1119:
1125:
1113:
1656:
363:
1961:
379:
343:
31:
402:(JPL) in 1992, the Pluto Fast Flyby mission was to be two craft weighing 150 kg (330.7 lb) each. The voyage from Earth to Pluto was to take seven or eight years, with a launch as early as 1998. The two craft would be timed to view different sides of Pluto. The budget for the mission was said to be no more than $ 400-million, with NASA administrator
522:
In
September 2000 NASA ceased work on the Pluto-Kuiper Express mission, although the agency said it was being "rethought and replanned", not scrapped. The mission's cost at that time was said by a NASA spokesperson to be an unaffordable $ 500 million (compared to an original budget of $ 350 million
304:
and other scientists from the Pluto 350 project. While the project was initiated in 1992, the project's development phase was lengthy, spending nearly a decade in the proposal and funding stage. During planning, the mission was changed to include a Kuiper belt object flyby and re-christened the
515:. The closest approach distance to Pluto would have been about 15,000 km (9320.6 mi) at 17–18 km/s (38,027.9–40,264.9 mph), so as to allow for 1 km (0.6 mi) resolution mapping. After passing Pluto, the spacecraft would have used its imaging camera to search for
433:
froze, which it was thought to do for a considerable part of its orbit. The mission's main objectives would have been to map Pluto's surface and examine the double system's geology and geomorphology, as well as determining the composition of
480:-based computer system capable of processing data at 5 Mbit/s. This would have allowed for the transmission of over one gigabyte of data over a one-year period. Communications would have been via a fixed 1.47 m (5.6 ft)
413:
of JPL suggested a budget "in the neighborhood of $ 300 million". At this point the mission was still to have been twin spacecraft, and it was hoped it could be launched in 1998. NASA tried to negotiate with Russia for use of
334:. The spacecraft was successfully launched in January 2006, after a financial standoff with NASA and additional delays, and went on to perform the first ever flyby of the Pluto-Charon system in July 2015.
1689:
1903:
484:, directionally corrected using a wide-field star tracker. Early in the mission's planning there was suggestion of combining efforts with the Russian space agency and including
313:
in the mid-to-late 1990s. NASA ultimately decided to cancel the mission in 2000, however, citing the project's expanding budget as the ultimate reason for the cancellation.
660:
438:. This last task would have been considerably more difficult after the start of atmospheric freezing. Scientific equipment on board would have included
499:, most likely in December 2004. Had that happened, the only option would have been to use a Delta rocket, as the Shuttle fleet was grounded after the
491:
The Pluto
Express was predicted to be launched in 2001, but it was not ready until late 2004. The spacecraft was to have been launched via either a
1379:
884:
807:
1983:
1704:
1118:
297:
696:"Destination: Pluto: With a daring, high-speed mission to the icy planet, NASA sets its sights on the solar system's final frontier"
422:, would have had Germany contribute funding for the launch, in exchange for Pluto Express carrying a German probe to be dropped at
1684:
576:
839:
460:
The spacecraft was to have been a simple hexagonal prism-shaped structure weighing some 220 kg (485 lb), powered by
461:
672:
390:'s mottled surface. A tenuous, transient atmosphere is visible as blue haze beyond the bright limb while Pluto's companion
1993:
1679:
418:
to launch the spacecraft, in exchange for carrying
Russian "Drop Zond" probes to Pluto. Another idea, emanating from the
1777:
556:. Solar System Exploration Data Services Office (SSEDSO), Solar System Exploration Division, Goddard Space Flight Center
293:
1762:
1412:
1988:
1752:
1372:
1124:
1767:
399:
254:
1112:
1402:
1211:
1913:
602:
296:
stamp that branded Pluto as "Not Yet
Explored". The project brought on JPL engineers and students from the
1929:
1883:
1787:
1311:
1253:
1012:
415:
1964:
1421:
1365:
331:
798:
549:
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859:
