2886:
by a small percentage of voters where there are many candidates in a particular constituency. I believe that this system is part of the reason why voters ignore political parties and why candidates try an appeal to voters' material desires and relationships instead of political parties.... Moreover, this system creates a political environment where a Member is elected by a relatively small number of voters with the effect that this Member is then expected to ignore his party's philosophy and instead look after that core base of voters in terms of their material needs. Another relevant factor that I see in relation to the electoral system is the proven fact that it is rather conducive, and thus has not prevented, corrupt elections practices such as ballot buying.
1313:
2482:
will instead reduce support for one of the two major candidates whom the voter might prefer to the other. Electors who prefer not to waste their vote by voting for a candidate with a very low chance of winning their constituency vote for their lesser preferred candidate who has a higher chance of winning. The minority party will then simply take votes away from one of the major parties, which could change the outcome and gain nothing for the voters. Any other party will typically need to build up its votes and credibility over a series of elections before it is seen as electable.
977:
2766:
1138:, where usually the top two candidates in the first ballot progress to the second round, also called the runoff. A runoff is by default not held, if a candidate already received an absolute majority in the first ballot (more than half of votes), and in the second ballot, where there are only two candidates, one of the candidates will (except for a tie) receive a majority. Under plurality rules, the candidates are not at any point in the election required to have majority support.
2625:
voter casts their vote for a different party or alternative district/constituency/riding in order to induce, in their opinion, a better outcome. An example of this is when a person really likes party A but votes for party B because they do not like party C or D or because they believe that party A has little to no chance of winning. This can cause the outcome of very close votes to be swayed for the wrong reason. This might have had an impact on the
112:
2547:). Historically, there has been a tendency for Independentista voters to elect Popular candidates and policies. This results in more Popular victories even though the Estadistas have the most voters on the island. It is so widely recognised that the Puerto Ricans sometimes call the Independentistas who vote for the Populares "melons" in reference to the party colours, because the fruit is green on the outside but red on the inside.
2832:
3662:
Conservative Party, which is to the right; and the
Liberal Party, which is slightly off-centre but to the left. A fourth party that no longer has major party status is the separatist Bloc Québécois party, which is territorial and runs only in Quebec. New Zealand once used the British system, which yielded two large parties as well. It also left many New Zealanders unhappy because other viewpoints were ignored, which made the
952:
1252:
2713:
2375:
2819:. Under this system, many people feel that voting is an empty ritual that has no influence on the composition of legislature. Voters are not assured that the number of seats that political parties are accorded will reflect the popular vote, which disincentivizes them from voting and sends the message that their votes are not valued, and participation in elections does not seem necessary.
2633:. When voters behave in a strategic way and expect others to do the same, they end up voting for one of the two leading candidates, making the Condorcet alternative more likely to be elected. The prevalence of strategic voting in an election makes it difficult to evaluate the true political state of the population, as their true political ideologies are not reflected in their votes.
2327:
964:
33:
2342:, 52% of votes were cast for losing candidates and 18% were excess votes, a total of 70% wasted votes. That is perhaps the most fundamental criticism of FPTP, the single-member plurality system, since at least half the votes are always wasted in a district, either as being placed on un-elected candidates or being surplus to what could be needed to win.
2558:. Some voters will tend to believe the media's assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be in the election. Even voters who distrust the media know that other voters believe the media, and so those candidates who receive the most media attention will nonetheless be the most popular, and thus most likely to be one of the top two.
2489:, if all the voters for Chattanooga and Knoxville had instead voted for Nashville, Nashville would have won (with 58% of the vote). That would have only been the third choice for those voters, but voting for their respective first choices (their own cities) actually results in their fourth choice (Memphis) being elected.
2914:
Plurality voting is generally considered one of the simplest methods and of the most widely known. Because of its widespread use, in situations where people become voters, it will not be a new concept for most and may even be expected. Other systems may specifically need to be explained to the voters
2787:
Plurality voting tends to reduce the number of political parties to a greater extent than most other methods do, making it more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats. (In the United
Kingdom, 22 out of 27 general elections since 1922 have produced a single-party majority
2624:
This is when a voter decides to vote in a way that does not represent their true preference or choice, motivated by an intent to influence election outcomes. Strategic behaviour by voters can and does influence the outcome of voting in different plurality voting systems. Strategic behaviour is when a
2581:
held by the
Conservatives, with the Liberal Democrats as the second-placed party and the Labour Party in third, Labour supporters might be urged to vote for the Liberal Democrat candidate, who has a smaller hurdle to overcome and more support in the constituency than their own party candidate, on the
2561:
A new candidate, who is in principle supported by the majority of voters, may be considered unlikely to become one of the top two candidates, because of the lack of a track record. The candidate will thus receive fewer votes, which will then give them a reputation as a low poller in future elections,
1259:
Generally, plurality ballots can be categorized into two forms. The simplest form is a blank ballot in which the name of a candidate(s) is written in by hand. A more structured ballot will list all the candidates and allow a mark to be made next to the name of a single candidate (or more than one, in
2922:
Another counter-argument is that plurality voting is partially considered simple because of its familiarity, which in turn results from its prevalence. Such argument is made by proponents of another plurality-based system, approval voting, where unlike usual plurality voting, voters may vote for any
2885:
An... underlying cause of political instability and poor governance, in my opinion, is our electoral system and its related problems. It has been identified by a number of academics and practitioners that the First Past the Post system is such that a Member elected to
Parliament is sometimes elected
2680:
In brief, if a governing party G wishes to reduce the seats that will be won by opposition party O in the next election, it can create a number of constituencies in each of which O has an overwhelming majority of votes. O will win these seats, but many of its voters will waste their votes. Then, the
2306:
is used, ranked votes are used and each voter has just one vote, any candidate that accumulates about 25 percent of the vote will be elected and supporters of one party even if initially spread over two or three candidates can concentrate behind only one or two, just the candidates of the party that
2791:
Plurality voting's tendency toward fewer parties and more-frequent majorities of one party can also produce a government that may not consider as wide a range of perspectives and concerns. It is entirely possible that a voter finds all major parties to have similar views on issues, and that a voter
2664:
has taken place. The spoiler may have received incentives to run. A spoiler may also drop out at the last moment, which induces charges that such an act was intended from the beginning. Voters who are uninformed do not have a comparable opportunity to manipulate their votes as voters who understand
2481:
techniques like "compromising". Voters are under pressure to vote for one of the two candidates most likely to win, even if their true preference is neither of them; because a vote for any other candidate is unlikely to lead to the preferred candidate being elected. In single-member plurality, this
1521:
Party A has about 35% support among the electorate (with one particularly well-liked candidate), Party B around 25% (with two well-liked candidates) and the remaining voters primarily support independent candidates, but mostly lean towards party B if they have to choose between the two parties. All
3681:
for a switch to the use of proportional representation after it received 3,881,129 votes that produced only one MP. The Green Party was similarly underrepresented, which contrasted greatly with the SNP, a
Scottish separatist party that received only 1,454,436 votes but won 56 seats because of more
2918:
Widespread familiarity with the system does not imply widespread familiarity with the effects. Voters may not be aware of the issues in plurality voting, therefore they may vote sincerely even in situations where voting theory would suggest they should vote tactically, thereby voting against their
2349:
Another way to count wasted votes, is to see the ones that may play no part in determining the outcome. Under FPTP for example, usually only votes for the top two candidates can be seen as really competing for the position, with only one possible to win; votes placed on other candidates are almost
2345:
SMP is in practice similar in plurality block voting. They both operate under the "winner-takes-all" principle, which means that the party of the losing candidates in each district receive no representation, regardless of the number of votes they receive. Even the single non-transferable vote can
2647:
The spoiler effect is especially severe in plurality voting, where candidates with similar ideologies are forced to split the vote with each other. One spoiler candidate's presence in the election draws votes from a major candidate with similar politics, which causes a strong opponent of both or
2582:
basis that Labour supporters would prefer an MP from a competing leftist or liberal party than a
Conservative one. Similarly, in Labour/Liberal Democrat marginals in which the Conservatives are third, Conservative voters may be encouraged or tempted to vote Liberal Democrat to help defeat Labour.
