Plurality voting - Knowledge (XXG)

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by a small percentage of voters where there are many candidates in a particular constituency. I believe that this system is part of the reason why voters ignore political parties and why candidates try an appeal to voters' material desires and relationships instead of political parties.... Moreover, this system creates a political environment where a Member is elected by a relatively small number of voters with the effect that this Member is then expected to ignore his party's philosophy and instead look after that core base of voters in terms of their material needs. Another relevant factor that I see in relation to the electoral system is the proven fact that it is rather conducive, and thus has not prevented, corrupt elections practices such as ballot buying.

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will instead reduce support for one of the two major candidates whom the voter might prefer to the other. Electors who prefer not to waste their vote by voting for a candidate with a very low chance of winning their constituency vote for their lesser preferred candidate who has a higher chance of winning. The minority party will then simply take votes away from one of the major parties, which could change the outcome and gain nothing for the voters. Any other party will typically need to build up its votes and credibility over a series of elections before it is seen as electable.

977: 2766: 1138:, where usually the top two candidates in the first ballot progress to the second round, also called the runoff. A runoff is by default not held, if a candidate already received an absolute majority in the first ballot (more than half of votes), and in the second ballot, where there are only two candidates, one of the candidates will (except for a tie) receive a majority. Under plurality rules, the candidates are not at any point in the election required to have majority support. 2625:

voter casts their vote for a different party or alternative district/constituency/riding in order to induce, in their opinion, a better outcome. An example of this is when a person really likes party A but votes for party B because they do not like party C or D or because they believe that party A has little to no chance of winning. This can cause the outcome of very close votes to be swayed for the wrong reason. This might have had an impact on the

112: 2547:). Historically, there has been a tendency for Independentista voters to elect Popular candidates and policies. This results in more Popular victories even though the Estadistas have the most voters on the island. It is so widely recognised that the Puerto Ricans sometimes call the Independentistas who vote for the Populares "melons" in reference to the party colours, because the fruit is green on the outside but red on the inside. 2832: 3662:

Conservative Party, which is to the right; and the Liberal Party, which is slightly off-centre but to the left. A fourth party that no longer has major party status is the separatist Bloc Québécois party, which is territorial and runs only in Quebec. New Zealand once used the British system, which yielded two large parties as well. It also left many New Zealanders unhappy because other viewpoints were ignored, which made the

952: 1252: 2713: 2375: 2819:. Under this system, many people feel that voting is an empty ritual that has no influence on the composition of legislature. Voters are not assured that the number of seats that political parties are accorded will reflect the popular vote, which disincentivizes them from voting and sends the message that their votes are not valued, and participation in elections does not seem necessary. 2633:. When voters behave in a strategic way and expect others to do the same, they end up voting for one of the two leading candidates, making the Condorcet alternative more likely to be elected. The prevalence of strategic voting in an election makes it difficult to evaluate the true political state of the population, as their true political ideologies are not reflected in their votes. 2327: 964: 33: 2342:, 52% of votes were cast for losing candidates and 18% were excess votes, a total of 70% wasted votes. That is perhaps the most fundamental criticism of FPTP, the single-member plurality system, since at least half the votes are always wasted in a district, either as being placed on un-elected candidates or being surplus to what could be needed to win. 2558:. Some voters will tend to believe the media's assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be in the election. Even voters who distrust the media know that other voters believe the media, and so those candidates who receive the most media attention will nonetheless be the most popular, and thus most likely to be one of the top two. 2489:, if all the voters for Chattanooga and Knoxville had instead voted for Nashville, Nashville would have won (with 58% of the vote). That would have only been the third choice for those voters, but voting for their respective first choices (their own cities) actually results in their fourth choice (Memphis) being elected. 2914:

Plurality voting is generally considered one of the simplest methods and of the most widely known. Because of its widespread use, in situations where people become voters, it will not be a new concept for most and may even be expected. Other systems may specifically need to be explained to the voters

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Plurality voting tends to reduce the number of political parties to a greater extent than most other methods do, making it more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats. (In the United Kingdom, 22 out of 27 general elections since 1922 have produced a single-party majority

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This is when a voter decides to vote in a way that does not represent their true preference or choice, motivated by an intent to influence election outcomes. Strategic behaviour by voters can and does influence the outcome of voting in different plurality voting systems. Strategic behaviour is when a

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held by the Conservatives, with the Liberal Democrats as the second-placed party and the Labour Party in third, Labour supporters might be urged to vote for the Liberal Democrat candidate, who has a smaller hurdle to overcome and more support in the constituency than their own party candidate, on the

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A new candidate, who is in principle supported by the majority of voters, may be considered unlikely to become one of the top two candidates, because of the lack of a track record. The candidate will thus receive fewer votes, which will then give them a reputation as a low poller in future elections,

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Generally, plurality ballots can be categorized into two forms. The simplest form is a blank ballot in which the name of a candidate(s) is written in by hand. A more structured ballot will list all the candidates and allow a mark to be made next to the name of a single candidate (or more than one, in

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Another counter-argument is that plurality voting is partially considered simple because of its familiarity, which in turn results from its prevalence. Such argument is made by proponents of another plurality-based system, approval voting, where unlike usual plurality voting, voters may vote for any

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An... underlying cause of political instability and poor governance, in my opinion, is our electoral system and its related problems. It has been identified by a number of academics and practitioners that the First Past the Post system is such that a Member elected to Parliament is sometimes elected

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In brief, if a governing party G wishes to reduce the seats that will be won by opposition party O in the next election, it can create a number of constituencies in each of which O has an overwhelming majority of votes. O will win these seats, but many of its voters will waste their votes. Then, the

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is used, ranked votes are used and each voter has just one vote, any candidate that accumulates about 25 percent of the vote will be elected and supporters of one party even if initially spread over two or three candidates can concentrate behind only one or two, just the candidates of the party that

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Plurality voting's tendency toward fewer parties and more-frequent majorities of one party can also produce a government that may not consider as wide a range of perspectives and concerns. It is entirely possible that a voter finds all major parties to have similar views on issues, and that a voter

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has taken place. The spoiler may have received incentives to run. A spoiler may also drop out at the last moment, which induces charges that such an act was intended from the beginning. Voters who are uninformed do not have a comparable opportunity to manipulate their votes as voters who understand

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techniques like "compromising". Voters are under pressure to vote for one of the two candidates most likely to win, even if their true preference is neither of them; because a vote for any other candidate is unlikely to lead to the preferred candidate being elected. In single-member plurality, this

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Party A has about 35% support among the electorate (with one particularly well-liked candidate), Party B around 25% (with two well-liked candidates) and the remaining voters primarily support independent candidates, but mostly lean towards party B if they have to choose between the two parties. All

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for a switch to the use of proportional representation after it received 3,881,129 votes that produced only one MP. The Green Party was similarly underrepresented, which contrasted greatly with the SNP, a Scottish separatist party that received only 1,454,436 votes but won 56 seats because of more

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Widespread familiarity with the system does not imply widespread familiarity with the effects. Voters may not be aware of the issues in plurality voting, therefore they may vote sincerely even in situations where voting theory would suggest they should vote tactically, thereby voting against their

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Another way to count wasted votes, is to see the ones that may play no part in determining the outcome. Under FPTP for example, usually only votes for the top two candidates can be seen as really competing for the position, with only one possible to win; votes placed on other candidates are almost

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SMP is in practice similar in plurality block voting. They both operate under the "winner-takes-all" principle, which means that the party of the losing candidates in each district receive no representation, regardless of the number of votes they receive. Even the single non-transferable vote can

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The spoiler effect is especially severe in plurality voting, where candidates with similar ideologies are forced to split the vote with each other. One spoiler candidate's presence in the election draws votes from a major candidate with similar politics, which causes a strong opponent of both or

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basis that Labour supporters would prefer an MP from a competing leftist or liberal party than a Conservative one. Similarly, in Labour/Liberal Democrat marginals in which the Conservatives are third, Conservative voters may be encouraged or tempted to vote Liberal Democrat to help defeat Labour.

