1726:
1141:
1157:
1173:
439:
1189:
7665:
1842:
sleeps in good health. About two o'clock in the morning he is awakened by a severe pain in the great toe; more rarely in the heel, ankle, or instep. The pain is like that of a dislocation and yet parts feel as if cold water were poured over them. Then follows chills and shivers and a little fever... The night is passed in torture, sleeplessness, turning the part affected and perpetual change of posture; the tossing about of body being as incessant as the pain of the tortured joint and being worse as the fit comes on.
735:
1659:
1635:
1623:
366:
1583:
1647:
1611:
1599:
4012:
1156:
1681:
at some point in their lifetimes and is becoming more common. Some 5.8 million people were affected in 2013. Rates of gout approximately doubled between 1990 and 2010. This rise is believed to be due to increasing life expectancy, changes in diet and an increase in diseases associated with gout, such
1333:
Febuxostat is only recommended in those who cannot tolerate allopurinol. There are concerns about more deaths with febuxostat compared to allopurinol. Febuxostat may also increase the rate of gout flares during early treatment. However, there is tentative evidence that febuxostat may bring down urate
1292:
While historically it is not recommended to start allopurinol during an acute attack of gout, this practice appears acceptable. Allopurinol blocks uric acid production, and is the most commonly used agent. Long term therapy is safe and well-tolerated and can be used in people with renal impairment or
761:
may be walled off by a ring of proteins, which blocks interaction of the crystals with cells and therefore avoids inflammation. Naked crystals may break out of walled-off tophi due to minor physical damage to the joint, medical or surgical stress, or rapid changes in uric acid levels. When they break
725:
are also associated with gout, the former more so when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Hyperuricemia may be induced by excessive use of
Vitamin D supplements. Levels of serum uric acid have been positively associated with 25(OH) D. The incidence of hyperuricemia increased 9.4% for every
537:
Physical fitness, healthy weight, low-fat dairy products, and to a lesser extent, coffee and taking vitamin C, appear to decrease the risk of gout; however, taking vitamin C supplements does not appear to have a significant effect in people who already have established gout. Peanuts, brown bread, and
1284:
exist. It is not until this point that medications are cost-effective. They are not usually started until one to two weeks after an acute flare has resolved, due to theoretical concerns of worsening the attack. They are often used in combination with either an NSAID or colchicine for the first three
1716:
Taiwan, Hong Kong and
Singapore have releatively higher prevalence of gout. A study based on the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) estimated that 4.92% of Taiwanese residents have gout in 2004. A survey hold by the Hong Kong government found that 5.1% of Hong Kong resident between
1288:
While it has been recommended that urate-lowering measures should be increased until serum uric acid levels are below 300–360 μmol/L (5.0–6.0 mg/dL), there is little evidence to support this practice over simply putting people on a standard dose of allopurinol. If these medications are in
392:
is affected most often, accounting for half of cases. Other joints, such as the heels, knees, wrists, and fingers, may also be affected. Joint pain usually begins during the night and peaks within 24 hours of onset. This is mainly due to lower body temperature. Other symptoms may rarely occur along
7050:
Explore 2, no. 6 (2006): 515–519. - "Both the Ebers and Edwin Smith Papyri describe a condition that is clearly gout. They were written about 1552 BC but contain information taken from texts a thousand years earlier, and ascribed to
Imhotep, a kind of ancient world Leonardo da Vinci, and the great
1841:
Gouty patients are, generally, either old men or men who have so worn themselves out in youth as to have brought on a premature old age—of such dissolute habits none being more common than the premature and excessive indulgence in venery and the like exhausting passions. The victim goes to bed and
470:
develop gout at some point in their lifetimes. The risk, however, varies depending on the degree of hyperuricemia. When levels are between 415 and 530 μmol/L (7 and 8.9 mg/dL), the risk is 0.5% per year, while in those with a level greater than 535 μmol/L (9 mg/dL), the risk is
1428:
NSAIDs are the usual first-line treatment for gout. No specific agent is significantly more or less effective than any other. Improvement may be seen within four hours and treatment is recommended for one to two weeks. They are not recommended for those with certain other health problems, such as
1391:
The initial aim of treatment is to settle the symptoms of an acute attack. Repeated attacks can be prevented by medications that reduce serum uric acid levels. Tentative evidence supports the application of ice for 20 to 30 minutes several times a day to decrease pain. Options for acute treatment
1348:
is an option for the 3% of people who are intolerant to other medications. It is a third line agent. Pegloticase is given as an intravenous infusion every two weeks, and reduces uric acid levels. Pegloticase is useful decreasing tophi but has a high rate of side effects and many people develop
800:
The triggers for precipitation of uric acid are not well understood. While it may crystallize at normal levels, it is more likely to do so as levels increase. Other triggers believed to be important in acute episodes of arthritis include cool temperatures, rapid changes in uric acid levels,
1808:
Again thick urine, the sediment from which is white, indicates that pain and disease are to be apprehended in the region of joints or viscera... Joint troubles in the hands and feet are very frequent and persistent, such as occur in cases of podagra and cheiragra. These seldom attack
1468:
is an alternative for those unable to tolerate NSAIDs. At high doses, side effects (primarily gastrointestinal upset) limit its usage. At lower doses, which are still effective, it is well tolerated. Colchicine may interact with other commonly prescribed drugs, such as
1140:
1337:
Probenecid appears to be less effective than allopurinol and is a second line agent. Probenecid may be used if undersecretion of uric acid is present (24-hour urine uric acid less than 800 mg). It is, however, not recommended if a person has a history of
1065:
is a classic feature of gout, but nearly half of the time gout occurs without hyperuricemia and most people with raised uric acid levels never develop gout. Thus, the diagnostic utility of measuring uric acid levels is limited. Hyperuricemia is defined as a
1188:
70:
1374:
reduces blood uric acid levels by preventing uric acid absorption in the kidneys. It was approved in the United States for use together with allopurinol, among those who were unable to reach their uric acid level targets. Side effects include
1774:) each mention arthritis of the first metacarpophalangeal joint as a distinct type of arthritis. These ancient manuscripts cite (now missing) Egyptian texts about gout that are claimed to have been written 1,000 years earlier and ascribed to
7514:
7499:
63:
357:, longer life expectancy, and changes in diet. Older males are most commonly affected. Gout was historically known as "the disease of kings" or "rich man's disease". It has been recognized at least since the time of the ancient Egyptians.
7047:
6707:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
6329:
1172:
5665:
3088:
Ebrahimpour-Koujan S, Saneei P, Larijani B, et al. (2020). "Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages and dietary fructose in relation to risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
352:
Gout affects about 1–2% of adults in the developed world at some point in their lives. It has become more common in recent decades. This is believed to be due to increasing risk factors in the population, such as
68:
67:
64:
1515:, such as back pain, headache, and increased blood pressure. They, however, may work less well than usual doses of NSAIDS. The high cost of this class of drugs may also discourage their use for treating gout.
809:
proteins. The increased precipitation at low temperatures partly explains why the joints in the feet are most commonly affected. Rapid changes in uric acid may occur due to factors including trauma, surgery,
69:
466:, the salts of uric acid. Underexcretion of uric acid by the kidney is the primary cause of hyperuricemia in about 90% of cases, while overproduction is the cause in less than 10%. About 10% of people with
6296:
7742:
6558:
671:
greater than or equal to 35 increases male risk of gout threefold. Chronic lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout due to the harmful effect of lead on kidney function.
7000:
6024:
Winzenberg T, Buchbinder R (2009). "Cochrane
Musculoskeletal Group review: acute gout. Steroids or NSAIDs? Let this overview from the Cochrane Group help you decide what's best for your patient".
8056:
545:
Other than dietary and lifestyle choices, the recurrence of gout attacks is also linked to the weather. High ambient temperature and low relative humidity may increase the risk of a gout attack.
5798:"EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT)"
7856:
6394:"Comparison of oral prednisolone/paracetamol and oral indomethacin/paracetamol combination therapy in the treatment of acute goutlike arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial"
1713:. Some studies found that attacks of gout occur more frequently in the spring. This has been attributed to seasonal changes in diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and temperature.
1179:
1107:
66:
6321:
1086:(ESR). However, both the white blood cells and ESR may be elevated due to gout in the absence of infection. A white blood cell count as high as 40.0×10/l (40,000/mm) has been documented.
1529:
Without treatment, an acute attack of gout usually resolves in five to seven days; however, 60% of people have a second attack within one year. Those with gout are at increased risk of
1264:
is generally the recommended preventative treatment if medications are used. A number of other medications may occasionally be considered to prevent further episodes of gout, including
479:
Dietary causes account for about 12% of gout, and include a strong association with the consumption of alcohol, sugar-sweetened beverages, meat, and seafood. Among foods richest in
8041:
1289:
chronic use at the time of an attack, it is recommended that they be continued. Levels that cannot be brought below 6.0 mg/dL while attacks continue indicates refractory gout.
6202:"Safety of colchicine and NSAID prophylaxis when initiating urate-lowering therapy for gout: propensity score-matched cohort studies in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink"
1717:
45–59 years and 6.1% of those older than 60 years have gout. A study hold in
Singapore found that 2,117 in 52,322 people between 45–74 years have gout, roughly equals to 4.1%.
1545:
and thus are at increased risk of death. It is unclear whether medications that lower urate affect cardiovascular disease risks. This may be partly due to its association with
1014:
Gout may be diagnosed and treated without further investigations in someone with hyperuricemia and the classic acute arthritis of the base of the great toe (known as podagra).
310:, and surrounding tissues, resulting in an attack of gout. Gout occurs more commonly in those who regularly drink beer or sugar-sweetened beverages; eat foods that are high in
8061:
1622:
6980:
Randolphus of
Bocking was the first to use the word 'gout' to express the clinical signs of podagra. Bocking was the domestic chaplain to Bishop of Chichester (1197-1258).
7735:
6916:
1054:. This test is difficult to perform and requires a trained observer. The fluid must be examined relatively soon after aspiration, as temperature and pH affect solubility.
1449:, may be preferred due to its better side effect profile in the absence of superior effectiveness. For those at risk of gastric side effects from NSAIDs, an additional
1725:
462:, often related to relatively high levels in the blood, is the underlying cause of gout. This can occur because of diet, genetic predisposition, or underexcretion of
5657:
600:
306:). This occurs from a combination of diet, other health problems, and genetic factors. At high levels, uric acid crystallizes and the crystals deposit in joints,
5768:
7728:
1813:
or boys before coition with a woman, or women except those in whom the menses have become suppressed... some have obtained lifelong security by refraining from
1572:
also frequently complicate gout, affecting between 10 and 40% of people, and occur due to low urine pH promoting the precipitation of uric acid. Other forms of
1368:
is not effective for tophi resolution. Potential side effects include kidney stones, anemia and joint pain. In 2016, it was withdrawn from the
European market.
6272:
5502:"Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials"
1759:
Gout has been known since antiquity. Historically, wits have referred to it as "the king of diseases and the disease of kings" or as "rich man's disease". The
7944:
7700:
1634:
5365:
7401:
65:
5486:
1582:
1420:
is also important. Lifestyle interventions have been poorly studied. It is unclear whether dietary supplements have an effect in people with gout.
1070:
urate level greater than 420 μmol/L (7.0 mg/dL) in males and 360 μmol/L (6.0 mg/dL) in females. Other blood tests commonly performed are
8046:
5408:
2785:
1102:. This should be considered in those with signs of infection or those who do not improve with treatment. To help with diagnosis, a synovial fluid
7100:
534:. Eating skim milk powder enriched with glycomacropeptide (GMP) and G600 milk fat extract may reduce pain but may result in diarrhea and nausea.
4080:
Virsaladze DK, Tetradze LO, Dzhavashvili LV, et al. (2007). "" [Levels of uric acid in serum in patients with metabolic syndrome].
337:
improves symptoms. Once the acute attack subsides, levels of uric acid can be lowered via lifestyle changes and in those with frequent attacks,
510:
Studies in the early 2000s found that other dietary factors are not relevant. Specifically, a diet with moderate purine-rich vegetables (e.g.,
5343:
7131:
5311:
4250:
3955:
2026:
1987:
5899:"Corticosteroid or Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs for the Treatment of Acute Gout: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials"
3617:
Park KY, Kim HJ, Ahn HS, et al. (April 2016). "Effects of coffee consumption on serum uric acid: systematic review and meta-analysis".