2492:
The difficulty is sometimes summed up in an extreme form, as "All votes for anyone other than the second place are votes for the winner". That is because by voting for other candidates, voters have denied those votes to the second-place candidate, who could have won had they received them. It is
2298:
Under the single non-transferable vote (like in the other two methods) the number of seats are sometimes not proportionately allocated. Over-optimism (running too many candidates) and vote splitting is harshly punished. But each popular party that runs one candidate is assured of success to that
3757:
Northern
Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Republic of Ireland, Australia and New Zealand are notable examples of countries within the UK, or with previous links to it, that use non-FPTP electoral systems (Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales use FPTP in United Kingdom general elections, however).
1145:
may vote for one candidate from a list of the candidates who are competing to represent that district. Under the plurality system, the winner of the election then becomes the representative of the whole electoral district and serves with representatives of other electoral districts. That makes
3334:
Plurality voting is often contrasted with (absolute) majority voting where variant of runoff voting (multi-round voting) are also classified. However, in formal social choice theory, the term majority voting has a different definition, and runoff voting methods could also be classified under
3661:
The countries that inherited the
British majoritarian system tend toward two large parties: one left and the other right, such as the U.S. Democrats and Republicans. Canada is an exception, with three major political parties consisting of the New Democratic Party, which is to the left; the
2969:
Common arguments for specifically the single-winner variant of plurality voting are constituency representation (which all other single-winner systems provide to the same degree) and governmental stability (which is dependent on other factors as well). These arguments can be made for some
2799:
Furthermore, one-party rule is more likely to lead to radical changes in government policy even though the changes are favoured only by a plurality or a bare majority of the voters, but a multi-party system usually requires more consensus to make dramatic changes in policy.
3646:) with just 26% of the votes. The system of single-member districts with plurality winners tends to produce two large political parties. In countries with proportional representation there is not such a great incentive to vote for a large party, which contributes to
2783:
after enough time. The two dominating parties regularly alternate in power and easily win constituencies due to the structure of plurality voting systems. This puts smaller parties who struggle to meet the threshold of votes at a disadvantage, and inhibits growth.
2361:, attempt to ensure that almost all of the votes are effective in influencing the result and electing a representative, which minimizes vote wastage. Such systems decreases disproportionality in election results and are also credited for increasing voter turnout.
1122:), each voter is allowed to vote for only one candidate, and the winner of the election is the candidate who represents a plurality of voters or, in other words, received more votes than any other candidate. In an election for a single seat, such as for
3734:
made a recommendation for the reform. The referendum obtained 57% of the vote, but failed to meet the 60% requirement for passing. A second referendum was held in May 2009, this time the province's voters defeated the change with 39% voting in favour.
1471:
If each voter in each city naively selects one city on the ballot (Memphis voters select
Memphis, Nashville voters select Nashville, and so on), Memphis will be selected, as it has the most votes 42%. The system does not require that the winner have a
1169:, however with very different effects, as voters can choose to support as many or few candidates as they choose, not just one. For this reason, approval voting is usually distinguished from plurality voting, while technically being a sub-type of it.
2795:
As fewer choices are offered to voters, voters may vote for a candidate although they disagree with them because they disagree even more with their opponents. That will make candidates less closely reflect the viewpoints of those who vote for them.
3685:
The United
Kingdom continues to use the first-past-the-post electoral system for general elections, and for local government elections in England and Wales. Changes to the UK system have been proposed, and alternatives were examined by the
2346:
result in very inefficient results if many candidates with small support compete or the most-popular candidates receive a large excess of votes. This is because like other plurality systems, STNV does not transfer loser and surplus votes.
2350:
certin not to be used to elect anyone and therefore wasted. Sometimes not even two candidate are seen as being competitive. Due to having a history of repeatedly electing candidates of a certain party, many districts are known to have
1047:
There are several versions of plurality voting for multi-member district. The system that elects multiple winners at once with the plurality rule and where each voter casts multiple X votes in a multi-seat district is referred to as
3653:
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland use the first-past-the-post system for UK general elections but versions of proportional representation for elections to their own assemblies and parliaments. All of the UK used one form or
2337:
are those cast for candidates or parties who did not get elected. Some number of wasted votes by this definition is practically unavoidable, but plurality systems suffer from large numbers of wasted votes. For example, in the
2681:
rest of the constituencies are designed to have small majorities for G. Few G votes are wasted, and G will win many seats by small margins. As a result of the gerrymander, O's seats have cost it more votes than G's seats.
2950:
With plurality voting, counting and summing up votes is generally an easy process, and this may be done on a precinct level and then summed up for a total with the same results. Some alternative methods, such as
2282:
Under all three versions of multi-winner plurality voting, the three most popular candidates according to voters' first preferences are elected, regardless of party affiliation, but with three different results.
2294:
Under limited voting, it is most likely that the party with a plurality takes two seats (or the same number of seats as the number of votes each voter has), and another less-popular party receives the remaining
1480:, where Knoxville (the city furthest to the east, and the "second-worst" choice) would accumulate a majority from vote transfers from voter who initially voted for Chattanooga and Nashville. Nashville is the
2693:
measures gerrymandering and has been scrutinized in the Supreme Court of the United States. The efficiency gap is the difference between the two parties' wasted votes, divided by the total number of votes.
3775:
Countries that use plurality voting to elect the lower or only house of their legislature include: (Some of these may be undemocratic systems where there is effectively only one candidate allowed anyway.)
2938:
In cases without ballots, such as open voting by raised hands, for example, there are simpler methods that do not require checking for people who voted more than they are allowed to, for example,
3731:
1130:, voters may vote for one candidate from a list of the candidates who are competing, and the winner is whichever candidate receives the highest number of votes. Compare first-past-the-post to a
3761:
Nations which have undergone democratic reforms since 1990 but have not adopted the FPTP system include South Africa, almost all of the former Eastern bloc nations, Russia, and Afghanistan.
3643:
2998:
Does the outcome never change if non-winning candidates similar to an existing candidate are added? There are three different phenomena which could cause a method to fail this criterion:
2354:. On such, a candidate or party has a near 100% chance that they win the seats. Supporters of others sometimes do not even bother to vote knowing of the odds that face their candidate.
2923:
number of candidates. If approval voting is default, plurality voting (where voters only cast one otherwise fixed number of votes) would be seen at least equally unfamiliar to voters.
1222:, in effect it is a semi-proportional system allowing for mixed representation in one district, and representation of both majorty parties and electoral minorities within a district.
2955:
do not work this way and either counting has to take place centrally, or complete (non-aggregated) results from precincts need to be submitted to the central authority for results.
1052:. A semi-proportional system that elects multiple winners elected at once with the plurality rule and where each voter casts just one vote in a multi-seat district is known as
2931:
Under plurality voting, ballots use simple marks instead of ranking or scoring, which can make especially paper-based ballots simpler. However, non-plurality systems such as
1526:; there is no tactical voting. (Percentage of votes under MNTV and Limited Voting is the percentage of voters who voted for the candidate, not the percentage of votes cast.)
1005:
2291:), the three candidates of the most popular party are elected if its supporters vote along party lines. In this case a party with only 35 percent support took all the seats.
5261:
1499:
Under non-transferable (and non-cumulative) plurality voting, each voter may cast no more than one vote for a single candidate, even if they have multiple votes to cast.
1236:. Here voters may vote for as many candidates as there are seats to fill, which means usually candidates from the largest party will fill all the seats in the district.
3751:
3695:
3022:
Additional candidates who affect the outcome of an election without either helping or harming the chances of their factional group, but instead affecting another group.
1476:, only a plurality. Memphis wins because it has the most votes even though 58% of the voters in the example preferred Memphis least. The opposite result would occur in
3707:
3699:
2892:
4955:
1301:
3388:
typically plurality voting (technically: SNTV) determines which candidates compete in second round, majority rule for second round (with only two candidates).
1203:
candidates with the highest numbers of votes. The rules may allow the voter to vote for one candidate, for a number of candidates more than one but less than
5711:
5479:
1146:
plurality voting among the simplest of all electoral systems for voters and vote counting officials; however, the drawing of district boundary lines can be
696:
5607:
5459:
3747:
3739:
3544:
While voters vote only for candidates (and may vote across party lines), the seat allocation is primarily based on list-PR, in an open list-system.
