98:
214:
17:
855:
914:
772:
400:
region, where it was hung over the
Christmas table), which symbolically corresponded to a green conifer ornament, Christmas tree, or a branch of coniferous tree brought by a
535:
1279:
1452:
1531:
900:
1526:
1541:
1213:
1462:
882:
863:
1505:
1264:
1546:
1521:
1274:
1259:
907:
1467:
1402:
753:
834:
1482:
1645:
1536:
1361:
1243:
812:
793:
530:
323:
was supposed to bring prosperity and good luck to the household, and protect farm animals from wolves and diseases. A straw
1640:
1442:
1417:
1206:
576:
408:
borderland, polazňička was called "happiness", which is related to the Polish belief that podłaźniczka brings good luck.
1635:
1477:
1447:
1427:
1170:
287:
joined together. The wafer was used to make various shapes, such as crosses, stars, etc. They were made on the day of
822:
1630:
1625:
1500:
1238:
1472:
1295:
1269:
198:
186:
1650:
1351:
1199:
1089:
307:
became an independent decoration, in which case they were separately hung under the ceiling beams. Also, the
1412:
1300:
1073:
1125:
1599:
1495:
1457:
1407:
1305:
1121:
1432:
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1392:
985:
279:
was usually adorned with decorations made from colored paper cutouts. They were also decorated with the
965:
1041:
1567:
1437:
1422:
1157:
1069:
1053:
957:
1037:
933:
1487:
1182:
969:
937:
981:
1331:
1178:
1129:
1013:
961:
877:(in Russian). Vol. 4. П (Переправа через воду) – С (Сито). Moscow: Международные отношения.
1033:
1021:
260:
was attached to a ceiling rafter, often directly above the
Christmas Eve dinner table, or in a
1017:
949:
878:
859:
838:
808:
789:
749:
422:
1133:
1085:
1081:
1346:
1336:
1057:
1029:
989:
1077:
1572:
1174:
973:
292:
106:
63:
1101:
1025:
1222:
571:
269:
97:
748:(in Polish). Vol. 6. Wiedza i wierzenia ludowe. Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze.
1619:
1593:
1587:
1577:
892:
288:
249:
237:
229:
86:
25:
600:
598:
596:
594:
213:
1310:
1113:
1097:
1045:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1065:
261:
118:
1604:
1562:
1326:
1145:
1117:
1049:
1009:
432:
55:
tree turned upside down, which was then decorated with colored paper cutouts (
842:
767:(in Polish). Vol. 2. Centralny Ośrodek Metodyki Upowszechniania Kultury.
1161:
156:
152:
57:
993:
1153:
1005:
941:
763:
Michalikowa, Lidia; Chrząstowska, Zofia; Chrząstowski, Stanisław (1974).
389:
164:
160:
143:
48:
51:
Christmas decoration. It was usually made from branches or the top of a
1341:
1093:
1061:
977:
427:
405:
397:
325:
316:
245:
134:
81:
52:
779:(in Polish). Vol. I–III. Kraków: Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze.
404:. This was also the name of the ritual Christmas bread. In the Slovak-
16:
1371:
1149:
953:
873:
Usachova, Valeriya Vasil'yevna (2009). Tolstoy, Nikita Ilyich (ed.).
680:
678:
417:
233:
178:
173:
168:
126:
76:
44:
604:
1191:
284:
212:
96:
68:
15:
531:"Dekoracje bożonarodzeniowe - podłaźnik, pająk, światy, choinka"
437:
312:
130:
1195:
896:
856:
Institute for Slavic
Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
122:
311:
was decorated with candies, apples, cookies, nuts, or gilded
248:
tree branch, a conifer tree treetop turned upside down, or a
665:
663:
661:
659:
646:
644:
642:
640:
615:
613:
507:
505:
503:
501:
476:
474:
396:
was also known – it was a straw hen (e.g. in the upper
299:), which gave rise to another name for this ornament:
456:
Janota E. Lud i jego zwyczaje. Lwów, 1878, str. 41–42
739:(in Slovak). Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied.
