA." Genetics and Molecular Research 12.3 (2013): 2740-2750.
496:) showed that 82.9% of recorded deaths in banded birds were a result of being shot. However, the main causes of the decline of this species previously were pesticides and habitat destruction. The pesticide
441:. In fact, members of the white-faced ibis populations in the United States appear to be more closely related to glossy ibises than to members of white-faced ibis populations in Southern Brazil.
364:
2067:
1835:
1887:
389:
The white-faced ibis occurs in Canada, the United States, and
Central America, and a second subspecies inhabits the southern half of South America, east of the
2122:
2047:
829:
2077:
2019:
1786:
747:
D. Dark-Smiley and D. Keinath. (2003) “Species
Assessment for White-faced Ibis”. United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management.
1848:
492:
In the past, the white-faced ibis faced many threats from humans. Studies completed in Utah in the 1960s (before this species was added to the
735:”, The Birds of North America Online” (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online:,
337:
50:
1809:
493:
2117:
1965:
1773:
822:
2062:
1853:
807:
1661:
466:
569:
2087:
1711:
1405:
41:
2107:
1892:
815:
2112:
2092:
93:
2097:
2082:
1900:
781:
2102:
1574:
352:
1905:
1814:
1698:
1614:
2057:
1952:
1939:
1716:
1544:
1019:
966:
205:
188:
393:. In 2012, the total population size was estimated to be 1.2 million individuals, and increasing. The
547:
1970:
1760:
1690:
1672:
1416:
935:
1652:
1301:
974:
925:
58:
1879:
1122:
776:
694:
1534:
1132:
1064:
1054:
223:
88:
1957:
1944:
1840:
2052:
1926:
1866:
1734:
1584:
1554:
1230:
984:
956:
851:
266:
155:
1931:
1801:
1197:
1187:
847:
618:
542:
1703:
711:
2072:
1913:
1564:
1379:
1276:
594:
390:
344:
946:
305:
whereas glossy ibises have dark eyes. Juveniles of the two species are nearly identical.
766:
524:
1677:
1177:
1009:
414:
145:
760:
638:
Ryder, Ronald. (1967) “Distribution, Migration and
Mortality of the White-Faced Ibis (
2041:
1861:
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78:
73:
2010:
1739:
1311:
1152:
1087:
916:
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1983:
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1822:
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1336:
1207:
1168:
1142:
434:
406:
301:
728:
1978:
1253:
1112:
1103:
1045:
1029:
595:"White-faced Ibis Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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17:
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2004:
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277:
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258:
135:
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811:
433:
The white-faced ibis bears a strong resemblance to the related
518:
516:
514:
497:
1994:
1621:
1521:
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1244:
1221:
1166:
1101:
1078:
1043:
998:
914:
885:
413:will overwinter in areas such as Texas and coastal
723:
721:
405:MĂ©xico or Central America. Some birds breeding in
548:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697426A93613243.en
288:south to include the rest of its breeding range.
772:- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
300:, the white-faced ibis is very similar to the
823:
695:Great Basin Bird Observatory White-faced Ibis
8:
634:
632:
727:Ryder, Ronald A. and David E. Manry.(2005)"
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1503:
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1463:
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860:
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808:
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67:
40:
31:
2068:Native birds of the Western United States
743:
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712:Texas Parks and Wildlife White-faced Ibis
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424:A flock of White-faced Ibis take flight.
510:
333:
706:
704:
689:
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685:
572:. Birding Hawaii. 2004. Archived from
7:
2123:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot
2048:IUCN Red List least concern species
534:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
51:Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge
642:) in North America”. Bird-Banding
25:
363:
351:
336:
92:
2078:Birds of the Rio Grande valleys
1815:white-faced-ibis-plegadis-chihi
523:BirdLife International (2016).
790:White-faced ibis photo gallery
330:: 35.4-36.6 in (90-93 cm)
318:: 18.1-22.1 in (46-56 cm)
49:Adult white-faced ibis at the
1:
457:A White-faced Ibis in flight.
