636:
750:
797:. The entire nuclear bomb was engineered and finally assembled by Indian engineers at BARC before transportation to the test site. The fully assembled device had a hexagonal cross section, 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in) in diameter, and weighed 1,400 kg (3,100 lb). The device was mounted on a hexagonal metal tripod, and was transported to the shaft on rails which the army kept covered with sand.
505:
584:(TBRL) of the DRDO developed the explosive lenses for the implosion system. Srinivasan and K. Subba Rao were tasked with developing fission models and prediction of the test's efficiency. In April 1971, Nagchaudhuri appointed N. S. Venkatesan as the new Director of TBRL to help develop the implosion system.
900:
and the economic aid both countries had provided to India. While Canada concluded that the test violated a 1971 understanding between the two states, and froze nuclear energy assistance for the two heavy water reactors then under construction, the United States concluded that the test did not violate
740:
to 20 kt, the official yield was initially set at 12 kt. Independent seismic data from outside and analysis of the crater features indicated a lower figure. Analysts estimate the yield at 4 to 6 kt, using conventional seismic magnitude-to-yield conversion formulas. Later, both Sethna
528:
serving as his deputy and the leadership team also included Sethna and
Sarabhai. The weapons programme was directed towards the production of plutonium rather than uranium and the in 1969, enough plutonium had been accumulated for the production of a single nuclear bomb. In 1968–69, Iyengar led a
830:, India's fourth highest civilian award. India consistently maintained that this was a peaceful nuclear bomb test and that it had no intentions of militarising its nuclear programme. However, according to independent monitors, this test was part of an accelerated
303:
core. It had a hexagonal cross section, 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in) in diameter, and weighed 1,400 kg (3,100 lb). It was assembled, mounted on a hexagonal metal tripod, and was transported to the test site on rails. The test was conducted at 8.05
679:. The preparations were carried by civilian scientists assisted by the Indian Army. Indira Gandhi maintained tight control of all aspects of the preparations of the test, which was conducted in extreme secrecy. Besides Gandhi, only her advisers
524:, a chemical engineer, put in charge of plutonium development. The project for the design and manufacturing of the nuclear device employed just 75 scientists because of the secret nature of the project. Ramanna lead the project with
1282:
741:
and
Iyengar conceded the official yield to be an exaggeration. Iyengar has stated that the yield was 8–10 kt, that the device was designed to yield 10 kt, and that the yield was 8 kt "exactly as predicted".
472:
With two reactors operational in early 1960s, Bhabha was involved in learning and development of know-how to manufacture nuclear weapons. The Atomic energy act was amended in 1962 to give far more control to the
848:
The
Pokhran test was a bomb, I can tell you now.... An explosion is an explosion, a gun is a gun, whether you shoot at someone or shoot at the ground.... I just want to make clear that the test was not all that
615:
in an attempt to intimidate India. The Soviet Union responded by sending a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from
Vladivostok to trail the US task force. The Soviet response demonstrated the
627:, the work on building a nuclear device continued. The hardware began to be built in early 1972 and the Prime Minister authorized the development of a nuclear test device in September 1972.
375:
was established which was responsible for the atomic energy development programme and was allocated a significant amount of the defence budget in the subsequent years. In 1956, the first
320:
810:
Indian Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi gained much popularity after the test, which had flagged from its heights after the 1971 war with Pakistan. The overall popularity and image of the
497:
beliefs, Sarabhai was asked to direct the programme towards peaceful purposes rather than military development. Meanwhile, the design work on the bomb proceeded under physicist
909:
commented that, "The announcement of an underground nuclear explosion by India raises more urgently than ever the need for international agreement to end all nuclear testing."
1163:
292:
for the bomb. The preparations for the test and the detonation was conducted in extreme secrecy with very few people outside the team of scientists being aware of the test.
481:
yield would cost US$ 350,000. The reactors were not producing fuel at the expected rate and with Nehru death in 1964, the programme slowed down. The incoming prime minister
1735:
India's so-called
Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish "Indian hegemony in the subcontinent", most particularly Pakistan...
672:
223:
2259:
1645:
1969:
569:
250:
736:
of the test has been difficult to determine with unclear data provided by Indian sources. Although politicians had given multiple numbers ranging from 2
477:. Bhabha was also aggressively lobbying for nuclear weapons and made several public speeches on the matter. He also estimated that a nuclear device with a 10
2305:
1761:
687:
were kept informed. Dhar had protested the test, fearing that the sanctions that would follow, would affect the Indian economy. The Indian
Defence Minister
1925:
580:
and as
Director of the DRDO. Nagchaudhuri and Ramanna worked together to recruit the team and set up the requirements necessary for a nuclear weapon test.
