26:
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325:. In this remodeling process, podosomes play an integral role. During the maturation of osteoclast precursors, groups of podosomes form higher ordered ring structures which ultimately coalesce into a band about the cell periphery. The resulting arrangement of podosomes is highly interconnected through a dense, radial network of actin filaments that extend between and onto neighboring podosomes.
291:. Various integrin receptors monitor the mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment and can influence and initiate formation of a podosome. Once fully formed, the integrity of the matrix substratum dictates the lifespan of the podosome with increased stiffness leading to longer endurance and closer spacing between podosome sites.
273:
demonstrate, through their immune cells, continued evidence of the role podosomes fulfill in cell motility. These patients do not possess fully formed WASP that has been shown to localize in podosomes and to be integral to their formation from previous studies. The dendritic cells and macrophages of
265:
of dendritic cells, migration of aortic endothelial cells for arterial vessel remodeling, and tissue infiltration by macrophages. Aberrations in cell migration lie beneath pathologies involving development, vasculature, and immunity. Consequently, podosomes are present in cell types associated with
344:
within the podosomes of the coalescent band signals the development of a fully matured osteoclast. Upon initiation of bone resorption, the band of podosomes disassembles leaving behind a mesh primarily composed of F-actin which functions as the ‘sealing zone.’ This sealing zone becomes the site of
377:
forming circular clusters. Later in 1985, it was shown using the same cells that these protein clusters were localized to protrusions in the ventral plasma membrane, were substratum adhesion sites; therefore, these structures were termed podosomes indicating their foot-like character in cells. In
286:
Adding to the known functionalities of podosomes, research suggests that these dynamic structures also exhibit mechanosensory attributes. Initial formation of podosomes seems to be influenced by the structure and composition of the underlying substratum including the presence and distribution of
385:
Because both terms invadopodia and podosomes were initially used to reference the identical structures in identical cell lines, there exists confusion about the nomenclature. Typically, when these structures are found in normal cells, they are referred to as podosomes, and when in cancer cells,
122:. Their size ranges from approximately 0.5 μm to 2.0 μm in diameter. While usually situated on the periphery of the cellular membrane, these unique structures display a polarized pattern of distribution in migrating cells, situating at the front border between the
274:
these patients’ immune systems do not manifest podosome formations and demonstrate defects in cellular movement within tissue microenvironments. Some researchers suspect that podosomes may be implicated in the migration of neural crest cells. Patients who exhibit
209:
and WASP when close to the plasma membrane or cortactin when further away comprise this group of proteins. Emanating radially from the dense core of actin are actin filaments reaching to the plasma membrane and between neighboring podosomes.
217:
and integrin-associated proteins serve to connect the cytoskeleton to cell surface integrins forming the outward protrusion. Initial research suggested that the superstructure of podosomes were cylindrical, but new advances in
406:
Rottiers, P; Saltel, F; Daubon, T; Chaigne-Delalande, B; Tridon, V; Billottet, C; Reuzeau, E; Génot, E (Dec 1, 2009). "TGFbeta-induced endothelial podosomes mediate basement membrane collagen degradation in arterial vessels".
345:
osteoclast attachment to the bone matrix. Inhibition of bone resorption through drug intervention results in the lack of the podosome band during early osteoclast differentiation and ultimate absence of a sealing zone.
1254:
Pacini, S, O; Fazzi, R; Montali, M; Carnicelli, V; Lazzarini, E; Petrini, M (Jun 15, 2013). "Specific integrin expression is associated with podosome-like structures on mesodermal progenitor cells".
1219:
Collin, O; Tracqui, P; Stephanou, A; Usson, Y; Clément-Lacroix, J; Planus, E (May 1, 2006). "Spatiotemporal dynamics of actin-rich adhesion microdomains: influence of substrate flexibility".
1439:
Luxenburg, C; Parsons, JT; Addadi, L; Geiger, B (Dec 1, 2006). "Involvement of the Src-cortactin pathway in podosome formation and turnover during polarization of cultured osteoclasts".
233:
Typically, the podosome size falls between 0.5 um and 2.0 um in diameter and depth. The lifetime of the structure is only minutes in duration, much shorter than observed in
182:, and scaffold proteins; therefore, total actin turnover occurs within seconds. To distinguish podosomes from others types of cellular adhesions, the protein Tks5 and WASP (
610:
Akisaka, T; Yoshida, H; Suzuki, R; Takama, K (March 2008). "Adhesion structures and their cytoskeleton-membrane interactions at podosomes of osteoclasts in culture".
