560:
given to them by this Act the said
Commissioners shall and are hereby authorized and required, from Time to Time as they shall see Occasion, to make and Issue all such Rules, Orders, and Regulations for the Management of the Poor, for the Government of Workhouses and the Education of the Children therein, ... and for the apprenticing the Children of poor Persons, and for the Guidance and Control of all Guardians, Vestries, and Parish Officers, so far as relates to the Management or Relief of the Poor, and the keeping, examining, auditing, and allowing of Accounts, and making and entering into Contracts in all Matters relating to such Management or Relief, or to any Expenditure for the Relief of the Poor, and for carrying this Act into execution in all other respects, as they shall think proper; and the said Commissioners may, at their Discretion, from Time to Time suspend, alter, or rescind such Rules, Orders, and Regulations, or any of them: Provided always, that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed as enabling the said Commissioners or any of them to interfere in any individual Case for the Purpose of ordering Relief.
628:, trade was in recession. The usual response to this was for hours of work to be reduced, with pay reducing correspondingly and out-door relief being given to those who could not make ends meet on short-time earnings. This was clearly incompatible with a policy of "no out-door relief", and, despite assurances from the Poor Law Commission that there was no intention to apply that policy in the textile districts, they were not believed and a number of textile towns resisted (or rioted in response to) efforts to introduce the new arrangements. This resistance was eventually overcome, but outdoor relief was never abolished in many Northern districts, although the possibility existed. Policy officially changed after the passing of the
333:
435:, and that, unless checked, population increased faster than the ability of a country to feed it. This pressure explained the existence of poverty, which he justified theologically as a force for self-improvement and abstention. He saw any assistance to the poor—such as given by the old poor laws—as self-defeating, temporarily removing the pressure of want from the poor while leaving them free to increase their families, thus leading to greater number of people in want and an apparently greater need for relief. His views were influential and hotly debated without always being understood, and opposition to the old Poor Law which peaked between 1815 and 1820 was described by both sides as "
518:
43:
510:
620:, and policy did not have to be uniform. Implementation of the New Poor Law administrative arrangements was phased in, starting with the Southern counties whose problems the Act had been designed to address. There was a gratifying reduction in poor-rates, but also horror tales of paupers ill-treated or relief refused. Some paupers were induced to migrate from the Southern to Northern towns, leading to a suspicion in the North that the New Poor Law was intended to drive wages down. By 1837, when roll-out of the new arrangements reached the textile districts of
497:. Bentham believed that "the greatest good for the greatest number" could only be achieved when wages found their true levels in a free-market system. Chadwick believed that the poor rate would reach its "correct" level when the workhouse was seen as a deterrent and fewer people claimed relief. A central authority was needed to ensure a uniform poor law regime for all parishes and to ensure that that regime deterred applications for relief; that is, to ensure a free market for labour required greater state intervention in poor relief.
551:. The Commission had no powers to insist that Unions built new workhouses (except where a majority of Guardians or rate-payers had given written consent), but they could order improvements to be made to existing ones. The Commission was explicitly given powers to specify the number and salaries of Poor Law Board employees and to order their dismissal. It could order the "classification" of workhouse inmates and specify the extent to which (and conditions under which) out-door relief could be given.
692:
notorious measure which consisted in separating married couples on admission to the workhouse: "instead of compelling a man to support his family took his family from him, and made him a bachelor! " Like the other children, Oliver was "denied the benefit of exercise" and compelled to carry out the meaningless task of untwisting and picking old ropes although he had been assured that he would be "educated and taught a useful trade."
