132:
131:
579:
934:("Book of Instruction"), was found to contain references to the overthrowing of the "barbarian" Manchu dynasty. Wang Zhong was executed for refusing to reveal the name of the leader of Baguadao, but another member later confessed that he was one of the Lius in Shan County of Shandong. After investigation, Liu Shengguo was arrested and executed. The authorities discovered the vast network of Baguadao sects, with branches named after the eight trigrams of cosmology.
45:
782:
937:
Even after the arrest of Liu
Shengguo the holy significance of the Liu family did not diminish, and minor leaders of the Baguadao continued to rely upon legitimation by the Master Liu of the day. After the 1772 crackdown, Liu Shengguo's successor Liu Tingxian was banished to the northeastern land of
994:
of the 16th century. Within the ideal division into eight trigrams, only three of them (Zhengua, Ligua and Kangua) were influential, and there were further subdivisions which used a variety of names. For instance, the sect led by Wang Zhong, whose arrest in 1772 led to the detection of Liu
Shengguo
942:
where he served as a peasant; in 1780 a leader of the
Zhengua branch of Baguadao sent messengers to Xinjiang to get into contact with Liu Tingxian and convinced him to take his legitimate position as main leader of the religion. In the following decades Liu Tingxian and his sons continued the
1122:
One of the most influential branches of the
Baguadao was the Ligua (Li Trigram) transmission. The Li Trigram branch was more involved in the 1813 uprising against the Qing dynasty. Lin Qing founded many groups of the Li subdivision, many of which connected to the Gao family of
898:. With probability, Liu Zuochen was the founder of Baguadao, after having changed his original name Li Tingyu. At first he had only three disciples: a man surnamed Qin from Qingfeng County, of whom nothing is known; Gao Yunlong of
917:
Historians reconstruct that Liu
Zuochen died around 1701, and Liu Ruhan his son became the new head master of the Baguadao. By the 1730s the sect had developed its characteristic structure, with branches corresponding to the
929:
In 1748, the thirteenth year of
Qianlong, the leadership passed to Liu Shennguo, Liu Ke's son. In 1772 the then leader of the Zhengua subdivision named Wang Zhong was arrested in Shandong and the book in his possession,
1127:
who held the central leadership of the subdivision. Under increasing persecutions Lin Qing reacted by organising a rebellion, which broke out in the 1813 uprising, which culminated in an attack to the
Forbidden City in
1132:. The Gao family members were captured and by the confession of the current leader Gao Tianyou the history of the Li branch was traced back to Gao Yunlong, who was initiated by Liu Zuochen himself a century earlier.
891:
was dismissed because his father Liu
Zuochen was a member of the Shouyuandao (收元道 "Way to Attain the Origin"), possibly an early name for Baguadao prosecuted by imperial authority as part of the
1689:
Ambrosi, Raymond P. (2015). "Interconnections amongst Folk
Religions, Civil Society and Community Development: Meihua Boxers as Constructors of Social Trust and the Agrarian Public Sphere".
98:
Order of Heaven (天理教), Shouyuan (收元 Attaining Origin) sect, Wuhundao (五葷道), Baiyang (白阳 White Sun), Qingshui (清水 Pure Water) sect, Church of the
Glorious Flower, Meihua (梅花 Plum Flower) sect
1750:
670:
684:
1231:. Scholar Raymond P. Ambrosi has studied the engagement of Meihua communities in embedding adherents in horizontal social networks which reconstruct grassroots civil society.
812:
380:
1160:, and was led by Yang Tai (杨泰) and Song Jingshi (宋景诗). The new organisation grouped the eight trigram divisions in five coloured banners: the White Banner (白旗
677:
943:
Baguadao leadership in Xinjiang, and lesser sect masters in the east continued to financially support the Liu leadership in Xinjiang through the 1800s.
914:, who founded the Zhengua (Zhen Trigram) subdivision. The Liu family held the role of the highest masters within the Baguadao for four generations.
1783:
922:
each led by a leader subordinate to Master Liu, two assistants for every leader of a trigram, and cohorts of believers. During the first year of
1788:
1208:), has been studied as the continuation of the Baguadao and especially of the Ligua tradition, which was the first folk religion to see the "
961:
meditation to attain blessing, overcome human limits and reach salvation. Liu Zuochen is described in the scripture as the incarnation of
578:
805:
1707:
1223:
The Plum Flower religion and martial art is practiced freely in contemporary China with a large holy see established in March 2015 in
532:
256:
995:
and the exile of the Lius to Xinjiang, was called the Pure Water (清水 Qingshui) group, and was part of the Zhen Trigram branch.