294:
Some studies indicates also a putative role for podosomes even in the regulation of bone marrow stem cell's function. Podosomes have been shown to be widely present
927:
Cougoule, C; Le Cabec, V; Poincloux, R; Al Saati, T; Mège, J. L.; Tabouret, G; Lowell, C. A.; Laviolette-Malirat, N; Maridonneau-Parini, I (Feb 18, 2010).
198:
to localize and isolate these protrusions because Tks5 and WASP are unique to the podosome when compared with other actin-based cellular structures.
1590:
892:
Calle, Y; Carragher, NO; Thrasher, AJ; Jones, GE (Jun 1, 2006). "Inhibition of calpain stabilises podosomes and impairs dendritic cell motility".
378:
1989, it was demonstrated that these podosomes played a role in matrix degradation. To reflect this newly discovered destructive nature the name
201:
In their outward structure, the podosomes demonstrate two distinct features: an actin core and a ring complex. Within the core, coordinators of
183:
174:
within these structures are highly regulated by many actin nucleators, polymerization activators, actin binding and crosslinking proteins,
226:
form. These finding were made possible through the application of
Bayesian blinking and bleaching analytics to data gained from standard
737:
Cox, S; Rosten, E; Monypenny, J; Jovanovic-Talisman, T; Burnette, DT; Lippincott-Schwartz, J; Jones, GE; Heintzmann, R (Dec 4, 2011).
688:
Cox, S; Rosten, E; Monypenny, J; Jovanovic-Talisman, T; Burnette, DT; Lippincott-Schwartz, J; Jones, GE; Heintzmann, R (Dec 4, 2011).
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through coordinating degradation of the extracellular matrix with cellular movement. The migration of cells is essential to proper
477:
Gimona, M; Buccione, R; Courtneidge, SA; Linder, S (April 2008). "Assembly and biological role of podosomes and invadopodia".
1291:"Podosomes display actin turnover and dynamic self-organization in osteoclasts expressing actin-green fluorescent protein"
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1583:
929:"Three-dimensional migration of macrophages requires Hck for podosome organization and extracellular matrix proteolysis"
147:
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1340:"The architecture of the adhesive apparatus of cultured osteoclasts: from podosome formation to sealing zone assembly"
306:. It has been proposed that podosomes are important in the mobilisation of MPCs in the event of physiological need.
1474:
Ishida, T; Fujiwara, K (February 1979). "Pathology of diarrhea due to mouse hepatitis virus in the infant mouse".
25:
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Linder, S; Wiesner, C; Himmel, M (Nov 10, 2011). "Degrading devices: invadosomes in proteolytic cell invasion".
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Sharma, Ved P.; Eddy, Robert; Entenberg, David; Kai, Masayuki; Gertler, Frank B.; Condeelis, John (2013-11-04).
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227:
78:
66:
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Linder, S (March 2007). "The matrix corroded: podosomes and invadopodia in extracellular matrix degradation".
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978:"Configuration of human dendritic cell cytoskeleton by Rho GTPases, the WAS protein, and differentiation"
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Luxenburg, C; Addadi, L; Geiger, B (April 2006). "The molecular dynamics of osteoclast adhesions".
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Luxenburg, C; Geblinger, D; Klein, E; Anderson, K; Hanein, D; Geiger, B; Addadi, L (Jan 31, 2007).
635:
543:
358:
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A podosome consists of a core rich in actin surrounded by adhesion and scaffolding proteins. The
788:"Tks5 and SHIP2 regulate invadopodium maturation, but not initiation, in breast carcinoma cells"
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using cells that expressed fluorescently tagged proteins specific to the podosome ring complex.
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1503:"The 'ins' and 'outs' of podosomes and invadopodia: characteristics, formation and function"
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and invasion; therefore, they serve as both sites of attachment and degradation along the
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Labernadie, A; Thibault, C; Vieu, C; Maridonneau-Parini, I; Charrière, GM (Dec 7, 2010).
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are known to be mutant for the podosome specific protein Tks4 and demonstrate defects in
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361:(RSV) containing the oncogene v-src. This transformation elicited the relocalization of
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138:. Many different specialized cells exhibit these dynamic structures such as invasive
123:
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Calle, Y; Burns, S; Thrasher, AJ; Jones, GE (April 2006). "The leukocyte podosome".