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The difficulty is sometimes summed up in an extreme form, as "All votes for anyone other than the second place are votes for the winner". That is because by voting for other candidates, voters have denied those votes to the second-place candidate, who could have won had they received them. It is

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Under the single non-transferable vote (like in the other two methods) the number of seats are sometimes not proportionately allocated. Over-optimism (running too many candidates) and vote splitting is harshly punished. But each popular party that runs one candidate is assured of success to that

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Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Republic of Ireland, Australia and New Zealand are notable examples of countries within the UK, or with previous links to it, that use non-FPTP electoral systems (Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales use FPTP in United Kingdom general elections, however).

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may vote for one candidate from a list of the candidates who are competing to represent that district. Under the plurality system, the winner of the election then becomes the representative of the whole electoral district and serves with representatives of other electoral districts. That makes

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Plurality voting is often contrasted with (absolute) majority voting where variant of runoff voting (multi-round voting) are also classified. However, in formal social choice theory, the term majority voting has a different definition, and runoff voting methods could also be classified under

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The countries that inherited the British majoritarian system tend toward two large parties: one left and the other right, such as the U.S. Democrats and Republicans. Canada is an exception, with three major political parties consisting of the New Democratic Party, which is to the left; the

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Common arguments for specifically the single-winner variant of plurality voting are constituency representation (which all other single-winner systems provide to the same degree) and governmental stability (which is dependent on other factors as well). These arguments can be made for some

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Furthermore, one-party rule is more likely to lead to radical changes in government policy even though the changes are favoured only by a plurality or a bare majority of the voters, but a multi-party system usually requires more consensus to make dramatic changes in policy.

3646:) with just 26% of the votes. The system of single-member districts with plurality winners tends to produce two large political parties. In countries with proportional representation there is not such a great incentive to vote for a large party, which contributes to 2783:

after enough time. The two dominating parties regularly alternate in power and easily win constituencies due to the structure of plurality voting systems. This puts smaller parties who struggle to meet the threshold of votes at a disadvantage, and inhibits growth.

2361:, attempt to ensure that almost all of the votes are effective in influencing the result and electing a representative, which minimizes vote wastage. Such systems decreases disproportionality in election results and are also credited for increasing voter turnout. 1122:), each voter is allowed to vote for only one candidate, and the winner of the election is the candidate who represents a plurality of voters or, in other words, received more votes than any other candidate. In an election for a single seat, such as for 3734:

made a recommendation for the reform. The referendum obtained 57% of the vote, but failed to meet the 60% requirement for passing. A second referendum was held in May 2009, this time the province's voters defeated the change with 39% voting in favour.

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If each voter in each city naively selects one city on the ballot (Memphis voters select Memphis, Nashville voters select Nashville, and so on), Memphis will be selected, as it has the most votes 42%. The system does not require that the winner have a

1169:, however with very different effects, as voters can choose to support as many or few candidates as they choose, not just one. For this reason, approval voting is usually distinguished from plurality voting, while technically being a sub-type of it. 2795:

As fewer choices are offered to voters, voters may vote for a candidate although they disagree with them because they disagree even more with their opponents. That will make candidates less closely reflect the viewpoints of those who vote for them.

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The United Kingdom continues to use the first-past-the-post electoral system for general elections, and for local government elections in England and Wales. Changes to the UK system have been proposed, and alternatives were examined by the

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result in very inefficient results if many candidates with small support compete or the most-popular candidates receive a large excess of votes. This is because like other plurality systems, STNV does not transfer loser and surplus votes.

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certin not to be used to elect anyone and therefore wasted. Sometimes not even two candidate are seen as being competitive. Due to having a history of repeatedly electing candidates of a certain party, many districts are known to have

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There are several versions of plurality voting for multi-member district. The system that elects multiple winners at once with the plurality rule and where each voter casts multiple X votes in a multi-seat district is referred to as

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Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland use the first-past-the-post system for UK general elections but versions of proportional representation for elections to their own assemblies and parliaments. All of the UK used one form or

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are those cast for candidates or parties who did not get elected. Some number of wasted votes by this definition is practically unavoidable, but plurality systems suffer from large numbers of wasted votes. For example, in the

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rest of the constituencies are designed to have small majorities for G. Few G votes are wasted, and G will win many seats by small margins. As a result of the gerrymander, O's seats have cost it more votes than G's seats.

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With plurality voting, counting and summing up votes is generally an easy process, and this may be done on a precinct level and then summed up for a total with the same results. Some alternative methods, such as

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Under all three versions of multi-winner plurality voting, the three most popular candidates according to voters' first preferences are elected, regardless of party affiliation, but with three different results.

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Under limited voting, it is most likely that the party with a plurality takes two seats (or the same number of seats as the number of votes each voter has), and another less-popular party receives the remaining

1480:, where Knoxville (the city furthest to the east, and the "second-worst" choice) would accumulate a majority from vote transfers from voter who initially voted for Chattanooga and Nashville. Nashville is the 2693:

measures gerrymandering and has been scrutinized in the Supreme Court of the United States. The efficiency gap is the difference between the two parties' wasted votes, divided by the total number of votes.

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Countries that use plurality voting to elect the lower or only house of their legislature include: (Some of these may be undemocratic systems where there is effectively only one candidate allowed anyway.)

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In cases without ballots, such as open voting by raised hands, for example, there are simpler methods that do not require checking for people who voted more than they are allowed to, for example,

3731: 1130:, voters may vote for one candidate from a list of the candidates who are competing, and the winner is whichever candidate receives the highest number of votes. Compare first-past-the-post to a 3761:

Nations which have undergone democratic reforms since 1990 but have not adopted the FPTP system include South Africa, almost all of the former Eastern bloc nations, Russia, and Afghanistan.

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Does the outcome never change if non-winning candidates similar to an existing candidate are added? There are three different phenomena which could cause a method to fail this criterion:

2354:. On such, a candidate or party has a near 100% chance that they win the seats. Supporters of others sometimes do not even bother to vote knowing of the odds that face their candidate. 2923:

number of candidates. If approval voting is default, plurality voting (where voters only cast one otherwise fixed number of votes) would be seen at least equally unfamiliar to voters.

1222:, in effect it is a semi-proportional system allowing for mixed representation in one district, and representation of both majorty parties and electoral minorities within a district. 2955:

do not work this way and either counting has to take place centrally, or complete (non-aggregated) results from precincts need to be submitted to the central authority for results.

1052:. A semi-proportional system that elects multiple winners elected at once with the plurality rule and where each voter casts just one vote in a multi-seat district is known as 2931:

Under plurality voting, ballots use simple marks instead of ranking or scoring, which can make especially paper-based ballots simpler. However, non-plurality systems such as

1526:; there is no tactical voting. (Percentage of votes under MNTV and Limited Voting is the percentage of voters who voted for the candidate, not the percentage of votes cast.) 1005: 2291:), the three candidates of the most popular party are elected if its supporters vote along party lines. In this case a party with only 35 percent support took all the seats. 5261: 1499:

Under non-transferable (and non-cumulative) plurality voting, each voter may cast no more than one vote for a single candidate, even if they have multiple votes to cast.

1236:. Here voters may vote for as many candidates as there are seats to fill, which means usually candidates from the largest party will fill all the seats in the district. 3751: 3695: 3022:

Additional candidates who affect the outcome of an election without either helping or harming the chances of their factional group, but instead affecting another group.

1476:, only a plurality. Memphis wins because it has the most votes even though 58% of the voters in the example preferred Memphis least. The opposite result would occur in 3707: 3699: 2892: 4955: 1301: 3388:

typically plurality voting (technically: SNTV) determines which candidates compete in second round, majority rule for second round (with only two candidates).