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516:
435:
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1341:
1007:
922:
481:
454:
695:
629:
1336:
1232:
1048:
917:
869:
864:
661:"Ninth rock from the Sun: Researchers want to send spacecraft to Pluto—before it's too late"
1803:
1460:
1263:
1153:
1098:
927:
761:
429:
The timing of the mission was important, as it would have passed Pluto shortly before its
278:
476:
missions. On-board control and data collection would have been maintained by a 1.5 MIPS
362:
1940:
1838:
1757:
1346:
1268:
1133:
1027:
1017:
969:
959:
949:
907:
825:
715:"Three Weeks to Pluto: A World of Tiny Moons and Missed Mission Opportunities (Part 2)"
512:
1977:
1853:
1823:
1480:
1291:
1142:
1066:
984:
964:
944:
496:
472:
466:
439:
403:
391:
355:
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159:
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1389:
1296:
1273:
1182:
1148:
1022:
1002:
979:
974:
954:
939:
912:
740:"NASA seeks proposals for Pluto mission; plans to restructure outer planet program"
508:
492:
485:
450:
322:
739:
409:
By 1995, the proposed mission was known as Pluto
Express, and pre-project manager
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1833:
1514:
1509:
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301:
1828:
1635:
1611:
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423:
30:
1725:
1534:
488:
probes to study the
Plutonian atmosphere. This plan was later abandoned.
443:
155:
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1873:
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714:
504:
310:
175:
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1301:
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387:
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361:
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341:
273:
objects (KBOs). The proposal was the third of its kind, after the
262:
191:
68:
808:"The Long, Strange Trip to Pluto, and How NASA Nearly Missed It"
477:
258:
79:
1361:
1357:
821:
511:
would have been used to increase the probe's velocity via a
789:
795:, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
1904:
Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41
817:
257:(JPL) scientists and engineers and under development by
309:, after the discovery of numerous such objects beyond
261:. The spacecraft was intended to be launched to study
550:"NASA—NSSDC—Spacecraft—Details—Pluto Kuiper Express"
1922:
1866:
1796:
1745:
1738:
1718:
1670:
1663:
1591:
1469:
1438:
1431:
1329:
1284:
1246:
1220:
1199:
1192:
1172:
1132:
1091:
1075:
1057:
1041:
993:
893:
878:
503:disaster. The course would have been initially via
453:, and an ultrastable oscillator (USO) for use in a
226:
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197:
189:
181:
173:
151:
143:
138:
122:
114:
106:
101:
85:
75:
64:
44:
603:"NASA plans quick visit to edge of solar system"
577:"It May Be Now or Never for a Mission to Pluto"
316:After the mission's cancellation, most of the
1373:
833:
8:
21:
1742:
1667:
1435:
1380:
1366:
1358:
1196:
890:
840:
826:
818:
320:team, including Stern, went on to develop
20:
803:, NASA-National Space Science Data Center
609:. New York Times News Service. p. 9A
601:John Noble Wilford (September 11, 1992).
742:(Press release). NASA. December 20, 2000
630:"Space exploration: Quick trip to Pluto"
406:wholeheartedly supporting the proposal.
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
531:
762:"NASA Halts Work on Mission to Pluto"
292:, the mission was inspired by a 1991
16:Cancelled NASA flyby mission to Pluto
7:
548:Grayzeck, Dr. Ed (August 26, 2014).
464:(RTGs) similar to those used on the
39:encountering the Pluto-Charon system
1705:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
575:Kenneth Chang (February 13, 2001).
426:during the Jupiter gravity assist.
793:: NASA's Pluto–Kuiper Belt Mission
298:California Institute of Technology
14:
1960:
1959:
1685:Long Range Reconnaissance Imager
1654:
1123:
1117:
1111:
326:, a mission nearly identical to
29:
462:radioisotope thermal generators
269:, along with one or more other
554:NASA Space Science Data Center
209:15,000 km (9,300 mi)
1:
628:Michael Carroll (June 1993).