1726:
1556:
1975:
1675:
774:
565:
1887:
1456:
2295:
1981:
581:
965:
352:
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1955:
1909:
1851:
1792:
1432:
1382:
1328:
1262:
1082:
1029:
955:
877:(NSG) was formed in reaction to the Indian tests to check international nuclear proliferation. The NSG decided in 1992 to require full-scope
1703:
1603:
635:
432:
The civilian nuclear program to produce electricity from nuclear energy was also established during this period with plans to construct new
1550:
696:
664:
231:
188:
83:
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2300:
1933:
372:
137:
2335:
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878:
881:
safeguards for any new nuclear export deals, which effectively ruled out nuclear exports to India. It was only waived as part of the
2325:
2290:
1405:
1153:
258:
2350:
897:
368:
1944:
707:
364:
324:
2330:
2157:
2129:
289:
1088:
896:) supplied by the United States. Both countries reacted negatively, especially in light of then ongoing negotiations on the
2345:
1963:
873:
While India continued to state that the test was for peaceful purposes, it encountered opposition from many quarters. The
549:
509:
384:
242:
1880:
1635:
912:
Pakistan did not view the test as a peaceful nuclear explosion, and cancelled scheduled talks with India. In June 1974,
902:
360:
76:
2280:
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577:
561:
1497:
2340:
2239:
2071:
960:
913:
624:
596:
573:
486:
254:
235:
331:(NSG) to control nuclear proliferation. After the test, India carried out one other subsequent nuclear test named
312:
of the test has been varied and scarce, and sources indicate that the bomb might have yielded between six and ten
2022:
1751:
1190:
680:
1185:
1074:
Homi J. Bhabha: A Complete
Biography: Homi J. Bhabha: A Complete Biography: Architect of India's Nuclear Program
946:) was carried out at the Pokhran test site, using technology designed and built over the preceding two decades.
592:
initiator system. In the same year, Sethna succeeded
Sarabhai as the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission.
1730:
1541:
831:
811:
344:
1873:
874:
868:
718:
604:
411:
328:
203:
1667:
2285:
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1278:
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542:
2249:
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2182:
2045:
1756:
1464:
764:
754:
703:
296:
919:
said that Pakistan considered this as an intimidation and would not accept India's superiority in the
785:. The 6 kg of plutonium came from the CIRUS reactor at BARC and the neutron initiator was of the
2204:
1610:
1244:
840:
733:
726:
600:
534:
456:
and with China pursuing its own atomic development programme, it accelerated India's need to develop
348:
309:
305:
119:
2315:
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1999:
1812:
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920:
916:
482:
474:
433:
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2161:
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1914:
1697:
1640:
711:
557:
441:
417:
authorized "Project Phoenix" to build a reprocessing plant with a capacity to produce 20 tons of
938:
Despite many proposals, India did not carry out further nuclear tests until 1998. Code named as
623:
submarines to India. After India gained military and political initiative over Pakistan in the
429:. The construction of the plutonium plant began in 1961, and it was commissioned in mid-1964.
2218:
2151:
2007:
1847:
1788:
1428:
1401:
1324:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1078:
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stated that he believed the test pressed Pakistan into developing nuclear weapons of its own.
893:
815:
684:
620:
616:
445:
426:
281:
1519:
1422:
1222:
2320:
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553:
414:
1808:
1250:
Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea
1127:
2195:
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820:
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490:
457:
449:
437:
400:
376:
269:
207:
1045:
998:
1581:
2120:
888:
The plutonium used in the test was created in the reactor supplied by Canada and using
757:
200:
158:
147:
501:, who continued the nuclear weapons technology research after Bhabha's death in 1966.