438:
8071:
326:
201:
1552:
Without treatment, episodes of acute gout may develop into chronic gout with destruction of joint surfaces, joint deformity, and painless
1022:
are usually normal and are not useful for confirming a diagnosis of early gout. They may show signs of chronic gout such as bone erosion.
5317:
2032:
1993:
7538:
5739:
1393:
1488:
have been found to be as effective as NSAIDs and may be used if contraindications exist for NSAIDs. They also lead to improvement when
1198:
of a left foot in the metatarsal-phalangeal joint of the big toe. Note also the soft tissue swelling at the lateral border of the foot.
1898:
do not have this ability; thus, gout is common. Other animals with uricase include fish, amphibians and most non-primate mammals. The
1686:. Factors that influence rates of gout include age, race, and the season of the year. In men over 30 and women over 50, rates are 2%.
1311:
7069:
5937:
1658:
6961:
6325:
4476:
4454:
1956:
1280:. Long term medications are not recommended until a person has had two attacks of gout, unless destructive joint changes, tophi, or
248:
7030:
3523:"Effects of diet, physical activity and performance, and body weight on incident gout in ostensibly healthy, vigorously active men"
4583:
7872:
314:
such as liver, shellfish, or anchovies; or are overweight. Diagnosis of gout may be confirmed by the presence of crystals in the
6936:
5161:
2627:
6865:
Kuo CF, Grainge MJ, Zhang W, et al. (7 July 2015). "Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence and risk factors".
3973:"Association between serum vitamin D and uric acid in the eastern Chinese population: a population-based cross-sectional study"
3333:
592:
7679:
1083:
7968:
7179:
6967:
6755:
530:. Alcohol consumption is strongly associated with increased risk, with wine presenting somewhat less of a risk than beer or
6102:
van Durme CM, Wechalekar MD, Landewé RB (9 June 2015). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment of acute gout".
5102:
3800:
Stamp L, Searle M, O'Donnell J, et al. (2005). "Gout in solid organ transplantation: a challenging clinical problem".
3134:"Total Purine and Purine Base Content of Common Foodstuffs for Facilitating Nutritional Therapy for Gout and Hyperuricemia"
7939:
6434:
5154:"Drug Safety and Availability – FDA adds Boxed Warning for increased risk of death with gout medicine Uloric (febuxostat)"
1736:
The
English term "gout" first occurs in the work of Randolphus of Bocking, around 1200 AD. It derives from the Latin word
1166:, with yellow color when aligned parallel to the axis of the red compensator, and blue when aligned perpendicularly to it.
6666:"Cardiovascular effects of urate-lowering therapies in patients with chronic gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5009:
4608:"Fructose intake and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies"
1837:, an English physician, described its occurrence in the early hours of the morning and its predilection for older males:
587:
causes low blood uric acid levels by reducing urate absorption and unopposed urate secretion. The rare genetic disorders
4192:"Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case-control study"
2703:
1496:
must be excluded, however, as glucocorticoids worsen this condition. There were no short-term adverse effects reported.
699:
660:
2430:
1928:. Canakinumab may result in better outcomes than a low dose of a glucocorticoid, but costs five thousand times more. A
1646:
7905:
6459:
Wechalekar MD, Vinik O, Schlesinger N, et al. (30 April 2013). "Intra-articular glucocorticoids for acute gout".
3946:
Firestein GS, Budd RC, Harris ED, McInnes IB, Ruddy S, Sergent JS, eds. (2008). "Chapter 87: Gout and
Hyperuricemia".
1281:
427:
7155:
5713:
4168:
2656:"Management of Gout: A Systematic Review in Support of an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline"
6247:
5131:
2992:
575:
genes have been found to be commonly associated with gout and variations in them can approximately double the risk.
5761:
1404:. While glucocorticoids and NSAIDs work equally well, glucocorticoids may be safer. Options for prevention include
1744:
1430:
1031:
814:
and diuretics. The starting or increasing of urate-lowering medications can lead to an acute attack of gout with
754:
576:
385:
370:
272:
268:
2957:"SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout"
1610:
1342:. Probenecid can be used in a combined therapy with allopurinol is more effective than allopurinol monotherapy.
604:
7895:
7552:
7378:
4972:"Management of Acute and Recurrent Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians"
2391:"Management of Acute and Recurrent Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians"
1252:
via the release of purines from oxygen-starved cells. Treatment of apnea can lessen the occurrence of attacks.
1221:
79:
7409:
4374:
1875:
1787:
1729:
1511:, showed moderate effectiveness for pain relief and reduction of joint swelling, but have increased risk of
1301:
819:
5478:
3182:"Evaluation of the diet wide contribution to serum urate levels: meta-analysis of population based cohorts"
1693:, gout is twice as likely in males of African descent than those of European descent. Rates are high among
7963:
7890:
4799:
Dakkak M, Lanney H (August 2021). "Management of Gout: Update from the
American College of Rheumatology".
1801:
1698:
1542:
1119:
1095:
1071:
715:
381:
256:
162:
5381:"Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction between Allopurinol and Probenecid??in Healthy Subjects"
8051:
7035:
It has been referred to, maybe a touch inaccurately, as 'The disease of kings and the king of diseases.'
1854:
The Gout is a chronical disease most commonly affecting the feet. If it attacks the knees, it is called
1450:
588:
6322:"Information for Healthcare Professionals: New Safety Information for Colchicine (marketed as Colcrys)"
2777:
7951:
7671:
7664:
7344:
5380:
3574:
Choi HK (March 2010). "A prescription for lifestyle change in patients with hyperuricemia and gout".
2576:
Schlesinger N (March 2010). "Diagnosing and treating gout: a review to aid primary care physicians".
1879:
1127:
1111:
1002:
806:
171:
7092:
8003:
7956:
7885:
7843:
7518:
5339:
1764:
1701:, despite a higher mean uric acid serum concentration in the latter group. It has become common in
1683:
1598:
1115:
683:
554:
8066:
8036:
7918:
7880:
7370:
7313:
7270:
6288:
5929:
5001:
4858:
3864:
3825:
3599:
3527:
3503:
3403:
3259:
3114:
3070:
2984:
2885:
2601:
2488:
2371:
2119:
1878:
first described the microscopic appearance of urate crystals in 1679. In 1848, English physician
1804:(30 AD) described the linkage with alcohol, later onset in women and associated kidney problems:
1710:
1546:
1538:
1123:
786:
687:
632:
620:
539:
418:
due to bone erosion. Elevated levels of uric acid may also lead to crystals precipitating in the
354:
107:
7998:
6499:
4302:"Diagnosis of Acute Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians"
757:
and forming deposits (tophi) in joints, on tendons, and in the surrounding tissues. Microscopic
7175:
Therapeutics: Or, the Art of Healing: To which is Added, a Glossary of the Most Difficult Words
1628:
Gout complicated by ruptured tophi, the exudate of which tested positive for uric acid crystals
408:) may result in other symptoms, including hard, painless deposits of uric acid crystals called
7851:
7592:
7563:
7462:
7362:
7305:
7262:
7224:
7127:
6957:
6928:
6890:
6882:
6847:
6812:
6736:
6687:
6646:
6616:
6550:
6532:
6480:
6472:
6426:
6374:
6239:
6221:
6179:
6161:
6119:
6084:
6033:
6003:
5985:
5921:
5879:
5827:
5639:
5621:
5582:
5533:
5457:
5400:
5359:
5307:
5301:
5279:
5261:
5222:
5204:
5094:
5067:
5040:
4993:
4952:
4911:
4893:
4850:
4808:
4781:
4727:
4686:
4637:
4556:
4507:
4428:
4401:
4350:
4323:
4275:
4246:
4240:
4221:
4139:
4112:
4085:
4062:
4004:
3951:
3928:
3882:
3817:
3782:
3730:
3691:
3673:
3634:
3591:
3553:
3495:
3460:
3442:
3395:
3360:
3304:
3251:
3211:
3155:
3106:
3062:
2976:
2937:
2877:
2831:
2756:
2677:
2593:
2537:
2480:
2412:
2363:
2261:
2215:
2173:
2111:
2022:
2016:
1983:
1977:
1900:
1534:
746:
624:
394:
292:
95:
5735:
5124:"Febuxostat for the management of hyperuricaemia in people with gout Guidance and guidelines"
7828:
7820:
7452:
7444:
7352:
7301:
7297:
7254:
7214:
6874:
6839:
6802:
6794:
6726:
6718:
6677:
6606:
6598:
6540:
6522:
6514:
6464:
6416:
6408:
6364:
6356:
6280:
6273:"How common are side-effects of treatment to prevent gout flares when starting allopurinol?"
6229:
6213:
6169:
6153:
6111:
6074:
6064:
5993:
5975:
5913:
5869:
5861:
5817:
5809:
5629:
5613:
5572:
5564:
5523:
5513:
5447:
5439:
5392:
5269:
5253:
5212:
5196:
4983:
4942:
4901:
4885:
4842:
4771:
4761:
4717:
4676:
4668:
4627:
4619:
4546:
4538:
4499:
4391:
4383:
4313:
4211:
4203:
4052:
3994:
3984:
3918:
3872:
3856:
3809:
3772:
3764:
3722:
3681:
3665:
3626:
3583:
3543:
3535:
3487:
3450:
3434:
3387:
3350:
3342:
3294:
3286:
3243:
3201:
3193:
3145:
3098:
3054:
2968:
2927:
2919:
2869:
2746:
2738:
2667:
2585:
2527:
2519:
2472:
2402:
2355:
2253:
2207:
2163:
2103:
1565:
1493:
1099:
936:
656:
648:
538:
fruit also appear protective. This is believed to be partly due to their effect in reducing
531:
527:
231:
167:
6953:
The Essentials of Charcot Neuroarthropathy: Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and MRI Findings
7801:
7245:
Agudelo CA, Wise CM (2001). "Gout: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations".
7061:
1929:
1834:
1664:
1489:
1454:
1079:
1047:
1006:
668:
504:
492:
455:
380:
Gout can present in several ways, although the most common is a recurrent attack of acute
7923:
5898:
4469:"Gout and Pseudogout: Differential Diagnoses & Workup – eMedicine Emergency Medicine"
4468:
4446:
271:. Pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intensity in less than 12 hours. The
7457:
7432:
7348:
7022:
6611:
6586:
6234:
4906:
4877:
4527:"Atypical Triggering at the Wrist due to Intratendinous Infiltration of Tophaceous Gout"
734:
7993:
7775:
7523:
7169:
6807:
6782:
6731:
6706:
6545:
6421:
6369:
6344:
6174:
6141:
6079:
6052:
5998:
5963:
5874:
5849:
5822:
5797:
5634:
5601:
5577:
5552:
5452:
5431:
5274:
5241:
5217:
5184:
4722:
4705:
4681:
4656:
4632:
4607:
4575:
4551:
4526:
4396:
4369:
4216:
4191:
3999:
3923:
3906:
3877:
3844:
3777:
3752:
3710:
3686:
3653:
3548:
3522:
3455:
3422:
3355:
3328:
3206:
3181:
3177:
2932:
2907:
2860:
Terkeltaub R (January 2010). "Update on gout: new therapeutic strategies and options".
2751:
2726:
2532:
2507:
2460:
2091:
1905:
1847:
1779:
1573:
1485:
1457:
may work as well as nonselective NSAIDs for acute gout attack with fewer side effects.
1434:
1401:
1376:
1213:
1043:
1035:
1015:
881:
644:
640:
639:, occurs in nearly 75% of cases. Other conditions commonly complicated by gout include
496:
330:
315:
260:
205:
116:
31:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7288:
Choi HK, Mount DB, Reginato AM, et al. (4 October 2005). "Pathogenesis of gout".
7219:
7202:
6722:
6412:
4846:
2476:
2359:
2107:
1293:
urate stones, although hypersensitivity occurs in a small number of individuals. The
8031:
8025:
7780:
7770:
7689:
7258:
6843:
6292:
5396:
5153:
5005:
4862:
3813:
3630:
3507:
3407:
2619:
2492:
2375:
2123:
1797:
1760:
1690:
1678:
1569:
1512:
1504:
1438:
1273:
1233:
1163:
1062:
1051:
790:
695:
467:
405:
303:
87:
7694:
7603:
7274:
4490:
Jordan DR, Belliveau MJ, Brownstein S, et al. (2008). "Medial canthal tophus".