1778:Southwest Research Institute
294:United States Postal Service
1763:Goddard Space Flight Center
713:Ben Evans (June 21, 2015).
2010:
1984:Proposed NASA space probes
1753:Applied Physics Laboratory
694:Mark Wheeler (July 1995).
288:, and later briefly named
1957:
1768:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1652:
1397:
1109:
855:
659:Bill Lawren (Fall 1995).
400:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
277:and a proposal to send a
255:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
238:
234:
217:
213:
169:
165:
134:
130:
110:220 kg (490 lb)
97:
93:
60:
28:
1212:IAU definition of planet
284:Originally conceived as
671:(8): 28. Archived from
366:Artist's impression of
346:Artist's impression of
35:Artist's impression of
1930:Hubble Space Telescope
1788:University of Colorado
1312:Trans-Neptunian object
1013:Coleta de Dados Colles
395:
394:looms in the distance.
375:
359:
249:was an interplanetary
118:7 kg (15 lb)
1422:New Frontiers program
381:
365:
345:
332:New Frontiers program
281:spacecraft to Pluto.
253:that was proposed by
102:Spacecraft properties
1994:Cancelled spacecraft
1948:Pluto Kuiper Express
1408:Exploration of Pluto
1207:Definition of planet
1200:Official definitions
970:Tombaugh "The Heart"
800:Pluto Kuiper Express
768:. September 23, 2000
420:Max Planck Institute
328:Pluto Kuiper Express
307:Pluto Kuiper Express
246:Pluto Kuiper Express
54:Pluto Kuiper Express
37:Pluto Kuiper Express
23:Pluto Kuiper Express
1783:Stanford University
1238:Neil deGrasse Tyson
607:The Gainesville Sun
517:Kuiper Belt objects
382:Artist's vision of
25:
1914:Deep Space Network
1259:Lowell Observatory
1221:Scientist opinions
436:Pluto's atmosphere
396:
376:
360:
1989:Missions to Pluto
1971:
1970:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1862:
1861:
1734:
1733:
1650:
1649:
1355:
1354:
1325:
1324:
1107:
1106:
1008:Challenger Colles
700:Popular Mechanics
482:high-gain antenna
455:radio occultation
442:imaging systems,
242:
241:
2001:
1963:
1962:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1743:
1668:
1658:
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1617:
1616:
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1604:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1572:
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1565:(556416) 2014 OE
1560:
1558:
1557:
1553:(516977) 2012 HZ
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:(307261) 2002 MS
1506:
1504:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1436:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1233:Michael E. Brown
1197:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1049:Sputnik Planitia
891:
842:
835:
828:
819:
814:, July 18, 2015.
806:Chang, Kenneth,
778:
777:
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773:
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751:
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730:
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675:on March 7, 2015
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384:Pluto Fast Flyby
368:Pluto Fast Flyby
348:Pluto Fast Flyby
318:Pluto Fast Flyby
286:Pluto Fast Flyby
198:Closest approach
182:Closest approach
139:Start of mission
86:Mission duration
49:Pluto Fast Flyby
33:
26:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1974:
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1967:
1953:
1918:
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1804:Frances Bagenal
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1461:486958 Arrokoth
1427:
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1393:
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1280:
1264:Percival Lowell
1242:
1216:
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634:Popular Science
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398:As proposed by
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279:Mariner Mark II
185:April–June 2006
52:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1991:
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1941:New Horizons 2
1937:
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1911:
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1878:launch vehicle
1870:
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1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Mark Showalter
1841:
1839:Daniel Sarokon
1836:
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1809:Richard Binzel
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1758:Ball Aerospace
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1269:Clyde Tombaugh
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1038:
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1028:Tenzing Montes
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1018:Hillary Montes
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1005:
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933:Meng-pʻo
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902:Brass Knuckles
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812:New York Times
804:
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784:External links
782:
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766:New York Times
753:
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581:New York Times
567:
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513:gravity assist
416:Proton rockets
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1824:Lisa Hardaway
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1814:Alice Bowman
1746:Institutions
1470:Observations
1415:New Horizons
1414:
1390:New Horizons
1388:
1297:Dwarf planet
1274:Roger Putnam
1183:New Horizons
1181:
1141:
1023:Piccard Mons
1003:Baret Montes
811:
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791:New Horizons
790:
770:. Retrieved
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734:
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719:AmericaSpace
718:
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673:the original
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580:
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553:
521:
509:gravity well
500:
493:Delta rocket
490:
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457:experiment.