269:
534:
could be specified to the Board of
Guardians by the Poor Law Commission; where they were, the views of the local rate-payers were irrelevant. The principles upon which the Commission was to base its regulations were not specified. The workhouse test and the idea of "less eligibility" were therefore never mentioned. "Classification of paupers" was neither specified nor prohibited (during passage of the Act, an amendment by
1545:
582:
325:: conditions within workhouses should be made worse than the worst conditions outside of them so that workhouses served as a deterrent, and only the neediest would consider entering them. The other was the "workhouse test": relief should only be available in the workhouse. Migration of rural poor to the city to find work was a problem for urban
543:
implementing the policies of "no outdoor relief" and segregation and confinement of paupers; consequently, the
Commission was given powers to order the formation of Poor Law Unions (confederations of parishes) large enough to support a workhouse. The Commission was empowered to overturn any Unions previously established under
568:
The Act specified penalties which could be imposed upon persons failing to comply with the directives of the Poor Law
Commission (£5 on first offence; £20 for second offence, fine and imprisonment on the third offence). However, it did not identify any means of penalising parishes or Unions which had
559:
That from and after the passing of this Act the
Administration of Relief to the Poor throughout England and Wales, according to the existing Laws, or such Laws as shall be in force at the Time being, shall be subject to the Direction and Control of the said Commissioners; and for executing the Powers
405:
It was argued that penalising fathers of illegitimate children reinforced pressures for the parents of children conceived out of wedlock to marry, and generous payments for illegitimate children indemnified the mother against failure to marry. "The effect has been to promote bastardy; to make want of
723:
According to a 2019 study, the 1834 welfare reform had no impact on rural wages, labour mobility or the fertility rate of the poor. The study concludes, "this deliberately induced suffering gained little for the land and property owners who funded poor relief. Nor did it raise wages for the poor, or
542:
The Poor Law
Commission was independent of Parliament, but conversely, since none of its members sat in Parliament, it had no easy way of defending itself against criticism in Parliament. It was recognised that individual parishes would not have the means to erect or maintain workhouses suitable for
355:
Whilst this recommendation was a solution to existing problems consistent with "political economy", there was little consideration in the report of what new problems it might give rise to. There was little practical experience to support it; only four of the parishes reporting had entirely abolished
564:
General Rules could only be made by the
Commissioners themselves and had to be notified to a Secretary of State. Any new General Rules had to be laid before Parliament at the start of the next session. General Rules were those issued to the Guardians of more than one Union. Therefore, there was no
371:
In practice, most existing workhouses were ill-suited to the new system (characterised by opponents as locking up the poor in "Poor Law bastilles"), and many poor law unions soon found that they needed a new purpose-built union workhouse. Their purpose being to securely confine large numbers of the
363:
Different classes of paupers should be segregated; to this end, parishes should pool together in unions, with each of their poorhouses dedicated to a single class of paupers and serving the whole of the union. "he separation of man and wife was necessary, in order to ensure the proper regulation of
695:
In the North of
England particularly, there was fierce resistance; the local people considered that the existing system there was running smoothly. They argued that the nature of cyclical unemployment meant that any new workhouse built would be empty for most of the year and thus a waste of money.
533:
to which
Parliament delegated the power to make appropriate regulations, without making any provision for effective oversight of the Commission's doings. Local poor-rates payers still elected their local Board of Poor Law Guardians and still paid for local poor law provisions, but those provisions
659:
had been its varied implementation. The law was also interpreted differently in different parishes, as these areas varied widely in their economic prosperity, and the levels of unemployment experienced within them, leading to an uneven system. Local Boards of
Guardians also interpreted the law to
572:
The Act did give paupers some rights. Lunatics could not be held in a workhouse for more than a fortnight; workhouse inmates could not be forced to attend religious services of a denomination other than theirs (nor could children be instructed in a religious creed objected to by their parent(s));
538:
forbidding the separation of man and wife had been defeated), and the recommendation of the Royal Commission that "outdoor relief" (relief given outside of a workhouse) should be abolished was reflected only in a clause that any outdoor relief should only be given under a scheme submitted to and
691:
harshly criticises the Poor Law. In 1835 sample dietary tables were issued by the Poor law Commissioners for use in union workhouses. Dickens details the meagre diet of Oliver’s workhouse and points it up in the famous scene of the boy asking for more. Dickens also comments sarcastically on the
347:
should cease; relief should be given only in workhouses, and upon such terms that only the truly indigent would accept it. "Into such a house none will enter voluntarily; work, confinement, and discipline, will deter the indolent and vicious; and nothing but extreme necessity will induce any to
651:
The implementation of the Act proved impossible, particularly in the industrial north which suffered from cyclical unemployment. The cost of implementing the Settlement Laws in operation since the 17th century was also high and so these were not implemented fully: it often proved too costly to
643:
It was impossible to achieve both these aims, as the principle of less eligibility made people search for work in towns and cities. Workhouses were built and paupers transferred to these urban areas. However, the Settlement Laws were used to protect ratepayers from paying too much. Workhouse
450:
as a leading Evangelical was more persuasive than Malthus himself in incorporating the Malthusian principle of population into the Divine Plan, taking a less pessimistic view and describing it as producing benefits such as the division of property, industry, trade and European civilisation.