1555:
1514:
1385:
1319:
1288:
1252:
1231:
1140:
1108:
1000:
928:
684:
256:) ring to which evergreen twigs were attached. The
141:is also connected to a later folk tradition of the
875:Славянские древности: Этнолингвистический словарь
852:Магия слова и действия в народной культуре славян
605:Michalikowa, Chrząstowska & Chrząstowski 1974
133:from the ceiling rafters, during the time of the
746:Komentarze do Polskiego Atlasu Etnograficznego
744:Lebeda, Agnieszka (2002). Drożdż, Anna (ed.).
529:Dziura, Małgorzata; Kędziora-Palińska, Kinga.
1207:
908:
8:
827:Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
268:is considered to be the prototype of modern
1532:Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association
1453:Norwegian Christmas Tree (Washington, D.C.)
121:custom of suspending a decorated branch of
1527:British Christmas Tree Growers Association
1214:
1200:
1192:
915:
901:
893:
730:(in Polish) (3 ed.). Książnica-Atlas.
669:
631:
315:seeds, and later in the 20th century with
1542:Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association
536:Ministry of Culture and National Heritage
61:), candies, apples, nuts, typical Polish
696:
650:
465:
244:was made in various ways, it could be a
151:was the first guest to visit a house on
850:Usachova, Valeriya Vasil'yevna (2008).
619:
511:
480:
449:
155:, often bringing with them a decorated
492:
805:Zwyczaje, obrzędy i tradycje w Polsce
708:
572:"Światy nieznane i żelazka niezbędne"
7:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
524:
522:
520:
159:branch. This custom also existed in
1547:National Christmas Tree Association
1522:American Christmas Tree Association
228:was known mainly in the regions of
923:Polish folk customs and traditions
786:Święta polskie: tradycja i obyczaj
14:
570:Suchecka, Paulina (2020-12-21).
825:(1985). "Prace etnograficzne".
137:winter festival. The custom of
75:was then hung from the ceiling
67:, or stars and crosses made of
1537:Christmas Tree Promotion Board
1244:Christmas tree pests and weeds
202:
190:
1:
835:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
1501:White House (Washington D.C)
1074:Funeral of żur and a herring
803:Ogrodowska, Barbara (2000).
784:Ogrodowska, Barbara (1996).
329:was a similar decoration.
297:Wigilia (Bożego Narodzenia)
181:, such a branch was called
113:The tradition of hanging a
1667:
1239:Christmas tree cultivation
577:National Museum in Wrocław
1483:Trafalgar Square (London)
1296:Artificial Christmas tree
1168:
380:depending on the locale.
117:dates back to an ancient
1352:Pleated Christmas hearts
823:Uniwersytet Jagielloński
765:Folklor Lachów Sądeckich
685:Prace etnograficzne 1985
177:was brought instead. In
1418:Downing Street (London)
1301:Aluminum Christmas tree
807:(in Polish). Verbinum.
283:, which were pieces of
1600:Singing Christmas Tree
1413:Grand Place (Brussels)
1306:Feather Christmas tree
854:(in Russian). Moscow:
833:(1 ed.). Kraków:
726:Fischer, Adam (1934).
392:, the ornament called
296:
221:
110:
29:
1646:Christmas decorations
1357:Shiny Brite ornaments
1126:Oborywanie przepiórki
735:Horák, Gejza (1955).
728:Etnografja słowiańska
232:(particularly in the
216:
100:
19:
1641:Christmas traditions
1568:Christmas tree stand
1448:Mount Ingino (Italy)
773:Muzeum Etnograficzne
1636:Christmas in Poland
1260:Canadian production
1122:Wyzwolenie kosiarza
788:(in Polish). Alfa.
183:šumka od položenjca
1468:Rockefeller Center
1463:U.S. National Tree
1403:California Capitol
1332:Christmas ornament
1275:Mexican production
468:, p. 128–131.