853:
456:
856:, led by Lin Qing. Affiliated sects appeared under various names, but during the latter half of the 18th century they adopted
1739:
1245:
798:
587:
477:
110:
926:(1736) Liu Ruhan died and his son Liu Ke became the new leader of the Baguadao, which under his guidance grew extensively.
1507:
484:
55:
1196:
The contemporary popular sect of the Plum Flower (梅花教) widespread in north China, which combines the martial aspect (武场
837:
491:
361:
1077:, Shandong, and leadership position held by Zhang Yucheng (张玉成) and Zhang Jing'an (张静安), respectively father and son;
969:. Palmer and Liu (2012) have studied the contents of the Baguadao as a tradition of orthodox and elaborate forms of
449:
413:
354:
235:
507:
966:
867:
maintained the leadership of the sect for decades. Baguadao networks were the first folk religions to develop "
745:
169:
162:
887:
Little is known about the early history of the sect. In 1719 Liu Ruhan, a county magistrate by purchase in
539:
329:
1240:
663:
249:
210:
121:
863:
The founder, or early influential leader of Baguadao was Liu Zuochen (†~1700), and the Liu family of
766:
463:
174:
1025:, under the leadership of Gao Da (郜大), third-generation descendant of the founder Gao Yunlong (郜云陇);
1140:
In 1860 the heritage of Baguadao gave rise to a new movement, the Heavenly Dragon Baguajiao (天龙八卦教
752:
408:
738:
612:
520:
1735:
1703:
759:
689:
553:
546:
398:
242:
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1224:
1058:
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228:
44:
1250:
1217:
1110:
1074:
1062:
786:
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1660:
1098:
643:
631:
403:
368:
62:
1777:
1002:(1748) were seven, corresponding to seven out of the eight trigrams, leaving out the
418:
268:
17:
1751:"Rural Community, Group Identity and Martial Arts: Social Foundation of Meihuaquan"
849:
845:
696:
607:
503:
181:
1729:
1153:
1086:
990:' cosmology was adopted as an ideal system of organisation as described in many
892:
636:
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322:
781:
1209:
1201:
1145:
895:
876:
868:
600:
280:
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1718:
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1157:
1046:
1038:
1018:
999:
962:
939:
923:
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906:, who founded the Ligua (Li Trigram) subdivision; and Wang Qingrong from
899:
864:
298:
205:
193:
87:
1766:
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991:
719:
565:
336:
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273:
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150:
970:
957:
888:
648:
513:
186:
1749:
Zhang, Guodong; Green, Thomas A.; Gutiérrez-García, Carlos (2016).
1731:
Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History
1228:
1149:
1124:
1042:
1022:
987:
919:
903:
841:
829:
1184:) comprising Kan sects. A sixth banner was the Flower Banner (花旗
1065:(then both in Zhili), led by Zhang Bo (张柏) and Kong Wanlin (孔万林);
1034:
955:) is the core scripture of Baguadao, and reveals a technique of
951:
The "Writing about Five Women's Transmission of the Way" (五女传道输
907:
146:
1720:
Daoism in the Twentieth Century: Between Eternity and Modernity
1216:). Meihua followers were directly involved in the anti-Western
1097:
The Qiangua or Qian Trigram sect (乾卦教), having headquarters in
1755:
Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology
726:
1033:
The Zhengua or Zhen Trigram sect (震卦教), with headquarters in
577:
1109:
The Duigua or Dui Trigram sect (兌卦教), with headquarters in
1085:
The Xungua or Xun Trigram sect (巽卦教), with headquarters in
1073:
The Gengua or Gen Trigram sect (艮卦教), with headquarters in
1057:
The Kangua or Kan Trigram sect (坎卦教), with headquarters in
157:
1647:
1472:
965:, the sun that enlightens the whole world, the son of the
1571:
1569:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1113:, then Zhili, and leadership held by Chen Shanshan (陈善山).
1017:
The Ligua or Li Trigram sect (离卦教), with headquarters in
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1164:) comprising Qian and Dui sects, the Yellow Banner (黄旗
1172:) comprising Zhen and Shun sects, the Red Banner (红旗
1168:) comprising Kun and Gen sects, the Green Banner (绿旗
998:
The major subdivisions as of the thirteenth year of
844:. The tradition dates back to the late 17th century
1089:, Shandong, under the leadership of Zhang Yan (张炎);
93:
81:
73:
61:
51:
32:
848:, and was heavily persecuted during the following
1101:, Henan, under the leadership of Zhang Xing (张姓);
1176:) comprising Li sects, and the Blue Banner (蓝旗
806:
8:
1136:Late 19th century: Heavenly Dragon Baguajiao
1648:Zhang, Green & Gutiérrez-García (2016)
1508:Yihequan, Liguajiao, Hongquan e Meihuaquan
1473:Zhang, Green & Gutiérrez-García (2016)
1049:, under the leadership of Wang Zhong (王中);
813:
799:
678:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
104:
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1501:
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1611:
1599:
1575:
1560:
1541:
1520:
1445:
1427:
1261:
840:, one of the most extended in northern
120:
27:Network of Chinese folk religious sects
29:
7:
1717:Palmer, David A.; Liu, Xun (2012).