379:
The new system would be undermined if different unions treated their paupers differently; there should therefore be a central board with powers to specify standards and to enforce those standards; this could not be done directly by Parliament because of the legislative workload that would
547:, but only if at least two-thirds of the Union's Guardians supported this. Each Union was to have a Board of Guardians elected by rate-payers and property owners; those with higher rateable-value property were to have multiple votes, as for the Select Vestries set up under
696:
However, the unlikely union between property owners and paupers did not last, and opposition, though fierce, eventually petered out. In some cases, this was further accelerated as the protests very successfully undermined parts of the Amendment Act and became obsolete.
500:
Bentham's argument that people chose pleasant options and would not do what was unpleasant provided a rationale for making relief unpleasant so that people would not claim it, "stigmatising" relief so that it became "an object of wholesome horror".
1910:
652:
enforce the removal of paupers. The Commission could issue directives, but these were often not implemented fully and in some cases ignored in order to save on expenses. Darwin Leadbitter 1782–1840 was in charge of the commission's finances.
565:
provision for Parliamentary scrutiny of policy changes (e.g., on the extent to which out-door relief would be permitted) affecting a number of Poor Law Unions, provided these were implemented by separate directives to each Union involved.
1920:
1801:
699:
Fierce hostility and organised opposition from workers, politicians and religious leaders eventually led to the Amendment Act being amended, removing the very harsh measures of the workhouses to a certain degree. The
663:
The poor working-class, including the agricultural labourers and factory workers, also opposed the New Poor Law Act, because the diet in workhouses was inadequate to sustain workers' health and nutrition. The
644:
construction and the amalgamation of unions was slow. Outdoor relief did continue after the PLAA was introduced. The board issued further edicts on outdoor relief: The Outdoor Labour Test Order and the
387:
This arrangement was simultaneously justified as required to give absolute uniformity country-wide and as allowing regulations to be tailored to local circumstances without taking up Parliament's time.
321:. The Commission's findings, which had probably been predetermined, were that the old system was badly and expensively run. The Commission's recommendations were based on two principles. The first was
229:, and conditions in workhouses would be such as to deter any but the truly destitute from applying for relief. The Act was passed by large majorities in Parliament, with only a few Radicals (such as
708:
Union Workhouse were found to be inhumane and dangerous, prompted investigation by a Commons select committee, whose report commented scathingly on the dysfunctionality of the Poor Law Commission.
569:
not formed a legally constituted Board of Guardians. Poor Law Unions were to be the necessary administrative unit for the civil registration of births, marriages and deaths introduced in 1837.
1675:
318:
300:
176:
1816:
493:, the idea that the success of something could be measured by whether it secured the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. This idea of utilitarianism underpinned the
233:) voting against. The act was implemented, but the full rigours of the intended system were never applied in Northern industrial areas; however, the apprehension contributed to the
398:
should receive much less support; poor-law authorities should no longer attempt to identify the fathers of illegitimate children and recover the costs of child support from them.