238:Plegadis falcinellus mexicana
872:subfamily: Threskiornithinae
792:at VIREO (Drexel University)
763:- Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2139:
324:: 15.9-18.5 oz (450-525 g)
233:Plegadis falcinellus chihi
1506:
1493:
1462:
894:
881:
859:
796:Interactive range map of
715:, Retrieved 11 April 2014
698:, Retrieved 22 April 2014
667:, Retrieved 11 April 2014
494:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
229:
222:
213:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
1406:Moloka'i flightless ibis
782:Internet Bird Collection
777:"White-faced ibis media"
664:Audubon White-faced Ibis
541:: e.T22697426A93613243.
2118:Birds described in 1817
1575:Yellow-billed spoonbill
838:Traditional listing of
973:) and supporting page
471:
458:
425:
2063:Birds of the Americas
1953:Paleobiology Database
1940:Paleobiology Database
1545:Black-faced spoonbill
1020:White-shouldered ibis
967:Australian white ibis
599:www.allaboutbirds.org
469:
456:
423:
397:rates it as being of
276:breeds colonially in
1417:Maui flightless ibis
979:T. moluccus pygmaeus
936:Malagasy sacred ibis
901:(prefix †indicates
462:Breeding and nesting
358:Non-breeding plumage
298:non-breeding plumage
1302:American white ibis
975:Solomons white ibis
926:African sacred ibis
625:. 13 November 2014.
59:Conservation status
2088:Birds of Argentina
1535:Eurasian spoonbill
1133:Spot-breasted ibis
1065:Southern bald ibis
1055:Northern bald ibis
803:IUCN Red List maps
729:White-faced Ibis (
619:"White-faced Ibis"
570:"White-faced Ibis"
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343:Winter plumage in
2108:Birds of Paraguay
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852:Threskiornithidae
767:White-faced ibis
267:Threskiornithidae
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156:Threskiornithidae
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35:White-faced ibis
16:(Redirected from
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1513:
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1380:Madagascar ibis
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1321:
1286:
1277:Bare-faced ibis
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1240:
1217:
1182:T. caerulescens
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2103:Birds of Chile
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1682:
1678:Plegadis_chihi
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1434:
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1341:P. falcinellus
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1322:
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1319:
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1258:M. cayennensis
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1225:
1219:
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1178:Plumbeous ibis
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1157:B. carunculata
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1027:
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989:T. spinicollis
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933:
930:T. aethiopicus
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769:Plegadis chihi
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755:External links
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731:Plegadis chihi
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254:Plegadis chihi
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1247:
1246:Mesembrinibis
1243:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:São Tomé ibis
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
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1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
990:
986:
983:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:
962:
958:
955:
952:
951:T. solitarius
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
931:
927:
924:
923:
921:
919:
918:
913:
904:
900:
899:
893:
890:
888:
884:
880:
871:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
813:
810:
804:
800:
799:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
778:
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771:
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742:
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734:
732:
724:
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707:
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649:
645:
641:
635:
633:
629:
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620:
614:
611:
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596:
590:
587:
576:on 2012-11-05
575:
571:
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562:
549:
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511:
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461:
455:
451:
444:
442:
440:
436:
428:
422:
418:
416:
412:
408:
402:
400:
399:Least Concern
396:
392:
384:
379:
375:
366:
361:
354:
349:
346:
339:
334:
329:
326:
323:
320:
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225:
221:
217:
212:
207:
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199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
180:P. chihi
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
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141:
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137:
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120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2058:Wading birds
1995:
1622:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:(spoonbills)
1522:
1508:
1482:
1476:
1444:
1431:
1420:
1409:
1394:
1383:
1371:
1360:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1326:
1315:
1312:Scarlet ibis
1305:
1291:
1280:
1268:
1257:
1245:
1234:
1222:
1212:T. branickii
1211:
1202:T. melanopis
1201:
1191:
1181:
1167:
1156:
1153:Wattled ibis
1146:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1102:
1091:
1088:Crested ibis
1079:
1068:
1058:
1044:
1033:
1023:
1014:P. papillosa
1013:
999:
988:
978:
970:
960:
950:
947:RĂ©union ibis
939:
929:
917:Threskiornis
915:
896:
797:
780:
768:
730:
710:
693:
662:
643:
639:
622:
613:
602:. Retrieved
598:
589:
578:. Retrieved
574:the original
564:
552:. Retrieved
538:
532:
526:
491:
482:
473:
448:
439:paraphyletic
432:
403:
388:
385:Distribution
327:
321:
315:
309:Measurements
308:
307:
295:
271:
253:
252:
248:
246:
237:
232:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
29:
1901:Neotropical
1875:NatureServe
1823:iNaturalist
1647:Wikispecies
1579:P. flavipes
1477:Plataleinae
1475:subfamily:
1384:L. cristata
1361:P. ridgwayi
1337:Glossy ibis
1235:C. oxycerca
1208:Andean ibis
1192:T. caudatus
1169:Theristicus
1147:B. hagedash
1143:Hadada ibis
1117:B. olivacea
1034:P. gigantea
1024:P. davisoni
971:T. moluccus
940:T. bernieri
554:19 November
435:glossy ibis
407:Yellowstone
302:glossy ibis
292:Description
2042:Categories
2011:Q109563369
1979:Xeno-canto
1471:Spoonbills
1372:Lophotibis
1254:Green ibis
1127:B. bocagei
1113:Olive ibis
1104:Bostrychia
1059:G. eremita
1046:Geronticus
1030:Giant ibis
844:spoonbills
646:: 257-277.