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candidates with the highest numbers of votes. The rules may allow the voter to vote for one candidate, for a number of candidates more than one but less than

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plurality voting among the simplest of all electoral systems for voters and vote counting officials; however, the drawing of district boundary lines can be

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While voters vote only for candidates (and may vote across party lines), the seat allocation is primarily based on list-PR, in an open list-system.

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The system may promote votes against than for a candidate. In the UK, entire campaigns have been organised with the aim of voting against the

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several to win. Even extremely small parties with very little first-preference support can therefore affect the outcome of an FPTP election.

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Voters may rank candidates. Quota determines who gets elected (and which votes get transferred), not plurality rule (except last seats).

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of proportional representation (PR) with a partial selection by constituencies. New Zealand soon developed a more complex party system.

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Proponents of other single-winner electoral systems argue that their proposals would reduce the need for tactical voting and reduce the

2540: 1158:). Note that issues arising from single-member districts are still in place with majority voting systems, like the two-round system and 2788:

government or, in the case of the National Governments, a parliament from which such a single-party government could have been drawn.)

991: 4393:"The influence of promotional activity and different electoral systems on voter turnout: A study of the UK and German Euro elections" 2673:

Because FPTP permits a high level of wasted votes, an election under FPTP is easily gerrymandered unless safeguards are in place. In

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Can voters be sure that they do not need to rank any other candidate above their favorite in order to obtain a result they prefer?

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This is a general example for single-winner plurality voting ("first-past-the-post"), using population percentages taken from one

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Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States

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degree anyway. In this case, even though the most-popular party ran three and risked vote splitting, it did elect one member.

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Some ranked systems simulate multi-round voting. Some ranked systems use plurality rule with weighted (positional) inputs (

2677:, a party in power deliberately manipulates constituency boundaries to increase the number of seats that it wins unfairly. 2520:, who, exit polls indicated, would have preferred Gore at 45% to Bush at 27%, with the rest not voting in Nader's absence. 2578: 319: 304: 289: 2589:, a completely different system, in which the first round is held in the court of public opinion. A good example was the 2307:

are electable. The plurality rule applies in that the most-popular candidates of the party are the ones that are elected.

5670: 5655: 5474: 4119: 3508: 3471: 3224: 2418: 1287: 1215: 1178: 1154:). The system is also independent of parties; the party with the most votes overall may not win the most seats overall ( 1123: 935: 555: 478: 399: 1165:

The same principle used in single-winner plurality voting (electing the candidate with the most votes) is also used in

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A graph showing the difference between the popular vote and the number of seats won by major political parties at the

2590: 2358: 1068: 367: 349: 190: 4606: 920: 5871: 5686: 5377: 3639: 3362: 3074: 2964: 2812: 1219: 1119: 1113: 1092: 1041: 811: 794: 761: 741: 525: 513: 483: 284: 242: 175: 4607:"The 2004 Campaign: the Independent; Relax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise" 4392: 2723: 2425: 2385: 1507:, the standard multiple-winner non-transferable vote election method, voters may cast 3 votes (but do not have to) 619: 5736: 5691: 5637: 5549: 5131: 4089: 1481: 667: 660: 144: 4777: 3618:

Plurality voting is used for local and/or national elections in 43 of the 193 countries that are members of the

2815:. Studies suggest that plurality voting system fails to incentivize citizens to vote, which results in very low 5726: 5612: 5570: 5489: 5414: 5350: 5308: 4124: 3727: 3478: 2303: 721: 649: 638: 501: 488: 471: 448: 426: 389: 379: 5345: 5043: 3726:

had a referendum on abolishing single-member district plurality in favour of multi-member districts with the

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While voters may vote only for candidates (or lists) within lists, the seat allocation is primarily based on

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When voters can vote for one or more candidates, but in total less than the number of winners, it is called

847: 701: 384: 4186: 5792: 5731: 5594: 5537: 3663: 3459: 3146: 2574: 2288: 1504: 1346: 1233: 1049: 1037: 876: 756: 686: 493: 42: 5696: 5617: 5382: 4285:"First among equals: The first place effect and political promotion in multi-member plurality elections" 4104: 4094: 3971: 3703: 3605:

Voters usually can vote for just one party, but seat allocation is proportional, not by plurality rule.

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Candidates which decrease the chance of any of the similar or clone candidates winning, also known as a

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The multi-winner version considered to be the extension of first-past-the-post to multi-winner cases is

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generally oppose plurality voting and its variants, citing major issues such as a high vulnerability to

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In an election for a legislative body with single-member seats, each voter in a geographically defined

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Plurality voting is widely used throughout the English-speaking world as a result of its spread by the

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Usually majority rule in first round (candidate wins only if they have more than half of the votes),

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The United Kingdom, like the United States and Canada, uses single-member districts as the base for

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To a much greater extent than many other electoral methods, plurality electoral systems encourage

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Stephanopoulos, Nicholas; McGhee, Eric (2014). "Partisan Gerrymandering and the Efficiency Gap".

4712: 4670: 4662: 4611: 4545: 4518:"Strategic voting in the second round of a two-round system: The 2014 French municipal elections" 4370: 4314: 4240: 3647: 1334: 1261: 1240: 1030: 1026: 981: 852: 463: 247: 54: 5355: 1044:". In SMP/FPTP the leading candidate, whether or not they have a majority of votes, is elected. 930: 3750:

system, also requiring 60% approval, failed with only 36.9% voting in favour. British Columbia

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is a theory that constituencies that use first-past-the-post systems will eventually become a

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commented on what he perceived as the flaws of a first-past-the-post electoral system in the

5797: 5429: 5285: 5270: 5205: 4967: 4810: 4751: 4704: 4646: 4579: 4529: 4493: 4488: 4476: 4439: 4404: 4352: 4296: 4224: 4129: 3941: 3723: 2808: 2780: 2602: 2586: 1485: 1243:. Here the party receiving a plurality of votes wins all of the seats available by default. 1135: 1080: 1022: 968: 925: 816: 804: 518: 394: 220: 214: 196: 185: 180: 129: 91: 4391:

Whitelock, Amy; Whitelock, Jeryl; van Heerde, Jennifer (6 April 2010). Harris, Phil (ed.).

3622:. It is particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and India. 5845: 5761: 5602: 5580: 5392: 5313: 5303: 5281: 4815: 4798: 4109: 4099: 4006: 3826: 3113: 2986:

Will a candidate always win who is ranked as the unique favorite by a majority of voters?

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Voters mark one candidate they do not want elected, the candidate with least votes wins

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Sets of similar candidates whose mere presence helps the chances of any of them winning.

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If enough voters use this tactic, the first-past-the-post system becomes, effectively,

2509: 1523: 1511: 1226: 1186: 1151: 1147: 1084: 1060: 1040:, plurality voting is called single member plurality (SMP), which is widely known as " 826: 766: 751: 562: 431: 406: 257: 4583: 4566:

Blais, André; Nadeau, Richard; Gidengil, Elisabeth; Nevitte, Neil (1 September 2001).

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does not have a meaningful way of expressing a dissenting opinion through their vote.

951: 5865: 5404: 4692: 4674: 4549: 4444: 4374: 4318: 4244: 4212: 4046: 3427: 3396: 2816: 835: 535: 323: 161: 124: 99: 5018: 4993: 4258: 5419: 5360: 4716: 4114: 3996: 3846: 3490: 3415: 2614: 1142: 575: 339: 332: 262: 4301: 4284: 5194:"Plurality versus Proportional Representation: An Analysis of Sicilian Elections" 4917:

To keep or to change first past the post? : the politics of electoral reform

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The party-list version of plurality voting in multi-member districts is called

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candidates who get more votes than the others are elected; the winners are the

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voting, and their bias toward extremist candidates (as a result of failing the

5575: 5511: 4650: 4533: 4408: 4228: 4073: 3991: 3796: 3786: 3706:. However the alternative vote system was rejected 2-1 by British voters in a 3584:

The candidate votes change ranking within list (usually with plurality rule).

