632:, that become sparse to absent on the pelvic fins, towards the ventral disc margin, and around the mouth. The deepwater stingray is purplish brown to blackish above; some rays also have irregular darker blotches and spots. The underside is white, with a narrow dark border along the lateral disc margins. The tail is entirely dark, and the caudal fin is black. This large species grows up to 2.7 m (8.9 ft) long, 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across, and 118 kg (260 lb) in weight off southern Africa, though it is not known to exceed 2.0 m (6.6 ft) long off Australia.
609:, which have angular posterior rims. The large, circular nostrils are placed close to the mouth, to which they are connected by a pair of broad grooves. Between the nostrils is a broad curtain of skin with a strongly fringed posterior margin. The wide, straight mouth contains 32–60 tooth rows in either jaw, increasing in number with age. Each tooth is small with a low, blunt cusp; in adult males the teeth at the center are sharp and backward-pointing. The five pairs of
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42:
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at 1.3–1.7 m (4.3–5.6 ft) and 1.9–2.0 m (6.2–6.6 ft) long, respectively. The maximum size, and likely also the maturation size, varies between geographic regions.
601:
forming a disc usually longer than it is wide. The leading margins of the disc converge at a broad angle. The snout is thin and measures over six times as long as the diameter of the
960:
McEachran, J.D.; Dunn, K.A.; Miyake, T. (1996). "Interrelationships within the batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". In
Stiassney, M.L.J.; Parenti, L.R.; Johnson, G.D. (eds.).
1132:
Last, P.R.; White, W.T.; Caire, J.N.; Dharmadi; Fahmi; Jensen, K.; Lim, A.P.F.; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M.; Naylor, G.J.P.; Pogonoski, J.J.; Stevens, J.D.; Yearsley, G.K. (2010).
409:
The first scientific description of the deepwater stingray was authored by John H. Wallace, as part of a 1967 Investigational Report from the
Oceanographic Research Institute,
589:. An anomalous record from only 44 m (144 ft) deep off Mozambique was made. It seems to be locally common in tropical Australian waters, but may be rarer elsewhere.
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originates a short distance behind the sting; it is symmetrical above and below, and terminates in a rounded leaf-like shape. The skin is densely covered by fine
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720:. The young are apparently born at close to 50 cm (20 in) long, as evidenced by the capture of a free-living specimen of that size that still bore a
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at depths of 275–680 m (900–2,230 ft). This species reaches 2.7 m (8.9 ft) in length and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in width. It has an oval
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776:. However, should deepwater fisheries expand in the future, it may be susceptible to depletion due to its probable rarity and low reproductive rate.
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disc with a long, flexible, broad-angled snout. Most of the entire latter half of its tail supports a distinctively long, slender, leaf-shaped
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are small and have blunt outer corners. The moderately thick tail measures 93–102% as long as the disc and lacks lateral skin folds and
716:("uterine milk"). Given its large size and deepwater habits, it is probably not highly prolific, with a small litter size and a long
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species generally inhabits the upper continental slope at depths of 275–680 m (900–2,230 ft), over muddy or silty
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The batoid fishes of the east coast of southern Africa. Part 2: manta, eagle, duckbill, cownose, butterfly and sting rays
993:
McEachran, J.D.; Aschliman, N. (2004). "Phylogeny of
Batoidea". In Carrier, L.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.).
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Compagno, L.J.V.; Last, P.R. (1999). "Plesiobatidae. Giant stingaree". In
Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (eds.).
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and
Australia) are extensive, and thus only small numbers of deepwater stingrays are landed. As a result, the
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FAO Identification Guide for
Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific
704:-like, from larger animals. The deepwater stingray is presumed to be similar to other stingrays in being
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499:. John McEachran, Katherine Dunn, and Tsutomu Miyake in 1996 could not fully resolve the position of
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521:. Until the phylogeny is better-resolved, authors have tended to preserve the family Plesiobatidae.