2274:
2200:
2137:
2086:
2066:
2012:
612:
585:
525:
517:
396:
388:
300:
285:
266:
721:
were the only military commanders who knew about the test. The test was called as a
444:
engineer, showed his approach and intention to create nuclear weapons as a means of
2171:
2091:
2027:
2017:
835:
692:
688:
498:
461:
407:
246:
1729:. Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) and Pakistan Television (PTV). Archived from
1046:"Apsara – U Reactor Becomes Operational at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay"
901:
any agreement and proceeded with a June 1974 shipment of enriched uranium for the
410:
for the reactor, as opposed to importing from other countries. In July 1958, then
1809:"Press Statement by Dr. Anil Kakodkar and Dr. R. Chidambaram on Pokhran-II tests"
1072:
824:, India's second highest civilian award. Five other project members received the
2147:
2101:
2076:
1939:
906:
889:
648:
521:
277:
262:
215:
1398:
Weapons of peace : the secret story of India's quest to be a nuclear power
2254:
1158:
970:
943:
826:
778:
356:
332:
173:
1865:
98:
85:
2214:
790:
656:
533:. Upon his return to India, Iyengar set about developing a plutonium fueled
418:
219:
1785:
The nuclear express: a political history of the bomb and its proliferation
1489:
363:, the Atomic Energy Act was passed on 15 April 1948, that established the
2210:
786:
494:
17:
319:
It was the first confirmed nuclear weapons test by a nation outside the
769:
737:
652:
640:
589:
529:
team to the Soviet Union and toured the nuclear research facilities at
478:
404:
313:
211:
69:
1195:
520:
became the prime minister and work on the nuclear programme resumed.
392:
273:
818:. In 1975, Sethna, Ramanna and Nagchaudhuri were honoured with the
504:
781:. The detonation system was developed at the HEMRL of the DRDO in
748:
634:
530:
503:
453:
422:
196:
59:
31:
493:
as the head of the nuclear programme. Because of his non-violent
782:
777:. The implosion system was assembled at the TBRL of the DRDO in
1869:
1702:. Vol. 24. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1974. p. 35.
556:. The detonation system development began in April 1970 with
403:
programme. India set up an indigenous program to manufacture
30:
For the religious figure known as the Laughing Buddha, see
1846:. ACLS Humanities E-Book. University of California Press.
548:
Simultaneous work on the fabrication of the bomb core and
1844:
India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation
1022:
India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation
725:(PNE). The device was detonated on 18 May 1974 at 8.05
508:
APSARA reactor and plutonium reprocessing facility at
391:
was given to India as a part of an understanding with
1077:. Prabhakar Prakashan Private Limited. p. 1960.
512:
as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966
460:. During this period, India signed an agreement with
436:
for the purpose. Nehru's discussions with Bhabha and
367:(IAEC). India was involved in the development of the
27:
India's first successful nuclear weapons test (1974)
2232:
2181:
2128:
2119:
2059:
2036:
1998:
1991:
1954:
1924:
545:was engaged for researching the use of plutonium.
165:
153:
143:
133:
125:
114:
75:
65:
55:
50:
41:
387:, becoming the first operating reactor in Asia. A
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1636:"Nuclear Deal: A chronology of key developments"
371:, but ultimately opted not to sign it. In 1954,
1400:. New Delhi: Harper Collins Publishers, India.
846:
576:was appointed as the scientific adviser to the
552:design was conducted by teams led by physicist
1970:Defence Research and Development Organisation
1881:
814:was enhanced and it was well received in the
651:was involved in the test preparations at the
570:Defense Research and Development Organization
251:Defence Research and Development Organisation
8:
1520:"What Are the Real Yields of India's Tests?"
1381:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPetkovich1999 (
1321:Nixon, Indira and India: Politics and Beyond
699:, was given only a 48 hours advance notice.
1609:. Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from
1323:. Macmillan Publishers India. p. 357.
2125:
1995:
1888:
1874:
1866:
1783:Reed, Thomas C; Stillman, Danny B (2009).
1727:"Prime minister Secretariat Press Release"
1314:
1312:
1281:. Indian Defence Review. 25 October 2010.
1976:High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
1376:
1303:
1154:"How Indian PMs reacted to nuclear bombs"
1122:
1120:
1118:
1109:
992:
990:
988:
986:
767:design with a plutonium core, similar to
729:with Dastidar pushing the firing button.
566:High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
464:to help build nuclear reactors in India.
1463:. Nuclear files archives. Archived from
1147:
1145:
619:and significance of nuclear weapons and
241:The bomb was built by scientists at the
1982:Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory
1225:. Nuclear Weapon Archive. 30 March 2001
1130:. Nuclear Weapon Archive. 30 March 2001
982:
691:was informed only a few days prior and
582:Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory
327:. The test led to the formation of the
1484:
1482:
1217:
1215:
1213:
966:List of countries with nuclear weapons
643:(pictured taken during a test in 2019)
353:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
308:on 18 May 1974. The data on the exact
38:
1764:from the original on 18 February 2011
1166:from the original on 15 November 2019
956:India and weapons of mass destruction
7:
1725:Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (18 May 1974).