2626:
728:
590:
585:
5706:
5484:
3691:
998:
691:
3638:, the candidate who gets the most votes, whether or not they get at least 50% of the votes cast ("first past the post"). In 1992, for example, a
5469:
5254:
3655:
3598:
3579:
3571:
2532:
373:
2565:
The system may promote votes against than for a candidate. In the UK, entire campaigns have been organised with the aim of voting against the
4925:
4895:
4453:
2648:
several to win. Even extremely small parties with very little first-preference support can therefore affect the outcome of an FPTP election.
897:
5833:
3770:
3674:
2770:
2339:
1072:
148:
4859:
3483:
Voters may rank candidates. Quota determines who gets elected (and which votes get transferred), not plurality rule (except last seats).
5516:
3719:
3670:
of proportional representation (PR) with a partial selection by constituencies. New Zealand soon developed a more complex party system.
2597:
Proponents of other single-winner electoral systems argue that their proposals would reduce the need for tactical voting and reduce the
2540:
1158:). Note that issues arising from single-member districts are still in place with majority voting systems, like the two-round system and
2788:
government or, in the case of the National Governments, a parliament from which such a single-party government could have been drawn.)
991:
4393:"The influence of promotional activity and different electoral systems on voter turnout: A study of the UK and German Euro elections"
2673:
Because FPTP permits a high level of wasted votes, an election under FPTP is easily gerrymandered unless safeguards are in place. In
5247:
4069:
2752:
2730:
2458:
2392:
1294:
1063:, including in most of the United States. Outside of the English-speaking world, it is less popular than its close relatives in the
5851:
3031:
Can voters be sure that they do not need to rank any other candidate above their favorite in order to obtain a result they prefer?
892:
1277:
This is a general example for single-winner plurality voting ("first-past-the-post"), using population percentages taken from one
5701:
5647:
3981:
3312:
3238:
3199:
3059:
2991:
2536:
2517:
2506:
2494:
882:
632:
603:
543:
5499:
5828:
2528:
2502:
2439:
614:
139:
4431:
5627:
5068:
4887:
Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States
4084:
3946:
3381:
2734:
2411:
2396:
2299:
degree anyway. In this case, even though the most-popular party ran three and risked vote splitting, it did elect one member.
1182:
1064:
1053:
677:
5156:
3403:
Some ranked systems simulate multi-round voting. Some ranked systems use plurality rule with weighted (positional) inputs (
2677:, a party in power deliberately manipulates constituency boundaries to increase the number of seats that it wins unfairly.
2520:, who, exit polls indicated, would have preferred Gore at 45% to Bush at 27%, with the rest not voting in Nader's absence.
2578:
319:
304:
289:
2589:, a completely different system, in which the first round is held in the court of public opinion. A good example was the
2307:
are electable. The plurality rule applies in that the most-popular candidates of the party are the ones that are elected.
5670:
5655:
5474:
4119:
3508:
3471:
3224:
2418:
1287:
1215:
1178:
1154:). The system is also independent of parties; the party with the most votes overall may not win the most seats overall (
1123:
935:
555:
478:
399:
1165:
The same principle used in single-winner plurality voting (electing the candidate with the most votes) is also used in
5721:
5444:
5434:
5295:
3497:
3277:
3160:
3124:
3089:
3054:
2769:
A graph showing the difference between the popular vote and the number of seats won by major political parties at the
2590:
2358:
1068:
367:
349:
190:
4606:
920:
5871:
5686:
5377:
3639:
3362:
3074:
2964:
2812:
1219:
1119:
1113:
1092:
1041:
811:
794:
761:
741:
525:
513:
483:
284:
242:
175:
4607:"The 2004 Campaign: the Independent; Relax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise"
4392:
2723:
2425:
2385:
1507:, the standard multiple-winner non-transferable vote election method, voters may cast 3 votes (but do not have to)
619:
5736:
5691:
5637:
5549:
5131:
4089:
1481:
667:
660:
144:
4777:
3618:
Plurality voting is used for local and/or national elections in 43 of the 193 countries that are members of the
2815:. Studies suggest that plurality voting system fails to incentivize citizens to vote, which results in very low
5726:
5612:
5570:
5489:
5414:
5350:
5308:
4124:
3727:
3478:
2303:
721:
649:
638:
501:
488:
471:
448:
426:
389:
379:
5345:
5043:
3726:
had a referendum on abolishing single-member district plurality in favour of multi-member districts with the
3578:
While voters may vote only for candidates (or lists) within lists, the seat allocation is primarily based on
2407:
5751:
5741:
5716:
5532:
5409:
3687:
2566:
1327:
1225:
When voters can vote for one or more candidates, but in total less than the number of winners, it is called
847:
701:
384:
4186:
5792:
5731:
5594:
5537:
3663:
3459:
3146:
2574:
2288:
1504:
1346:
1233:
1049:
1037:
876:
756:
686:
493:
42:
5696:
5617:
5382:
4285:"First among equals: The first place effect and political promotion in multi-member plurality elections"
4104:
4094:
3971:
3703:
3605:
Voters usually can vote for just one party, but seat allocation is proportional, not by plurality rule.
3369:
3006:
Candidates which decrease the chance of any of the similar or clone candidates winning, also known as a
2952:
2606:
1477:
1232:
The multi-winner version considered to be the extension of first-past-the-post to multi-winner cases is
1159:
1083:
generally oppose plurality voting and its variants, citing major issues such as a high vulnerability to
784:
624:
508:
314:
293:
225:
203:
59:
1141:
In an election for a legislative body with single-member seats, each voter in a geographically defined
1059:
Plurality voting is widely used throughout the English-speaking world as a result of its spread by the
976:
842:
4567:
2765:
5766:
5335:
4743:
3667:
3635:
3386:
Usually majority rule in first round (candidate wins only if they have more than half of the votes),
2661:
2657:
1352:
1340:
1096:
1076:
915:
902:
870:
134:
3630:
The United Kingdom, like the United States and Canada, uses single-member districts as the base for
1312:
5746:
5340:
4782:
4026:
3841:
3781:
3631:
1323:
1155:
1127:
821:
655:
308:
48:
4731:
3851:
2477:
To a much greater extent than many other electoral methods, plurality electoral systems encourage
5787:
5397:
5221:
4830:
Stephanopoulos, Nicholas; McGhee, Eric (2014). "Partisan Gerrymandering and the Efficiency Gap".
4712:
4670:
4662:
4611:
4545:
4518:"Strategic voting in the second round of a two-round system: The 2014 French municipal elections"
4370:
4314:
4240:
3647:
1334:
1261:
1240:
1030:
1026:
981:
852:
463:
247:
54:
5355:
1044:". In SMP/FPTP the leading candidate, whether or not they have a majority of votes, is elected.
930:
3750:
system, also requiring 60% approval, failed with only 36.9% voting in favour. British Columbia
5756:
5665:
5622:
5542:
5464:
5387:
5372:
5330:
5213:
4975:
4931:
4921:
4891:
4843:
4839:
4759:
4654:
4587:
4537:
4498:
4449:
4412:
4362:
4306:
4232:
3301:
2779:
is a theory that constituencies that use first-past-the-post systems will eventually become a
2776:
2618:
2570:
2432:
1088:
887:
857:
779:
716:
550:
277:
252:
235:
103:
2876:
commented on what he perceived as the flaws of a first-past-the-post electoral system in the
5797:
5429:
5285:
5270:
5205:
4967:
4810:
4751:
4704:
4646:
4579:
4529:
4493:
4488:
4476:
4439:
4404:
4352:
4296:
4224:
4129:
3941:
3723:
2808:
2780:
2602:
2586:
1485:
1243:. Here the party receiving a plurality of votes wins all of the seats available by default.
1135:
1080:
1022:
968:
925:
816:
804:
518:
394:
220:
214:
196:
185:
180:
129:
91:
4391:
Whitelock, Amy; Whitelock, Jeryl; van Heerde, Jennifer (6 April 2010). Harris, Phil (ed.).
3622:. It is particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and India.
5845:
5761:
5602:
5580:
5392:
5313:
5303:
5281:
4815:
4798:
4109:
4099:
4006:
3826:
3113:
2986:
Will a candidate always win who is ranked as the unique favorite by a majority of voters?
