111:
the upper and lower boundaries for the Polar
Classes, it was agreed that the highest Polar Class vessels (PC 1) should be capable of operating safely anywhere in the Arctic or the Antarctic waters at any time of the year while the lower boundary was set to existing tonnage operating during the summer season, most of which followed the Baltic ice classes with some upgrades and additions. The lowest Polar Class (PC 7) was thus set to the similar level with the Finnish-Swedish ice class 1A. The definition of operational conditions for each Polar Class was intentionally left vague due to the wide variety of ship operations carried out in polar waters.
650:
470:
38:
304:
133:. These definitions are intended to guide owners, designers and administrations in selecting the appropriate Polar Class to match the intended voyage or service of the vessel. Ships with sufficient power and strength to undertake "aggressive operations in ice-covered waters", such as escort and ice management operations, can be assigned an additional notation "
110:
Prior to the development of the unified requirements, each classification society had their own set of ice class rules ranging from Baltic ice classes intended for operation in first-year ice to higher vessel categories, including icebreakers, intended for operations in polar waters. When developing
275:
The IACS Polar Class rules apply for ships contracted for construction on or after 1 July 2007. This means that while vessels built prior to this date may have an equivalent or even higher level of ice strengthening, they are not officially assigned a Polar Class and may not in fact fulfill all the
250:
In the Polar Class rules, the hull of the vessel is divided longitudinally into four regions: "bow", "bow intermediate", "midbody" and "stern". All longitudinal regions except the bow are further divided vertically into "bottom", "lower" and "icebelt" regions. For each region, a design ice load is
262:
In addition to structural details, the Polar Class rules have requirements for machinery systems such as the main propulsion, steering gear, and systems essential for the safety of the crew and survivability of the vessel. For example, propeller-ice interaction should be taken into account in the
124:
The IACS has established seven different Polar Class notations, ranging from PC 1 (highest) to PC 7 (lowest), with each level corresponding to operational capability and strength of the vessel. The description of ice conditions where ships of each Polar Class are intended to operate are
101:
The development of the Polar Class rules began in the 1990s with an international effort to harmonize the requirements for marine operations in the polar waters in order to protect life, property and the environment. The guidelines developed by the
International Maritime Organization (IMO), which
266:
Although the rules generally require the ships to have suitable hull form and sufficient propulsion power to operate independently and at continuous speed in ice conditions corresponding to their Polar Class, the ice-going capability requirements of the vessel are not clearly defined in terms of
106:
developed by the
International Association of Classification Societies (IACS). In May 1996, an "Ad-Hoc Group to establish Unified Requirements for Polar Ships (AHG/PSR)" was established with one working group concentrating on the structural requirements and another working on machinery-related
144:(1A Super and 1A, respectively). However, unlike the Baltic ice classes intended for operation only in first-year sea ice, even the lowest Polar Classes consider the possibility of encountering multi-year ice ("old ice inclusions").
1597:
2181:
2468:
496:
4 requirements. However, the 228 metres (748 ft) long and 42 metres (138 ft) wide vessel does not feature an icebreaking hull and is designed to operate primarily in pre-broken ("managed") ice.
558:
class notation "Icebreaker(+)". The latter part of the notation refers to additional structural strengthening based on analysis of the vessel's operational profile and potential ice loading scenarios.
687:
in 2016. The 206.3 metres (677 ft) long and 43 metres (141 ft) wide vessels, capable of breaking up to 1.5-metre (5 ft) ice independently, were built for year-round transportation of
1044:
263:
propeller design, cooling systems and sea water inlets should be designed to work also in ice-covered waters, and the ballast tanks should be provided with effective means of preventing freezing.
877:, has been delayed by several years and now is not expected to be delivered to the U.S. Coast Guard until at least 2028. While the vessels these Polar Security Cutters are intended to replace,
2048:
86:
82:(IACS). Seven Polar Classes are defined in the rules, ranging from PC 1 for year-round operation in all polar waters to PC 7 for summer and autumn operation in thin first-year ice.