3829:
3603:
3263:
3118:
2889:
2605:
1822:
17:
7988:
7833:
7811:
7615:
7448:
7374:
6602:
6518:
6468:
6360:
6157:
5980:
5933:
5865:
5617:
5568:
5443:
5257:
5200:
4889:
4672:
4103:
Moyer RA, John DS (2003). "Acute gout precipitated by total parenteral nutrition".
3438:
3074:
2988:
1753:
1556:. These tophi occur in 30% of those who are untreated for five years, often in the
1530:
1519:
1474:
1470:
1380:
1339:
1315:
1067:
974:
900:
827:
811:
778:
767:
711:
703:
664:
636:
628:
423:
288:
100:
7317:
6682:
6665:
4947:
4930:
3102:
2168:
2151:
7557:
7173:
6951:
6759:
4503:
4419:
Sachs L, Batra KL, Zimmermann B (2009). "Medical implications of hyperuricemia".
3726:
3587:
3491:
3346:
3058:
2778:"Rich Man's Disease – definition of Rich Man's Disease in the Medical dictionary"
2523:
2211:
686:
does not seem to increase risk. Other medications that increase the risk include
7751:
7635:
7618:
7587:
4623:
1936:
1921:
1829:
Benjamin Welles, an English physician, authored the first medical book on gout,
1783:
1694:
1557:
1508:
1442:
1417:
1405:
1365:
1345:
1327:
1323:
1261:
1249:
1209:
1075:
1019:
771:
718:
616:
338:
191:
187:
149:
7609:
7568:
6393:
6284:
5086:
4931:"Overview of Serum Uric Acid Treatment Targets in Gout: Why Less Than 6 mg/dL?"
4267:
3989:
3247:
2198:
Beyl RN Jr, Hughes L, Morgan S (2016). "Update on Importance of Diet in Gout".
1979:
Gentleman Revolutionary: Gouverneur Morris, the Rake Who Wrote the Constitution
1248:
may help prevent gout attacks, as does losing weight. Gout may be secondary to
789:, one of the key proteins in the inflammatory cascade. An evolutionary loss of
8008:
7796:
7624:
7612:
7606:
6830:
Fam AG (May 2000). "What is new about crystals other than monosodium urate?".
5058:
Robinson PC, Stamp LK (May 2016). "The management of gout: Much has changed".
4971:
4542:
2923:
2742:
1925:
1895:
1465:
1413:
1409:
1397:
1357:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1126:. Gouty tophi, in particular when not located in a joint, can be mistaken for
1103:
815:
722:
500:
488:
342:
334:
209:
175:
131:
112:
7704:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 289–291.
6886:
6536:
6476:
6225:
6165:
5989:
5625:
5265:
5208:
4897:
4657:"An old disease with new insights: Update on diagnosis and treatment of gout"
4387:
3768:
3677:
3539:
3446:
3329:"Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systematic review of the literature"
2873:
2695:
2589:
1106:
and culture may be performed. Other conditions that can look similar include
7765:
7598:
7508:
6878:
6217:
5813:
5085:
Dean L, Kane M (2012), Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, Esquivel B (eds.),
4750:"2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout"
4041:"Evil humors take their Toll as innate immunity makes gouty joints TREM-ble"
3654:"Relation of Temperature and Humidity to the Risk of Recurrent Gout Attacks"
2438:
1944:
1859:
1706:
1561:
1446:
1445:
has historically been the most commonly used NSAID, an alternative, such as
1371:
1350:
1237:
994:
955:
782:
750:
739:
707:
652:
463:
459:
447:
415:
401:
346:
299:
264:
142:
7649:
7466:
7309:
7266:
7228:
7147:
6932:
6894:
6851:
6816:
6740:
6691:
6650:
6620:
6554:
6484:
6430:
6378:
6243:
6183:
6123:
6115:
6088:
6037:
6007:
5925:
5883:
5831:
5643:
5586:
5537:
5518:
5501:
5461:
5404:
5283:
5226:
5098:
5071:
5044:
4997:
4956:
4915:
4854:
4812:
4785:
4731:
4690:
4641:
4560:
4511:
4432:
4405:
4354:
4327:
4279:
4225:
4160:
4116:
4089:
4066:
4008:
3932:
3821:
3786:
3734:
3695:
3638:
3595:
3557:
3499:
3464:
3399:
3364:
3308:
3255:
3215:
3159:
3110:
3066:
2980:
2941:
2881:
2835:
2760:
2681:
2597:
2541:
2484:
2416:
2367:
2265:
2219:
2177:
2152:"The British Society for Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout"
2115:
826:
are associated with a lower risk of gout compared to other medications for
7366:
5917:
5709:
4776:
4143:
3886:
3282:"Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men"
3150:
3133:
2257:
1855:
1182:(pseudogout) displays rhombus-shaped crystals with positive birefringence.
1042:. All synovial fluid samples obtained from undiagnosed inflamed joints by
90:, 1799), which depicts the pain of the artist's gout as a demon or dragon.
6950:
Pierre-Jerome C (11 May 2022). "8.5: Gout and Charcot neuroarthropathy".
6798:
6201:
5551:
Sriranganathan MK, Vinik O, Pardo Pardo J, et al. (11 August 2021).
5123:
3669:
3299:
3281:
3045:
Chen LX, Schumacher HR (October 2008). "Gout: an evidence-based review".
2956:
2021:(1. publ. ed.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 143.
2018:
From Hogarth to Rowlandson: medicine in art in eighteenth-century Britain
1917:
1916:
A number of new medications are under study for treating gout, including
1749:
1217:
1131:
823:
802:
679:
565:
155:
120:
7640:
6140:
van Durme CM, Wechalekar MD, Landewé RB, et al. (9 December 2021).
5687:"Pegloticase: withdrawal of its EU marketing authorisation is welcome".
1863:
7629:
6498:
Janssens HJ, Lucassen PL, Van de Laar FA, et al. (23 April 2008).
6343:
McKenzie BJ, Wechalekar MD, Johnston RV, et al. (26 August 2021).
3868:
1932:
1891:
1867:
1793:
1775:
1549:
and obesity, but some of the increased risk appears to be independent.
1319:
1294:
1229:
794:
691:
596:
523:
519:
484:
480:
7491:
6992:
6917:"Hyperuricemia and gout: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment"
6527:
5848:
Moi JH, Sriranganathan MK, Edwards CJ, et al. (4 November 2013).
5528:
4766:
4749:
4207:
4057:
4040:
3391:
3197:
259:
characterized by recurrent attacks of pain in a red, tender, hot, and
7720:
7683:
7503:
7357:
5093:, Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US),
4988:
4318:
4301:
2700:
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
2672:
2655:
2407:
2390:
1940:
1810:
1589:
1553:
1245:
1241:
1225:
1195:
1147:
1039:
763:
758:
559:
443:
419:
409:
389:
374:
319:
311:
307:
284:
276:
7709:
7332:
4447:"Gout: Differential Diagnoses & Workup – eMedicine Rheumatology"
3860:
1640:
Gout in the big toe of left foot, compared to the healthy right foot
365:
349:
and having a diet high in low-fat dairy products may be preventive.
7431:
Sivera F, Wechalekar MD, Andrés M, et al. (1 September 2014).
6069:
2972:
1890:
Gout is rare in most other animals due to their ability to produce
1732:
described the microscopic appearance of uric acid crystals in 1679.
1050:
microscopy, they have a needle-like morphology and strong negative
1030:
A definitive diagnosis of gout is based upon the identification of
503:. Chicken and potatoes also appear related. Other triggers include
5962:
Andrés M, Sivera F, Buchbinder R, et al. (12 November 2021).
5306:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 251.
3421:
Moi JH, Sriranganathan MK, Edwards CJ, et al. (31 May 2013).
1724:
1702:
1306:
775:
733:
571:
511:
437:
364:
7669:
Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the
7546:
7543:
5183:
Tayar JH, Lopez-Olivo MA, Suarez-Almazor ME (14 November 2012).
4606:
Jamnik J, Rehman S, Blanco Mejia S, et al. (October 2016).
1818:
1814:
1752:
and "the notion of the 'dropping' of a morbid material from the
515:
54:
7724:
6200:
Roddy E, Bajpai R, Forrester H, et al. (1 December 2023).
4876:
Kydd AS, Seth R, Buchbinder R, et al. (14 November 2014).
4748:
FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, et al. (11 May 2020).
3845:"Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure"
2906:
Tausche AK, Jansen TL, Schröder HE, et al. (August 2009).
2389:
Qaseem A, Harris RP, Forciea MA, et al. (3 January 2017).
1882:
identified excess uric acid in the blood as the cause of gout.
1416:. Lowering uric acid levels can cure the disease. Treatment of
7913:
5240:
Seth R, Kydd AS, Buchbinder R, et al. (14 October 2014).
4300:
Qaseem A, McLean RM, Starkey M, et al. (3 January 2017).
3905:
Laubscher T, Dumont Z, Regier L, et al. (December 2009).
2654:
Shekelle PG, Newberry SJ, Fitzgerald JD, et al. (2017).
793:(uricase), which breaks down uric acid, in humans and higher
682:
have been associated with attacks of gout, but a low dose of
237:
5031:
Ali S, Lally, EV (November 2009). "Treatment failure gout".
4833:
Dalbeth N, Merriman TR, Stamp LK (22 October 2016). "Gout".
1018:
analysis should be done if the diagnosis is in doubt. Plain
7693:
5500:
Sundy JS, Baraf HS, Yood RA, et al. (17 August 2011).
5379:
Stocker SL, Williams KM, McLachlan AJ, et al. (2008).
3280:
Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, et al. (March 2004).
1364:
with febuxostat, with similar side effects. Lesinural plus
1314:
during treatment with allopurinol and is most common among
781:. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome recruits the enzyme
7402:"New therapeutic options for gout here and on the horizon"
6637:
Kim SY, De Vera MA, Choi HK (2008). "Gout and mortality".
5796:
Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T, et al. (October 2006).
4130:
Halabe A, Sperling O (1994). "Uric acid nephrolithiasis".
2782:
Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia
5897:
Billy CA, Lim RT, Ruospo M, et al. (1 August 2017).
1939:) is available but its use is limited, as it triggers an
1518:
Further information on the investigational new drug:
322:. Blood uric acid levels may be normal during an attack.
234:
7062:"The Internet Classics Archive Aphorisms by Hippocrates"
4525:
Sano K, Kohakura Y, Kimura K, et al. (March 2009).
3972:
3713:(2011). "The genetic basis of hyperuricaemia and gout".
3378:
Roddy E, Mallen CD, Doherty M (1 October 2013). "Gout".
2955:
Vitart V, Rudan I, Hayward C, et al. (April 2008).
1592:
presenting as nodules on the finger and helix of the ear
1162:
Uric acid crystals in polarized light, showing negative
6585:
Sivera F, Wechalekar MD, Andrés M, et al. (2014).
1360:
is more beneficial for tophi resolution than lesinural
7124:
A Short History of the Gout and the Rheumatic Diseases
6142:"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute gout"
3652:
Neogi T, Chen C, Niu J, et al. (15 August 2014).
1228:-rich foods of animal origin, such as organ meats and
263:, caused by the deposition of needle-like crystals of
6781:
Roberts-Thomson RA, Roberts-Thomson PJ (1 May 1999).
6705:
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, et al. (August 2015).
5738:. US Food and Drug Administration. 22 December 2015.
5506:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
2508:"Gout - a guide for the general and acute physicians"
2150:
Hui M, Carr A, Cameron S, et al. (26 May 2017).
553:
Gout is partly genetic, contributing to about 60% of
249:
7481:
6053:"The inflammatory process of gout and its treatment"
3478:
Hak AE, Choi HK (March 2008). "Lifestyle and gout".
3132:
Kaneko K, Aoyagi Y, Fukuuchi T, et al. (2014).
240:
8057:
Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism
7981:
7932:
7904:
7871:
7842:
7819:
7810:
7789:
7758:
7578:
7485:
6392:Man CY, Cheung IT, Cameron PA, et al. (2007).
5430:Seth R, Kydd AS, Buchbinder R, et al. (2014).
4970:Qaseem A, Harris RP, Forciea MA (1 November 2016).
3751:Reginato AM, Mount DB, Yang I, et al. (2012).