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Akhilesh, K.V.; Manjebrayakath, H.; Ganga, U.; Pillai, N.G.K.; Sebastine, M. (July–December 2009).
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605:; the snout tip protrudes slightly from the disc. The small eyes are positioned just ahead of the
350:. Its coloration is dark above and white below, and its skin is almost completely covered by tiny
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has determined this species to be minimally threatened by human activity, and listed it under
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Records of the deepwater stingray come from a number of locations scattered widely in the
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When captured, the deepwater stingray flails its powerful tail violently, and its long,
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in honor of David H. Davies, the late director of the ORI, and placed it in the genus
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491:("ray"). Subsequent morphological studies have corroborated the basal position of
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1102:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 1467–1468.
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893:. Investigational Report. Oceanographic Research Institute Durban No. 16: 1–56.
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476:(suborder Myliobatoidei). Therefore, he moved this species to its own genus,
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study, Kiyonori
Nishida concluded that the deepwater stingray and the
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species in its diet suggest that it may also hunt well above the
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864:(second ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 394–395.
680:). Its long, flexible snout is well-suited for rooting through
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operating within its range (including those off South Africa,
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for this species include Davies' stingray and giant stingray.
480:, and family, Plesiobatidae; the name is derived from the
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is an immature male 33 cm (13 in) across. Other
443:
is a mature male 92 cm (36 in) across, and the
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The deepwater stingray has a flabby body, with enlarged
943:
Memoirs of the
Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University
692:. One recorded individual was found severely gouged by
1072:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of India
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1061:"Morphometric characteristics of deepwater stingray
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803:White, W.T.; Kyne, P.M.; Holtzhausen, H. (2015).
700:), which are capable of excising plugs of flesh,
423:based on its long, low caudal fin and lack of a
1065:(Wallace, 1967) collected from the Andaman Sea"
652:The diet of the deepwater stingray consists of
495:, but disagreed on its relationships to nearby
828:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T60111A68640813.en
770:International Union for Conservation of Nature
431:were collected during September 1996 near the
395:International Union for Conservation of Nature
373:and well above it in open water. It is likely
369:, the deepwater stingray may hunt both on the
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507:. McEachran and Neil Aschliman in 2004 found
389:stingers. This species is taken by deepwater
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936:"Phylogeny of the suborder Myliobatidoidei"
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648:is known to attack the deepwater stingray.
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1034:(fourth ed.). John Wiley. pp.
740:sting can inflict a serious injury to a
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613:are small and placed beneath the disc.
1136:. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 180–181.
997:Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives
7:
537:in South Africa and Mozambique, the
1483:IUCN Red List least concern species
814:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
860:Last, P.R.; Stevens, J.D. (2009).
330:. It is widely distributed in the
25:
712:nourished by maternally produced
377:, with the mother supplying her
269:Range of the deepwater stingray
84:
565:, northeastern Australia from
1:
934:Nishida, K. (December 1990).
27:Species of cartilaginous fish
964:Interrelationships of Fishes
862:Sharks and Rays of Australia
708:, and having the developing
1160:Fishes of Australia :
968:. Academic Press. pp.
413:. He named the new species
323:and the sole member of the
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511:to be the sister taxon of
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81:Scientific classification
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909:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
724:scar. Males and females
684:, while the presence of
525:Distribution and habitat
887:Wallace, J. H. (1967).
1493:Fish described in 1967
1001:. CRC Press. pp.
649:
405:Taxonomy and phylogeny
334:, typically over fine
286:Chu, Hu & Li, 1981
1026:Nelson, J.S. (2006).
923:. April 2011 version.
821:: e.T60111A68640813.