1457:
1192:Contemporary development: Meihuaism
1008:Kungua (坤卦) which never developed:
852:when affiliated sects organised an
1659:China Economic Net Media Channel:
25:
1723:. University of California Press.
381:Chinese Folk Temples' Association
1728:Seiwert, Hubert Michael (2003).
1700:Rereading Modern Chinese History
1144:). The religion was centered in
875:), and continue in contemporary
780:
362:Lineage associations or churches
257:Chinese spiritual world concepts
130:
43:
1041:, but well developed in Henan,
457:Chinese communal deity religion
1784:Chinese salvationist religions
1246:Chinese salvationist religions
1210:civil and martial work methods
869:civil and martial work methods
498:Main philosophical traditions:
478:Chinese mother goddess worship
1:
973:self-cultivation techniques.
860:as their common designation.
485:Northeast China folk religion
56:Chinese salvationist religion
1789:Religion in the Qing dynasty
838:Chinese folk religious sects
588:Salvation churches and sects
492:Traditional Chinese Medicine
982:Early seven major divisions
671:Indonesian Confucian Church
533:Folk ritual masters' orders
1805:
582:Zhenkong, "Void of Truth".
450:Chinese ancestral religion
355:Associations of good-doing
236:Chinese gods and immortals
1204:, and a civil aspect (文场
42:
967:Eternal Venerable Mother
746:Vietnamese folk religion
349:Institutions and temples
1588:Palmer & Liu (2012)
1698:Zhu, Weizheng (2015).
1180:) or Black Banner (黑旗
836:(八卦教) is a network of
834:Eight Trigram Teaching
583:
560:Devotional traditions:
33:Eight Trigram Teaching
1241:Chinese folk religion
947:Beliefs and practices
664:Holy Confucian Church
581:
250:Chinese creation myth
123:Chinese folk religion
18:Plum Flower tradition
877:Meihua (Plum Flower)
767:Zhuang folk religion
464:Chinese food therapy
445:Major cultural forms
1767:10.14589/ido.16.1.3
1661:河北平乡梅拳圣地瞻礼，八方弟子将展拳艺
1626:, pp. 419–420.
1602:, pp. 418–419.
1523:, pp. 414–416.
1214:wénwǔ gōng fǎ hé yī
992:precious scriptures
873:wénwǔ gōng fǎ hé yī
787:Religion portal
753:Qiang folk religion
441:Internal traditions
1693:. Sage Publishing.
1142:Tiānlóng Bāguàjiào
739:Miao folk religion
656:Confucian churches
613:Maitreya teachings
584:
527:Ritual traditions:
85:late 17th century
828:(八卦道 "Way of the
823:
822:
760:Yao folk religion
709:Related religions
554:Chinese shamanism
547:Nuo folk religion
540:Jitong mediumship
330:Jitong mediumship
243:Chinese mythology
103:
102:
99:
16:(Redirected from
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1225:Pingxiang County
1212:as one" (文武功法合一
871:as one" (文武功法合一
854:uprising in 1813
815:
808:
801:
785:
784:
685:Phoenix churches
625:Tianxian miaodao
620:Tiandi teachings
471:Chinese geomancy
374:Ancestral shrine
337:Precious scrolls
229:Chinese theology
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1505:Storti Enrico.
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1237:
1218:Boxer Rebellion
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1138:
1120:
1118:Ligua tradition
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1063:Ningyang County
1056:
1032:
1016:
1007:
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953:Wǔnǚchuándàoshū
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885:
819:
779:
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771:
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573:Wang Ye worship
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68:Wunuchuandaoshu
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1709:978-9004293311
1708:
1695:
1684:
1681:
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1677:
1673:Ambrosi (2015)
1665:
1652:
1640:
1638:, p. 420.
1636:Seiwert (2003)
1628:
1624:Seiwert (2003)
1616:
1614:, p. 419.
1612:Seiwert (2003)
1604:
1600:Seiwert (2003)
1592:
1590:, p. 144.
1580:
1578:, p. 417.
1576:Seiwert (2003)
1565:
1563:, p. 418.
1561:Seiwert (2003)
1546:
1544:, p. 416.
