1130:
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1124:
1667:
374:
1972:
390:
354:
42:
413:(JPL) in 1992, the Pluto Fast Flyby mission was to be two craft weighing 150 kg (330.7 lb) each. The voyage from Earth to Pluto was to take seven or eight years, with a launch as early as 1998. The two craft would be timed to view different sides of Pluto. The budget for the mission was said to be no more than $ 400-million, with NASA administrator
533:
In
September 2000 NASA ceased work on the Pluto-Kuiper Express mission, although the agency said it was being "rethought and replanned", not scrapped. The mission's cost at that time was said by a NASA spokesperson to be an unaffordable $ 500 million (compared to an original budget of $ 350 million
315:
and other scientists from the Pluto 350 project. While the project was initiated in 1992, the project's development phase was lengthy, spending nearly a decade in the proposal and funding stage. During planning, the mission was changed to include a Kuiper belt object flyby and re-christened the
526:. The closest approach distance to Pluto would have been about 15,000 km (9320.6 mi) at 17–18 km/s (38,027.9–40,264.9 mph), so as to allow for 1 km (0.6 mi) resolution mapping. After passing Pluto, the spacecraft would have used its imaging camera to search for
444:
froze, which it was thought to do for a considerable part of its orbit. The mission's main objectives would have been to map Pluto's surface and examine the double system's geology and geomorphology, as well as determining the composition of
491:-based computer system capable of processing data at 5 Mbit/s. This would have allowed for the transmission of over one gigabyte of data over a one-year period. Communications would have been via a fixed 1.47 m (5.6 ft)
424:
of JPL suggested a budget "in the neighborhood of $ 300 million". At this point the mission was still to have been twin spacecraft, and it was hoped it could be launched in 1998. NASA tried to negotiate with Russia for use of
345:. The spacecraft was successfully launched in January 2006, after a financial standoff with NASA and additional delays, and went on to perform the first ever flyby of the Pluto-Charon system in July 2015.
1700:
1914:
495:, directionally corrected using a wide-field star tracker. Early in the mission's planning there was suggestion of combining efforts with the Russian space agency and including
324:
in the mid-to-late 1990s. NASA ultimately decided to cancel the mission in 2000, however, citing the project's expanding budget as the ultimate reason for the cancellation.
671:
449:. This last task would have been considerably more difficult after the start of atmospheric freezing. Scientific equipment on board would have included
510:, most likely in December 2004. Had that happened, the only option would have been to use a Delta rocket, as the Shuttle fleet was grounded after the
502:
The Pluto
Express was predicted to be launched in 2001, but it was not ready until late 2004. The spacecraft was to have been launched via either a
1390:
895:
818:
1994:
1715:
1129:
308:
707:"Destination: Pluto: With a daring, high-speed mission to the icy planet, NASA sets its sights on the solar system's final frontier"
433:, would have had Germany contribute funding for the launch, in exchange for Pluto Express carrying a German probe to be dropped at
1695:
587:
850:
471:
The spacecraft was to have been a simple hexagonal prism-shaped structure weighing some 220 kg (485 lb), powered by
472:
683:
401:'s mottled surface. A tenuous, transient atmosphere is visible as blue haze beyond the bright limb while Pluto's companion
2004:
1690:
429:
to launch the spacecraft, in exchange for carrying
Russian "Drop Zond" probes to Pluto. Another idea, emanating from the
1788:
567:. Solar System Exploration Data Services Office (SSEDSO), Solar System Exploration Division, Goddard Space Flight Center
304:
1773:
1423:
1999:
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1383:
1135:
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410:
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1924:
613:
307:
stamp that branded Pluto as "Not Yet
Explored". The project brought on JPL engineers and students from the
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672:"Ninth rock from the Sun: Researchers want to send spacecraft to Pluto—before it's too late"
1814:
1471:
1274:
1164:
1109:
938:
772:
440:
The timing of the mission was important, as it would have passed Pluto shortly before its
289:
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missions. On-board control and data collection would have been maintained by a 1.5 MIPS
373:
1951:
1849:
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1357:
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1038:
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726:"Three Weeks to Pluto: A World of Tiny Moons and Missed Mission Opportunities (Part 2)"
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1988:
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751:"NASA seeks proposals for Pluto mission; plans to restructure outer planet program"
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333:
750:
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By 1995, the proposed mission was known as Pluto
Express, and pre-project manager
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probes to study the
Plutonian atmosphere. This plan was later abandoned.