442:Arms and hands of a 50-year-old man, showing large
215:
197:
182:
161:
148:
138:
126:
106:
94:
49:
44:
4190:Choi HK, Soriano LC, Zhang Y, et al. (2012).
1146:Light microscopy of a touch preparation of a gout
30:"Podagra" redirects here. For the moth genus, see
7178:(14 ed.). Bristol: R. Edwards. p. 168.
1742:, meaning "a drop" (of liquid). According to the
450:affecting the elbow, knuckles, and finger joints.
7400:Abeles, A. M., Pillinger, M. H. (8 March 2010).
6783:"Rheumatic disease and the Australian Aborigine"
5295:
5293:
2506:Abhishek A, Roddy E, Doherty M (February 2017).
1894:, which breaks down uric acid. Humans and other
1850:distinguished different manifestations of gout:
1568:. With aggressive treatment, they may dissolve.
785:, which converts pro-interleukin 1β into active
753:, crystallizes in the form of monosodium urate,
283:) in about half of cases. It may also result in
6997:Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition, 1989
6921:Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases
5791:
5789:
5767:. European Medicines Agency. 18 February 2016.
3746:
3744:
3327:Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J (March 2011).
3234:Weaver AL (July 2008). "Epidemiology of gout".
1839:
1806:
726:10 nmol/L increase in 25(OH) D (P < 0.001).
298:Gout is due to persistently elevated levels of
7126:. University of California Press. p. 68.
6316:
6314:
5087:"Allopurinol Therapy and HLA-B*58:01 Genotype"
2463:, Merriman TR, Stamp LK (April 2016). "Gout".
2094:, Merriman TR, Stamp LK (April 2016). "Gout".
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
847:
601:hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
8042:Inborn errors of purine-pyrimidine metabolism
7736:
7240:
7238:
6915:Pillinger MH, Rosenthal P, Abeles AM (2007).
6910:
6908:
6906:
6904:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4242:Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Medicine
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2346:Richette P, Bardin T (January 2010). "Gout".
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
1046:should be examined for these crystals. Under
483:yielding high amounts of uric acid are dried
154:Diet high in meat or beer, being overweight,
8:
7945:Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis
7331:Rothschild BM, Tanke D, Carpenter K (1997).
3322:
3320:
3318:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
7437:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6580:
6578:
6576:
6349:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6146:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5968:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5854:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5557:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5436:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4743:
4741:
4341:Schlesinger N (2007). "Diagnosis of gout".
4034:
4032:
4030:
3569:
3567:
3275:
3273:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2901:
2899:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
1737:
589:familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy
8062:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions
7816:
7743:
7729:
7721:
7482:
6754:Rheumatology Therapeutics Medical Center.
6632:
6630:
5843:
5841:
5704:
5702:
5473:
5471:
4155:
4153:
3423:"Lifestyle interventions for chronic gout"
3229:
3227:
3225:
3171:
3169:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2731:Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
2571:
1677:Gout affects around 1–2% of people in the
1453:may be given. There is some evidence that
617:in combination with other medical problems
526:) is not associated with gout. Neither is
53:Arthritis uratica, or Podagra when of the
41:
7456:
7433:"Interleukin-1 inhibitors for acute gout"
7356:
7218:
7051:overarching figure of Egyptian medicine."
6806:
6730:
6681:
6610:
6587:"Interleukin-1 inhibitors for acute gout"
6544:
6526:
6500:"Systemic corticosteroids for acute gout"
6420:
6368:
6233:
6173:
6078:
6068:
5997:
5979:
5873:
5821:
5633:
5576:
5527:
5517:
5451:
5273:
5216:
4987:
4946:
4905:
4878:"Uricosuric medications for chronic gout"
4775:
4765:
4721:
4680:
4631:
4550:
4395:
4317:
4215:
4056:
3998:
3988:
3922:
3876:
3776:
3753:"The genetics of hyperuricaemia and gout"
3685:
3547:
3454:
3354:
3298:
3205:
3149:
2931:
2750:
2671:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2531:
2406:
2167:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
1862:; if the elbow, Onagra; if the shoulder,
384:(a red, tender, hot, swollen joint). The
369:Gout presenting as slight redness in the
6019:
6017:
5850:"Lifestyle interventions for acute gout"
3907:"Taking the stress out of managing gout"
3900:
3898:
3896:
2908:"Gout – current diagnosis and treatment"
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
837:
762:through the tophi, they trigger a local
749:, and occurs when its final metabolite,
27:Form of arthritis causing swollen joints
7302:10.7326/0003-4819-143-7-200510040-00009
7158:from the original on 11 September 2010.
7033:from the original on 1 September 2017.
6591:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6507:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6461:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5606:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5489:from the original on 17 September 2010.
5300:Agabegi ED, Agabegi, Steven S. (2008).
5246:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5189:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4882:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4706:"Sleep Apnea as a Cause of Gout Flares"
3427:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2822:Eggebeen AT (2007). "Gout: an update".
1968:
1578:
1208:Risk of gout attacks can be lowered by
1136:
5964:"Dietary supplements for chronic gout"
5600:Anderson A, Singh JA (17 March 2010).
5364:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5357:
5185:"Febuxostat for treating chronic gout"
4929:Ruoff G, Edwards NL (September 2016).
4239:Flynn JA, Choi MJ, Wooster DL (2013).
3138:Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
2772:
2770:
1786:around 400 BC commented on it in his
597:phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase
414:. Extensive tophi may lead to chronic
345:provides long-term prevention. Taking
6756:"What Are the Risk Factors for Gout?"
6332:from the original on 18 October 2009.
6299:from the original on 16 February 2024
6267:
6265:
6250:from the original on 16 February 2024
6195:
6193:
6135:
6133:
2788:from the original on 14 November 2013
2431:"Gout | Definition of Gout by Lexico"
1831:A Treatise of the Gout, or Joint Evil
7:
7716:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
6956:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 233.
6440:from the original on 20 October 2020
5742:from the original on 8 February 2019
5716:from the original on 15 October 2018
5320:from the original on 10 January 2023
5303:Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)
4171:from the original on 28 October 2016
3619:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
3236:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
2706:from the original on 15 January 2016
2630:from the original on 19 January 2023
2035:from the original on 10 January 2023
1996:from the original on 10 January 2023
1394:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
327:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
7406:Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine
6561:from the original on 28 August 2021
6051:Cronstein BN, Terkeltaub R (2006).
5774:from the original on 28 August 2021
4586:from the original on 8 October 2020
4479:from the original on 11 March 2010.
1982:. Simon and Schuster. p. 212.
7381:from the original on 17 April 2021
7203:"Alfred Baring Garrod (1819–1907)"
7182:from the original on 28 April 2024
6970:from the original on 28 April 2024
6664:Zhang T, Pope JE (30 March 2017).
5943:from the original on 7 August 2020
5668:from the original on 28 March 2017
5164:from the original on 23 April 2019
5134:from the original on 28 March 2017
4457:from the original on 25 July 2010.
4132:Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism
4039:Liu-Bryan R, Terkeltaub R (2006).
3843:Loghman-Adham M (September 1997).
2696:"Questions and Answers about Gout"
1312:severe cutaneous adverse reactions
25:
7333:"Tyrannosaurs suffered from gout"
7103:from the original on 10 July 2024
6413:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.11.014
6326:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
5553:"Interventions for tophi in gout"
5346:from the original on 10 July 2024
5105:from the original on 15 June 2022
5033:Medicine and Health, Rhode Island
4015:from the original on 10 July 2024
3948:Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology
3180:, et al. (10 October 2018).
2995:from the original on 27 July 2022
1957:List of people known as the Gouty
1318:subpopulations, notably those of
1150:, showing needle-shaped crystals.
7663:
7259:10.1097/00002281-200105000-00015
7148:"Gout – The Affliction of Kings"
7072:from the original on 7 July 2010
6844:10.1097/00002281-200005000-00013
6787:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
6206:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
6057:Arthritis Research & Therapy
5479:"FDA approves new drug for gout"
5411:from the original on 7 June 2018
5397:10.2165/00003088-200847020-00004
5012:from the original on 21 May 2022
4710:The Medscape Journal of Medicine
4661:European Journal of Rheumatology
4655:Bitik B, Öztürk MA (June 2014).
3814:10.2165/00003495-200565180-00004
3658:American Journal of Epidemiology
3631:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.01.003
2200:The American Journal of Medicine
1908:" is believed to have had gout.
1657:
1652:Gout in the joint of the big toe
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1581:
1187:
1171:
1155:
1139:
797:has made this condition common.
230:
188:abstinence from drinking alcohol
61:
7220:10.1093/rheumatology/40.10.1189
7003:from the original on 8 May 2020
5736:"Drug Trial Snapshot: Zurampic"
3334:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
593:medullary cystic kidney disease
393:with the joint pain, including
8047:Inflammatory polyarthropathies
7449:10.1002/14651858.CD009993.pub2
6603:10.1002/14651858.CD009993.pub2
6519:10.1002/14651858.cd005521.pub2
6469:10.1002/14651858.cd009920.pub2
6361:10.1002/14651858.CD006190.pub3
6158:10.1002/14651858.CD010120.pub3
5981:10.1002/14651858.CD010156.pub3
5866:10.1002/14651858.CD010519.pub2
5618:10.1002/14651858.cd008335.pub2
5602:"Pegloticase for chronic gout"
5569:10.1002/14651858.CD010069.pub3
5444:10.1002/14651858.CD006077.pub3
5432:"Allopurinol for chronic gout"
5258:10.1002/14651858.cd006077.pub3
5242:"Allopurinol for chronic gout"
5201:10.1002/14651858.cd008653.pub2
4890:10.1002/14651858.cd010457.pub2
4673:10.5152/eurjrheumatol.2014.021
4266:Seidman AJ, Limaiem F (2019).
3439:10.1002/14651858.cd010039.pub2
1754:blood in and around the joints
1334:levels more than allopurinol.
1310:) is strongly associated with
1084:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1:
7940:Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
6723:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4
5712:. Drugs.com. 1 January 2018.
4948:10.1080/00325481.2016.1221732
4847:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00346-9
3103:10.1080/10408398.2018.1503155
2725:Roddy E, Choi HK (May 2014).
2477:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00346-9
2435:Lexico Dictionaries | English
2360:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7
2244:Neogi T (July 2016). "Gout".
2108:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00346-9
1947:versions are in development.
1768:
1697:, but the disease is rare in
818:of a particularly high risk.
700:angiotensin receptor blockers
6401:Annals of Emergency Medicine
4754:Arthritis & Rheumatology
4576:"Gout and Pseudogout Workup"
4504:10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181837a31
3727:10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.02.027
3588:10.1097/BOR.0b013e328335ef38
3492:10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f524a2
3347:10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283438e13
3059:10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181896921
2524:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-1-54
2212:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.06.040
779:inflammasome protein complex
774:, which is initiated by the
661:myeloproliferative disorders
8072:Crystal deposition diseases
7969:Adult-onset Still's disease
7906:Connective tissue disorders
7290:Annals of Internal Medicine
6867:Nature Reviews Rheumatology
6683:10.1093/rheumatology/kex065
6345:"Colchicine for acute gout"
5906:The Journal of Rheumatology
5060:Australian Family Physician
4976:Annals of Internal Medicine
4624:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013191
4492:Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg
4370:"Gout. Easy to misdiagnose"
4306:Annals of Internal Medicine
4105:The Journal of Rheumatology
4084:(in Russian) (146): 35–37.
3757:Nature Reviews Rheumatology
2862:Nature Reviews Rheumatology
2660:Annals of Internal Medicine
2395:Annals of Internal Medicine
2246:Annals of Internal Medicine
2169:10.1093/rheumatology/kex156
1616:Tophii on the toe and ankle
839:Synovial fluid examination
607:, are complicated by gout.
428:acute uric acid nephropathy
8088:
7201:Storey GD (October 2001).
6285:10.3310/nihrevidence_62005
5091:Medical Genetics Summaries
4045:Arthritis & Rheumatism
3990:10.1186/s12902-020-00560-1
3950:(8th ed.). Elsevier.
3248:10.3949/ccjm.75.Suppl_5.S9
1682:as metabolic syndrome and
1574:chronic kidney dysfunction
1517:
1418:associated health problems
805:, articular hydration and
577:Loss-of-function mutations
29:
7154:. BBC. 23 December 2012.
7048:"Disease of distinction."
6645:(5 Suppl 51): S115–S119.