706:aplacental viviparous
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391:commercial fisheries
283:Urolophus marmoratus
1211:Plesiobatis_daviesi
1182:Plesiobatis daviesi
1162:Plesiobatis daviesi
1063:Plesiobatis daviesi
1030:Fishes of the World
913:Plesiobatis daviesi
807:Plesiobatis daviesi
746:caught incidentally
636:Biology and ecology
467:Hexatrygon bickelli
397:has assessed it as
312:Plesiobatis daviesi
293:J. H. Wallace, 1967
244:Plesiobatis daviesi
51:Conservation status
35:Deepwater stingray
732:Human interactions
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555:Kyushu–Palau Ridge
487:("primitive") and
303:deepwater stingray
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1392:Urotrygon daviesi
1362:Open Tree of Life
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1143:978-1-921605-59-8
871:978-0-674-03411-2
340:continental slope
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241:
225:
224:
205:
204:
187:
178:Urolophoidea
144:Superorder:
29:
1271:iNaturalist
834:13 November
686:mesopelagic
676:(including
674:bony fishes
660:(including
658:crustaceans
654:cephalopods
622:dorsal fins
618:pelvic fins
593:Description
519:Urolophidae
509:Plesiobatis
501:Plesiobatis
493:Plesiobatis
478:Plesiobatis
381:young with
367:bony fishes
363:cephalopods
359:crustaceans
357:Preying on
206:Plesiobatis
1477:Categories
1407:Q107054833
780:References
714:histotroph
626:caudal fin
611:gill slits
587:substrates
567:Townsville
454:In a 1990
437:Mozambique
425:dorsal fin
383:histotroph
348:caudal fin
212:K. Nishida
193:K. Nishida
164:Suborder:
134:Subclass:
766:Indonesia
754:longlines
690:sea floor
607:spiracles
563:Shark Bay
514:Urolophus
474:stingrays
435:mouth in
420:Urotrygon
379:gestating
371:sea floor
336:sediments
220:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1401:Wikidata
1289:10576136
1245:FishBase
1197:Q1048492
1191:Wikidata
920:FishBase
738:venomous
722:yolk sac
682:sediment
670:lobsters
553:and the
445:paratype
441:holotype
387:venomous
321:stingray
275:Synonyms
184:Family:
148:Batoidea
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1434:2418902
1263:2418899
742:fishery
710:embryos
672:), and
581:. This
415:daviesi
317:species
315:) is a
254:, 1967)
201:Genus:
154:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1460:315910
1447:649724
1380:220089
1367:444671
1354:220089
1341:598325
1328:195321
1302:564473
1276:109761
1140:
1106:
1042:
1009:
1005:–113.
976:
868:
762:Taiwan
668:, and
579:Hawaii
577:, and
549:, the
545:, the
485:plesio
439:: the
427:. The
411:Durban
365:, and
325:family
214:, 1990
195:, 1990
1455:WoRMS
1421:7DZCY
1375:WoRMS
1315:60111
1284:IRMNG
1237:6W2C7
1224:97613
1068:(PDF)
1038:–78.
972:–84.
939:(PDF)
666:crabs
603:orbit
571:Wooli
489:batis
482:Greek
471:basal
1442:ITIS
1429:GBIF
1349:OBIS
1323:NCBI
1310:IUCN
1297:ITIS
1258:GBIF
1250:7376
1219:BOLD
1138:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1040:ISBN
1007:ISBN
974:ISBN
866:ISBN
836:2021
819:2015
752:and
678:eels
644:The
616:The
497:taxa
301:The
1416:CoL
1232:CoL
1206:AFD
823:doi
569:to
561:to
319:of
305:or
1479::
1457::
1444::
1431::
1418::
1403::
1377::
1364::
1351::
1338::
1325::
1312::
1299::
1286::
1273::
1260::
1247::
1234::
1221::
1208::
1193::
1118:^
1084:^
1076:51
1074:.
1070:.
1036:77
1003:79
970:63
947:37
945:.
941:.
917:.
898:^
880:^
844:^
817:.
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787:^
764:,
664:,
656:,
573:,
533::
401:.
361:,
354:.
1146:.
1112:.
1048:.
1015:.
982:.
915:"
911:"
874:.
838:.
825::
809:"
805:"
696:(
465:(
309:(
250:(
73:)
20:)
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