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objects (KBOs). The proposal was the third of its kind, after the
273:
202:
79:
819:"The Long, Strange Trip to Pluto, and How NASA Nearly Missed It"
488:
269:
90:
1372:
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832:
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would have been used to increase the probe's velocity via a
800:
806:, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
1915:
Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41
828:
268:(JPL) scientists and engineers and under development by
320:, after the discovery of numerous such objects beyond
272:. The spacecraft was intended to be launched to study
561:"NASA—NSSDC—Spacecraft—Details—Pluto Kuiper Express"
1933:
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514:disaster. The course would have been initially via
464:, and an ultrastable oscillator (USO) for use in a
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133:
125:
117:
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96:
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75:
55:
614:"NASA plans quick visit to edge of solar system"
588:"It May Be Now or Never for a Mission to Pluto"
327:After the mission's cancellation, most of the
1384:
844:
8:
32:
1753:
1678:
1446:
1391:
1377:
1369:
1207:
901:
851:
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331:team, including Stern, went on to develop
31:
814:, NASA-National Space Science Data Center
620:. New York Times News Service. p. 9A
612:John Noble Wilford (September 11, 1992).
753:(Press release). NASA. December 20, 2000
641:"Space exploration: Quick trip to Pluto"
417:wholeheartedly supporting the proposal.
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
542:
773:"NASA Halts Work on Mission to Pluto"
303:, the mission was inspired by a 1991
27:Cancelled NASA flyby mission to Pluto
7:
559:Grayzeck, Dr. Ed (August 26, 2014).
475:(RTGs) similar to those used on the
50:encountering the Pluto-Charon system
1716:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
586:Kenneth Chang (February 13, 2001).
437:during the Jupiter gravity assist.
804:: NASA's Pluto–Kuiper Belt Mission
309:California Institute of Technology
25:
1971:
1970:
1696:Long Range Reconnaissance Imager
1665:
1134:
1128:
1122:
337:, a mission nearly identical to
40:
473:radioisotope thermal generators
280:, along with one or more other
565:NASA Space Science Data Center
220:15,000 km (9,300 mi)
1:
639:Michael Carroll (June 1993).
1789:Southwest Research Institute
305:United States Postal Service
1774:Goddard Space Flight Center
724:Ben Evans (June 21, 2015).
2021:
1995:Proposed NASA space probes
1764:Applied Physics Laboratory
705:Mark Wheeler (July 1995).
299:, and later briefly named
1968:
1779:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1663:
1408:
1120:
866:
670:Bill Lawren (Fall 1995).
411:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
288:and a proposal to send a
266:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
249:
245:
228:
224:
180:
176:
145:
141:
121:220 kg (490 lb)
108:
104:
71:
39:
1223:IAU definition of planet
295:Originally conceived as
682:(8): 28. Archived from
377:Artist's impression of
357:Artist's impression of
46:Artist's impression of
1941:Hubble Space Telescope
1799:University of Colorado
1323:Trans-Neptunian object
1024:Coleta de Dados Colles
406:
405:looms in the distance.
386:
370:
260:was an interplanetary
129:7 kg (15 lb)
1433:New Frontiers program
392:
376:
356:
343:New Frontiers program
292:spacecraft to Pluto.
264:that was proposed by
113:Spacecraft properties
2005:Cancelled spacecraft
1959:Pluto Kuiper Express
1419:Exploration of Pluto
1218:Definition of planet
1211:Official definitions
981:Tombaugh "The Heart"
811:Pluto Kuiper Express
779:. September 23, 2000
431:Max Planck Institute
339:Pluto Kuiper Express
318:Pluto Kuiper Express
257:Pluto Kuiper Express
65:Pluto Kuiper Express
48:Pluto Kuiper Express
34:Pluto Kuiper Express
1794:Stanford University
1249:Neil deGrasse Tyson
618:The Gainesville Sun
528:Kuiper Belt objects
393:Artist's vision of
36:
1925:Deep Space Network
1270:Lowell Observatory
1232:Scientist opinions
447:Pluto's atmosphere
407:
387:
371:
2000:Missions to Pluto
1982:
1981:
1920:
1910:
1900:
1890:
1873:
1872:
1745:
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1661:
1660:
1366:
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1336:
1335:
1118:
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1019:Challenger Colles
711:Popular Mechanics
493:high-gain antenna
466:radio occultation
453:imaging systems,
253:
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16:(Redirected from
2012:
1974:
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1576:(556416) 2014 OE
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1564:(516977) 2012 HZ
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1557:
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1552:(307261) 2002 MS
1517:
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1502:
1447:
1393:
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1379:
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1244:Michael E. Brown
1208:
1138:
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1060:Sputnik Planitia
902:
853:
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839:
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825:, July 18, 2015.