222:
111:
30:
1631:Slovak traditions
1626:Polish traditions
1613:
1612:
1506:Wisconsin Capitol
1478:Toledo (Ohio) Zoo
1433:Lisbon (Portugal)
1362:Spider and/or web
1270:Global production
1265:Danish production
1189:
1188:
1175:Traditional music
966:Popielcowe klocki
884:978-5-7133-0703-5
865:978-5-7576-0221-9
737:Nárečie Pohorelej
203:полазникова шумка
195:polaznikova šumka
191:шумка од положења
43:is a traditional
1658:
1438:Macy's (Atlanta)
1386:Individual trees
1337:Christmas lights
1225:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1193:
1042:Dziady śmigustne
1018:Hanging of Judas
917:
910:
903:
894:
888:
869:
846:
818:
799:
780:
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667:
654:
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629:
623:
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547:
545:
544:
526:
515:
509:
496:
490:
484:
478:
469:
463:
457:
454:
336:was also called
204:
199:Serbian Cyrillic
192:
187:Serbian Cyrillic
85:dinner table on
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1651:Christmas trees
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1573:Festive ecology
1551:
1510:
1381:
1315:
1284:
1280:U.S. production
1248:
1227:
1224:Christmas trees
1223:
1220:
1190:
1185:
1164:
1136:
1104:
1070:Jezusek Palmowy
1054:Kurek dyngusowy
1010:Zielone Świątki
996:
958:Ścięcie śmierci
924:
921:
891:
885:
872:
866:
849:
821:
815:
802:
796:
783:
771:
762:
756:
743:
734:
725:
721:
716:
715:
707:
703:
695:
691:
683:
676:
670:Ogrodowska 2000
668:
657:
649:
638:
632:Ogrodowska 1996
630:
626:
618:
611:
603:
592:
583:
581:
569:
568:
551:
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528:
527:
518:
510:
499:
491:
487:
479:
472:
464:
460:
455:
451:
446:
414:
386:
224:In Poland, the
211:
171:tradition, the
105:decorated with
95:
20:A drawing of a
12:
11:
5:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
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1475:
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1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:I-17 (Arizona)
1425:
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1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
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998:
997:
932:
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919:
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905:
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890:
889:
883:
870:
864:
847:
819:
813:
800:
794:
781:
769:
760:
754:
741:
732:
722:
720:
717:
714:
713:
701:
699:, p. 131.
689:
687:, p. 124.
674:
672:, p. 164.
655:
636:
624:
622:, p. 126.
609:
607:, p. 168.
590:
549:
516:
514:, p. 195.
497:
495:, p. 169.
485:
483:, p. 124.
470:
458:
448:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
413:
410:
385:
382:
370:rajskie drzewk
270:Christmas tree
210:
207:
94:
91:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1663:
1652:
1649:
1647:
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1642:
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1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1594:Rouse Simmons
1591:
1589:
1588:Festivus pole
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Hanukkah bush
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
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1558:
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1234:
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1203:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Ścinanie kani
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:Śmigus-dyngus
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:Wkupne do bab
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
918:
913:
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895:
886:
880:
876:
871:
867:
861:
857:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:(in Polish).
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
806:
801:
797:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
757:
755:9788387266851
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
729:
724:
723:
718:
711:, p. 62.
710:
705:
702:
698:
697:Usachova 2009
693:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
662:
660:
656:
653:, p. 42.
652:
651:Usachova 2008
647:
645:
643:
641:
637:
634:, p. 25.
633:
628:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
597:
595:
591:
579:
578:
573:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
550:
538:
537:
532:
525:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
489:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
466:Usachova 2009
462:
459:
453:
450:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
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411:
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367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Christmas Eve
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
262:sacred corner
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Upper Silesia
235:
231:
230:Lesser Poland
227:
220:
215:
208:
206:
200:
196:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:Christmas Eve
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
104:
99:
92:
90:
88:
87:Christmas Eve
84:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:
60:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
35:
27:
26:Lesser Poland
23:
18:
1592:
1583:Podłaźniczka
1582:
1556:Other topics
1515:Trade groups
1488:
1458:U.S. Capitol
1423:Grove (L.A.)