225:
and address abuses of the old system, prevalent in southern agricultural counties, by enabling a new system to be brought in. Under this system, relief would only be given in
474:
led employers to reduce wages, and needed reform to help workers who were not getting such aid and rate-payers whose poor-rates were going to subsidise low-wage employers.
758:
305:
Alarmed at the cost of poor relief in the southern agricultural districts of England (where, in many areas, it had become a semi-permanent top-up of labourers' wages—the
1890:
640:
After 1834, Poor Law policy aimed to transfer unemployed rural workers to urban areas where there was work, and protect urban ratepayers from paying too much.
1788:
466:" held that aid given to poor workers under the old Poor Law to supplement their wages had the effect of undermining the wages of other workers, so that the
1659:
332:
1324:
Cody, Lisa Forman. "The politics of illegitimacy in an age of reform: Women, reproduction, and political economy in England's new Poor Law of 1834."
668:
even named this act as "the starvation act." Even more, the act forced workers to relocate to the locations of workhouses, which separated families.
1915:
1849:
427:
348:
accept the comfort which must be obtained by the surrender of their free agency, and the sacrifice of their accustomed habits and gratifications."
406:
chastity on the woman's part the shortest road to obtaining either a husband or a competent maintenance; and to encourage extortion and perjury".
1745:
606:
65:
1046:"4&5 William IV c LXXVI. : An Act for the Amendment and better Administration of the Laws relating to the Poor in England and Wales"
517:
1930:
816:
728:, the reform of the Poor Laws, consequently had no effects on economic growth and economic performance in Industrial Revolution England."
1725:
241:
1210:
Clark, Gregory; Page, Marianne E. (2019). "Welfare reform, 1834: Did the New Poor Law in England produce significant economic gains?".
1859:
1498:
1312:
Clark, Gregory, and Marianne E. Page. "Welfare reform, 1834: Did the new poor law in England produce significant economic gains?."
1864:
1715:
645:
152:
47:
1844:
921:
890:
509:
1838:
1773:
1563:
1194:
1369:
1382:
1109:"Could You Starve to Death in England in 1839? The Chadwick-Farr Controversy and the Loss of the "Social" in Public Health"
1869:
979:
1895:
1821:
1778:
1685:
1534:
245:
1085:
785:, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the
1925:
1598:
1588:
1271:
544:
160:
1266:
Beckett, John. "Politics and the implementation of the New Poor Law: the Nottingham workhouse controversy, 1834–43."
1900:
1811:
1806:
677:
724:
free up migration to better opportunities in the cities. One of the first great triumphs of the new discipline of
1768:
1710:
701:
629:
525:
When the Act was introduced, it did not legislate for a detailed Poor Law regime. Instead, it set up a three-man
253:
1905:
987:
822:
610:
191:. Chadwick was dissatisfied with the law that resulted from his report. The Act was passed two years after the
969:
1544:
1796:
786:
329:
under this system, since it raised their poor rates. The Commission's report recommended sweeping changes:
1763:
1491:
602:
432:
655:
The PLAA was implemented differently and unevenly across England and Wales. One of the criticisms of the
1256:
Apfel, William, and Peter Dunkley. "English rural society and the new poor law: Bedfordshire, 1834–47."
782:
585:
One of the "Somerset House Despots": Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis, Chairman of Poor Law Commission 1834–39
443:
199:
to middle-class men. Some historians have argued that this was a major factor in the PLAA being passed.
188:
55:
163:
denying the right of the poor to subsistence. It completely replaced earlier legislation based on the
1608:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1573:
656:
548:
164:
113:
1753:
1644:
1603:
660:
suit the interests of their own parishes, resulting in an even greater degree of local variation.
590:
526:
471:
356:
out-relief, and their problem cases could well have simply been displaced to neighbouring parishes.
314:
218:'s doctrine that people did what was pleasant and would tend to claim relief rather than working.