2939:
2877:
2873:
2610:
2478:
2472:
1166:
956:
789:
644:
609:
530:
441:
344:
267:
209:
87:
17:
4747:
3374:
Voters mark one candidate they do not want elected, the candidate with least votes wins
3016:
Sets of similar candidates whose mere presence helps the chances of any of them winning.
111:
5660:
5365:
5325:
5160:
5114:
4041:
3619:
3553:
3465:
3262:
3185:
3007:
3001:
2689:
2674:
2642:
2630:
2598:
2585:
If enough voters use this tactic, the first-past-the-post system becomes, effectively,
2509:
1523:
1511:
1226:
1186:
1151:
1147:
1084:
1060:
1040:, plurality voting is called single member plurality (SMP), which is widely known as "
826:
766:
751:
562:
431:
406:
257:
4583:
4566:
Blais, André; Nadeau, Richard; Gidengil, Elisabeth; Nevitte, Neil (1 September 2001).
2831:
2792:
does not have a meaningful way of expressing a dissenting opinion through their vote.
951:
5865:
5404:
4692:
4674:
4549:
4444:
4374:
4318:
4244:
4212:
4046:
3427:
3396:
2816:
835:
535:
323:
161:
124:
99:
5018:
4993:
4258:
5419:
5360:
4716:
4114:
3996:
3846:
3490:
3415:
2614:
1142:
575:
339:
332:
262:
4301:
4284:
5194:"Plurality versus Proportional Representation: An Analysis of Sicilian Elections"
4917:
To keep or to change first past the post? : the politics of electoral reform
4885:
4732:"Labour electoral landslides and the changing efficiency of voting distributions"
5802:
5565:
5504:
5424:
5320:
4341:"Reflecting People's Will: Evaluating elections with computer aided simulations"
3976:
3592:
3404:
2932:
2712:
2524:
2513:
2374:
2334:
453:
411:
354:
299:
1251:
1239:
The party-list version of plurality voting in multi-member districts is called
1199:
candidates who get more votes than the others are elected; the winners are the
1095:
voting, and their bias toward extremist candidates (as a result of failing the
5575:
5511:
4650:
4533:
4408:
4228:
4073:
3991:
3796:
3786:
3706:. However the alternative vote system was rejected 2-1 by British voters in a
3584:
The candidate votes change ranking within list (usually with plurality rule).
2555:
2544:
1278:
5217:
4979:
4935:
4763:
4708:
4658:
4591:
4541:
4502:
4416:
4366:
4357:
4340:
4310:
4236:
5812:
5807:
4755:
4517:
4079:
4011:
4001:
3565:
3529:
3500:, while using the plurality rule is also technically a score voting system.
3439:
2629:
that was essentially decided by fewer than 600 votes, with the winner being
2351:
1319:
421:
416:
4956:"Electoral System, Political Knowledge and Voter Turnout— Complex Liaisons"
2665:
all opposing sides, understand the pros and cons of voting for each party.
2326:
1191:
Multi-member plurality elections are only slightly more complicated. Where
4161:
963:
5632:
5135:
4016:
3936:
3931:
3866:
3856:
3821:
3801:
1473:
672:
5225:
5093:
4778:"Here's how the Supreme Court could decide whether your vote will count"
4730:
Johnston, Ron; Rossiter, David; Pattie, Charles; Dorling, Danny (2002).
4666:
4634:
5494:
5209:
5193:
4971:
4076:, winning re-election despite gaining less than 40 per cent of the vote
3951:
3921:
3901:
3886:
3861:
3836:
3811:
3791:
3743:
2737: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2550:
Such tactical voting can cause significant perturbation to the system:
2498:
2399: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1260:
some cases); however, a structured ballot can also include space for a
458:
5179:
3350:
Explanation (what makes non-plurality system fundamentally different)
5782:
4915:
4056:
4036:
4031:
3926:
3911:
3876:
3831:
3816:
3806:
2609:, along with less-tested and perhaps less-understood systems such as
5239:
5180:
The fatal flaws of Plurality (first-past-the-post) electoral systems
4213:"A comparison of cumulative voting and generalized plurality voting"
4693:"Voting Systems and Strategic Manipulation: an Experimental Study"
4051:
4021:
3986:
3966:
3906:
3891:
3881:
3871:
2764:
2325:
1250:
3961:
3956:
3916:
3896:
3678:
2974:
Voting system attributes and comparison to non-plurality systems
1496:
Candidates are running in a 3-member district of 10 000 voters.
5243:
1328:
All voters want the capital to be as close to them as possible.
4884:
Grofman, Bernard; Blais, André; Bowler, Shaun (5 March 2009).
4568:"Measuring strategic voting in multiparty plurality elections"
2826:
2706:
2368:
2330:
A ballot with a potential wasted vote goes into the voting box
1517:
Under the single non-transferable vote, voters may cast 1 vote
1214:
When voters may vote for only one candidate, it is called the
1036:
Under single-winner plurality voting, and in systems based on
26:
4954:
Kwiatkowska, Agnieszka; Cześnik, Mikołaj (16 December 2020).
4516:
Dolez, Bernard; Laurent, Annie; Blais, André (1 April 2017).
110:
2970:
multi-member versions and plurality voting in general too.
1337:, the largest city, but far from the others (42% of voters)
1326:. The population is concentrated around four major cities.
3754:
which was defeated by 62% voting to keep current system.
5192:
Mudambi, Ram; Navarra, Pietro; Nicosia, Carmela (1996).
4848:
Wasted votes and efficiency gap are defined pp. 850–852.
4860:"Here's How We Can End Gerrymandering Once and for All"
2843:
5069:"Election - Plurality, Majority, Systems | Britannica"
4148:
3634:. Each electoral district (constituency) chooses one
1067:. Overall, more countries in the world use a form of
4736:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
5821:
5775:
5679:
5646:
5593:
5558:
5525:
5452:
5443:
5294:
5182:– Proportional Representation Society of Australia
40:It has been suggested that this article should be
5159:. ACE Electoral Knowledge Network. Archived from
2811:is prevalent in plurality voting systems such as
2302:In a situation where three are to be elected and
1029:who poll more than any other (that is, receive a
4211:Cooper, Duane; Zillante, Arthur (January 2012).
3722:elections. In May 2005 the Canadian province of
3690:in the late 1990s. After the formation of a new
4799:"Partisan Gerrymandering and Political Science"
2882:
5132:"Reckless Out Amid UKIP Frustration at System"
5094:"The Global Distribution of Electoral Systems"
4100:List of democracy and elections-related topics
3752:again called a referendum on the issue in 2018
3666:in 1993 adopt a new electoral law modelled on
1343:, near the center of the state (26% of voters)
1322:is holding an election on the location of its
5255:
3555:Party block voting/General ticket (plurality)
3264:Party block voting/General ticket (plurality)
2523:That thinking is illustrated by elections in
1359:The preferences of each region's voters are:
1295:
999:
8:
5712:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
5044:"Single member and multi member districts —"
3407:), but are not considered plurality voting.
1195:is the number of seats in the district, the
4430:Blais, André; Anduiza, Eva (25 June 2013),
4283:Dulay, Dean; Go, Laurence (1 August 2021).
5449:
5262:
5248:
5240:
2915:and may be perceived as more complicated.
2601:. Other systems include the commonly used
2527:and its three principal voter groups: the
2512:because some voters on the left voted for
1484:, and as a result would be elected by any
1302:
1288:
1006:
992:
82:
4890:. Springer Science & Business Media.
4814:
4492:
4443:
4356:
4300:
3694:in 2010, it was announced as part of the
3522:Winners get sorted randomly from ballots
3432:Winner gets sorted randomly from ballots
2753:Learn how and when to remove this message
2459:Learn how and when to remove this message
1071:. than use plurality or a form of runoff.
4858:Stephanopoulos, Nicholas (2 July 2014).
4605:Rosenbaum, David E. (24 February 2004).
3495:Voters may score candidates on a scale.
3337:
3033:
2935:PR may also use just as simple ballots.