1562:from the original on 22 January 2015
1500:from the original on 3 February 2023
1128:"On to Weapons Development, 1960–67"
541:under Mahadeva Srinivasan. In 1969,
2306:Underground nuclear weapons testing
1427:. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 63–.
999:"Origins of Indian nuclear program"
673:United States military intelligence
224:United States military intelligence
1699:New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review
1648:from the original on 28 March 2020
1194:. 1 September 2003. Archived from
1024:. University of California Press.
883:Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement
448:. In 1962, India was engaged in a
25:
1706:from the original on 2 April 2024
1678:from the original on 8 March 2021
1549:Information and Library Network,
1285:from the original on 13 June 2016
373:Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)
1819:from the original on 1 June 2023
1091:from the original on 20 May 2024
898:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
588:was in charge of developing the
369:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
347:can be traced back to 1945 when
1945:Indian Atomic Energy Commission
1604:"Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)"
1364:India's Nuclear Weapons Program
1223:"India's First Bomb: 1967-1974"
905:. New Zealand's Prime Minister
856:to Press Trust of India in 1997
775:detonated over Nagasaki in 1945
516:After Shastri's death in 1966,
365:Indian Atomic Energy Commission
325:United Nations Security Council
288:were used in the production of
210:type bomb was detonated in the
2296:Indian nuclear weapons testing
639:The test was conducted at the
489:and later appointed physicist
234:(MEA) described the test as a
1:
1964:Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
1668:"Ripples in the nuclear pond"
1424:India: A Nuclear Weapon State
675:, the operation was named as
659:. The project was code named
599:, the U.S. government sent a
595:In December 1971, during the
257:under the supervision of the
243:Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
226:, the operation was named as
2311:Indira Gandhi administration
1752:"Pakistan's nuclear bayonet"
1551:University Grants Commission
1461:Nuclear Age Peace Foundation
773:, the American nuclear bomb
697:Minister of External Affairs
427:Vitro Corporation of America
232:Ministry of External Affairs
1934:Department of Atomic Energy
1421:Pahuja, Om Parkash (2001).
572:(DRDO). In July, physicist
2372:
2356:History of the Indian Army
2301:Political history of India
2260:Indo-American nuclear deal
2240:History of nuclear weapons
1279:"Arihant: the annihilator"
1020:Perkovich, George (2002).
961:History of nuclear weapons
866:
723:Peaceful Nuclear Explosive
625:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
487:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
236:peaceful nuclear explosion
29:
2336:Military history of India
1904:
1584:. Reaction and Long Pause
1582:"Reaction and Long Pause"
1522:. Nuclear Weapons Archive
1366:. Nuclear Weapon Archive.
1191:Nuclear Threat Initiative
345:India's nuclear programme
249:, in assistance with the
170:
2326:Nuclear history of India
2291:1974 in military history
1910:Indian nuclear programme
1748:Hoodbhoy, Pervez Amerali
1319:Kalyani Shankar (2010).
1001:. Nuclear weapon Archive
832:Indian nuclear programme
661:Operation Smiling Buddha
259:Atomic Energy Commission
2351:May 1974 events in Asia
1494:Nuclear Suppliers Group
1396:Chengappa, Raj (2000).
875:Nuclear Suppliers Group
869:Nuclear Suppliers Group
329:Nuclear Suppliers Group
195:) was the code name of
2245:Nuclear power in India
1842:Perkovich, G. (1999).
1733:on 18 September 2011.
1360:"Smiling Buddha, 1974"
863:International reaction
860:
763:The device was of the
760:
719:Indian Western Command
644:
513:
421:fuel a year using the
383:became operational at
321:five permanent members
295:The device was of the
2331:Nuclear proliferation
2250:Nuclear proliferation
1815:. 24 September 2009.
1253:. WW Norton. p.
1245:Richelson, Jefferey T
942:(officially known as
752:
638:
507:
2346:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
1490:"History of the NSG"
1457:"1974 Nuclear files"
841:Press Trust of India
601:carrier battle group
535:fast breeder reactor
485:was involved in the
434:nuclear power plants
206:on 18 May 1974. The
199:'s first successful
1956:Research Institutes
1813:Government of India
1750:(23 January 2011).