2555: 2544: 1278: 17: 5217: 4979: 4935: 4763: 4708: 4658: 4591: 4541: 4502: 4416: 4366: 4357: 4340: 4310: 4236: 5812: 5807: 4755: 4517: 4079: 4011: 4001: 3565: 3529: 3500:, while using the plurality rule is also technically a score voting system. 3439: 2629:

that was essentially decided by fewer than 600 votes, with the winner being

2351: 1319: 421: 416: 4956:"Electoral System, Political Knowledge and Voter Turnout— Complex Liaisons" 2665:

all opposing sides, understand the pros and cons of voting for each party.

2326: 1191:

Multi-member plurality elections are only slightly more complicated. Where

4161: 963: 5632: 5135: 4016: 3936: 3931: 3866: 3856: 3821: 3801: 1473: 672: 5225: 5093: 4778:"Here's how the Supreme Court could decide whether your vote will count" 4730:

Johnston, Ron; Rossiter, David; Pattie, Charles; Dorling, Danny (2002).

4666: 4634: 5494: 5209: 5193: 4971: 4076:, winning re-election despite gaining less than 40 per cent of the vote 3951: 3921: 3901: 3886: 3861: 3836: 3811: 3791: 3743: 2737: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2550:

Such tactical voting can cause significant perturbation to the system:

2498: 2399: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1260:

some cases); however, a structured ballot can also include space for a

458: 5179: 3350:

Explanation (what makes non-plurality system fundamentally different)

5782: 4915: 4056: 4036: 4031: 3926: 3911: 3876: 3831: 3816: 3806: 2609:, along with less-tested and perhaps less-understood systems such as 5239: 5180:

The fatal flaws of Plurality (first-past-the-post) electoral systems

4213:"A comparison of cumulative voting and generalized plurality voting" 4693:"Voting Systems and Strategic Manipulation: an Experimental Study" 4051: 4021: 3986: 3966: 3906: 3891: 3881: 3871: 2764: 2325: 1250: 3961: 3956: 3916: 3896: 3678: 2974:

Voting system attributes and comparison to non-plurality systems

1496:

Candidates are running in a 3-member district of 10 000 voters.

5243: 1328:

All voters want the capital to be as close to them as possible.

4884:

Grofman, Bernard; Blais, André; Bowler, Shaun (5 March 2009).

4568:"Measuring strategic voting in multiparty plurality elections" 2826: 2706: 2368: 2330:

A ballot with a potential wasted vote goes into the voting box

1517:

Under the single non-transferable vote, voters may cast 1 vote

1214:

When voters may vote for only one candidate, it is called the

1036:

Under single-winner plurality voting, and in systems based on

26: 4954:

Kwiatkowska, Agnieszka; Cześnik, Mikołaj (16 December 2020).

4516:

Dolez, Bernard; Laurent, Annie; Blais, André (1 April 2017).

110: 2970:

multi-member versions and plurality voting in general too.

1337:, the largest city, but far from the others (42% of voters) 1326:. The population is concentrated around four major cities. 3754:

which was defeated by 62% voting to keep current system.

5192:

Mudambi, Ram; Navarra, Pietro; Nicosia, Carmela (1996).

4848:

Wasted votes and efficiency gap are defined pp. 850–852.

4860:"Here's How We Can End Gerrymandering Once and for All" 2843: 5069:"Election - Plurality, Majority, Systems | Britannica" 4148: 3634:. Each electoral district (constituency) chooses one 1067:. Overall, more countries in the world use a form of 4736:

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

5821: 5775: 5679: 5646: 5593: 5558: 5525: 5452: 5443: 5294: 5182:– Proportional Representation Society of Australia 40:It has been suggested that this article should be 5159:. ACE Electoral Knowledge Network. Archived from 2811:is prevalent in plurality voting systems such as 2302:In a situation where three are to be elected and 1029:who poll more than any other (that is, receive a 4211:Cooper, Duane; Zillante, Arthur (January 2012). 3722:elections. In May 2005 the Canadian province of 3690:in the late 1990s. After the formation of a new 4799:"Partisan Gerrymandering and Political Science" 2882: 5132:"Reckless Out Amid UKIP Frustration at System" 5094:"The Global Distribution of Electoral Systems" 4100:List of democracy and elections-related topics 3752:again called a referendum on the issue in 2018 3666:in 1993 adopt a new electoral law modelled on 1343:, near the center of the state (26% of voters) 1322:is holding an election on the location of its 5255: 3555:Party block voting/General ticket (plurality) 3264:Party block voting/General ticket (plurality) 2523:That thinking is illustrated by elections in 1359:The preferences of each region's voters are: 1295: 999: 8: 5712:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 5044:"Single member and multi member districts —" 3407:), but are not considered plurality voting. 1195:is the number of seats in the district, the 4430:Blais, André; Anduiza, Eva (25 June 2013), 4283:Dulay, Dean; Go, Laurence (1 August 2021). 5449: 5262: 5248: 5240: 2915:and may be perceived as more complicated. 2601:. Other systems include the commonly used 2527:and its three principal voter groups: the 2512:because some voters on the left voted for 1484:, and as a result would be elected by any 1302: 1288: 1006: 992: 82: 4890:. Springer Science & Business Media. 4814: 4492: 4443: 4356: 4300: 3694:in 2010, it was announced as part of the 3522:Winners get sorted randomly from ballots 3432:Winner gets sorted randomly from ballots 2753:Learn how and when to remove this message 2459:Learn how and when to remove this message 1071:. than use plurality or a form of runoff. 4858:Stephanopoulos, Nicholas (2 July 2014). 4605:Rosenbaum, David E. (24 February 2004). 3495:Voters may score candidates on a scale. 3337: 3033: 2935:PR may also use just as simple ballots. 1528: 1361: 5707:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 5485:Sequential proportional approval voting 4494:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105121 4141: 3718:Canada also uses FPTP for national and 3626:General elections in the United Kingdom 2863:Issues specific to particular countries 2473:Tactical voting § Plurality voting 2357:Alternative electoral systems, such as 1108:Single-winner and single-member systems 98: 3732:Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform 3656:another of proportional representation 1355:, far to the northeast (17% of voters) 4949: 4947: 4945: 4909: 4907: 4816:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060118-045351 4686: 4684: 4561: 4559: 3682:geographically concentrated support. 2959:Arguments for single-member plurality 1540: 1534: 7: 4635:"The Manipulation of Voting Systems" 4386: 4384: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4206: 4204: 4072:– Example of an incumbent governor, 3771:List of electoral systems by country 3420:Voters score candidates on a scale. 2771:2005 United Kingdom general election 2735:adding citations to reliable sources 2660:often gives rise to suspicions that 2397:adding citations to reliable sources 5517:Indirect single transferable voting 4149:Mudambi, Navarra & Nicosia 1996 3658:for European Parliament elections. 3330:Comparison to non-plurality systems 1118:In single-winner plurality voting ( 4803:Annual Review of Political Science 4481:Annual Review of Political Science 3702:would be held on switching to the 3456:Candidate-based plurality voting: 2992:Independence of clone alternatives 2554:Substantial power is given to the 1218:. While seemingly most similar to 1211:candidates, or some other number. 25: 4070:2006 Texas gubernatorial election 3309:distribute fixed number of votes 1514:, voters may cast 2 votes maximum 4832:University of Chicago Law Review 3982:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2830: 2711: 2373: 1311: 1255:An example of a plurality ballot 975: 962: 950: 898:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 544:Semi-proportional representation 176:First preference plurality (FPP) 31: 5019:"Plurality Electoral Systems —" 4994:"Plurality Electoral Systems —" 4697:Journal of Theoretical Politics 4339:Verma, Dhruv (1 January 2021). 4259:"Plurality Electoral Systems —" 2893:"Realising political stability" 2722:needs additional citations for 2493:often claimed by United States 2384:needs additional citations for 1538:Multiple non-transferable vote 1349:, somewhat east (15% of voters) 5628:Mixed ballot transferable vote 4445:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0066 4085:Deviation from proportionality 3947:Federated States of Micronesia 3048:Ballot type (number of votes) 2562:which perpetuates the problem. 1183:Multiple non-transferable vote 1054:single non-transferable voting 1025:in which the candidates in an 936:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 893:Moulin's impossibility theorem 858:Conflicting majorities paradox 1: 5096:. Aceproject.org. 20 May 2008 4584:10.1016/S0261-3794(00)00017-2 4477:"What affects voter turnout?" 4397:European Journal of Marketing 4302:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104455 3708:referendum held on 5 May 2011 3644:Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber 3551:List-based plurality voting: 3156:mark at most as many as seats 1541:Single non-transferable vote 1150:in the plurality system (see 762:Frustrated majorities paradox 5829:Comparison of voting systems 5671:Satisfaction approval voting 5656:Single non-transferable vote 5475:Proportional approval voting 4475:Blais, André (1 June 2006). 4187:"Plurality-Majority Systems" 4120:Single non-transferable vote 3742:in the Canadian province of 3640:Liberal Democrat in Scotland 3595:proportional representation 3568:proportional representation 3509:Proportional approval voting 3472:single non-transferable vote 3401:Voters may rank candidates. 3225:Single non-transferable vote 2486: 1216:single non-transferable vote 1179:Single non-transferable vote 931:Condorcet dominance theorems 871:Social and collective choice 5435:Graduated majority judgment 4920:. Oxford University Press. 4438:, Oxford University Press, 4289:Journal of Public Economics 2627:2000 United States election 2591:1997 Winchester by-election 2359:proportional representation 2340:UK general election of 2005 1281:for illustrative purposes. 1103:Plurality voting procedures 1069:proportional representation 597:By mechanism of combination 368:Proportional representation 5888: 5687:Condorcet winner criterion 5378:First-past-the-post voting 5204:(3/4). Springer: 341–357. 4960:Polish Sociological Review 4639:Journal of Business Ethics 4633:Hartvigsen, David (2008). 3768: 3714:Outside the United Kingdom 2965:First-past-the-post voting 2962: 2910:Simplicity and familiarity 2640: 2503:2000 Presidential Election 2470: 2304:single transferable voting 1176: 1114:First-past-the-post voting 1111: 1081:electoral reform advocates 795:Multiple districts paradox 526:Fractional approval voting 514:Interactive representation 5842: 5834:Voting systems by country 5737:Mutual majority criterion 5692:Condorcet loser criterion 5638:Vote linkage mixed system 5550:Largest remainders method 5277: 4651:10.1007/s10551-007-9438-9 4534:10.1057/s41253-016-0010-9 4409:10.1108/03090561011020499 4229:10.1007/s11127-010-9707-5 4162:"Single Member Plurality" 4090:Plurality-at-large voting 3748:Mixed Member Proportional 3550: 3543: 3540: 3455: 3450: 3361: 3356: 3139: 3068: 2698:In some plurality systems 2662:manipulation of the slate 2245: 2213: 2179: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1548: 1545: 1537: 1531: 1482:majority-preferred winner 1385: 1378: 1371: 1364: 742:Paradoxes and pathologies 591:Mixed-member proportional 586:Mixed-member majoritarian 581:By results of combination 472:Approval-based committees 5727:Majority loser criterion 5613:Additional member system 5571:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 5490:Single transferable vote 5415:Positional voting system 5351:Minimax Condorcet method 5309:Combined approval voting 4709:10.1177/0951629813514300 4358:10.1515/openps-2021-0021 4125:Single transferable vote 3728:Single Transferable Vote 3677:, there were calls from 3675:2015 UK general election 3519:Multiple random ballots 3479:Single-transferable vote 3344:Plurality-based systems 2531:(pro-independence), the 2317:In all plurality systems 1089:tendency towards duopoly 1065:runoff family of methods 921:Condorcet's jury theorem 722:Double simultaneous vote 697:Rural–urban proportional 692:Dual-member proportional 654: 643: 610:Parallel (superposition) 502:Fractional social choice 489:Expanding approvals rule 318: 303: 288: 219: 208: 184: 78:Type of electoral system 5752:Resolvability criterion 5742:Participation criterion 5717:Later-no-harm criterion 5533:Highest averages method 4756:10.1111/1475-5661.00058 3740:October 2007 referendum 3704:alternative vote system 2979:Attributes and criteria 2905:Arguments for plurality 2895:, Sir Peter Kenilorea, 2703:Fewer political parties 1546:Plurality block voting 1077:Social choice theorists 1038:single-member districts 848:Tyranny of the majority 625:Fusion (majority bonus) 442:Quota-remainder methods 5793:First-preference votes 5732:Monotonicity criterion 5702:Independence of clones 5405:Simple majoritarianism 5119:Countries and Concepts 4345:Open Political Science 3664:New Zealand Parliament 3614:International examples 3460:Plurality block voting 3347:Non-plurality systems 3147:Plurality block voting 3060:Independence of clones 2902: 2773: 2331: 2289:Plurality block voting 1256: 1234:plurality block voting 1050:plurality block voting 982:Mathematics portal 888:Majority impossibility 877:Impossibility theorems 673:Negative vote transfer 494:Method of equal shares 115: 5697:Consistency criterion 5618:Alternative vote plus 5383:Instant-runoff voting 4914:Blais, André (2008). 