817:Chang, Kenneth,
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686:on March 7, 2015
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395:Pluto Fast Flyby
379:Pluto Fast Flyby
359:Pluto Fast Flyby
329:Pluto Fast Flyby
297:Pluto Fast Flyby
209:Closest approach
193:Closest approach
150:Start of mission
97:Mission duration
60:Pluto Fast Flyby
44:
37:
21:
18:Pluto Fast Flyby
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
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2011:
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1815:Frances Bagenal
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645:Popular Science
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409:As proposed by
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290:Mariner Mark II
196:April–June 2006
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1952:New Horizons 2
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1889:launch vehicle
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1855:Mark Showalter
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1029:Hillary Montes
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1835:Lisa Hardaway
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1958:
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1950:
1825:Alice Bowman
1757:Institutions
1481:Observations
1426:New Horizons
1425:
1401:New Horizons
1399:
1308:Dwarf planet
1285:Roger Putnam
1194:New Horizons
1192:
1152:
1034:Piccard Mons
1014:Baret Montes
822:
810:
802:New Horizons
801:
781:. Retrieved
776:
767:
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745:
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730:AmericaSpace
729:
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684:the original
679:
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648:
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622:. Retrieved
617:
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595:. Retrieved
591:
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564:
532:
520:gravity well
511:
504:Delta rocket
501:
482:
476:
470:
468:experiment.
439:
419:
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397:approaching
394:
378:
358:
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334:New Horizons
332:
328:
326:
317:
311:and, later,
300:
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256:
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233:Transponders
126:Payload mass
76:Mission type
64:
59:
47:
33:
29:
1946:Kuiper belt
1919:launch site
1899:upper stage
1845:Cathy Olkin
1683:Instruments
1526:28978 Ixion
1521:15810 Arawn
1328:Kuiper belt
1185:Exploration
1071:depressions
1069:Valleys and
1044:Wright Mons
459:ultraviolet
422:Rob Staehle
282:Kuiper belt
262:space probe
155:Launch date
118:Launch mass
67:(1995–2000)
62:(1992–1995)
1989:Categories
1865:Hal Weaver
1860:Alan Stern
1730:Subsystems
1675:Spacecraft
1457:132524 APL
1239:Alan Stern
1094:Luna Linea
934:Vucub-Came
929:Harrington
871:Atmosphere
538:References
534:in 1999).
442:atmosphere
313:Alan Stern
1909:3rd stage
1878:Logistics
1840:Brian May
1830:Marc Buie
1750:Personnel
1353:Mythology
1258:Discovery
1204:Astronomy
1007:mountains
1005:Hills and
891:Geography
735:August 1,
690:August 1,
655:August 1,
624:August 1,
286:Pluto 350
238:Bandwidth
201:Flyby of
185:Flyby of
100:Cancelled
1976:Category
1905:Star 48B
1737:GPHS-RTG
1603:Rejected
1546:Makemake
1424:List of
1414:Timeline
1265:Planet X
1165:Kerberos
961:Hayabusa
939:Hun-Came
919:Safronov
896:features
783:July 18,
757:July 18,
713:: 64–66.
597:July 18,
518:, whose
512:Columbia
455:infrared
241:5-Mbit/s
217:Distance
167:Delta II
87:Operator
1934:Related
1895:Centaur
1885:Atlas V
1647:2014 PN
1635:2014 OS
1623:2014 MT
1611:2011 HM
1588:2012 HE
1510:2011 KW
1498:2011 JY
1488:Neptune
1462:Jupiter
1443:Targets
1348:Fiction
1341:Related
1318:Plutino
1296:General
1103:Craters
996:Voyager
976:Pioneer
971:Morgoth
905:Regions
881:Geology
876:Climate
651:(6): 27
571:June 4,
516:Jupiter
506:or the
484:Cassini
478:Galileo
349:History
322:Neptune
187:Jupiter
1808:People
1784:KinetX
1701:PEPSSI
1536:Haumea
1531:Quaoar
1492:Triton
1450:Flybys
1428:topics
1313:Planet
1154:Charon
1110:Burney
1087:Lineae
1053:Plains
991:Viking
986:Venera
966:Lowell
956:Cadejo
951:Belton
924:Sharaf
403:Charon
367:Charon
278:Charon
163:Rocket
1706:Ralph
1691:Alice
1467:Pluto
1160:Hydra
1145:Moons
860:Pluto
399:Pluto
383:Pluto
363:Pluto
274:Pluto
203:Pluto
134:Power
82:flyby
80:Pluto
56:Names
1721:SWAP
1541:Eris
1490:and
1175:Styx
785:2015
759:2015
737:2015
692:2015
676:Omni
657:2015
626:2015
599:2015
573:2015
497:Zond
489:RISC
481:and
457:and
365:and
270:NASA
91:NASA
1711:REX
1638:393
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1170:Nix
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381:at
361:at
169:or
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