5385:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
4543:10.1007/s11552-008-9120-4
4274:. StatPearls Publishing.
4268:"Synovial Fluid Analysis"
2924:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0549
2743:10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.001
1745:Oxford English Dictionary
1431:gastrointestinal bleeding
1216:, reducing the intake of
1032:monosodium urate crystals
992:
426:formation and subsequent
386:metatarsophalangeal joint
371:metatarsophalangeal joint
320:deposit outside the joint
269:monosodium urate crystals
77:
60:
7896:Enteropathic arthropathy
4388:10.1136/bmj.320.7228.132
4245:. US: OUP. p. 400.
3849:Environ. Health Perspect
3769:10.1038/nrrheum.2012.144
3521:Williams PT (May 2008).
2874:10.1038/nrrheum.2009.236
2590:10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2133
1866:; if the back or loins,
1792:, noting its absence in
1349:resistance to it. Using
1222:high fructose corn syrup
820:Calcium channel blockers
694:(acetylsalicylic acid),
557:in uric acid level. The
7701:Encyclopædia Britannica
6879:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.91
6218:10.1136/ard-2023-224154
5814:10.1136/ard.2006.055269
5689:Prescrire International
2624:www.merriam-webster.com
2620:"Definition of Podagra"
1876:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1748:, this originates from
1730:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1490:injected into the joint
1302:human leukocyte antigen
716:immunosuppressive drugs
657:solid organ transplants
615:Gout frequently occurs
400:Long-standing elevated
7964:Palindromic rheumatism
7891:Ankylosing spondylitis
7834:Tuberculosis arthritis
7023:"The Disease Of Kings"
6116:10.1001/jama.2015.1881
5695:(180): 71. March 2017.
5519:10.1001/jama.2011.1169
3540:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1480
3176:Major TJ, Topless RK,
3091:Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
2727:"Epidemiology of gout"
1872:
1844:
1827:
1802:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
1738:
1733:
1699:aboriginal Australians
1543:cardiovascular disease
1120:palindromic rheumatism
1096:differential diagnosis
1090:Differential diagnosis
1072:white blood cell count
745:Gout is a disorder of
742:
738:Chemical structure of
603:deficiency as seen in
451:
382:inflammatory arthritis
377:
302:(urate) in the blood (
257:inflammatory arthritis
219:1–2% (developed world)
163:Differential diagnosis
7672:Medical Knowledge app
7097:University of Chicago
7046:Schwartz, Stephan A.
5918:10.3899/jrheum.170137
5485:. 14 September 2010.
4935:Postgraduate Medicine
4596:Updated: Jun 30, 2020
3151:10.1248/bpb.b13-00967
2258:10.7326/AITC201607050
1976:Brookhiser R (2008).
1852:
1846:In the 18th century,
1728:
1564:processes, or on the
1560:of the ear, over the
1451:proton pump inhibitor
737:
637:abnormal lipid levels
528:total dietary protein
441:
368:
7952:Rheumatoid arthritis
6939:on 16 December 2008.
6799:10.1136/ard.58.5.266
6639:Clin. Exp. Rheumatol
5160:. 21 February 2019.
5130:. 17 December 2008.
4841:(10055): 2039–2052.
3300:10.1056/NEJMoa035700
3053:(5 Suppl): S55–S62.
2471:(10055): 2039–2052.
2102:(10055): 2039–2052.
1880:Alfred Baring Garrod
1833:, in 1669. In 1683,
1507:inhibitors, such as
1128:basal cell carcinoma
1112:rheumatoid arthritis
1003:rheumatoid arthritis
807:extracellular matrix
605:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
172:rheumatoid arthritis
18:Poor man's gout
7886:Psoriatic arthritis
7349:1997Natur.387..357R
7247:Curr Opin Rheumatol
6832:Curr Opin Rheumatol
6279:. 6 February 2024.
4475:. 17 January 2019.
4453:. 17 January 2019.
4368:Sturrock R (2000).
3576:Curr Opin Rheumatol
3480:Curr Opin Rheumatol
3242:(Suppl 5): S9–S12.
1904:specimen known as "
1765:Edwin Smith papyrus
1684:high blood pressure
1214:alcoholic beverages
1210:complete abstinence
1116:psoriatic arthritis
1094:The most important
840:
684:hydrochlorothiazide
623:, a combination of
388:at the base of the
275:at the base of the
7919:systemic sclerosis
7881:Reactive arthritis
7752:Diseases of joints
7579:External resources
7122:Copeman W (2021).
3670:10.1093/aje/kwu147
3528:Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
3386:(oct01 3): f5648.
2918:(34–35): 549–555.
2441:on 19 October 2019
1734:
1711:Sub-Saharan Africa
1604:Tophus of the knee
1547:insulin resistance
1539:metabolic syndrome
1124:reactive arthritis
838:
743:
633:insulin resistance
621:Metabolic syndrome
611:Medical conditions
599:superactivity and
540:insulin resistance
452:
378:
361:Signs and symptoms
355:metabolic syndrome
130:Older males, post-
8019:
8018:
7977:
7976:
7852:Chondrocalcinosis
7659:
7658:
7646:Wheeless textbook
7213:(10): 1189–1190.
7133:978-0-520-33947-7
6717:(9995): 743–800.
6212:(12): 1618–1625.
6110:(22): 2276–2277.
5808:(10): 1312–1324.
5662:www.ema.europa.eu
5313:978-0-7817-7153-5
4767:10.1002/art.41247
4704:Abrams B (2009).
4382:(7228): 132–133.
4252:978-0-19-991494-4
4208:10.1136/bmj.d8190
4082:Georgian Med News
4058:10.1002/art.21634
3977:BMC Endocr Disord
3957:978-1-4160-4842-8
3917:(12): 1209–1212.
3911:Can Fam Physician
3808:(18): 2593–2611.
3392:10.1136/bmj.f5648
3293:(11): 1093–1103.
3198:10.1136/bmj.k3951
2912:Dtsch Ärztebl Int
2512:Clinical Medicine
2354:(9711): 318–328.
2206:(11): 1153–1158.
2028:978-0-85323-640-5
2015:Haslam F (1996).
1989:978-1-4391-0408-8
1901:Tyrannosaurus rex
1667:of a large tophus
1541:, and kidney and
1535:diabetes mellitus
1282:urate nephropathy
1012:
1011:
747:purine metabolism
625:abdominal obesity
223:
222:
71:
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
8079:
8004:Bouchard's nodes
7957:Felty's syndrome
7829:Septic arthritis
7817:
7745:
7738:
7731:
7722:
7717:
7705:
7697:
7667:
7483:
7471:
7470:
7460:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7408:. Archived from
7397:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7360:
7358:10.1038/387357a0
7328:
7322:
7321:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7242:
7233:
7232:
7222:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7058:
7052:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7008:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6975:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6935:. Archived from
6912:
6899:
6898:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6810:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6762:on 25 March 2007
6758:. Archived from
6751:
6745:
6744:
6734:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6685:
6676:(7): 1144–1153.
6661:
6655:
6654:
6634:
6625:
6624:
6614:
6582:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6548:
6530:
6504:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6439:
6424:
6398:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6372:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6318:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6269:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6237:
6197:
6188:
6187:
6177:
6152:(12): CD010120.
6137:
6128:
6127:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6082:
6072:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6021:
6012:
6011:
6001:
5983:
5974:(11): CD010156.
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5903:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5877:
5860:(11): CD010519.
5845:
5836:
5835:
5825:
5793:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5766:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5706:
5697:
5696:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5637:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5580:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5521:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5475:
5466:
5465:
5455:
5438:(10): CD006077.
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5363:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5297:
5288:
5287:
5277:
5252:(10): CD006077.
5237:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5195:(11): CD008653.
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
4991:
4989:10.7326/M16-0570
4967:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4884:(11): CD010457.
4873:
4867:
4866:
4830:
4817:
4816:
4801:Am Fam Physician
4796:
4790:
4789:
4779:
4769:
4745:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4319:10.7326/m16-0569
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4060:
4036:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4002:
3992:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3902:
3891:
3890:
3880:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3715:Joint Bone Spine
3706:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3534:(5): 1480–1487.
3518:
3512:
3511:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3324:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3287:N. Engl. J. Med.
3277:
3268:
3267:
3231:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3047:J Clin Rheumatol
3042:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2857:
2840:
2839:
2824:Am Fam Physician
2819:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2673:10.7326/M16-0461
2651:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2573:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2437:. Archived from
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2408:10.7326/m16-0570
2386:
2380:
2379:
2343:
2270:
2269:
2241:
2224:
2223:
2195:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2147:
2128:
2127:
2088:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1973:
1874:Dutch scientist
1858:; if the hands,
1773:
1770:
1741:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1585:
1566:Achilles tendons
1477:, among others.
1455:COX-2 inhibitors
1363:
1355:
1191:
1175:
1159:
1143:
1100:septic arthritis
937:Septic arthritis
849:
841:
649:hemolytic anemia
397:and high fever.
252:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
82:). Leading with
73:
72:
42:
21:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8015:
7999:Heberden's node
7982:Noninflammatory
7973:
7928:
7900:
7867:
7838:
7806:
7802:Joint stiffness
7785:
7754:
7749:
7708:
7688:
7676:
7668:
7660:
7655:
7654:
7574:
7573:
7494:
7480:
7475:
7474:
7443:(9): CD009993.
7430:
7429:
7425:
7415:
7413:
7399:
7398:
7394:
7384:
7382:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7244:
7243:
7236:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7185:
7183:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7134:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7106:
7104:
7090:
7089:
7085:
7075:
7073:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7045:
7041:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7006:
7004:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6973:
6971:
6964:
6949:
6948:
6944:
6914:
6913:
6902:
6873:(11): 649–662.
6864:
6863:
6859:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6704:
6703:
6699:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6636:
6635:
6628:
6597:(9): CD009993.
6584:
6583:
6574:
6564:
6562:
6513:(2): CD005521.
6502:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6463:(4): CD009920.
6458:
6457:
6453:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6396:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6355:(8): CD006190.
6342:
6341:
6337:
6320:
6319:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6271:
6270:
6263:
6253:
6251:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6139:
6138:
6131:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6063:(Suppl 1): S3.
6050:
6049:
6045:
6023:
6022:
6015:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5847:
5846:
5839:
5802:Ann. Rheum. Dis
5795:
5794:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5719:
5717:
5708:
5707:
5700:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5671:
5669:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5612:(3): CD008335.
5599:
5598:
5594:
5563:(8): CD010069.
5550:
5549:
5545:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5477:
5476:
5469:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5356:
5349:
5347:
5340:"Archived copy"
5338:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5314:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5165:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5128:www.nice.org.uk
5122:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5106:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5039:(11): 369–371.
5030:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5013:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4832:
4831:
4820:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4618:(10): e013191.
4605:
4604:
4600:
4589:
4587:
4574:Rothschild BM.
4573:
4572:
4568:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4427:(11): 353–355.
4418:
4417:
4413:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4038:
4037:
4028:
4018:
4016:
3971:Chen Y (2020).
3970:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3904:
3903:
3894:
3861:10.2307/3433873
3842:
3841:
3837:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3763:(10): 610–621.
3750:
3749:
3742:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3433:(5): CD010039.
3420:
3419:
3415:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3044:
3043:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2859:
2858:
2843:
2821:
2820:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2575:
2574:
2549:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2345:
2344:
2273:
2243:
2242:
2227:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2149:
2148:
2131:
2090:
2089:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1953:
1943:response. Less
1914:
1888:
1835:Thomas Sydenham
1771:
1723:
1675:
1668:
1665:Gross pathology
1662:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1617:
1614:
1605:
1602:
1593:
1586:
1527:
1522:
1502:
1494:joint infection
1486:Glucocorticoids
1483:
1481:Glucocorticoids
1463:
1426:
1402:glucocorticoids
1389:
1377:kidney problems
1361:
1353:
1285:to six months.
1258:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1144:
1092:
1080:kidney function
1060:
1048:polarized light
1028:
1007:rheumatic fever
836:
732:
730:Pathophysiology
677:
669:body mass index
613:
551:
505:physical trauma
477:
471:4.5% per year.
456:crystallization
436:
422:, resulting in
363:
331:glucocorticoids
325:Treatment with
255:) is a form of
250:
233:
229:
206:glucocorticoids
168:Joint infection
78:Video summary (
62:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8085:
8083:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8024:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7994:Osteoarthritis
7991:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7936:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7910:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7825:
7823:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7793:
7791:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7776:Oligoarthritis
7773:
7768:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7740:
7733:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7706:
7692:, ed. (1911).