604:2020-09-26
580:2013-12-23
505:References
282:California
1432:Xenicibis
1421:A. brevis
1410:A. glenos
1396:Apteribis
1357:Puna ibis
1293:Eudocimus
1092:N. nippon
1069:G. calvus
1001:Pseudibis
417:regions.
286:Louisiana
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
2053:Plegadis
2005:Wikidata
1880:2.103784
1867:22697426
1841:11213821
1766:45509054
1704:22697426
1699:BirdLife
1632:Wikidata
1589:P. ajaja
1569:P. regia
1549:P. minor
1524:Platalea
1483:Platalea
1351:P. chihi
1328:Plegadis
1316:E. ruber
1306:E. albus
1269:Phimosus
1223:Cercibis
1080:Nipponia
905:species)
479:Lifespan
374:Pantanal
370:Juvenile
328:Wingspan
265:family,
224:Synonyms
206:Vieillot
167:Plegadis
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
2025:9686596
1792:2480775
1686:Avibase
1638:Q746696
1559:P. alba
1510:Species
1481:genus:
1137:B. rara
903:extinct
898:Species
623:Audubon
488:Threats
445:Feeding
411:Wyoming
296:In its
278:marshes
274:species
261:in the
208:, 1817)
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
2073:Ibises
1971:422583
1958:335297
1945:368313
1932:242774
1906:whfibi
1893:302533
1854:174926
1799:GNAB:
1774:EURING
1753:whfibi
1727:whfibi
1666:whfaib
868:Ibises
848:family
840:ibises
429:Origin
378:Brazil
322:Weight
316:Length
1966:WoRMS
1919:73505
1836:IRMNG
1748:eBird
1740:4K62K
1724:BOW:
1717:16283
1499:Genus
887:Genus
272:This
2020:GBIF
1888:NCBI
1862:IUCN
1849:ITIS
1828:3759
1787:GBIF
1779:1370
1712:BOLD
842:and
556:2021
539:2016
395:IUCN
372:The
284:and
263:ibis
259:bird
247:The
136:Aves
1810:IBC
1761:EoL
1735:CoL
1673:ADW
1662:ABA
801:at
543:doi
498:DDT
409:in
2044::
2022::
2007::
1981::
1968::
1955::
1942::
1929::
1916::
1903::
1890::
1877::
1864::
1851::
1838::
1825::
1812::
1789::
1776::
1763::
1750::
1737::
1714::
1701::
1688::
1675::
1664::
1649::
1634::
850::
779:.
740:^
720:^
703:^
684:^
672:^
651:^
644:38
631:^
621:.
597:.
537:.
531:.
513:^
401:.
376:,
311::
269:.
1591:)
1587:(
1581:)
1577:(
1571:)
1567:(
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1353:)
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1339:(
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1279:(
1260:)
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1237:)
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1200:(
1194:)
1190:(
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1159:)
1155:(
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1145:(
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1135:(
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1125:(
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1115:(
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991:)
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607:.
583:.
558:.
545::
529:"
525:"
251:(
204:(
81:)
20:)
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