4797:McGhee, Eric (2020). 4105:Instant-runoff voting 4095:Anti-plurality voting 3972:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3534:Does not use ballots 3498:Approval block voting 3444:Does not use ballots 3320:No (spoilers, crowds) 3251:No (spoilers, crowds) 3212:No (spoilers, crowds) 3173:No (spoilers, crowds) 3064:No favorite betrayal 3029:No favorite betrayal: 2963:Further information: 2953:instant-runoff-voting 2768: 2607:instant-runoff voting 2329: 2214:TOTAL possible votes 1254: 1177:Further information: 1160:instant-runoff voting 1112:Further information: 785:Best-is-worst paradox 774:Pathological response 509:Direct representation 162:Single-winner methods 114: 46:into articles titled 5767:Seats-to-votes ratio 5538:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 4691:Bassi, Anna (2015). 3692:coalition government 3636:member of parliament 2919:rational interests. 2872:In August 2008, Sir 2731:improve this article 2652:Manipulation charges 2577:. For example, in a 2393:improve this article 2287:Under block voting ( 1173:Multi-winner systems 1097:median voter theorem 969:Economics portal 916:Median voter theorem 135:Comparative politics 5747:Plurality criterion 5346:Kemeny–Young method 5157:"Electoral Systems" 4783:The Washington Post 4748:2002TrIBG..27..336J 4027:Trinidad and Tobago 3842:Congo (Brazzaville) 3782:Antigua and Barbuda 3696:coalition agreement 3648:multi-party systems 3364:First-past-the-post 3076:First-past-the-post 3035: 2984:Majority criterion: 1220:first-past-the-post 1156:electoral inversion 1128:presidential system 1120:first-past-the-post 1093:lesser of two evils 1042:first-past-the-post 957:Politics portal 668:Vote linkage system 639:Seat linkage system 226:Ranked-choice (RCV) 49:First past the post 5788:Election threshold 5722:Majority criterion 5398:Supplementary vote 5210:10.1007/BF00136525 5073:www.britannica.com 4972:10.26412/psr212.03 4612:The New York Times 3688:Jenkins Commission 3632:national elections 3382:Multi-round voting 3341:Number of winners 3055:Majority criterion 3039:Number of winners 3034: 2842:. You can help by 2774: 2567:Conservative Party 2408:"Plurality voting" 2332: 1262:write-in candidate 1257: 1241:party block voting 1143:electoral district 1027:electoral district 853:Discursive dilemma 812:Lesser evil voting 687:Supermixed systems 390:Largest remainders 248:Round-robin voting 116: 55:Plurality (voting) 5872:Electoral systems 5859: 5858: 5757:Reversal symmetry 5666:Cumulative voting 5648:Semi-proportional 5623:Mixed single vote 5589: 5588: 5465:Mixed single vote 5373:Exhaustive ballot 5336:Copeland's method 5331:Condorcet methods 5271:Electoral systems 5163:on 26 August 2014 4927:978-0-19-953939-0 4897:978-0-387-09720-6 4572:Electoral Studies 4455:978-0-19-975622-3 4436:Political Science 3765:List of countries 3730:system after the 3611: 3610: 3327: 3326: 3313:Semi-proportional 3302:Cumulative voting 3240:Semi-proportional 3201:Semi-proportional 2927:Ease of balloting 2860: 2859: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2619:Condorcet methods 2569:by voting either 2487:Tennessee example 2469: 2468: 2461: 2443: 2280: 2279: 1468: 1467: 1390: 1383: 1376: 1369: 1330:The options are: 1207:, for as many as 1023:electoral systems 1016: 1015: 903:Gibbard's theorem 843:Dominance paradox 780:Perverse response 484:Phragmen's method 350:Majority judgment 278:Positional voting 236:Condorcet methods 104:electoral systems 76: 75: 16:(Redirected from 5879: 5798:Liquid democracy 5450: 5430:Two-round system 5341:Dodgson's method 5264: 5257: 5250: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5128: 5122: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4951: 4940: 4939: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4864:The New Republic 4855: 4849: 4847: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4447: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4403:(3/4): 401–420. 4388: 4379: 4378: 4360: 4336: 4323: 4322: 4304: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4223:(1–2): 363–383. 4208: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4158: 4152: 4146: 3942:Marshall Islands 3724:British Columbia 3668:Germany's system 3338: 3121:mark any number 3036: 2946:Ease of counting 2900: 2899:, 30 August 2008 2855: 2852: 2834: 2827: 2809:Political apathy 2781:two-party system 2758: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2715: 2707: 2656:The presence of 2603:two-round system 2575:Liberal Democrat 2529:Independentistas 2464: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2442: 2401: 2377: 2369: 2181:TOTAL votes cast 1529: 1486:Condorcet method 1388: 1381: 1374: 1367: 1362: 1315: 1304: 1297: 1290: 1136:two-round system 1019:Plurality voting 1008: 1001: 994: 980: 979: 967: 966: 955: 954: 910:Positive results 805:Strategic voting 702:Majority jackpot 659: 648: 519:Liquid democracy 395:National remnant 385:Highest averages 322: 307: 292: 224: 215:Alternative vote 213: 197:Partisan primary 189: 130:Mechanism design 83: 71: 68: 35: 34: 27: 21: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5838: 5817: 5771: 5762:Smith criterion 5675: 5642: 5603:Parallel voting 5585: 5581:Imperiali quota 5554: 5521: 5439: 5393:Contingent vote 5356:Nanson's method 5314:Unified primary 5304:Approval voting 5290: 5273: 5268: 5230: 5228: 5191: 5188: 5177: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5115:Roskin, Michael 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4953: 4952: 4943: 4928: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4565: 4564: 4557: 4522:French Politics 4515: 4514: 4510: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4432:"Voter Turnout" 4429: 4428: 4424: 4390: 4389: 4382: 4338: 4337: 4326: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4210: 4209: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4189:. Mtholyoke.edu 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4110:Approval Voting 4066: 4061: 4007:Solomon Islands 3827:Burma (Myanmar) 3773: 3767: 3716: 3628: 3616: 3332: 3114:Approval voting 3051:Representation 3045:Candidate/list 2995: 2981: 2976: 2967: 2961: 2948: 2940:approval voting 2929: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2891: 2878:Solomon Islands 2874:Peter Kenilorea 2870: 2868:Solomon Islands 2865: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2840:needs expansion 2825: 2823:Spoiled ballots 2806: 2759: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2728: 2716: 2705: 2700: 2671: 2654: 2645: 2639: 2611:approval voting 2605:of runoffs and 2479:tactical voting 2475: 2465: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2402: 2400: 2390: 2378: 2367: 2365:Tactical voting 2324: 2319: 2314: 1549:Limited voting 1494: 1470: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1366: 1309: 1308: 1275: 1270: 1249: 1189: 1175: 1167:approval voting 1116: 1110: 1105: 1033:) are elected. 1012: 974: 973: 961: 949: 941: 940: 907: 883:Arrow's theorem 873: 863: 862: 831: 801: 790:No-show paradox 771: 757:Cloning paradox 747:Spoiler effects 744: 734: 733: 708: 595: 578: 568: 567: 540: 531:Maximal lottery 498: 479:Thiele's method 468: 438: 370: 360: 359: 345:Approval voting 333:Cardinal voting 329: 274: 268:Maximal lottery 232: 164: 154: 79: 72: 66: 63: 36: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5885: 5883: 5875: 5874: 5864: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5661:Limited voting 5658: 5652: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5388:Coombs' method 5380: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5366:Schulze method 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5326:Bucklin voting 5323: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5300: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5187: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5148: 5123: 5107: 5085: 5060: 5048:aceproject.org 5035: 5023:aceproject.org 5010: 4998:aceproject.org 4985: 4966:(4): 425–444. 