1528:
1361:
5707:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
5485:Sequential proportional approval voting
4494:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105121
4141:
3718:Canada also uses FPTP for national and
3626:General elections in the United Kingdom
2863:Issues specific to particular countries
2473:Tactical voting § Plurality voting
2357:Alternative electoral systems, such as
1108:Single-winner and single-member systems
98:
3732:Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform
3656:another of proportional representation
1355:, far to the northeast (17% of voters)
4949:
4947:
4945:
4909:
4907:
4816:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060118-045351
4686:
4684:
4561:
4559:
3682:geographically concentrated support.
2959:Arguments for single-member plurality
1540:
1534:
7:
4635:"The Manipulation of Voting Systems"
4386:
4384:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4206:
4204:
4072:– Example of an incumbent governor,
3771:List of electoral systems by country
3420:Voters score candidates on a scale.
2771:2005 United Kingdom general election
2735:adding citations to reliable sources
2660:often gives rise to suspicions that
2397:adding citations to reliable sources
5517:Indirect single transferable voting
4149:Mudambi, Navarra & Nicosia 1996
3658:for European Parliament elections.
3330:Comparison to non-plurality systems
1118:In single-winner plurality voting (
4803:Annual Review of Political Science
4481:Annual Review of Political Science
3702:would be held on switching to the
3456:Candidate-based plurality voting:
2992:Independence of clone alternatives
2554:Substantial power is given to the
1218:. While seemingly most similar to
1211:candidates, or some other number.
25:
4070:2006 Texas gubernatorial election
3309:distribute fixed number of votes
1514:, voters may cast 2 votes maximum
4832:University of Chicago Law Review
3982:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2830:
2711:
2373:
1311:
1255:An example of a plurality ballot
975:
962:
950:
898:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
544:Semi-proportional representation
176:First preference plurality (FPP)
31:
5019:"Plurality Electoral Systems —"
4994:"Plurality Electoral Systems —"
4697:Journal of Theoretical Politics
4339:Verma, Dhruv (1 January 2021).
4259:"Plurality Electoral Systems —"
2893:"Realising political stability"
2722:needs additional citations for
2493:often claimed by United States
2384:needs additional citations for
1538:Multiple non-transferable vote
1349:, somewhat east (15% of voters)
5628:Mixed ballot transferable vote
4445:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0066
4085:Deviation from proportionality
3947:Federated States of Micronesia
3048:Ballot type (number of votes)
2562:which perpetuates the problem.
1183:Multiple non-transferable vote
1054:single non-transferable voting
1025:in which the candidates in an
936:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
893:Moulin's impossibility theorem
858:Conflicting majorities paradox
1:
5096:. Aceproject.org. 20 May 2008
4584:10.1016/S0261-3794(00)00017-2
4477:"What affects voter turnout?"
4397:European Journal of Marketing
4302:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104455
3708:referendum held on 5 May 2011
3644:Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber
3551:List-based plurality voting:
3156:mark at most as many as seats
1541:Single non-transferable vote
1150:in the plurality system (see
762:Frustrated majorities paradox
5829:Comparison of voting systems
5671:Satisfaction approval voting
5656:Single non-transferable vote
5475:Proportional approval voting
4475:Blais, André (1 June 2006).
4187:"Plurality-Majority Systems"
4120:Single non-transferable vote
3742:in the Canadian province of
3640:Liberal Democrat in Scotland
3595:proportional representation
3568:proportional representation
3509:Proportional approval voting
3472:single non-transferable vote
3401:Voters may rank candidates.
3225:Single non-transferable vote
2486:
1216:single non-transferable vote
1179:Single non-transferable vote
931:Condorcet dominance theorems
871:Social and collective choice
5435:Graduated majority judgment
4920:. Oxford University Press.
4438:, Oxford University Press,
4289:Journal of Public Economics
2627:2000 United States election
2591:1997 Winchester by-election
2359:proportional representation
2340:UK general election of 2005
1281:for illustrative purposes.
1103:Plurality voting procedures
1069:proportional representation
597:By mechanism of combination
368:Proportional representation
5888:
5687:Condorcet winner criterion
5378:First-past-the-post voting
5204:(3/4). Springer: 341–357.
4960:Polish Sociological Review
4639:Journal of Business Ethics
4633:Hartvigsen, David (2008).
3768:
3714:Outside the United Kingdom
2965:First-past-the-post voting
2962:
2910:Simplicity and familiarity
2640:
2503:2000 Presidential Election
2470:
2304:single transferable voting
1176:
1114:First-past-the-post voting
1111:
1081:electoral reform advocates
795:Multiple districts paradox
526:Fractional approval voting
514:Interactive representation
18:Plurality electoral system
5842:
5834:Voting systems by country
5737:Mutual majority criterion
5692:Condorcet loser criterion
5638:Vote linkage mixed system
5550:Largest remainders method
5277:
4651:10.1007/s10551-007-9438-9
4534:10.1057/s41253-016-0010-9
4409:10.1108/03090561011020499
4229:10.1007/s11127-010-9707-5
4162:"Single Member Plurality"
4090:Plurality-at-large voting
3748:Mixed Member Proportional
3550:
3543:
3540:
3455:
3450:
3361:
3356:
3139:
3068:
2698:In some plurality systems
2662:manipulation of the slate
2245:
2213:
2179:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1548:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1482:majority-preferred winner
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
742:Paradoxes and pathologies
591:Mixed-member proportional
586:Mixed-member majoritarian
581:By results of combination
472:Approval-based committees
5727:Majority loser criterion
5613:Additional member system
5571:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
5490:Single transferable vote
5415:Positional voting system
5351:Minimax Condorcet method
5309:Combined approval voting
4709:10.1177/0951629813514300
4358:10.1515/openps-2021-0021
4125:Single transferable vote
3728:Single Transferable Vote
3677:, there were calls from
3675:2015 UK general election
3519:Multiple random ballots
3479:Single-transferable vote
3344:Plurality-based systems
2531:(pro-independence), the
2317:In all plurality systems
1089:tendency towards duopoly
1065:runoff family of methods
921:Condorcet's jury theorem
722:Double simultaneous vote
697:Rural–urban proportional
692:Dual-member proportional
654:
643:
610:Parallel (superposition)
502:Fractional social choice
489:Expanding approvals rule
318:
303:
288:
219:
208:
184:
78:Type of electoral system
5752:Resolvability criterion
5742:Participation criterion
5717:Later-no-harm criterion
5533:Highest averages method
4756:10.1111/1475-5661.00058
3740:October 2007 referendum
3704:alternative vote system
2979:Attributes and criteria
2905:Arguments for plurality
2895:, Sir Peter Kenilorea,
2703:Fewer political parties
1546:Plurality block voting
1077:Social choice theorists
1038:single-member districts
848:Tyranny of the majority
625:Fusion (majority bonus)
442:Quota-remainder methods
5793:First-preference votes
5732:Monotonicity criterion
5702:Independence of clones
5405:Simple majoritarianism
5119:Countries and Concepts
4345:Open Political Science
3664:New Zealand Parliament
3614:International examples
3460:Plurality block voting
3347:Non-plurality systems
3147:Plurality block voting
3060:Independence of clones
2902:
2773:
2331:
2289:Plurality block voting
1256:
1234:plurality block voting
1050:plurality block voting
982:Mathematics portal
888:Majority impossibility
877:Impossibility theorems
673:Negative vote transfer
494:Method of equal shares
115:
5697:Consistency criterion
5618:Alternative vote plus
5383:Instant-runoff voting
4914:Blais, André (2008).
4797:McGhee, Eric (2020).
4105:Instant-runoff voting
4095:Anti-plurality voting
3972:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3534:Does not use ballots
3498:Approval block voting
3444:Does not use ballots
3320:No (spoilers, crowds)
3251:No (spoilers, crowds)
3212:No (spoilers, crowds)
3173:No (spoilers, crowds)
3064:No favorite betrayal
3029:No favorite betrayal:
2963:Further information:
2953:instant-runoff-voting
2768:
2607:instant-runoff voting
2329:
2214:TOTAL possible votes
1254:
1177:Further information:
1160:instant-runoff voting
1112:Further information:
785:Best-is-worst paradox
774:Pathological response
509:Direct representation
162:Single-winner methods
114:
46:into articles titled
5767:Seats-to-votes ratio
5538:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
4691:Bassi, Anna (2015).
3692:coalition government
3636:member of parliament
2919:rational interests.