1198:on 9 September 2014
1152:Kanavi, Shivanand.
1052:. 11 September 2018
1050:Government of India
917:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
717:, the commander of
671:) while as per the
560:collaborating with
483:Lal Bahadur Shastri
361:Indian Independence
255:B. D. Nag Chaudhuri
99:27.0788°N 71.7224°E
95: /
2281:Explosions in 1974
2082:M. P. Parameswaran
2072:B. D. Nagchaudhuri
1915:Pokhran Test Range
1644:. 2 October 2008.
1641:The Indian Express
1186:"Purnima I-II-III"
1071:Kumar, P. (2024).
838:, speaking to the
761:
712:Lieutenant-General
653:Pokhran Test Range
645:
641:Pokhran Test Range
597:Indo-Pakistani War
574:B. D. Nagchaudhuri
558:Pranab R. Dastidar
514:
475:central government
425:, designed by the
284:) supplied by the
212:Pokhran Test Range
118:18 May 1974, 8:05
70:Pokhran Test Range
2341:Politics of India
2268:
2267:
2228:
2227:
2115:
2114:
2023:Parmeshwar Haksar
2008:Durga Prasad Dhar
1853:978-0-520-23210-5
1811:(Press release).
1794:978-0-7603-3502-4
1434:978-81-87100-69-0
1330:978-0-230-32868-6
1264:978-0-393-05383-8
1084:978-93-5562-943-2
1048:(Press release).
1031:978-0-520-23210-5
997:Sublette, Carey.
925:nuclear physicist
894:Neutron moderator
816:Indian Parliament
806:Domestic reaction
793:type, code-named
708:Indian army chief
681:Parmeshwar Haksar
621:ballistic missile
282:neutron moderator
253:(DRDO) headed by
245:(BARC) headed by
182:
181:
138:Underground shaft
46:
16:(Redirected from
2363:
2233:Related articles
2126:
2107:W. D. Patwardhan
1996:
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940:Operation Shakti
858:
578:Defense Minister
562:W. D. Patwardhan
554:V. S. Ramamurthy
415:Jawaharlal Nehru
355:with the aid of
351:established the
290:nuclear material
110:
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107:
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104:27.0788; 71.7224
100:
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1674:. 22 May 1974.
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458:nuclear weapons
438:Kenneth Nichols
401:Atoms for Peace
377:nuclear reactor
343:The origins of
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208:nuclear fission
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161:(33–42 TJ)
159:kilotons of TNT
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1467:on 2 July 2016
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1377:Petkovich 1999
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1304:Perkovich 1999
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867:Main article:
864:
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855:
854:Raja Ramanna,
851:
844:, maintained:
812:Congress Party
807:
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802:
799:
765:implosion-type
758:nuclear weapon
755:implosion-type
746:
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632:
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609: (CVN-65)
568:(ERDL) of the
543:R. Chidambaram
469:
466:
412:Prime Minister
340:
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299:design with a
297:implosion-type
201:nuclear weapon
185:Smiling Buddha
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228:Happy Krishna
225:
222:. As per the
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19:
2092:Raja Ramanna
2046:G. G. Bewoor
2038:Armed Forces
2028:Swaran Singh
2018:Jagjivan Ram
1896:
1843:
1836:Bibliography
1821:. Retrieved
1803:
1784:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1755:
1742:
1734:
1731:the original
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1698:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1576:
1566:18 September
1564:. Retrieved
1548:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1493:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1460:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1423:
1416:
1397:
1391:
1372:
1363:
1320:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1273:
1249:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1200:. Retrieved
1196:the original
1189:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1157:
1132:. Retrieved
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1073:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1040:
1021:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
939:
937:
934:Future tests
921:subcontinent
911:
887:
872:
847:
839:
836:Raja Ramanna
825:
819:
809:
794:
768:
762:
731:
704:G. G. Bewoor
693:Swaran Singh
689:Jagjivan Ram
676:
668:
660:
646:
631:Nuclear test
606:
594:
547:
538:
515:
499:Raja Ramanna
471:
462:Soviet Union
431:
408:nuclear fuel
380:
342:
318:
294:
247:Raja Ramanna
240:
227:
192:
184:
183:
36:
2148:Heavy water
2102:Ravi Grover
2077:Homi Sethna
2051:T. P. Raina
1940:Indian Army
1899:(Pokhran-I)
1768:9 September
1682:5 September
1652:5 September
1542:"Pokhran-I"
1202:8 September
1005:13 November
923:. In 2011,
907:Norman Kirk
890:heavy water
715:T. N. Raina
649:Indian Army
603:led by the
522:Homi Sethna
468:Development
349:Homi Bhabha
280:(used as a
278:heavy water
263:Homi Sethna
216:Indian Army
144:Device type
102: /
77:Coordinates
51:Information
2316:Code names
2275:Categories
2255:Pokhran-II
2130:Enrichment
2060:Scientists
2000:Government
1823:1 December
1787:. Zenith.