7686:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7643:
7632:
7621:
7595:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7576:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7560:
7549:
7535:
7511:
7495:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:Classification
7479:
7478:External links
7476:
7473:
7472:
7423:
7412:on 20 May 2010
7392:
7323:
7296:(7): 499–516.
7280:
7253:(3): 234–239.
7234:
7193:
7161:
7139:
7132:
7114:
7083:
7053:
7039:
7014:
6984:
6962:
6942:
6927:(3): 215–221.
6900:
6857:
6838:(3): 228–234.
6822:
6793:(5): 266–270.
6773:
6746:
6697:
6656:
6626:
6572:
6490:
6451:
6407:(5): 670–677.
6384:
6335:
6310:
6261:
6189:
6129:
6094:
6070:10.1186/ar1908
6043:
6013:
5954:
5912:(1): 128–136.
5889:
5837:
5785:
5753:
5727:
5698:
5679:
5649:
5592:
5543:
5512:(7): 711–720.
5492:
5467:
5422:
5391:(2): 111–118.
5371:
5331:
5312:
5289:
5232:
5175:
5145:
5115:
5077:
5066:(5): 299–302.
5050:
5023:
4962:
4941:(7): 706–715.
4921:
4868:
4818:
4807:(2): 209–210.
4791:
4777:2027.42/155484
4760:(6): 879–895.
4737:
4696:
4647:
4598:
4566:
4517:
4498:(5): 403–404.
4482:
4460:
4438:
4421:Med Health R I
4411:
4360:
4349:(6): 759–767.
4333:
4292:
4258:
4251:
4231:
4182:
4149:
4138:(6): 424–431.
4122:
4111:(4): 849–850.
4095:
4072:
4051:(2): 383–386.
4026:
3963:
3956:
3938:
3892:
3855:(9): 928–938.
3835:
3792:
3740:
3701:
3664:(4): 372–377.
3644:
3625:(5): 580–586.
3609:
3582:(2): 165–172.
3563:
3513:
3486:(2): 179–186.
3470:
3413:
3370:
3341:(2): 192–202.
3314:
3269:
3221:
3165:
3144:(5): 709–721.
3124:
3080:
3006:
2973:10.1038/ng.106
2967:(4): 437–442.
2947:
2895:
2841:
2830:(6): 801–808.
2799:
2766:
2737:(2): 155–175.
2717:
2687:
2641:
2611:
2584:(2): 157–161.
2547:
2498:
2452:
2422:
2381:
2271:
2252:(1): ITC1-16.
2225:
2183:
2129:
2046:
2027:
2007:
1988:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1913:
1910:
1887:
1884:
1848:Thomas Marryat
1772: 1550 BC
1722:
1719:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1526:
1523:
1513:adverse events
1501:
1498:
1482:
1479:
1462:
1459:
1435:kidney failure
1425:
1422:
1388:
1385:
1257:
1254:
1234:dairy products
1212:from drinking
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1110:(pseudogout),
1091:
1088:
1059:
1056:
1044:arthrocentesis
1036:synovial fluid
1027:
1026:Synovial fluid
1024:
1016:Synovial fluid
1010:
1009:
993:Inflammatory:
990:
989:
988:Cloudy yellow
986:
983:
980:
977:
971:
970:
969:Cloudy yellow
967:
964:
961:
958:
952:
951:
950:Cloudy yellow
948:
945:
942:
939:
933:
932:
931:Cloudy yellow
929:
926:
923:
920:
916:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
897:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
882:Osteoarthritis
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
845:
835:
832:
787:interleukin 1β
731:
728:
696:ACE inhibitors
676:
673:
645:kidney failure
641:lead poisoning
612:
609:
550:
547:
476:
473:
435:
432:
362:
359:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
199:
195:
194:
184:
180:
179:
165:
159:
158:
152:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
128:
124:
123:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
75:
74:
58:
57:
51:
47:
46:
38:
32:Podagra (moth)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8084:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7931:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7864:
7861:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7782:
7781:Polyarthritis
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7771:Monoarthritis
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7746:
7741:
7739:
7734:
7732:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7696:
7691:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7666:
7651:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7540:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7493:
7488:
7484:
7477:
7468:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7427:
7424:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7396:
7393:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7343:(6631): 357.
7342:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7324:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7284:
7281:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7230:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7197:
7194:
7181:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7165:
7162:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7143:
7140:
7135:
7129:
7125:
7118:
7115:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7093:"On Medicine"
7087:
7084:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7054:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7018:
7015:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6969:
6965:
6963:9780323995788
6959:
6955:
6954:
6946:
6943:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6858:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6823:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6774:
6761:
6757:
6750:
6747:
6742:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6701:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6660:
6657:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6452:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6277:NIHR Evidence
6274:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6095:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5955:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5770:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5680:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5496:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5423:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5176:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5024:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4599:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4183:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3709:Merriman TR,
3705:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2705:
2702:. June 2015.
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2162:(7): e1–e20.
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1886:Other animals
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:premenopausal
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1766:
1762:
1761:Ebers papyrus
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:United States
1687:
1685:
1680:
1679:Western world
1672:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:Kidney stones
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:Interleukin-1
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:heart failure
1436:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1381:kidney stones
1378:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:kidney stones
1335:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:benzbromarone
1271:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:-rich foods,
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1178:In contrast,
1174:
1169:
1165:
1164:birefringence
1158:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:Hyperuricemia
1057:
1055:
1053:
1052:birefringence
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
984:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
968:
965:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
949:
946:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
917:
913:
910:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
895:Clear yellow
894:
891:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
853:% neutrophils
852:
846:
843:
842:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
798:
796:
792:
791:urate oxidase
788:
784:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
755:precipitating
752:
748:
741:
736:
729:
727:
724:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:beta blockers
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:
568:
567:
562:
561:
556:
548:
546:
543:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
507:and surgery.
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
472:
469:
468:hyperuricemia
465:
461:
457:
449:
445:
440:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
406:hyperuricemia
403:
398:
396:
391:
387:
383:
376:
372:
367:
360:
358:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:hyperuricemia
301:
296:
294:
293:kidney damage
290:
289:kidney stones
286:
282:
279:is affected (
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:swollen joint
258:
254:
253:
245:
227:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:Weight loss,
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
164:
160:
157:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
89:
88:James Gillray
85:
81:
76:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
8052:Rheumatology
7989:Hemarthrosis
7873:Seronegative
7862:
7859:(Pseudogout)
7812:Inflammatory
7713:
7699:
7695:"Gout"
7670:
7645:
7634:
7623:
7616:orthoped/124
7597:
7586:
7562:
7551:
7537:
7513:
7498:
7440:
7436:
7426:
7414:. Retrieved
7410:the original
7405:
7395:
7385:29 September
7383:. Retrieved
7340:
7336:
7326:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7250:
7246:
7210:
7207:Rheumatology
7206:
7196:
7184:. Retrieved
7174:
7164:
7151:
7142:
7123:
7117:
7105:. Retrieved
7096:
7086:
7074:. Retrieved
7065:
7056:
7042:
7034:
7026:
7017:
7007:18 September
7005:. Retrieved
6996:
6987:
6979:
6972:. Retrieved
6952:
6945:
6937:the original
6924:
6920:
6870:
6866:
6860:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6790:
6786:
6776:
6764:. Retrieved
6760:the original
6749:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6673:
6670:Rheumatology
6669:
6659:
6642:
6638:
6594:
6590:
6565:24 September
6563:. Retrieved
6510:
6506:
6493:
6460:
6454:
6442:. Retrieved
6404:
6400:
6387:
6352:
6348:
6338:
6301:. Retrieved
6276:
6252:. Retrieved
6209:
6205:
6149:
6145:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6032:(7): E1–E4.
6029:
6025:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5945:. Retrieved
5909:
5905:
5892:
5857:
5853:
5805:
5801:
5776:. Retrieved
5756:
5744:. Retrieved
5730:
5718:. Retrieved
5692:
5688:
5682:
5670:. Retrieved
5661:
5652:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5560:
5556:
5546:
5509:
5505:
5495:
5482:
5435:
5425:
5413:. Retrieved
5388:
5384:
5374:
5348:. Retrieved
5334:
5322:. Retrieved
5302:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5166:. Retrieved
5157:
5148:
5136:. Retrieved
5127:
5118:
5107:, retrieved
5090:
5080:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5014:. Retrieved
4982:(1): 58–68.
4979:
4975:
4965:
4938:
4934:
4924:
4881:
4871:
4838:
4834:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4757:
4753:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4667:(2): 72–77.
4664:
4660:
4650:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4590:23 September
4588:. Retrieved
4579:
4569:
4537:(1): 78–80.
4534:
4530:
4520:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4472:
4463:
4450:
4441:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4379:
4373:
4363:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4312:(1): 52–57.
4309:
4305:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4271:
4261:
4241:
4234:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4164:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4081:
4075:
4048:
4044:
4017:. Retrieved
3980:
3976:
3966:
3947:
3941:
3914:
3910:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3760:
3756:
3721:(1): 35–40.
3718:
3714:
3704:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3579:
3575:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3338:
3332:
3290:
3285:
3239:
3235:
3189:
3185:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3050:
3046:
2997:. Retrieved
2964:
2960:
2950:
2915:
2911:
2868:(1): 30–38.
2865:
2861:
2827:
2823:
2790:. Retrieved
2781:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2699:
2690:
2666:(1): 37–51.
2663:
2659:
2632:. Retrieved
2623:
2614:
2581:
2578:Postgrad Med
2577:
2518:(1): 54–59.
2515:
2511:
2501:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2434:
2425:
2401:(1): 58–68.
2398:
2394:
2384:
2351:
2347:
2249:
2245:
2203:
2199:
2159:
2156:Rheumatology
2155:
2099:
2095:
2037:. Retrieved
2017:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1978:
1971:
1915:
1899:
1889:
1873:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1807:
1788:
1758:
1743:
1735:
1715:
1709:, and urban
1688:
1676:
1673:Epidemiology
1551:
1531:hypertension
1528:
1520:Tigulixostat
1503:
1484:
1475:erythromycin
1471:atorvastatin
1464:
1427:
1390:
1370:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1305:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1260:As of 2020,
1259:
1207:
1093:
1076:electrolytes
1061:
1029:
1013:
998:
975:Tuberculosis
922:2,000–50,000
919:Inflammatory
876:Transparent
828:hypertension
812:chemotherapy
799:
770:reaction in
768:inflammatory
744:
712:pyrazinamide
678:
665:polycythemia
629:hypertension
614:
584:
580:
570:
564:
558:
552:
544:
536:
509:
478:
453:
448:sodium urate
424:kidney stone
410:
399:
379:
351:
324:
297:
280:
225:
224:
150:Risk factors
101:Rheumatology
83:
36:
7714:MedlinePlus
7636:Radiopaedia
7588:MedlinePlus
7107:19 February
7099:. Book IV.
7091:Celsus AC.
6993:"gout, n.1"
6444:8 September
6303:16 February
6254:16 February
6026:J Fam Pract
5658:"Krystexxa"
5168:26 February
5109:29 November
4343:Minerva Med
4285:19 December
3097:(1): 1–10.
1937:rasburicase
1930:recombinant
1922:canakinumab
1784:Hippocrates
1695:Polynesians
1576:may occur.
1509:canakinumab
1443:indometacin
1406:allopurinol
1366:allopurinol
1362:200 mL
1354:400 mg
1346:Pegloticase
1324:Han-Chinese
1296:HLA-B*58:01
1262:allopurinol
1256:Medications
1250:sleep apnea
1098:in gout is
1058:Blood tests
859:Appearance
772:macrophages
719:ciclosporin
555:variability
339:allopurinol
316:joint fluid
192:allopurinol
127:Usual onset
50:Other names
8026:Categories
8009:Osteophyte
7821:Infectious
7797:Joint pain
7690:Chisholm H
7625:Patient UK
7564:DiseasesDB
7027:Forbes.com
6766:26 January
6528:2066/70896
5778:14 October
5762:"Zurampic"
5746:14 October
5720:14 October
5710:"Zurampic"
5529:10342/7960
5324:10 January
5016:16 October
4531:Hand (N Y)
4272:StatPearls
3983:(79): 79.