4941: 4926: 4903: 4896: 4876: 4850: 4822: 4789: 4769: 4742:(3): 336–361. 4722: 4680: 4625: 4597: 4578:(3): 343–352. 4555: 4508: 4487:(1): 111–125. 4467: 4454: 4422: 4380: 4351:(1): 228–237. 4324: 4275: 4263:aceproject.org 4250: 4200: 4178: 4153: 4151:, p. 341. 4140: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4042:United Kingdom 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3766: 3763: 3746:on adopting a 3715: 3712: 3627: 3624: 3620:United Nations 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3576: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3466:limited voting 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3399: 3397:Ranked systems 3393: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370:Anti-plurality 3367: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3228: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3186:Limited voting 3181: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008:spoiler effect 3004: 2996: 2990: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2960: 2957: 2947: 2944: 2928: 2925: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2889: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2837: 2835: 2824: 2821: 2817:voter turnouts 2805: 2802: 2777:Duverger's law 2761: 2760: 2719: 2717: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2690:efficiency gap 2685:Efficiency gap 2675:gerrymandering 2670: 2669:Gerrymandering 2667: 2653: 2650: 2643:Spoiler effect 2641:Main article: 2638: 2637:Spoiler effect 2635: 2631:President Bush 2599:spoiler effect 2595: 2594: 2583: 2563: 2559: 2510:George W. Bush 2497:that Democrat 2467: 2466: 2381: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1524:vote sincerely 1519: 1518: 1515: 1512:limited voting 1508: 1493: 1490: 1478:instant-runoff 1466: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1284: 1283: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1248: 1245: 1227:limited voting 1187:Limited voting 1174: 1171: 1152:gerrymandering 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1061:British Empire 1014: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1003: 996: 988: 985: 984: 972: 971: 959: 946: 943: 942: 939: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 874: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 855: 850: 845: 830: 829: 827:Turkey-raising 824: 819: 814: 800: 799: 798: 797: 787: 782: 770: 769: 767:Center squeeze 764: 759: 754: 752:Spoiler effect 745: 740: 739: 736: 735: 732: 731: 726: 725: 724: 711:By ballot type 707: 706: 705: 704: 699: 694: 684: 683: 682: 681: 680: 675: 665: 664: 663: 652: 629: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 594: 593: 588: 579: 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 563:Limited voting 560: 559: 558: 539: 538: 533: 528: 523: 522: 521: 516: 497: 496: 491: 486: 481: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 437: 436: 435: 434: 432:Localized list 429: 424: 419: 414: 404: 403: 402: 400:Biproportional 397: 392: 387: 371: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 347: 342: 328: 327: 312: 297: 273: 272: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 245: 231: 230: 229: 228: 217: 204:Instant-runoff 201: 200: 199: 191:Jungle primary 178: 167:Single vote - 165: 160: 159: 156: 155: 153: 152: 142: 137: 132: 127: 121: 118: 117: 107: 106: 96: 95: 77: 74: 73: 39: 37: 30: 24: 18:Plurality vote 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5884: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5296:Single-winner 5293: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5198:Public Choice 5195: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5108: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4880: 4877: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4626: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4468: 4457: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4276: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4217:Public Choice 4214: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4142: 4135: 4131: 4130:Runoff voting 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4047:United States 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852:Côte d'Ivoire 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3772: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3549: 3546: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3428:Random ballot 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3358:Single-winner 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3290:No (spoilers) 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3102:No (spoilers) 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3070:Single-winner 3067: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2862: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2838:This section 2836: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2804:Voter turnout 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2767: 2757: 2754: 2746: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2720:This section 2718: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2649: 2644: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2587:runoff voting 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2463: 2460: 2452: 2449:February 2019 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: – 2409: 2405: 2404:Find sources: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2382:This section 2380: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2137:Candidate I6 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2094:Candidate I5 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2051:Candidate I4 2050: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2008:Candidate I3 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1965:Candidate I2 1964: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1922:Candidate I1 1921: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1879:Candidate B3 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1827:Candidate B2 1826: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1766:Candidate B1 1765: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1714:Candidate A3 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1653:Candidate A2 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1583:Candidate A1 1582: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1386:17% of voters 1379:15% of voters 1372:26% of voters 1365:42% of voters 1363: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1318:Suppose that 1316: 1314: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1273:Single-winner 1272: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1253: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1009: 1004: 1002: 997: 995: 990: 989: 987: 986: 983: 978: 970: 965: 960: 958: 953: 948: 947: 945: 944: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 926:May's theorem 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 913: 912: 911: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 880: 879: 878: 872: 867: 866: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 839: 838: 837: 836:majority rule 834:Paradoxes of 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 808: 807: 806: 796: 793: 792: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 776: 775: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 737: 730: 727: 723: 720: 719: 718: 715: 714: 713: 712: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 688: 685: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 662: 657: 653: 651: 646: 642: 641: 640: 637: 636: 635: 634: 630: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 606: 605: 600: 599: 598: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 582: 577: 576:Mixed systems 572: 571: 564: 561: 557: 554: 553: 552: 549: 548: 547: 546: 545: 537: 536:Random ballot 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 510: 507: 506: 505: 504: 503: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 475: 474: 473: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 445: 444: 443: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 405: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 381: 380:Apportionment 378: 377: 376: 375: 369: 364: 363: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 334: 325: 321: 316: 315:Antiplurality 313: 310: 306: 301: 298: 295: 291: 286: 283: 282: 281: 280: 279: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 249: 246: 244: 243:Condorcet-IRV 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 227: 222: 218: 216: 211: 207: 206: 205: 202: 198: 195: 194: 192: 187: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 172: 170: 163: 158: 157: 150: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 125:Social choice 123: 122: 120: 119: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100:Social choice 97: 93: 89: 85: 84: 81: 70: 61: 57: 56: 51: 50: 45: 44: 38: 29: 28: 19: 5850: 5844: 5460:Mixed-member 5445:Proportional 5420:Score voting 5361:Ranked pairs 5280:Part of the 5279: 5229:. Retrieved 5201: 5197: 5178: 5165:. Retrieved 5161:the original 5151: 5139:. Retrieved 5126: 5118: 5110: 5098:. Retrieved 5088: 5076:. Retrieved 5072: 5063: 5051:. Retrieved 5047: 5038: 5026:. Retrieved 5022: 5013: 5001:. Retrieved 4997: 4988: 4963: 4959: 4916: 4886: 4879: 4867:. Retrieved 4863: 4853: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4781: 4772: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4700: 4696: 4645:(1): 13–21. 