428:
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386:approaching
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323:New Horizons
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317:
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300:and, later,
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222:Transponders
115:Payload mass
65:Mission type
53:
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18:
1935:Kuiper belt
1908:launch site
1888:upper stage
1834:Cathy Olkin
1672:Instruments
1515:28978 Ixion
1510:15810 Arawn
1317:Kuiper belt
1174:Exploration
1060:depressions
1058:Valleys and
1033:Wright Mons
448:ultraviolet
411:Rob Staehle
271:Kuiper belt
251:space probe
144:Launch date
107:Launch mass
56:(1995–2000)
51:(1992–1995)
1978:Categories
1854:Hal Weaver
1849:Alan Stern
1719:Subsystems
1664:Spacecraft
1446:132524 APL
1228:Alan Stern
1083:Luna Linea
923:Vucub-Came
918:Harrington
860:Atmosphere
527:References
523:in 1999).
431:atmosphere
302:Alan Stern
1898:3rd stage
1867:Logistics
1829:Brian May
1819:Marc Buie
1739:Personnel
1342:Mythology
1247:Discovery
1193:Astronomy
996:mountains
994:Hills and
880:Geography
724:August 1,
679:August 1,
644:August 1,
613:August 1,
275:Pluto 350
227:Bandwidth
190:Flyby of
174:Flyby of
89:Cancelled
1965:Category
1894:Star 48B
1726:GPHS-RTG
1592:Rejected
1535:Makemake
1413:List of
1403:Timeline
1254:Planet X
1154:Kerberos
950:Hayabusa
928:Hun-Came
908:Safronov
885:features
772:July 18,
746:July 18,
702:: 64–66.
586:July 18,
507:, whose
501:Columbia
444:infrared
230:5-Mbit/s
206:Distance
156:Delta II
76:Operator
1923:Related
1884:Centaur
1874:Atlas V
1636:2014 PN
1624:2014 OS
1612:2014 MT
1600:2011 HM
1577:2012 HE
1499:2011 KW
1487:2011 JY
1477:Neptune
1451:Jupiter
1432:Targets
1337:Fiction
1330:Related
1307:Plutino
1285:General
1092:Craters
985:Voyager
965:Pioneer
960:Morgoth
894:Regions
870:Geology
865:Climate
640:(6): 27
560:June 4,
505:Jupiter
495:or the
473:Cassini
467:Galileo
338:History
311:Neptune
176:Jupiter
1797:People
1773:KinetX
1690:PEPSSI
1525:Haumea
1520:Quaoar
1481:Triton
1439:Flybys
1417:topics
1302:Planet
1143:Charon
1099:Burney
1076:Lineae
1042:Plains
980:Viking
975:Venera
955:Lowell
945:Cadejo
940:Belton
913:Sharaf
392:Charon
356:Charon
267:Charon
152:Rocket
1695:Ralph
1680:Alice
1456:Pluto
1149:Hydra
1134:Moons
849:Pluto
388:Pluto
372:Pluto
352:Pluto
263:Pluto
192:Pluto
123:Power
71:flyby
69:Pluto
45:Names
1710:SWAP
1530:Eris
1479:and
1164:Styx
774:2015
748:2015
726:2015
681:2015
665:Omni
646:2015
615:2015
588:2015
562:2015
486:Zond
478:RISC
470:and
446:and
354:and
259:NASA
80:NASA
1700:REX
1627:393
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1159:Nix
638:242
370:at
350:at
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