1735:
1705:
1524:
1297:
The making of the new Poor law: the politics of inquiry, enactment, and implementation, 1832–1839
1235:
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172:
156:
830:
1519:
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1190:
1138:
737:
725:
463:
249:
222:
211:
148:
83:
1186:
1179:
1690:
1654:
1379:
Poverty and Poor Law Reform in Nineteenth-Century Britain, 1834–1914: From Chadwick to Booth
1219:
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184:
70:
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230:
192:
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1466:
127:
1758:
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581:
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486:
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344:
215:
207:
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180:
1045:
268:
60:
An Act for the Amendment and better Administration of the Laws relating to the Poor in
1884:
1471:
1239:
747:
459:
436:
234:
613:
a lawyer, while Chadwick, an author of the Royal Commission's report was Secretary.
1623:
1354:
Durbach, Najda. "Roast Beef, the New Poor Law, and the British Nation, 1834–1863".
1302:
Brundage, Anthony, and David Eastwood. "The Making of the New Poor Law Redivivus."
851:
687:
95:
210:'s principle that population increased faster than resources unless checked, the "
1476:
1399:
1289:
1649:
1618:
873:
855:
778:
752:
1156:
17:
1416:
The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700–1948
1223:
621:
513:
A "Poor Law Bastille": 1835 model design of a workhouse to hold 300 paupers...
1231:
1695:
1613:
1347:
1335:
The Workhouse System 1834-1929: The history of an English social institution
1261:
1093:
625:
326:
226:
1342:
Dunkley, Peter. "The ‘Hungry Forties’ and the New Poor Law: a Case Study."
958:(J W Cowell was one of the Assistant Commissioners of the Royal Commission)
202:
The Act has been described as "the classic example of the fundamental Whig-
1142:
1124:
446:
identified his ideas with Malthus while adding more variables, and Bishop
1911:
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England and Wales
1449:
Thane, Pat. "Women and the Poor Law in Victorian and Edwardian England,"
1317:
983:
826:
372:
lower classes at low cost, they not unnaturally looked much like prisons.
196:
711:
In 1847, Government legislation replaced the Poor Law Commission with a
1359:
1283:
1278:
Blaug, Mark. "The Myth of the Old Poor Law and the Making of the New".
573:
they were to be allowed to be visited by a minister of their religion.
1426:
1307:
1454:
1405:
715:
under much closer government supervision and parliamentary scrutiny.
530:
521:... 'classified' (men, women, girls, boys) and segregated accordingly
279: with: historical context of industrialisation. You can help by
1337:(Routledge, 2016) a major study of the chief feature of the new law.
991:
973:
1921:
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning healthcare
580:
516:
508:
331:
1410:(Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 86, 1995), 32 pp.
616:
The Commission's powers allowed it to specify policies for each
206:
reforming legislation of the period". Its theoretical basis was
1480:
263:
589:
The central body set up to administer the new system was the
240:
The importance of the Poor Law declined with the rise of the
1421:
Mandler, Peter. "The making of the new poor law redivivus."
485:, a major contributor to the Commission's report, developed
244:
in the 20th century. In 1948, the PLAA was repealed by the
555:
Clause 15 of the Act gave the Commission sweeping powers:
1086:"Workhouse – a fact of life in the Industrial Revolution"
829:: Centre for Public Policy and Management, archived from
301:
Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832
177:
1832 Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws
280:
171:
in England and Wales (similar changes were made to the
339:: Poor people coming to a workhouse for food, c. 1840
1472:
Spartacus article on the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act
319:
Royal Commission into the operation of the Poor Laws
1830:
1787:
1744:
1668:
1632:
1556:
1512:
126:
119:
109:
104:
94:
89:
77:
64:
54:
1178:
759:History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom
442:Of those serving on the Commission, the economist
1070:"Leicester Journal: Friday, August 10, 1838".
1492:
1157:"The Workhouse – The Story of an institution"
810:
808:
806:
704:of the mid-1840s, in which conditions in the
8:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
175:for Scotland in 1845). It resulted from the
35:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1660:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
1499:
1485:
1477:
1288:Boyer, James, et al. "English Poor Laws."