4642: 4638: 4628: 4616:. Retrieved 4610: 4600: 4575: 4571: 4528:(1): 27–42. 4525: 4521: 4511: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4459:, retrieved 4435: 4425: 4400: 4396: 4348: 4344: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4266:. Retrieved 4262: 4253: 4220: 4216: 4191:. Retrieved 4181: 4169:. Retrieved 4165: 4156: 4144: 4115:Score voting 3997:Sierra Leone 3847:Cook Islands 3774: 3760: 3756: 3737: 3717: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3652: 3642:won a seat ( 3629: 3617: 3596: 3583: 3569: 3554: 3552: 3496: 3491:Score voting 3470: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3452:Multi-winner 3451: 3416:Score voting 3402: 3387: 3363: 3357: 3335:plurality. 3333: 3319: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279:Majoritarian 3278: 3272: 3263: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162:Majoritarian 3161: 3155: 3145: 3141:Multi-winner 3140: 3125:Majoritarian 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091:Majoritarian 3090: 3084: 3075: 3069: 3028: 3027: 2994:(cloneproof) 2983: 2982: 2968: 2949: 2937: 2930: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2897:Solomon Star 2896: 2884: 2883: 2871: 2848: 2844:adding to it 2839: 2807: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2775: 2749: 2743:October 2018 2740: 2729:Please help 2724:verification 2721: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2655: 2646: 2623: 2615:score voting 2596: 2579:constituency 2549: 2537:commonwealth 2522: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2455: 2446: 2436: 2429: 2422: 2415: 2403: 2391:Please help 2386:verification 2383: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2335:Wasted votes 2333: 2322:Wasted votes 2281: 2180: 2142:Independent 2099:Independent 2056:Independent 2013:Independent 1970:Independent 1927:Independent 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1520: 1505:block voting 1498: 1495: 1492:Multi-winner 1469: 1456:Chattanooga 1451: 1433: 1420:Chattanooga 1415: 1405:Chattanooga 1397: 1358: 1317: 1310: 1276: 1258: 1247:Ballot types 1238: 1231: 1224: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1164: 1140: 1134:system, the 1131: 1117: 1075: 1058: 1046: 1035: 1018: 1017: 909: 908: 875: 833: 832: 817:Exaggeration 803: 802: 773: 772: 746: 710: 709: 678:Mixed ballot 633:Compensatory 631: 604:compensatory 601: 596: 580: 542: 541: 500: 499: 470: 469: 440: 439: 427:List-free PR 372: 340:Score voting 331: 330: 276: 275: 263:Ranked pairs 234: 233: 168: 166: 80: 64: 53: 47: 41: 5803:Spoilt vote 5566:Droop quota 5505:Schulze STV 5480:Rural–urban 5425:STAR voting 5321:Borda count 4869:22 November 4838:: 831–900. 4809:: 171–185. 3977:Saint Lucia 3593:Closed list 3405:Borda count 2933:closed list 2539:), and the 2525:Puerto Rico 2518:Green Party 2514:Ralph Nader 1434:Chattanooga 1382:Center-East 1347:Chattanooga 1148:contentious 717:Single vote 620:Conditional 615:Coexistence 464:Quota Borda 454:Schulze STV 412:Closed list 355:STAR voting 300:Borda count 5822:Comparison 5576:Hare quota 5526:Allocation 5512:Spare vote 5500:Hare-Clark 5470:Party-list 5167:3 November 4295:: 104455. 4166:www.sfu.ca 4136:References 4074:Rick Perry 3992:Seychelles 3797:Bangladesh 3787:Azerbaijan 3769:See also: 3720:provincial 3700:referendum 3673:After the 3541:Panachage 3306:Candidate 3230:Candidate 3191:Candidate 3152:Candidate 3118:Candidate 3081:Candidate 2851:April 2024 2556:news media 2541:Estadistas 2507:Republican 2471:See also: 2419:newspapers 2352:safe seats 1532:Candidate 1459:Nashville 1441:Nashville 1438:Knoxville 1423:Knoxville 1408:Knoxville 1402:Nashville 1021:refers to 822:Truncation 551:Cumulative 374:Party-list 149:By country 140:Comparison 5813:Unseating 5808:Sortition 5410:Plurality 5286:Economics 5218:1573-7101 4980:1231-1413 4936:470918525 4764:1475-5661 4703:: 58–85. 4675:153895999 4659:0167-4544 4592:0261-3794 4550:151584816 4542:1476-3427 4503:1094-2939 4417:0309-0566 4375:236980393 4367:2543-8042 4319:236254332 4311:0047-2727 4245:154416463 4237:0048-5829 4080:Cube rule 4012:Swaziland 4002:Singapore 3566:Open list 3530:Sortition 3440:Sortition 2545:statehood 2533:Populares 2501:lost the 2495:Democrats 1578:Elected? 1569:Elected? 1560:Elected? 1452:Knoxville 1416:Nashville 1353:Knoxville 1341:Nashville 1320:Tennessee 1124:president 1031:plurality 729:Dual-vote 422:Panachage 417:Open list 407:List type 285:Plurality 181:Two-round 169:plurality 92:Economics 5866:Category 5680:Criteria 5633:Scorporo 5282:politics 5231:19 April 5226:30027122 5136:Sky News 4667:41219187 4461:15 April 4064:See also 4017:Tanzania 3937:Maldives 3932:Malaysia 3867:Ethiopia 3857:Dominica 3822:Botswana 3802:Barbados 3002:Spoilers 2890:— 2658:spoilers 2295:seat(s). 1884:Party B 1832:Party B 1771:Party B 1719:Party A 1658:Party A 1588:Party A 1474:majority 1462:Memphis 1444:Memphis 1426:Memphis 1389:Far-East 1368:Far-West 1268:Examples 1132:majority 1085:spoilers 449:Hare STV 88:Politics 86:A joint 67:May 2024 5852:Project 5543:D'Hondt 5495:CPO-STV 5453:Systems 5186:Sources 4844:2457468 4744:Bibcode 4717:4471874 3952:Nigeria 3922:Liberia 3902:Jamaica 3887:Grenada 3862:Eritrea 3837:Comoros 3812:Bermuda 3792:Bahamas 3744:Ontario 3698:that a 3599:list-PR 3580:list-PR 3572:list-PR 3042:System 2516:of the 2499:Al Gore 2485:In the 2433:scholar 2246:Voters 1522:voters 1398:Memphis 1335:Memphis 1324:capital 459:CPO-STV 309:Baldwin 258:Schulze 253:Minimax 171:methods 60:discuss 5846:Portal 5783:Ballot 5559:Quotas 5288:series 5224: 5216: 5121:(2007) 5078:14 May 5053:14 May 5028:14 May 5003:14 May 4978: 4934: 4924: 4894: 4842: 4762: 4715: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4590: 4548: 4540: 4501: 4452: 4415: 4373: 4365: 4317: 4309: 4268:14 May 4243: 4235: 4171:14 May 4057:Zambia 4037:Uganda 4032:Tuvalu 3927:Malawi 3912:Kuwait 3877:Gambia 3832:Canada 3817:Bhutan 3807:Belize 3273:mark 1 3234:mark 1 3195:mark k 3085:mark 1 3019:Crowds 2687:: The 2571:Labour 2435: 2428: 2421: 2414: 2406: 2312:Issues 2269:10000 2259:10000 2249:10000 2235:10000 2226:20000 2217:30000 2203:10000 2194:19000 2185:28000 1572:Votes 1563:Votes 1554:Votes 1535:Party 1510:Under 1503:Under 1375:Center 1185:, and 324:Coombs 94:series 5776:Other 5595:Mixed 5222:JSTOR 5141:8 May 5100:8 May 4713:S2CID 4671:S2CID 4663:JSTOR 4618:8 May 4546:S2CID 4371:S2CID 4315:S2CID 4241:S2CID 4193:8 May 4052:Yemen 4022:Tonga 3987:Samoa 3967:Palau 3907:Kenya 3892:India 3882:Ghana 3872:Gabon 3269:List 3013:Teams 2543:(pro- 2535:(pro- 2440:JSTOR 2426:books 2272:100% 2262:100% 2252:100% 2070:1200 2059:1800 2027:1300 2016:1900 1984:1500 1973:2395 1941:1400 1930:2300 1898:1425 1887:2400 1846:1750 1835:2500 1774:2600 1742:1800 1279:state 1162:too. 1126:in a 661:'MMP' 650:'AMS' 43:split 5284:and 5233:2024 5214:ISSN 5169:2015 5143:2015 5102:2010 5080:2024 5055:2024 5030:2024 5005:2024 4976:ISSN 4932:OCLC 4922:ISBN 4892:ISBN 4871:2016 4840:SSRN 4760:ISSN 4655:ISSN 4620:2010 4588:ISSN 4538:ISSN 4499:ISSN 4463:2022 4450:ISBN 4413:ISSN 4363:ISSN 4307:ISSN 4270:2024 4233:ISSN 4195:2010 4173:2024 3962:Oman 3957:Niue 3917:Laos 3897:Iran 3679:UKIP 3132:Yes 3129:Yes 2813:FPTP 2617:and 2412:news 2173:11. 2167:500 2162:12. 2156:550 2151:12. 2145:600 2130:10. 2124:600 2119:11. 2113:625 2108:11. 2102:650 2081:700 2076:10. 2073:12% 2062:15% 2038:700 2030:13% 2019:19% 1995:800 1987:15% 1976:24% 1952:800 1944:14% 1933:23% 1915:12. 1909:400 1901:14% 1890:24% 1849:18% 1838:25% 1806:1100 1786:1950 1777:26% 1753:700 1745:18% 1723:3555 1701:800 1682:1900 1662:3600 1632:2000 1612:3500 1592:3700 1091:and 1087:, a 1079:and 602:Non- 556:SNTV 145:List 102:and 90:and 52:and 5608:MMP 5206:doi 4968:doi 4964:212 4811:doi 4752:doi 4705:doi 4647:doi 4580:doi 4530:doi 4489:doi 4440:doi 4405:doi 4353:doi 4297:doi 4293:200 4225:doi 4221:150 3738:An 3285:Yes 3246:Yes 3207:Yes 3168:Yes 3135:No 3097:Yes 2846:. 2733:by 2573:or 2505:to 2395:by 2170:5% 2159:6% 2148:6% 2127:6% 2116:6% 2105:7% 2087:7. 2084:7% 2065:10 2044:7. 2041:7% 2033:9. 2022:9. 2001:4. 1998:8% 1990:6. 1979:7. 1958:4. 1955:8% 1947:8. 1936:8. 1912:4% 1904:7. 1893:6. 1873:Yes 1858:900 1852:4. 1841:5. 1821:Yes 1811:11% 1801:Yes 1791:20% 1780:4. 1759:7. 1756:7% 1748:4. 1738:Yes 1728:36% 1707:4. 1704:8% 1697:Yes 1687:19% 1677:Yes 1667:36% 1647:Yes 1637:20% 1627:Yes 1617:35% 1607:Yes 1597:37% 1099:). 320:el. 305:el. 294:IRV 290:el. 62:) 58:. 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