2872:In August 2008, Sir
2731:improve this article
2652:Manipulation charges
2577:. For example, in a
2393:improve this article
2287:Under block voting (
1173:Multi-winner systems
1097:median voter theorem
969:Economics portal
916:Median voter theorem
135:Comparative politics
5747:Plurality criterion
5346:Kemeny–Young method
5157:"Electoral Systems"
4783:The Washington Post
4748:2002TrIBG..27..336J
4027:Trinidad and Tobago
3842:Congo (Brazzaville)
3782:Antigua and Barbuda
3696:coalition agreement
3648:multi-party systems
3364:First-past-the-post
3076:First-past-the-post
3035:
2984:Majority criterion:
1220:first-past-the-post
1156:electoral inversion
1128:presidential system
1120:first-past-the-post
1093:lesser of two evils
1042:first-past-the-post
957:Politics portal
668:Vote linkage system
639:Seat linkage system
226:Ranked-choice (RCV)
49:First past the post
5788:Election threshold
5722:Majority criterion
5398:Supplementary vote
5210:10.1007/BF00136525
5073:www.britannica.com
4972:10.26412/psr212.03
4612:The New York Times
3688:Jenkins Commission
3632:national elections
3382:Multi-round voting
3341:Number of winners
3055:Majority criterion
3039:Number of winners
3034:
2842:. You can help by
2774:
2567:Conservative Party
2408:"Plurality voting"
2332:
1262:write-in candidate
1257:
1241:party block voting
1143:electoral district
1027:electoral district
853:Discursive dilemma
812:Lesser evil voting
687:Supermixed systems
390:Largest remainders
248:Round-robin voting
116:
55:Plurality (voting)
5872:Electoral systems
5859:
5858:
5757:Reversal symmetry
5666:Cumulative voting
5648:Semi-proportional
5623:Mixed single vote
5589:
5588:
5465:Mixed single vote
5373:Exhaustive ballot
5336:Copeland's method
5331:Condorcet methods
5271:Electoral systems
5163:on 26 August 2014
4927:978-0-19-953939-0
4897:978-0-387-09720-6
4572:Electoral Studies
4455:978-0-19-975622-3
4436:Political Science
3765:List of countries
3730:system after the
3611:
3610:
3327:
3326:
3313:Semi-proportional
3302:Cumulative voting
3240:Semi-proportional
3201:Semi-proportional
2927:Ease of balloting
2860:
2859:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2619:Condorcet methods
2569:by voting either
2487:Tennessee example
2469:
2468:
2461:
2443:
2280:
2279:
1468:
1467:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1330:The options are:
1207:, for as many as
1023:electoral systems
1016:
1015:
903:Gibbard's theorem
843:Dominance paradox
780:Perverse response
484:Phragmen's method
350:Majority judgment
278:Positional voting
236:Condorcet methods
104:electoral systems
76:
75:
16:(Redirected from
5879:
5798:Liquid democracy
5450:
5430:Two-round system
5341:Dodgson's method
5264:
5257:
5250:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5128:
5122:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4951:
4940:
4939:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4864:The New Republic
4855:
4849:
4847:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4447:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4403:(3/4): 401–420.
4388:
4379:
4378:
4360:
4336:
4323:
4322:
4304:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4223:(1–2): 363–383.
4208:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4158:
4152:
4146:
3942:Marshall Islands
3724:British Columbia
3668:Germany's system
3338:
3121:mark any number
3036:
2946:Ease of counting
2900:
2899:, 30 August 2008
2855:
2852:
2834:
2827:
2809:Political apathy
2781:two-party system
2758:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2715:
2707:
2656:The presence of
2603:two-round system
2575:Liberal Democrat
2529:Independentistas
2464:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2401:
2377:
2369:
2181:TOTAL votes cast
1529:
1486:Condorcet method
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1315:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1136:two-round system
1019:Plurality voting
1008:
1001:
994:
980:
979:
967:
966:
955:
954:
910:Positive results
805:Strategic voting
702:Majority jackpot
659:
648:
519:Liquid democracy
395:National remnant
385:Highest averages
322:
307:
292:
224:
215:Alternative vote
213:
197:Partisan primary
189:
130:Mechanism design
83:
71:
68:
35:
34:
27:
21:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5838:
5817:
5771:
5762:Smith criterion
5675:
5642:
5603:Parallel voting
5585:
5581:Imperiali quota
5554:
5521:
5439:
5393:Contingent vote
5356:Nanson's method
5314:Unified primary
5304:Approval voting
5290:
5273:
5268:
5230:
5228:
5191:
5188:
5177:
5176:
5166:
5164:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5115:Roskin, Michael
5113:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4953:
4952:
4943:
4928:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4690:
4689:
4682:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4522:French Politics
4515:
4514:
4510:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4432:"Voter Turnout"
4429:
4428:
4424:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4338:
4337:
4326:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4189:. Mtholyoke.edu
4185:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4110:Approval Voting
4066:
4061:
4007:Solomon Islands
3827:Burma (Myanmar)
3773:
3767:
3716:
3628:
3616:
3332:
3114:Approval voting
3051:Representation
3045:Candidate/list
2995:
2981:
2976:
2967:
2961:
2948:
2940:approval voting
2929:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2891:
2878:Solomon Islands
2874:Peter Kenilorea
2870:
2868:Solomon Islands
2865:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2840:needs expansion
2825:
2823:Spoiled ballots
2806:
2759:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2728:
2716:
2705:
2700:
2671:
2654:
2645:
2639:
2611:approval voting
2605:of runoffs and
2479:tactical voting
2475:
2465:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2402:
2400:
2390:
2378:
2367:
2365:Tactical voting
2324:
2319:
2314:
1549:Limited voting
1494:
1470:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1309:
1308:
1275:
1270:
1249:
1189:
1175:
1167:approval voting
1116:
1110:
1105:
1033:) are elected.
1012:
974:
973:
961:
949:
941:
940:
907:
883:Arrow's theorem
873:
863:
862:
831:
801:
790:No-show paradox
771:
757:Cloning paradox
747:Spoiler effects
744:
734:
733:
708:
595:
578:
568:
567:
540:
531:Maximal lottery
498:
479:Thiele's method
468:
438:
370:
360:
359:
345:Approval voting
333:Cardinal voting
329:
274:
268:Maximal lottery
232:
164:
154:
79:
72:
66:
63:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5885:
5883:
5875:
5874:
5864:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5661:Limited voting
5658:
5652:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5388:Coombs' method
5380:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5366:Schulze method
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5328:
5326:Bucklin voting
5323:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5300:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5187:
5184:
5175:
5174:
5148:
5123:
5107:
5085:
5060:
5048:aceproject.org
5035:
5023:aceproject.org
5010:
4998:aceproject.org
4985:
4966:(4): 425–444.
4941:
4926:
4903:
4896:
4876:
4850:
4822:
4789:
4769:
4742:(3): 336–361.
4722:
4680:
4625:
4597:
4578:(3): 343–352.
4555:
4508:
4487:(1): 111–125.
4467:
4454:
4422:
4380:
4351:(1): 228–237.
4324:
4275:
4263:aceproject.org
4250:
4200:
4178:
4153:
4151:, p. 341.