799:The Poor Law Amendment Act: 14 August 1834
167:and attempted to fundamentally change the
34:
1348:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X00007779
1132:
867:
865:
221:The Act was intended to curb the cost of
1396:The life and times of Sir Edwin Chadwick
1387:Filtness, David. "Poverty's Policeman"
872:Senior, Nassau; Chadwick, Edwin (1834),
1850:Timeline of the English Poor Law system
1467:Text of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act
770:
428:An Essay on the Principle of Population
1891:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1834
888:Speech of Mr Paulett Scrope (c1321)in
875:Poor Law Commissioners' Report of 1834
431:set out the influential doctrine that
193:Representation of the People Act 1832
128:Text of statute as originally enacted
7:
1368:(Manchester University Press, 1971)
1360:https://doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2013.122
256:to act as a residual relief agency.
1366:The anti-poor law movement, 1834-44
1860:List of poor law unions in England
1455:https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/6.1.29
1185:. London: Penguin Books. pp.
952:"The Amendment of the Poor Laws".
919:Speech of Lord Althorp (c 339) in
632:, which "allowed" outdoor relief.
25:
1434:The old Poor Law : 1795-1834
1113:American Journal of Public Health
1107:Hamlin, Christopher (June 1995).
777:The citation of this Act by this
609:, Overseer of the old system and
433:population growth was exponential
1865:List of poor law unions in Wales
1716:Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order
1543:
926:Hansard House of Commons Debates
922:"Poor Laws' Amendment—Committee"
895:Hansard House of Commons Debates
878:, London: H.M. Stationery Office
646:Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order
267:
260:1832 Royal Commission's findings
153:Parliament of the United Kingdom
48:Parliament of the United Kingdom
41:
1916:Poor Law in Britain and Ireland
1845:Historiography of the Poor Laws
1444:The English Poor Law, 1780–1930
950:"Mr Cowell's report" quoted in
891:"Poor-Laws Amendment—Committee"
858:. Economic History Association.
818:British social policy 1601–1948
539:approved by the Commissioners.
1839:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1774:Huddersfield workhouse scandal
1564:Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494
1507:Poor laws of the British Isles
975:Malthus Bicentenary Conference
27:United Kingdom poor relief law
1:
1870:List of Irish poor law unions
980:National Library of Australia
599:The Bashaws of Somerset House
1822:National Assistance Act 1948
1686:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
1408:Bristol and the New Poor Law
1292:; summary and historiography
601:It was initially made up of
597:, hence were called such as
252:. c. 29), which created the
246:National Assistance Act 1948
1931:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
1681:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
1599:Relief of the Poor Act 1782
1589:Relief of the Poor Act 1696
1346:17.2 (1974): 329-346. DOI:
1280:Journal of Economic History
593:. The Commission worked in
317:), Parliament had set up a
137:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
36:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
1947:
1802:Royal Commission (1905–09)
1391:(Feb 2014) 64#2 pp. 32–39.
1358:52.4 (2013): 963–89. DOI:
1356:Journal of British Studies
1326:Journal of Women's History
678:Opposition to the Poor Law
675:
298:
32:United Kingdom legislation
1769:Andover workhouse scandal
1711:Outdoor Labour Test Order
1541:
1333:Crowther, Margaret Anne.
1224:10.1007/s11698-018-0174-4
1177:Dickens, Charles (1966).
970:"Malthus and his critics"
702:Andover workhouse scandal
630:Outdoor Labour Test Order
254:National Assistance Board
40:
1451:History Workshop Journal
988:National Academies Forum
901:: cc1320-49. 26 May 1834
823:Robert Gordon University
636:Problematic Consequences
611:John George Shaw Lefevre
259:
79:Territorial extent
1797:Liberal welfare reforms
1779:Union Chargeability Act
1676:Royal commission (1832)
1432:Marshall, John Duncan.