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Podosomes are thought to be intimately connected to cellular motility within tissue
71:
1631:
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1019:"Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein regulates podosomes in primary human macrophages"
514:"Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein and the cytoskeletal dynamics of dendritic cells"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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techniques have altered that perception and show the ring complex to display a
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Burns, S; Thrasher, AJ; Blundell, MP; Machesky, L; Jones, GE (Aug 15, 2001).
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Destaing, O; Saltel, F; Géminard, JC; Jurdic, P; Bard, F (February 2003).
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563:"Dissecting cell adhesion architecture using advanced imaging techniques"
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739:"Bayesian localization microscopy reveals nanoscale podosome dynamics"
690:"Bayesian localization microscopy reveals nanoscale podosome dynamics"
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1127:"Dynamics of podosome stiffness revealed by atomic force microscopy"
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Linder, S; Nelson, D; Weiss, M; Aepfelbacher, M (Aug 17, 1999).
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Calle, Y; Chou, HC; Thrasher, AJ; Jones, GE (November 2004).
38:(blue), actin (red), and an actin regulator (green).
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261:. Examples of these motile cell behaviors include:
114:-rich structures found on the outer surface of the
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130:. Their primary purpose is connected to cellular
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302:(MPCs), cell capable of differentiating into
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1501:Murphy, DA; Courtneidge, SA (Jun 23, 2011).
1076:Murphy, DA; Courtneidge, SA (Jun 23, 2011).
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266:tissue remodeling and the immune system.
561:Morton, PE; Parsons, M (Jul–Aug 2011).
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382:was given to these dynamic structures.
1507:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1082:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
849:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
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1198:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154216
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353:In the early 1980s, chicken embryo
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1406:European Journal of Cell Biology
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444:European Journal of Cell Biology
186:) are used as markers alongside
184:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
154:, and certain immune cells like
479:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
1:
1295:Molecular Biology of the Cell
567:Cell Adhesion & Migration
205:are found. Specifically, the
1365:10.1371/journal.pone.0000179
945:10.1182/blood-2009-04-218735
321:that conduct the process of
148:vascular smooth muscle cells
1669:Peripheral membrane protein
357:were transformed using the
300:mesodermal progenitor cells
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1660:Integral membrane proteins
1558:MBInfo - Podosome Assembly
1418:10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.11.002
1256:Stem Cells and Development
456:10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.09.003
317:are large, multinucleated
263:transendothelial migration
1563:Podosomes and Invadopodia
804:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.044
667:10.1016/j.tcb.2007.01.002
624:10.1007/s00441-007-0552-x
491:10.1016/j.ceb.2008.01.005
304:mesenchymal stromal cells
269:Patients who suffer from
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995:10.1182/blood.v98.4.1142
612:Cell and Tissue Research
518:The Journal of Pathology
271:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
1704:Lipid raft/microdomains
1441:Journal of Cell Science
1307:10.1091/mbc.E02-07-0389
1221:Journal of Cell Science
1152:10.1073/pnas.1007835107
1044:10.1073/pnas.96.17.9648
894:Journal of Cell Science
409:Journal of Cell Science
276:Frank–ter Haar syndrome
1709:Membrane contact sites
1673:Lipid-anchored protein
1655:Membrane glycoproteins
655:Trends in Cell Biology
91:Anatomical terminology
30:Podosomes (yellow) in
1664:transmembrane protein
1565:at Scirus Topic Pages
1268:10.1089/scd.2012.0423
579:10.4161/cam.5.4.16915
259:inflammatory response
253:and, in maturity, to
251:embryonic development
213:In the ring complex,
1689:Caveolae/Coated pits
228:widefield microscopy
136:extracellular matrix
1356:2007PLoSO...2..179L
1143:2010PNAS..10721016L
1035:1999PNAS...96.9648L
310:Role in osteoclasts
1714:Membrane nanotubes
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1553:MBInfo - Podosomes
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359:Rous sarcoma virus
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34:cells, along with
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955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
855:(7): 413–26.
854:
850:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
779:
774:
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765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
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740:
733:
730:
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721:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:(3): 107–17.
660:
656:
649:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:(3): 625–41.
617:
613:
606:
603:
598:
594:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
508:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:(2): 235–41.