1311:Pre-lit tree
1183:Folk beliefs
1102:Gorzkie żale
1098:Fat Thursday
982:Przebierańce
946:Podłaźniczka
945:
874:
851:
830:
826:
804:
785:
776:
764:
745:
736:
727:
719:Bibliography
704:
692:
627:
620:Rocznik 1966
582:. Retrieved
575:
541:. Retrieved
534:
512:Fischer 1934
488:
481:Rocznik 1966
461:
452:
401:
393:
387:
377:
373:
369:
366:boże drzewko
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:podłaźniczka
333:
331:
324:
321:podłaźniczka
320:
309:podłaźniczka
308:
304:
303:. Sometimes
300:
280:
277:podłaźniczka
276:
274:
266:Podłaźniczka
265:
258:podłaźniczka
257:
253:
242:podłaźniczka
241:
226:podłaźniczka
225:
223:
219:podlazniczka
218:
194:
182:
172:
148:
142:
139:podłaźniczka
138:
115:podłaźniczka
114:
112:
107:Slavic pagan
103:podłaźniczka
102:
80:
73:podłaźniczka
72:
62:
56:
39:
38:
34:Podłaźniczka
33:
32:
31:
22:podłaźniczka
21:
1377:Tree-topper
1367:Szaloncukor
1320:Decorations
1232:Cultivation
1179:Folk dances
1066:Easter palm
1014:Gregorianki
962:Podkoziołek
580:(in Polish)
539:(in Polish)
493:Lebeda 2002
338:połaźniczka
272:in Poland.
234:Goral lands
1620:Categories
1605:Tree baler
1563:Chichilaki
1327:Candy cane
1289:Artificial
1253:Production
1158:Katarzynki
1114:Noc Kupały
1050:Siuda Baba
1034:Emaus fair
814:8371921098
795:837001948X
709:Horák 1955
584:2021-12-31
543:2021-12-31
444:References
433:Saturnalia
394:polazňička
362:sad rajski
350:podłaźnica
40:polazňička
1473:Sri Lanka
1443:Milwaukee
1162:Andrzejki
1046:Śmiergust
1026:Święconka
1022:Pucheroki
843:0083-4327
346:podłaźnik
217:A ringed
157:evergreen
79:over the
58:wycinanki
24:from the
1154:Zaduszki
1006:Marzanna
950:Gromnica
775:(1966).
412:See also
406:Moravian
402:polaznik
390:Slovakia
384:Slovakia
342:połaźnik
165:Bulgaria
161:Slovakia
149:połaźnik
144:połaźnik
1496:Vatican
1491:(Paris)
1408:Chicago
1342:Garland
1146:Dożynki
1134:Zażynki
1118:Sobótka
1094:Maypole
1086:Żandary
1082:Rękawka
1062:Walatka
1058:Pisanki
978:Ostatki
974:Zapusty
954:Jemioła
777:Rocznik
428:Koliada
423:Badnjak
317:baubles
301:wilijki
254:przetak
246:conifer
135:Koliada
93:History
82:Wigilia
77:rafters
53:conifer
1398:Boston
1393:Anthem
1372:Tinsel
1347:Pickle
1171:Attire
1150:Dziady
1141:Autumn
1109:Summer
1001:Spring
994:Kolęda
990:Herody
986:Comber
929:Winter
881:
862:
841:
811:
792:
752:
418:Didukh
376:, and
374:wiecha
319:. The
305:światy
293:Polish
281:światy
250:riddle
240:. The
236:) and
209:Poland
193:), or
179:Serbia
147:. The
127:spruce
119:Slavic
109:motifs
71:. The
64:świats
49:Slovak
45:Polish
28:region
1090:Siwki
1078:Roduś
1038:Turki
942:Turoń
934:Konik
354:jutka
326:pająk
285:wafer
174:didok
169:Lemko
167:; in
129:, or
69:straw
1489:Tree
938:Koza
879:ISBN
860:ISBN
839:ISSN
809:ISBN
790:ISBN
750:ISBN
438:Yule
398:Spiš
378:gaik
332:The
313:flax
275:The
205:).
163:and
131:pine
47:and
388:In
372:o,
358:sad
123:fir
89:.
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