932:: cc324-40. 9 June 1834
787:Interpretation Act 1978
529:, an "at arms' length"
1764:Local Government Board
1513:Poor laws by territory
1453:6#1 (1978), pp 29–51,
1394:Finer, Samuel Edward.
1344:The Historical Journal
1316:13.2 (2019): 221-244.
1270:41.2 (2016): 201-223.
968:Poynter, John (1998),
781:was authorised by the
603:Thomas Frankland Lewis
586:
562:
522:
514:
495:Poor Law Amendment Act
340:
143:) known widely as the
1789:Decline and abolition
1425:117 (1987): 131-157.
1418:(Cambridge UP, 1998).
1328:11.4 (2000): 131-156.
1306:127 (1990): 183-194.
1125:10.2105/ajph.85.6.856
783:Short Titles Act 1896
584:
557:
549:Sturges-Bourne's Acts
520:
512:
444:Nassau William Senior
335:
189:Nassau William Senior
169:poverty relief system
1609:Overseer of the poor
1594:Poor Relief Act 1722
1584:Poor Relief Act 1662
1579:Poor Relief Act 1601
1574:Poor Relief Act 1597
1364:Edsall, Nicholas C.
1260:10.1 (1985): 37-68.
1096:on 14 December 2007.
657:Poor Relief Act 1601
165:Poor Relief Act 1601
114:Poor Relief Act 1601
1896:1834 in British law
1754:Poor Law Commission
1604:House of correction
1414:Lees, Lynn Hollen,
1295:Brundage, Anthony.
1282:23 (1963): 151–84.
856:"English Poor Laws"
591:Poor Law Commission
527:Poor Law Commission
472:Speenhamland system
315:Speenhamland System
195:which extended the
37:
1926:August 1834 events
1746:Changes after 1834
1736:Scottish poorhouse
1706:Board of guardians
1550:Nantwich workhouse
1423:Past & Present
1377:Englander, David.
1304:Past & Present
994:on 20 October 2008
605:, former Tory MP,
587:
523:
515:
396:illegitimate child
341:
250:11 & 12 Geo. 6
1901:English Poor Laws
1878:
1877:
1551:
1520:England and Wales
1429:on historiography
1074:. 10 August 1838.
1072:Leicester Journal
738:English Poor Laws
726:Political Economy
464:iron law of wages
455:Iron law of wages
297:
296:
212:iron law of wages
179:, which included
133:
132:
105:Other legislation
84:England and Wales
71:4 & 5 Will. 4
16:(Redirected from
1938:
1817:Interwar poverty
1691:Less eligibility
1549:
1547:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1478:
1244:
1243:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1184:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:. Archived from
1082:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1042:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
990:, archived from
965:
959:
957:
956:. 20 April 1834.
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
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880:
879:
869:
860:
859:
848:
842:
841:
840:
838:
812:
801:
796:
790:
775:
468:Roundsman System
448:John Bird Sumner
323:less eligibility
311:Roundsman System
307:Allowance System
292:
289:
271:
264:
185:John Bird Sumner
121:Status: Repealed
80:
45:
44:
38:
21:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1906:1834 in England
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1855:Poor Relief Act
1826:
1812:Minority Report
1807:Majority Report
1783:
1740:
1721:Poor law unions
1664:
1628:
1569:Tudor poor laws
1552:
1548:
1539:
1508:
1505:
1463:
1442:Rose, M.E. ed.
1406:Large, David,
1268:Midland History
1253:
1251:Further reading
1248:
1247:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1176:
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1171:
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1084:
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849:
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836:
834:
833:on 20 July 2007
815:Spicker, Paul,
814:
813:
804:
797:
793:
776:
772:
767:
743:Tudor poor laws
734:
721:
683:Charles Dickens
680:
674:
638:
607:George Nicholls
579:
552:
536:William Cobbett
507:
480:
457:
420:
415:
337:Out-door relief
303:
293:
287:
284:
277:needs expansion
262:
237:of the period.