484:
480:
473:
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465:
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457:
453:
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445:
438:
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430:
426:
422:
418:
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368:
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348:
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331:
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309:
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305:
301:
297:
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284:
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277:
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267:
264:
260:
256:
255:wound healing
252:
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177:
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149:
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141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:lamellipodium
121:
117:
113:
110:are conical,
109:
98:
92:
88:
85:
82:
80:
76:
73:
70:
68:
64:
61:
58:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
27:
22:
17:
1760:Cell anatomy
1627:Lipoproteins
1510:
1506:
1496:
1482:(1): 33–41.
1479:
1475:
1469:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1298:
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1284:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1026:
1022:
1012:
985:
981:
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936:
932:
922:
897:
893:
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852:
848:
838:
795:
791:
781:
746:
742:
732:
697:
693:
683:
658:
654:
648:
615:
611:
605:
573:(4): 351–9.
570:
566:
556:
524:(4): 460–9.
521:
517:
507:
482:
478:
472:
447:
443:
437:
412:
408:
401:
384:
371:cytoskeleton
352:
327:
313:
295:
293:
285:
280:neural crest
268:
244:
232:
212:
200:
169:
120:animal cells
107:
106:
59:
1350:(1): e179.
1192:: 185–211.
388:invadopodia
380:invadopodia
355:fibroblasts
315:Osteoclasts
235:invadopodia
156:macrophages
144:osteoclasts
49:Identifiers
36:cell nuclei
1754:Categories
1699:Glycocalyx
394:References
319:bone cells
220:bioimaging
72:D000069261
1739:Porosomes
812:1879-0445
287:specific
224:polygonal
215:integrins
192:cortactin
108:Podosomes
1537:21697900
1461:17105771
1426:16360241
1384:17264882
1344:PLOS ONE
1325:12589043
1276:23379672
1241:16636076
1206:21801014
1171:21081699
1112:21697900
1063:10449748
1004:11493463
963:19897576
914:16723743
879:21697900
830:24206842
773:22138825
724:22138825
675:17275303
640:19913633
632:18087726
597:21785274
548:39145933
540:15495215
499:18337078
464:16546557
429:19887587
363:vinculin
338:paxillin
334:vinculin
296:in vitro
257:and the
241:Function
194:and the
178:, small
132:motility
128:lamellum
60:podosoma
32:melanoma
19:Podosome
1637:Sterols
1528:3423958
1375:1779809
1352:Bibcode
1162:3000246
1139:Bibcode
1103:3423958
1031:Bibcode
954:5070714
870:3423958
821:3882144
764:3272474
715:3272474
588:3210303
369:in the
367:α-actin
349:History
342:α-actin
330:F-actin
289:ligands
180:GTPases
176:kinases
142:cells,
44:Details
1535:
1525:
1488:224229
1486:
1459:
1424:
1382:
1372:
1323:
1316:149981
1313:
1274:
1239:
1204:
1169:
1159:
1110:
1100:
1061:
1051:
1002:
961:
951:
912:
877:
867:
828:
818:
810:
771:
761:
722:
712:
673:
638:
630:
595:
585:
546:
538:
497:
462:
427:
340:, and
140:cancer
1682:Other
1054:22264
982:Blood
933:Blood
636:S2CID
544:S2CID
373:from
188:actin
112:actin
95:[
55:Latin
1533:PMID
1484:PMID
1457:PMID
1422:PMID
1380:PMID
1321:PMID
1272:PMID
1237:PMID
1202:PMID
1167:PMID
1108:PMID
1059:PMID
1000:PMID
959:PMID
910:PMID
875:PMID
826:PMID
808:ISSN
769:PMID
720:PMID
671:PMID
628:PMID
593:PMID
536:PMID
495:PMID
460:PMID
425:PMID
365:and
158:and
126:and
67:MeSH
1523:PMC
1515:doi
1449:doi
1445:119
1414:doi
1370:PMC
1360:doi
1311:PMC
1303:doi
1264:doi
1229:doi
1225:119
1194:doi
1157:PMC
1147:doi
1135:107
1098:PMC
1090:doi
1049:PMC
1039:doi
990:doi
949:PMC
941:doi
937:115
902:doi
898:119
865:PMC
857:doi
816:PMC
800:doi
759:PMC
751:doi
710:PMC
702:doi
663:doi
620:doi
616:331
583:PMC
575:doi
526:doi
522:204
487:doi
452:doi
417:doi
413:122
298:on
118:of
1756::
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1521:.
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336:,
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150:,
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