3711:Dalbeth, N
2961:Nat. Genet
2710:2 February
2634:19 January
2467:(Review).
2445:20 October
2248:(Review).
2098:(Review).
2039:10 January
2000:10 January
1963:References
1926:rilonacept
1896:great apes
1782:physician
1466:Colchicine
1461:Colchicine
1414:probenecid
1410:febuxostat
1398:colchicine
1396:(NSAIDs),
1358:febuxostat
1278:colchicine
1270:febuxostat
1266:probenecid
1204:Prevention
1104:Gram stain
941:>50,000
905:<10,000
816:febuxostat
766:-mediated
723:tacrolimus
675:Medication
501:beer yeast
489:organ meat
487:, shrimp,
343:probenecid
335:colchicine
329:(NSAIDs),
210:colchicine
183:Prevention
176:pseudogout
132:menopausal
113:Joint pain
8067:Uric acid
8037:Arthritis
7924:Sjögren's
7766:Arthritis
7619:radio/313
7604:emerg/221
7599:eMedicine
7172:(1798) .
7170:Marryat T
6887:1759-4790
6537:1465-1858
6477:1465-1858
6293:267539627
6226:0003-4967
6166:1469-493X
5990:1469-493X
5626:1465-1858
5266:1465-1858
5209:1465-1858
5006:207538623
4898:1465-1858
4863:208790780
4202:: d8190.
4175:22 August
3678:0002-9262
3508:205485689
3447:1465-1858
3408:220212466
3192:: k3951.
3178:Dalbeth N
2493:208790780
2461:Dalbeth N
2376:208793280
2124:208790780
2092:Dalbeth N
1945:antigenic
1789:Aphorisms
1707:Polynesia
1562:olecranon
1525:Prognosis
1447:ibuprofen
1387:Treatment
1372:Lesinurad
1351:lesinurad
1330:descent.
1238:vitamin C
1232:. Eating
1132:neoplasms
1130:or other
995:Arthritis
956:Gonorrhea
856:Viscosity
834:Diagnosis
783:caspase 1
751:uric acid
740:uric acid
708:ritonavir
680:Diuretics
653:psoriasis
493:mushrooms
485:anchovies
475:Lifestyle
460:uric acid
416:arthritis
402:uric acid
347:vitamin C
300:uric acid
267:known as
265:uric acid
216:Frequency
198:Treatment
143:Uric acid
96:Specialty
7790:Symptoms
7610:med/1112
7467:25177840
7458:10891421
7416:23 April
7379:Archived
7310:16204163
7275:34502097
7267:11333355
7229:11600751
7186:28 April
7180:Archived
7156:Archived
7101:Archived
7070:Archived
7031:Archived
7001:Archived
6974:28 April
6968:Archived
6933:17922673
6895:26150127
6852:10803754
6817:10225809
6741:26063472
6692:28379501
6651:19026153
6621:25177840
6612:10891421
6559:Archived
6555:18425920
6485:23633379
6435:Archived
6431:17276548
6379:34438469
6330:Archived
6297:Archived
6248:Archived
6244:37788904
6235:10646835
6184:34882311
6124:26057289
6089:16820042
6038:19607767
6008:34767649
5938:Archived
5926:28765243
5884:24186771
5832:16707532
5769:Archived
5740:Archived
5714:Archived
5672:28 March
5666:Archived
5644:20238366
5587:34379791
5538:21846852
5487:Archived
5462:25314636
5409:Archived
5405:18193917
5360:cite web
5344:Archived
5318:Archived
5284:25314636
5227:23152264
5162:Archived
5138:28 March
5132:Archived
5103:archived
5099:28520356
5072:27166465
5045:19999896
5010:Archived
4998:27802508
4957:27558643
4916:25392987
4907:11262558
4855:27112094
4813:34383428
4786:32390306
4732:19295924
4716:(1): 3.
4691:27708879
4642:27697882
4612:BMJ Open
4584:Archived
4580:Medscape
4561:18780009
4512:18806664
4477:Archived
4473:Medscape
4455:Archived
4451:Medscape
4433:19999892
4406:10634714
4355:18299687
4328:27802479
4280:30725799
4226:22240117
4169:Archived
4117:12672211
4090:17595458
4067:16447213
4013:Archived
4009:32493273
3933:20008601
3830:46979126
3822:16392875
3787:22945592
3735:20472486
3696:24993733
3639:26905267
3604:19146212
3596:20035225
3558:18469274
3500:18349748
3465:23728699
3400:24473446
3365:21285714
3309:15014182
3264:40262260
3256:18819329
3216:30305269
3160:24553148
3119:52909165
3111:30277800
3067:18830092
2993:Archived
2981:18327257
2942:19795010
2890:19235998
2882:20046204
2836:17910294
2786:Archived
2761:24703341
2704:Archived
2682:27802478
2628:Archived
2606:35321485
2598:20203467
2542:28148582
2485:27112094
2417:27802508
2368:19692116
2266:27380294
2220:27452679
2178:28549177
2116:27112094
2033:Archived
1994:Archived
1951:See also
1935:enzyme (
1918:anakinra
1912:Research
1860:Chiragra
1763:and the
1750:humorism
1441:. While
1392:include
1246:cherries
1218:fructose
1194:Gout on
911:Variable
886:<5000
850:(per mm)
824:losartan
803:acidosis
795:primates
663:such as
585:SLC22A12
566:SLC22A12
549:Genetics
491:, dried
404:levels (
318:or in a
178:, others
156:genetics
117:swelling
108:Symptoms
84:The Gout
7844:Crystal
7759:General
7613:oph/506
7607:med/924
7558:D006073
7375:1360596
7367:9163417
7345:Bibcode
7076:27 July
6808:1752880
6732:4561509
6546:8276233
6422:7115288
6370:8407279
6175:8656463
6080:3226108
5999:8589461
5934:8306526
5875:9942538
5823:1798308
5635:6599816
5578:8406833
5453:8915170
5275:8915170
5218:4058893
4723:2654686
4682:5042282
4633:5073537
4552:2654956
4397:1128728
4217:3257215
4144:7783706
4019:21 June
4000:7268462
3924:2793228
3887:9300927
3878:1470371
3869:3433873
3778:3645862
3687:4184385
3549:4090353
3456:6759140
3356:4104583
3207:6174725
3075:6644013
2999:27 July
2989:6720464
2933:2754667
2752:4119792
2533:6297580
1933:uricase
1892:uricase
1868:Lumbago
1856:Gonagra
1811:eunuchs
1800:women.
1794:eunuchs
1776:Imhotep
1721:History
1689:In the
1300:of the
1230:seafood
979:~20,000
960:~10,000
914:Bloody
867:<200
692:aspirin
532:spirits
524:spinach
520:lentils
497:seaweed
481:purines
420:kidneys
395:fatigue
390:big toe
375:big toe
373:of the
312:purines
308:tendons
281:Podagra
277:big toe
121:redness
7710:"Gout"
7684:Curlie
7593:000422
7547:300323
7544:138900
7524:274.00
7465:
7455:
7373:
7365:
7337:Nature
7318:194570
7316:
7308:
7273:
7265:
7227:
7130:
6960:
6931:
6893:
6885:
6850:
6815:
6805:
6739:
6729:
6711:Lancet
6690:
6649:
6619:
6609:
6553:
6543:
6535:
6483:
6475:
6429:
6419:
6377:
6367:
6291:
6242:
6232:
6224:
6182:
6172:
6164:
6122:
6087:
6077:
6036:
6006:
5996:
5988:
5947:7 June
5932:
5924:
5882:
5872:
5830:
5820:
5642:
5632:
5624:
5585:
5575:
5536:
5460:
5450:
5415:7 July
5403:
5350:7 July
5310:
5282:
5272:
5264:
5225:
5215:
5207:
5097:
5070:
5043:
5004:
4996:
4955:
4914:
4904:
4896:
4861:
4853:
4835:Lancet
4811:
4784:
4730:
4720:
4689:
4679:
4640:
4630:
4559:
4549:
4510:
4431:
4404:
4394:
4353:
4326:
4278:
4249:
4224:
4214:
4161:"Gout"
4142:
4115:
4088:
4065:
4007:
3997:
3954:
3931:
3921:
3885:
3875:
3867:
3828:
3820:
3785:
3775:
3733:
3694:
3684:
3676:
3637:
3602:
3594:
3556:
3546:
3506:
3498:
3463:
3453:
3445:
3406:
3398:
3363:
3353:
3307:
3262:
3254:
3214:
3204:
3158:
3117:
3109:
3073:
3065:
2987:
2979:
2940:
2930:
2888:
2880:
2834:
2759:
2749:
2680:
2604:
2596:
2540:
2530:
2491:
2483:
2465:Lancet
2415:
2374:
2366:
2348:Lancet
2264:
2218:
2176:
2122:
2114:
2096:Lancet
2025:
1986:
1941:immune
1924:, and
1864:Omagra
1823:venery
1588:Gouty
1500:Others
1424:NSAIDs
1412:, and
1400:, and
1320:Korean
1298:allele
1276:, and
1244:, and
1242:coffee
1226:purine
1224:) and
1220:(e.g.