231:William Cobbett
122:
110:Repeals/revokes
78:
50:
42:
33:
28:
23:
22:
18:Poor-law reform
15:
12:
11:
5:
1944:
1942:
1934:
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1759:Poor Law Board
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1731:Book of Murder
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1701:Workhouse test
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1640:Outdoor relief
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1633:Relief systems
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1258:Social History
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595:Somerset House
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577:Implementation
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491:utilitarianism
487:Jeremy Bentham
483:Edwin Chadwick
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1047:
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545:Gilbert's Act
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498:
496:
492:
489:'s theory of
488:
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469:
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460:David Ricardo
454:
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418:Malthusianism
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288:December 2023
282:
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275:This section
273:
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242:welfare state
238:
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235:social unrest
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53:
49:
39:
30:
19:
1837:
1680:
1669:New Poor Law
1645:Speenhamland
1624:Buttock mail
1557:Old Poor Law
1450:
1443:
1433:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1395:
1388:
1378:
1365:
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1303:
1296:
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1215:
1211:
1205:
1181:Oliver Twist
1180:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1151:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1094:the original
1090:Cotton Times
1089:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
996:, retrieved
992:the original
974:
963:
954:The Examiner
953:
946:
934:. Retrieved
929:
925:
915:
903:. Retrieved
898:
894:
884:
874:
846:
835:, retrieved
831:the original
817:
794:
773:
722:
710:
698:
694:
688:Oliver Twist
686:
681:
665:
662:
654:
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571:
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541:
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441:
426:
421:
364:workhouses".
336:
304:
285:
281:adding to it
276:
239:
220:
201:
145:New Poor Law
144:
140:
136:
134:
96:Royal assent
29:
1650:Labour Rate
1619:Poor relief
1535:Isle of Man
1402:pp. 39–114.
1314:Cliometrica
1212:Cliometrica
998:13 December
837:13 December
779:short title
755:, worldwide
753:Poor relief
223:poor relief
1885:Categories
1726:Opposition
1196:0140430172
1187:54 and seq
765:References
672:Opposition
622:Lancashire
437:Malthusian
345:Out-relief
327:ratepayers
227:workhouses
204:Benthamite
56:Long title
1696:Workhouse
1655:Roundsman
1614:Poor rate
1240:158704375
1232:1863-2505
626:Yorkshire
413:Doctrines
197:franchise
161:Earl Grey
147:, was an
1525:Scotland
1162:16 April
984:Canberra
827:Aberdeen
732:See also
685:' novel
173:poor law
66:Citation
1530:Ireland
1436:(1977)
1400:excerpt
1398:(1952)
1383:excerpt
1381:(1998)
1299:(1978).
1143:7762726
1134:1615507
706:Andover
423:Malthus
151:of the
73:. c. 76
1446:(1971)
1438:online
1427:online
1370:online
1318:online
1308:online
1284:online
1272:online
1262:online
1238:
1230:
1193:
1141:
1131:
1055:30 May
719:Impact
531:quango
380:ensue.
214:" and
1831:Other
1290:EHnet
1236:S2CID
936:3 May
905:3 May
666:Times
505:Terms
313:, or
90:Dates
1228:ISSN
1191:ISBN
1164:2019
1139:PMID
1057:2015
1000:2008
938:2015
907:2015
839:2008
624:and
470:and
462:'s "
187:and
157:Whig
141:PLAA
135:The
1220:doi
1129:PMC
1121:doi
648:.
439:".
283:.
149:Act
1887::
1234:.
1226:.
1216:13
1214:.
1189:.
1137:.
1127:.
1117:85
1115:.
1111:.
1088:.
1048:.
1007:^
986::
982:,
978:,
972:,
930:24
928:.
924:.
899:23
897:.
893:.
864:^
854:.
825:,
821:,
805:^
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1372:.
1242:.
1222::
1199:.
1166:.
1145:.
1123::
1059:.
940:.
909:.
789:.
290:)
286:(
248:(
139:(
20:)
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