1757:The Herald
1620:4 December
1588:15 January
1526:1 December
1504:14 January
1471:14 January
1159:Rediff.com
1134:14 January
1056:1 December
977:References
971:Pokhran-II
944:Pokhran-II
834:. In 1997
827:Padma Shri
779:Chandigarh
685:D. P. Dhar
607:Enterprise
446:deterrence
399:under the
357:Tata Group
339:Background
333:Pokhran-II
261:headed by
174:Pokhran-II
90:71°43′21″E
87:27°04′44″N
2219:initiator
2215:Beryllium
2201:Plutonium
2191:Implosion
2158:Plutonium
2152:moderator
1992:Personnel
1289:8 January
892:(used as
885:in 2008.
849:peaceful.
801:Aftermath
791:beryllium
669:Pokhran-I
657:Rajasthan
611:into the
605:USS
550:implosion
419:Plutonium
335:in 1998.
301:plutonium
272:given by
220:Rajasthan
193:Pokhran-I
134:Test type
66:Test site
45:Pokhran-I
18:Pokhran-I
2211:Polonium
1926:Agencies
1817:Archived
1762:Archived
1704:Archived
1676:Archived
1646:Archived
1557:Archived
1498:Archived
1283:Archived
1164:Archived
1089:Archived
950:See also
852:—
787:polonium
586:V.K. Iya
495:Gandhian
395:and the
359:. After
314:kilotons
2321:Pokaran
2168:Uranium
2142:reactor
1978:(HEMRL)
1710:2 April
1455:FIles.
1440:29 June
1229:2 April
1170:2 April
1095:6 April
770:Fat Man
701:General
590:neutron
564:at the
539:Purnima
442:US Army
405:Uranium
385:Trombay
323:of the
214:of the
148:Fission
56:Country
2162:output
1984:(TBRL)
1972:(DRDO)
1966:(BARC)
1947:(IAEC)
1850:
1791:
1431:
1404:
1327:
1261:
1081:
1028:
795:Flower
710:, and
695:, the
537:named
393:Canada
381:APSARA
379:named
274:Canada
115:Period
2138:CIRUS
1936:(DAE)
1614:(PDF)
1607:(PDF)
1560:(PDF)
1545:(PDF)
531:Dubna
454:China
452:with
267:CIRUS
197:India
157:8–10
60:India
32:Budai
2205:core
2172:fuel
1848:ISBN
1825:2023
1789:ISBN
1770:2011
1712:2024
1684:2011
1654:2011
1622:2011
1590:2013
1568:2020
1528:2023
1506:2023
1473:2013
1442:2012
1429:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1383:help
1325:ISBN
1291:2012
1259:ISBN
1231:2024
1204:2014
1172:2024
1136:2013
1097:2024
1079:ISBN
1058:2023
1026:ISBN
1007:2011
879:IAEA
783:Pune
732:The
683:and
647:The
510:BARC
440:, a
276:and
265:. A
204:test
1255:233
753:An
727:IST
665:MEA
655:in
450:war
306:IST
238:.
218:in
189:MEA
120:IST
2277::
1760:.
1754:.
1670:.
1638:.
1555:.
1547:.
1496:.
1492:.
1481:^
1459:.
1362:.
1339:^
1311:^
1257:.
1212:^
1188:.
1162:.
1156:.
1144:^
1117:^
1087:.
985:^
738:kt
706:,
479:kt
316:.
2221:)
2217:(
2213:–
2207:)
2203:(
2174:)
2170:(
2164:)
2160:(
2154:)
2150:(
2144:)
2140:(
1889:e
1882:t
1875:v
1856:.
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1206:.
1174:.
1138:.
1099:.
1060:.
1034:.
1009:.
789:–
663:(
187:(
129:1
34:.
20:)
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