4140:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4042:United Kingdom
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3766:
3763:
3746:on adopting a
3715:
3712:
3627:
3624:
3620:United Nations
3615:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3576:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3466:limited voting
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3399:
3397:Ranked systems
3393:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:Anti-plurality
3367:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3186:Limited voting
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:spoiler effect
3004:
2996:
2990:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2960:
2957:
2947:
2944:
2928:
2925:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2889:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2821:
2817:voter turnouts
2805:
2802:
2777:Duverger's law
2761:
2760:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2690:efficiency gap
2685:Efficiency gap
2675:gerrymandering
2670:
2669:Gerrymandering
2667:
2653:
2650:
2643:Spoiler effect
2641:Main article:
2638:
2637:Spoiler effect
2635:
2631:President Bush
2599:spoiler effect
2595:
2594:
2583:
2563:
2559:
2510:George W. Bush
2497:that Democrat
2467:
2466:
2381:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1524:vote sincerely
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:limited voting
1508:
1493:
1490:
1478:instant-runoff
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1248:
1245:
1227:limited voting
1187:Limited voting
1174:
1171:
1152:gerrymandering
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1061:British Empire
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
988:
985:
984:
972:
971:
959:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
874:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
830:
829:
827:Turkey-raising
824:
819:
814:
800:
799:
798:
797:
787:
782:
770:
769:
767:Center squeeze
764:
759:
754:
752:Spoiler effect
745:
740:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
726:
725:
724:
711:By ballot type
707:
706:
705:
704:
699:
694:
684:
683:
682:
681:
680:
675:
665:
664:
663:
652:
629:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
594:
593:
588:
579:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
563:Limited voting
560:
559:
558:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
522:
521:
516:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
437:
436:
435:
434:
432:Localized list
429:
424:
419:
414:
404:
403:
402:
400:Biproportional
397:
392:
387:
371:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
328:
327:
312:
297:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
245:
231:
230:
229:
228:
217:
204:Instant-runoff
201:
200:
199:
191:Jungle primary
178:
167:Single vote -
165:
160:
159:
156:
155:
153:
152:
142:
137:
132:
127:
121:
118:
117:
107:
106:
96:
95:
77:
74:
73:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5884:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5296:Single-winner
5293:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5258:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5198:Public Choice
5195:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5108:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5011:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4880:
4877:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4823:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4626:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4468:
4457:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4276:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4217:Public Choice
4214:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4135:
4131:
4130:Runoff voting
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:United States
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Random ballot
3426:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3358:Single-winner
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:No (spoilers)
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:No (spoilers)
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:Single-winner
3067:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2838:This section
2836:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:Voter turnout
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2757:
2754:
2746:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2720:This section
2718:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2587:runoff voting
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2463:
2460:
2452:
2449:February 2019
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410: –
2409:
2405:
2404:Find sources:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2382:This section
2380:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2137:Candidate I6
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2094:Candidate I5
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2051:Candidate I4
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2008:Candidate I3
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1965:Candidate I2
1964:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1922:Candidate I1
1921:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1879:Candidate B3
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1827:Candidate B2
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1766:Candidate B1
1765:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1714:Candidate A3
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1653:Candidate A2
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1583:Candidate A1
1582:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1386:17% of voters
1379:15% of voters
1372:26% of voters
1365:42% of voters
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:Suppose that
1316:
1314:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1273:Single-winner
1272:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
989:
987:
986:
983:
978:
970:
965:
960:
958:
953:
948:
947:
945:
944:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
926:May's theorem
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
911:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
878:
872:
867:
866:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
838:
837:
836:majority rule
834:Paradoxes of
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
807:
806:
796:
793:
792:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
775:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
748:
743:
738:
737:
730:
727:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
662:
657:
653:
651:
646:
642:
641:
640:
637:
636:
635:
634:
630:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
599:
598:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
577:
576:Mixed systems
572:
571:
564:
561:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
548:
547:
546:
545:
537:
536:Random ballot
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
506:
505:
504:
503:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
473:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
444:
443:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
381:
380:Apportionment
378:
377:
376:
375:
369:
364:
363:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
336:
335:
334:
325:
321:
316:
315:Antiplurality
313:
310:
306:
301:
298:
295:
291:
286:
283:
282:
281:
280:
279:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
243:Condorcet-IRV
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:
227:
222:
218:
216:
211:
207:
206:
205:
202:
198:
195:
194:
192:
187:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
170:
163:
158:
157:
150:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
125:Social choice
123:
122:
120:
119:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:Social choice
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
81:
70:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
44:
38:
29:
28:
19:
5850:
5844:
5460:Mixed-member
5445:Proportional
5420:Score voting
5361:Ranked pairs
5280:Part of the
5279:
5229:. Retrieved
5201:
5197:
5178:
5165:. Retrieved
5161:the original
5151:
5139:. Retrieved
5126:
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5110:
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5088:
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5072:
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5047:
5038:
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5022:
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4997:
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4959:
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4863:
4853:
4835:
4831:
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4806:
4802:
4792:
4781:
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4739:
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4725:
4700:
4696:
4645:(1): 13–21.
4642:
4638:
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4610:
4600:
4575:
4571:
4528:(1): 27–42.
4525:
4521:
4511:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4459:, retrieved
4435:
4425:
4400:
4396:
4348:
4344:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4266:. Retrieved
4262:
4253:
4220:
4216:
4191:. Retrieved
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4165:
4156:
4144:
4115:Score voting
3997:Sierra Leone
3847:Cook Islands
3774:
3760:
3756:
3737:
3717:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3652:
3642:won a seat (
3629:
3617:
3596:
3583:
3569:
3554:
3552:
3496:
3491:Score voting
3470:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3452:Multi-winner
3451:
3416:Score voting
3402:
3387:
3363:
3357:
3335:plurality.
3333:
3319:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:Majoritarian
3278:
3272:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:Majoritarian
3161:
3155:
3145:
3141:Multi-winner
3140:
3125:Majoritarian
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:Majoritarian
3090:
3084:
3075:
3069:
3028:
3027:
2994:(cloneproof)
2983:
2982:
2968:
2949:
2937:
2930:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2897:Solomon Star
2896:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2848:
2844:adding to it
2839:
2807:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2775:
2749:
2743:October 2018
2740:
2729:Please help
2724:verification
2721:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2655:
2646:
2623:
2615:score voting
2596:
2579:constituency
2549:
2537:commonwealth
2522:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2455:
2446:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2403:
2391:Please help
2386:verification
2383:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2335:Wasted votes
2333:
2322:Wasted votes
2281:
2180:
2142:Independent
2099:Independent
2056:Independent
2013:Independent
1970:Independent
1927:Independent
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1520:
1505:block voting
1498:
1495:
1492:Multi-winner
1469:
1456:Chattanooga
1451:
1433:
1420:Chattanooga
1415:
1405:Chattanooga
1397:
1358:
1317:
1310:
1276:
1258:
1247:Ballot types
1238:
1231:
1224:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1164:
1140:
1134:system, the
1131:
1117:
1075:
1058:
1046:
1035:
1018:
1017:
909:
908:
875:
833:
832:
817:Exaggeration
803:
802:
773:
772:
746:
710:
709:
678:Mixed ballot
633:Compensatory
631:
604:compensatory
601:
596:
580:
542:
541:
500:
499:
470:
469:
440:
439:
427:List-free PR
372:
340:Score voting
331:
330:
276:
275:
263:Ranked pairs
234:
233:
168:
166:
80:
64:
53:
47:
41:
5803:Spoilt vote
5566:Droop quota
5505:Schulze STV
5480:Rural–urban
5425:STAR voting
5321:Borda count
4869:22 November
4838:: 831–900.
4809:: 171–185.
3977:Saint Lucia
3593:Closed list
3405:Borda count
2933:closed list
2539:), and the
2525:Puerto Rico
2518:Green Party
2514:Ralph Nader
1434:Chattanooga
1382:Center-East
1347:Chattanooga
1148:contentious
717:Single vote
620:Conditional
615:Coexistence
464:Quota Borda
454:Schulze STV
412:Closed list
355:STAR voting
300:Borda count
5822:Comparison
5576:Hare quota
5526:Allocation
5512:Spare vote
5500:Hare-Clark
5470:Party-list
5167:3 November
4295:: 104455.
4166:www.sfu.ca
4136:References
4074:Rick Perry
3992:Seychelles
3797:Bangladesh
3787:Azerbaijan
3769:See also:
3720:provincial
3700:referendum
3673:After the
3541:Panachage
3306:Candidate
3230:Candidate
3191:Candidate
3152:Candidate
3118:Candidate
3081:Candidate
2851:April 2024
2556:news media
2541:Estadistas
2507:Republican
2471:See also:
2419:newspapers
2352:safe seats
1532:Candidate
1459:Nashville
1441:Nashville
1438:Knoxville
1423:Knoxville
1408:Knoxville
1402:Nashville
1021:refers to
822:Truncation
551:Cumulative
374:Party-list
149:By country
140:Comparison
5813:Unseating
5808:Sortition
5410:Plurality
5286:Economics
5218:1573-7101
4980:1231-1413
4936:470918525
4764:1475-5661
4703:: 58–85.