1196:X-rays
1148:tophus
1122:, and
1068:plasma
1040:tophus
1020:X-rays
944:>75
908:<50
901:Trauma
889:<25
864:Normal
764:immune
714:. The
710:, and
688:niacin
659:, and
635:, and
581:SLC2A9
569:, and
560:SLC2A9
522:, and
499:, and
202:NSAIDs
139:Causes
119:, and
80:script
7933:Other
7569:29031
7533:274.9
7530:274.8
7527:274.1
7371:S2CID
7314:S2CID
7271:S2CID
6503:(PDF)
6438:(PDF)
6397:(PDF)
6289:S2CID
5941:(PDF)
5930:S2CID
5902:(PDF)
5772:(PDF)
5765:(PDF)
5002:S2CID
4859:S2CID
3865:JSTOR
3826:S2CID
3802:Drugs
3600:S2CID
3504:S2CID
3404:S2CID
3260:S2CID
3115:S2CID
3071:S2CID
2985:S2CID
2886:S2CID
2792:1 May
2602:S2CID
2489:S2CID
2372:S2CID
2120:S2CID
1780:Greek
1739:gutta
1703:China
1590:tophi
1558:helix
1554:tophi
1437:, or
1356:plus
1326:, or
1316:Asian
1307:HLA-B
1038:or a
925:50–80
776:NLRP3
759:tophi
572:ABCG2
512:beans
464:urate
444:tophi
434:Cause
411:tophi
333:, or
291:, or
285:tophi
273:joint
134:women
8032:Gout
7863:Gout
7857:CPPD
7680:Gout
7650:gout
7641:gout
7630:Gout
7553:MeSH
7539:OMIM
7519:9-CM
7463:PMID
7441:2014
7418:2010
7387:2020
7363:PMID
7306:PMID
7263:PMID
7225:PMID
7188:2024
7152:h2g2
7128:ISBN
7109:2021
7078:2010
7009:2011
6976:2024
6958:ISBN
6929:PMID
6891:PMID
6883:ISSN
6848:PMID
6813:PMID
6768:2007
6737:PMID
6688:PMID
6647:PMID
6617:PMID
6595:2014
6567:2019
6551:PMID
6533:ISSN
6511:2010
6481:PMID
6473:ISSN
6446:2019
6427:PMID
6375:PMID
6353:2021
6305:2024
6256:2024
6240:PMID
6222:ISSN
6180:PMID
6162:ISSN
6150:2021
6120:PMID
6104:JAMA
6085:PMID
6034:PMID
6004:PMID
5986:ISSN
5949:2020
5922:PMID
5880:PMID
5828:PMID
5780:2018
5748:2018
5722:2018
5674:2017
5640:PMID
5622:ISSN
5610:2010
5583:PMID
5561:2021
5534:PMID
5458:PMID
5417:2024
5401:PMID
5366:link
5352:2024
5326:2016
5308:ISBN
5280:PMID
5262:ISSN
5250:2014
5223:PMID
5205:ISSN
5170:2019
5140:2017
5111:2022
5095:PMID
5068:PMID
5041:PMID
5018:2021
4994:PMID
4953:PMID
4912:PMID
4894:ISSN
4851:PMID
4809:PMID
4782:PMID
4728:PMID
4687:PMID
4638:PMID
4592:2020
4557:PMID
4508:PMID
4429:PMID
4402:PMID
4351:PMID
4324:PMID
4287:2019
4276:PMID
4247:ISBN
4222:PMID
4177:2019
4165:NICE
4140:PMID
4113:PMID
4086:PMID
4063:PMID
4021:2021
4005:PMID
3952:ISBN
3929:PMID
3883:PMID
3818:PMID
3783:PMID
3731:PMID
3692:PMID
3674:ISSN
3635:PMID
3592:PMID
3554:PMID
3496:PMID
3461:PMID
3443:ISSN
3431:2013
3396:PMID
3361:PMID
3305:PMID
3252:PMID
3212:PMID
3156:PMID
3107:PMID
3063:PMID
3001:2022
2977:PMID
2938:PMID
2878:PMID
2832:PMID
2794:2009
2757:PMID
2712:2016
2678:PMID
2636:2023
2594:PMID
2538:PMID
2481:PMID
2447:2019
2413:PMID
2364:PMID
2262:PMID
2216:PMID
2174:PMID
2112:PMID
2041:2016
2023:ISBN
2002:2016
1984:ISBN
1821:and
1819:mead
1815:wine
1796:and
1492:. A
1473:and
1379:and
1328:Thai
1180:CPPD
1108:CPPD
1082:and
999:gout
892:High
873:High
844:Type
822:and
721:and
667:. A
583:and
516:peas
454:The
251:GOWT
226:Gout
55:foot
45:Gout
7914:SLE
7682:at
7515:ICD
7509:M10
7500:ICD
7453:PMC
7445:doi
7353:doi
7341:387
7298:doi
7294:143
7255:doi
7215:doi
7066:MIT
6875:doi
6840:doi
6803:PMC
6795:doi
6727:PMC
6719:doi
6715:386
6678:doi
6607:PMC
6599:doi
6541:PMC
6523:hdl
6515:doi
6465:doi
6417:PMC
6409:doi
6365:PMC
6357:doi
6281:doi
6230:PMC
6214:doi
6170:PMC
6154:doi
6112:doi
6108:313
6075:PMC
6065:doi
5994:PMC
5976:doi
5914:doi
5870:PMC
5862:doi
5818:PMC
5810:doi
5630:PMC
5614:doi
5573:PMC
5565:doi
5524:hdl
5514:doi
5510:306
5483:FDA
5448:PMC
5440:doi
5393:doi
5270:PMC
5254:doi
5213:PMC
5197:doi
5158:FDA
4984:doi
4980:166
4943:doi
4939:128
4902:PMC
4886:doi
4843:doi
4839:388
4805:104
4772:hdl
4762:doi
4718:PMC
4677:PMC
4669:doi
4628:PMC
4620:doi
4547:PMC
4539:doi
4500:doi
4392:PMC
4384:doi
4380:320
4375:BMJ
4314:doi
4310:166
4212:PMC
4204:doi
4200:344
4196:BMJ
4053:doi
3995:PMC
3985:doi
3919:PMC
3873:PMC
3857:doi
3853:105
3810:doi
3773:PMC
3765:doi
3723:doi
3682:PMC
3666:doi
3662:180
3627:doi
3584:doi
3544:PMC
3536:doi
3488:doi
3451:PMC
3435:doi
3388:doi
3384:347
3380:BMJ
3351:PMC
3343:doi
3295:doi
3291:350
3244:doi
3202:PMC
3194:doi
3190:363
3186:BMJ
3146:doi
3099:doi
3055:doi
2969:doi
2928:PMC
2920:doi
2916:106
2870:doi
2747:PMC
2739:doi
2668:doi
2664:166
2586:doi
2582:122
2528:PMC
2520:doi
2473:doi
2469:388
2403:doi
2399:166
2356:doi
2352:375
2254:doi
2250:165
2208:doi
2204:129
2164:doi
2104:doi
2100:388
1906:Sue
1767:, (
1756:".
1304:B (
1034:in
985:Low
966:Low
947:Low
928:Low
848:WBC
579:in
458:of
446:of
341:or
8028::
7712:.
7698:.
7648::
7639::
7628::
7602::
7591::
7567::
7556::
7542::
7522::
7507::
7504:10
7461:.
7451:.
7439:.
7435:.
7404:.
7377:.
7369:.
7361:.
7351:.
7339:.
7335:.
7312:.
7304:.
7292:.
7269:.
7261:.
7251:13
7249:.
7237:^
7223:.
7211:40
7209:.
7205:.
7150:.
7095:.
7068:.
7064:.
7029:.
7025:.
6999:.
6995:.
6978:.
6966:.
6925:65
6923:.
6919:.
6903:^
6889:.
6881:.
6871:11
6869:.
6846:.
6836:12
6834:.
6811:.
6801:.
6791:58
6789:.
6785:.
6735:.
6725:.
6713:.
6709:.
6686:.
6674:56
6672:.
6668:.
6643:26
6641:.
6629:^
6615:.
6605:.
6593:.
6589:.
6575:^
6557:.
6549:.
6539:.
6531:.
6521:.
6509:.
6505:.
6479:.
6471:.
6433:.
6425:.
6415:.
6405:49
6403:.
6399:.
6373:.
6363:.
6351:.
6347:.
6328:.
6324:.
6313:^
6295:.
6287:.
6275:.
6264:^
6246:.
6238:.
6228:.
6220:.
6210:82
6208:.
6204:.
6192:^
6178:.
6168:.
6160:.
6148:.
6144:.
6132:^
6118:.
6106:.
6083:.
6073:.
6059:.
6055:.
6030:58
6028:.
6016:^
6002:.
5992:.
5984:.
5972:11
5970:.
5966:.
5936:.
5928:.
5920:.
5910:45
5908:.
5904:.
5878:.
5868:.
5858:11
5856:.
5852:.
5840:^
5826:.
5816:.
5806:65
5804:.
5800:.
5788:^
5701:^
5693:26
5691:.
5664:.
5660:.
5638:.
5628:.
5620:.
5608:.
5604:.
5581:.
5571:.
5559:.
5555:.
5532:.
5522:.
5508:.
5504:.
5481:.
5470:^
5456:.
5446:.
5434:.
5407:.
5399:.
5389:47
5387:.
5383:.
5362:}}
5358:{{
5342:.
5316:.
5292:^
5278:.
5268:.
5260:.
5248:.
5244:.
5221:.
5211:.
5203:.
5193:11
5191:.
5187:.
5156:.
5126:.
5101:,
5089:,
5064:45
5062:.
5037:92
5035:.
5008:.
5000:.
4992:.
4978:.
4974:.
4951:.
4937:.
4933:.
4910:.
4900:.
4892:.
4880:.
4857:.
4849:.
4837:.
4821:^
4803:.
4780:.
4770:.
4758:72
4756:.
4752:.
4740:^
4726:.
4714:11
4712:.
4708:.
4685:.
4675:.
4663:.
4659:.
4636:.
4626:.
4614:.
4610:.
4582:.
4578:.
4555:.
4545:.
4533:.
4529:.
4506:.
4496:24
4494:.
4471:.
4449:.
4425:92
4423:.
4400:.
4390:.
4378:.
4372:.
4347:98
4345:.
4322:.
4308:.
4304:.
4270:.
4220:.
4210:.
4198:.
4194:.
4167:.
4163:.
4152:^
4136:20
4134:.
4109:30
4107:.
4061:.
4049:54
4047:.
4043:.
4029:^
4011:.
4003:.
3993:.
3981:20
3979:.
3975:.
3927:.
3915:55
3913:.
3909:.
3895:^
3881:.
3871:.
3863:.
3851:.
3847:.
3824:.
3816:.
3806:65
3804:.
3781:.
3771:.
3759:.
3755:.
3743:^
3729:.
3719:78
3717:.
3690:.
3680:.
3672:.
3660:.
3656:.
3633:.
3623:45
3621:.
3598:.
3590:.
3580:22
3578:.
3566:^
3552:.
3542:.
3532:87
3525:.
3502:.
3494:.
3484:20
3482:.
3459:.
3449:.
3441:.
3429:.
3425:.
3402:.
3394:.
3382:.
3359:.
3349:.
3339:23
3337:.
3331:.
3317:^
3303:.
3284:.
3272:^
3258:.
3250:.
3240:75
3238:.
3224:^
3210:.
3200:.
3188:.
3184:.
3168:^
3154:.
3142:37
3140:.
3136:.
3113:.
3105:.
3095:60
3093:.
3069:.
3061:.
3051:14
3049:.
3009:^
2991:.
2983:.
2975:.
2965:40
2963:.
2959:.
2936:.
2926:.
2914:.
2910:.
2898:^
2884:.
2876:.
2864:.
2844:^
2828:76
2826:.
2802:^
2784:.
2780:.
2769:^
2755:.
2745:.
2735:40
2733:.
2729:.
2698:.
2676:.
2662:.
2658:.
2644:^
2626:.
2622:.
2600:.
2592:.
2580:.
2550:^
2536:.
2526:.
2516:17
2514:.
2510:.
2487:.
2479:.
2433:.
2411:.
2397:.
2393:.
2370:.
2362:.
2350:.
2274:^
2260:.
2228:^
2214:.
2202:.
2186:^
2172:.
2160:56
2158:.
2154:.
2132:^
2118:.
2110:.
2049:^
2031:.
1992:.
1920:,
1870:.
1817:,
1778:.
1769:c.
1705:,
1537:,
1533:,
1433:,
1408:,
1383:.
1322:,
1272:,
1268:,
1236:,
1134:.
1118:,
1114:,
1078:,
1074:,
1005:,
1001:,
997:,
982:70
963:60
830:.
706:,
702:,
698:,
690:,
655:,
651:,
647:,
643:,
631:,
627:,
619:.
595:,
591:,
563:,
542:.
518:,
514:,
495:,
430:.
295:.
287:,
238:aʊ
208:,
204:,
190:,
174:,
170:,
115:,
7744:e
7737:t
7730:v
7675:.
7517:-
7502:-
7492:D
7469:.
7447::
7420:.
7389:.
7355::
7347::
7320:.
7300::
7277:.
7257::
7231:.
7217::
7190:.
7136:.
7111:.
7080:.
7011:.
6897:.
6877::
6854:.
6842::
6819:.
6797::
6770:.
6743:.
6721::
6694:.
6680::
6653:.
6623:.
6601::
6569:.
6525::
6517::
6487:.
6467::
6448:.
6411::
6381:.
6359::
6307:.
6283::
6258:.
6216::
6186:.
6156::
6126:.
6114::
6091:.
6067::
6061:8
6040:.
6010:.
5978::
5951:.
5916::
5886:.
5864::
5834:.
5812::
5782:.
5750:.
5724:.
5676:.
5646:.
5616::
5589:.
5567::
5540:.
5526::
5516::
5464:.
5442::
5419:.
5395::
5368:)
5354:.
5328:.
5286:.
5256::
5229:.
5199::
5172:.
5142:.
5074:.
5047:.
5020:.
4986::
4959:.
4945::
4918:.
4888::
4865:.
4845::
4815:.
4788:.
4774::
4764::
4734:.
4693:.
4671::
4665:1
4644:.
4622::
4616:6
4594:.
4563:.
4541::
4535:4
4514:.
4502::
4435:.
4408:.
4386::
4357:.
4330:.
4316::
4289:.
4255:.
4228:.
4206::
4179:.
4146:.
4119:.
4092:.
4069:.
4055::
4023:.
3987::
3960:.
3935:.
3889:.
3859::
3832:.
3812::
3789:.
3767::
3761:8
3737:.
3725::
3698:.
3668::
3641:.
3629::
3606:.
3586::
3560:.
3538::
3510:.
3490::
3467:.
3437::
3410:.
3390::
3367:.
3345::
3311:.
3297::
3266:.
3246::
3218:.
3196::
3162:.
3148::
3121:.
3101::
3077:.
3057::
3003:.
2971::
2944:.
2922::
2892:.
2872::
2866:6
2838:.
2796:.
2763:.
2741::
2714:.
2684:.
2670::
2638:.
2608:.
2588::
2544:.
2522::
2495:.
2475::
2449:.
2419:.
2405::
2378:.
2358::
2268:.
2256::
2222:.
2210::
2180:.
2166::
2126:.
2106::
2043:.
2004:.
1825:.
870:0
244:/
241:t
235:ɡ
232:/
228:(
86:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.