1542:Seiwert (2003)
1525:
1521:Seiwert (2003)
1513:
1477:
1462:
1460:, p. 103.
1450:
1448:, p. 414.
1446:Seiwert (2003)
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988:eight trigrams
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830:Eight Trigrams
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1478:
1475:, p. 21.
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1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:Qīngshuǐ jiào
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:Shōuyuán jiào
1301:
1298:
1295:
1289:
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1234:
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1191:
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521:Other schools
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94:Other name(s)
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41:
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19:
1761:(1): 18–29.
1758:
1754:
1730:
1719:
1699:
1691:Modern China
1690:
1668:
1663:. 2015-03-10
1655:
1650:, p. 1.
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1516:
1506:
1453:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1390:Qiánguà jiào
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1342:Zhènguà jiào
1341:
1336:
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1312:
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1069:
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1004:
997:
985:
977:Subdivisions
956:
952:
950:
936:
931:
928:
916:
886:
879:practices.
872:
862:
857:
850:Qing dynasty
846:Ming dynasty
833:
825:
824:
697:Taigu school
654:
653:
632:Xia teaching
608:Luo teaching
586:
585:
559:
558:
526:
525:
504:Confucianism
497:
496:
444:
323:Wu shamanism
262:
261:
67:
36:
1402:Duìguà jiào
1378:Xùnguà jiào
1366:Gěnguà jiào
1354:Kǎnguà jiào
1154:Shen County
893:White Lotus
690:Xuanyuanism
637:Xiantiandao
596:De teaching
508:state rites
77:Liu Zuochen
1778:Categories
1741:9004131469
1458:Zhu (2015)
1422:References
1414:Méihuājiào
1330:Líguà jiào
1270:Rónghuáhuì
1202:meihuaquan
1148:in modern
1146:Qiu County
896:heterodoxy
858:Bagua Jiao
658:and sects:
601:Jiugongdao
414:Jiuhuangye
281:Wen and wu
1734:. Brill.
1702:. BRILL.
1304:Also 收元教
1294:Bāguàjiào
1257:Footnotes
1059:Rongcheng
732:Dongbaism
715:Benzhuism
404:Zhongyuan
393:Festivals
311:Feng shui
304:Jingxiang
293:Practices
175:Xian ling
63:Scripture
37:Bāguàjiào
1282:Bāguàdào
1235:See also
1206:wenchang
1158:Shandong
1111:Dongming
1075:Jinxiang
1047:Jiangnan
1039:Shandong
1019:Shangqiu
1000:Qianlong
963:Maitreya
940:Xinjiang
924:Qianlong
912:Shandong
900:Shangqiu
865:Shandong
826:Baguadao
409:Zhongqiu
399:Qingming
299:Fenxiang
141:Concepts
112:a series
109:Part of
88:Shandong
1683:Sources
1198:wuchang
1166:huángqí
1130:Beijing
1099:Yucheng
883:History
720:Bimoism
566:Mazuism
316:Miaohui
274:Zhenren
206:Baoying
199:Yuanfen
194:Mingyun
182:Yinyang
151:Shangdi
74:Founder
1738:
1706:
1174:hóngqí
971:Taoist
958:neidan
932:Xunshu
889:Shanxi
832:") or
649:Qigong
514:Taoism
424:Duanwu
223:Theory
187:Hundun
82:Origin
1229:Hebei
1200:) of
1186:huāqí
1182:hēiqí
1178:lánqí
1162:báiqí
1150:Hebei
1125:Henan
1043:Zhili
1023:Henan
910:, in
904:Henan
902:, in
842:China
1736:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1412:梅花教
1400:兌卦教
1388:乾卦教
1376:巽卦教
1364:艮卦教
1352:坎卦教
1340:震卦教
1328:离卦教
1316:清水教
1292:八卦教
1280:八卦道
1268:荣华会
1170:lǜqí
1152:and
1087:Shan
1061:and
1045:and
1035:Heze
986:The
908:Heze
429:Nian
419:Qixi
269:Xian
170:Ling
163:Shen
147:Tian
52:Type
35:八卦教
1763:doi
1227:of
1188:).
1156:in
727:Bon
1780::
1759:16
1757:.
1753:.
1568:^
1549:^
1528:^
1480:^
1465:^
1430:^
1220:.
1037:,
1021:,
211:Wu
158:Qi
115:on
1769:.
1765::
1744:.
1712:.
1675:.
1511:.
1106:☱
1094:☰
1082:☴
1070:☶
1054:☵
1030:☳
1014:☲
1005:☷
814:e
807:t
800:v
590::
510:)
506:(
149:—
20:)
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