4675:153895999
4659:0167-4544
4592:0261-3794
4550:151584816
4542:1476-3427
4503:1094-2939
4417:0309-0566
4375:236980393
4367:2543-8042
4319:236254332
4311:0047-2727
4245:154416463
4237:0048-5829
4080:Cube rule
4012:Swaziland
4002:Singapore
3566:Open list
3530:Sortition
3440:Sortition
2545:statehood
2533:Populares
2501:lost the
2495:Democrats
1578:Elected?
1569:Elected?
1560:Elected?
1452:Knoxville
1416:Nashville
1353:Knoxville
1341:Nashville
1320:Tennessee
1124:president
1031:plurality
729:Dual-vote
422:Panachage
417:Open list
407:List type
285:Plurality
181:Two-round
169:plurality
92:Economics
5866:Category
5680:Criteria
5633:Scorporo
5282:politics
5231:19 April
5226:30027122
5136:Sky News
4667:41219187
4461:15 April
4064:See also
4017:Tanzania
3937:Maldives
3932:Malaysia
3867:Ethiopia
3857:Dominica
3822:Botswana
3802:Barbados
3002:Spoilers
2890:—
2658:spoilers
2295:seat(s).
1884:Party B
1832:Party B
1771:Party B
1719:Party A
1658:Party A
1588:Party A
1474:majority
1462:Memphis
1444:Memphis
1426:Memphis
1389:Far-East
1368:Far-West
1268:Examples
1132:majority
1085:spoilers
449:Hare STV
88:Politics
86:A joint
67:May 2024
5852:Project
5543:D'Hondt
5495:CPO-STV
5453:Systems
5186:Sources
4844:2457468
4744:Bibcode
4717:4471874
3952:Nigeria
3922:Liberia
3902:Jamaica
3887:Grenada
3862:Eritrea
3837:Comoros
3812:Bermuda
3792:Bahamas
3744:Ontario
3698:that a
3599:list-PR
3580:list-PR
3572:list-PR
3042:System
2516:of the
2499:Al Gore
2485:In the
2433:scholar
2246:Voters
1522:voters
1398:Memphis
1335:Memphis
1324:capital
459:CPO-STV
309:Baldwin
258:Schulze
253:Minimax
171:methods
60:discuss
5846:Portal
5783:Ballot
5559:Quotas
5288:series
5224:
5216:
5121:(2007)
5078:14 May
5053:14 May
5028:14 May
5003:14 May
4978:
4934:
4924:
4894:
4842:
4762:
4715:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4590:
4548:
4540:
4501:
4452:
4415:
4373:
4365:
4317:
4309:
4268:14 May
4243:
4235:
4171:14 May
4057:Zambia
4037:Uganda
4032:Tuvalu
3927:Malawi
3912:Kuwait
3877:Gambia
3832:Canada
3817:Bhutan
3807:Belize
3273:mark 1
3234:mark 1
3195:mark k
3085:mark 1
3019:Crowds
2687:: The
2571:Labour
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2312:Issues
2269:10000
2259:10000
2249:10000
2235:10000
2226:20000
2217:30000
2203:10000
2194:19000
2185:28000
1572:Votes
1563:Votes
1554:Votes
1535:Party
1510:Under
1503:Under
1375:Center
1185:, and
324:Coombs
94:series
5776:Other
5595:Mixed
5222:JSTOR
5141:8 May
5100:8 May
4713:S2CID
4671:S2CID
4663:JSTOR
4618:8 May
4546:S2CID
4371:S2CID
4315:S2CID
4241:S2CID
4193:8 May
4052:Yemen
4022:Tonga
3987:Samoa
3967:Palau
3907:Kenya
3892:India
3882:Ghana
3872:Gabon
3269:List
3013:Teams
2543:(pro-
2535:(pro-
2440:JSTOR
2426:books
2272:100%
2262:100%
2252:100%
2070:1200
2059:1800
2027:1300
2016:1900
1984:1500
1973:2395
1941:1400
1930:2300
1898:1425
1887:2400
1846:1750
1835:2500
1774:2600
1742:1800
1279:state
1162:too.
1126:in a
661:'MMP'
650:'AMS'
43:split
5284:and
5233:2024
5214:ISSN
5169:2015
5143:2015
5102:2010
5080:2024
5055:2024
5030:2024
5005:2024
4976:ISSN
4932:OCLC
4922:ISBN
4892:ISBN
4871:2016
4840:SSRN
4760:ISSN
4655:ISSN
4620:2010
4588:ISSN
4538:ISSN
4499:ISSN
4463:2022
4450:ISBN
4413:ISSN
4363:ISSN
4307:ISSN
4270:2024
4233:ISSN
4195:2010
4173:2024
3962:Oman
3957:Niue
3917:Laos
3897:Iran
3679:UKIP
3132:Yes
3129:Yes
2813:FPTP
2617:and
2412:news
2173:11.
2167:500
2162:12.
2156:550
2151:12.
2145:600
2130:10.
2124:600
2119:11.
2113:625
2108:11.
2102:650
2081:700
2076:10.
2073:12%
2062:15%
2038:700
2030:13%
2019:19%
1995:800
1987:15%
1976:24%
1952:800
1944:14%
1933:23%
1915:12.
1909:400
1901:14%
1890:24%
1849:18%
1838:25%
1806:1100
1786:1950
1777:26%
1753:700
1745:18%
1723:3555
1701:800
1682:1900
1662:3600
1632:2000
1612:3500
1592:3700
1091:and
1087:, a
1079:and
602:Non-
556:SNTV
145:List
102:and
90:and
52:and
5608:MMP
5206:doi
4968:doi
4964:212
4811:doi
4752:doi
4705:doi
4647:doi
4580:doi
4530:doi
4489:doi
4440:doi
4405:doi
4353:doi
4297:doi
4293:200
4225:doi
4221:150
3738:An
3285:Yes
3246:Yes
3207:Yes
3168:Yes
3135:No
3097:Yes
2846:.
2733:by
2573:or
2505:to
2395:by
2170:5%
2159:6%
2148:6%
2127:6%
2116:6%
2105:7%
2087:7.
2084:7%
2065:10
2044:7.
2041:7%
2033:9.
2022:9.
2001:4.
1998:8%
1990:6.
1979:7.
1958:4.
1955:8%
1947:8.
1936:8.
1912:4%
1904:7.
1893:6.
1873:Yes
1858:900
1852:4.
1841:5.
1821:Yes
1811:11%
1801:Yes
1791:20%
1780:4.
1759:7.
1756:7%
1748:4.
1738:Yes
1728:36%
1707:4.
1704:8%
1697:Yes
1687:19%
1677:Yes
1667:36%
1647:Yes
1637:20%
1627:Yes
1617:35%
1607:Yes
1597:37%
1099:).
320:el.
305:el.
294:IRV
290:el.
62:)
58:. (
5868::
5849:—
5220:.
5212:.
5202:86
5200:.
5196:.
5134:.
5117:,
5071:.
5046:.
5021:.
4996:.
4974:.
4962:.
4958:.
4944:^
4930:.
4906:^
4862:.
4836:82
4834:.
4807:23
4805:.
4801:.
4780:.
4758:.
4750:.
4740:27
4738:.
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4711:.
4701:27
4699:.
4695:.
4683:^
4669:.
4661:.
4653:.
4643:80
4641:.
4637:.
4609:.
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4576:20
4574:.
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4558:^
4544:.
4536:.
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4164:.
3710:.
3650:.
3601:)
3582:.
3574:)
3469:,
3463:,
3295:No
3256:No
3217:No
3178:No
3107:No
2942:.
2880::
2621:.
2613:,
1868:3.
1863:9%
1816:2.
1796:3.
1733:3.
1692:2.
1672:2.
1642:1.
1622:1.
1602:1.
1575:%
1566:%
1557:%
1488:.
1264:.
1229:.
1181:,
1056:.
656:NZ
645:UK
221:US
210:UK
193:)
186:US
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5249:v
5235:.
5208::
5171:.
5145:.
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5032:.
5007:.
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4485:9
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2727:.
2593:.
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2451:)
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2430:·
2423:·
2416:·
2389:.
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1296:t
1289:v
1209:n
1205:n
1201:n
1197:n
1193:n
1007:e
1000:t
993:v
658::
647::
326:)
317:(
311:)
302:(
296:)
287:(
223::
212::
188::
183:(
151:)
147:(
69:)
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