79:
612:
259:
of structural elements such as shell plating and frames in each location. The design scenario used to determine the ice loads is a glancing collision with a floating ice floe.
2078:
1601:
1016:
2189:
2393:
2457:
1115:
Finnish ice classes equivalent to class notations of recognized classification societies and documentation required for the determination of the ice classes of ships
276:
requirements in the unified requirements. In addition, particularly
Russian ships and icebreakers are assigned ice classes only according to the requirements of the
2435:
2490:
1910:"AUDAX and PUGNAX, Unique PC-3 Class Heavy Transport Vessels Designed for Module Transportation for LNG Liquefaction Projects in Arctic Remote Locations"
1039:
1284:
369:
267:
speed or ice thickness. In practice, this means that the Polar Class of the vessel may not reflect the actual icebreaking capability of the vessel.
1739:
1066:
702:
277:
2279:
1114:
2056:
751:(AHTS) for Alaskan operations. However, the construction of the vessels due for delivery by the end of 2016 was later cancelled following
90:
1093:
779:
748:
352:
126:
31:
1571:
2418:
649:
851:. The 270-passenger vessel, capable of breaking up to 2.5 metres (8 ft) thick multi-year ice and taking passengers to the
623:
916:
2 rating with an additional notation "Icebreaker(+)". While a single vessel was initially scheduled for delivery in 2017, the
917:
251:
calculated based on the dimensions, hull geometry, and ice class of the vessel. This ice load is then used to determine the
2159:
2100:
1909:
867:
789:
1013:
920:
has since been revised to include two such icebreakers, the first of which is planned to enter service by
December 2029.
1768:
30:
This article is about ice class. For ships or projects referred to as polar icebreakers or Polar-class icebreakers, see
405:
1175:
479:, built in 2016, is rated Polar Class 4 with an additional notation "Icebreaker(+)" denoting additional strengthening.
1790:
437:
2371:
431:
338:
2182:"RSV Nuyina, the world's first-ever Polar Class 3 Icebreaker Plus vessel equipped with our heaviest rudder system"
1695:
684:
469:
859:
769:
660:
141:
2326:
1227:
412:
1816:
1117:. Maritime Safety Regulation TRAFI/31299/03.04.01.00/2010, Finnish Transport Safety Agency, 23 November 2010.
602:
562:
37:
1295:
1673:
892:
871:
71:
2543:
1486:
842:
688:
2394:"GAO: Polar Security Cutter Design Won't Complete Until 2024, Delivery of First Hull Estimated in 2028"
717:
2548:
583:
545:
474:
442:
419:
384:
906:
1598:"Otson kylkiin terästä, kannelle helikopterikenttä ja vesiallas – miehistölle arktiset palkanlisät"
1063:
848:
763:
679:
654:
576:
555:
365:
673:
488:
2523:
2015:
1982:
1949:
1925:
975:
569:
140:
The two lowest Polar
Classes (PC 6 and PC 7) are roughly equivalent to the two highest
2357:
Coast Guard Polar
Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress
2305:
447:
309:
541:
4 level to allow the vessel to support seismic surveys in the Arctic during the summer months.
303:
1090:"Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation: Sea Ice Nomenclature, 7th ed"
532:
398:
377:
2355:
2211:
1875:
1842:
1538:
1505:
1456:
1353:
1320:
1130:
520:
453:
2553:
2515:
1917:
878:
723:
391:
327:
43:
1070:
1048:
1020:
885:
318:
1064:
History Files (HF) and
Technical Background (TB) documents for Unified Requirements (URs)
2049:"Rolls-Royce to supply propulsion and deck machinery to a new vessel for Edison Chouest"
2458:"Federal government soliciting pitches from Canadian shipyards to build new icebreaker"
2245:
2125:
2027:
1994:
1961:
1624:
1422:
1387:
1250:
1197:
737:
598:
513:
1089:
225:
Summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
2537:
2258:
2138:
1929:
1637:
1435:
1400:
1263:
1206:
899:
509:
458:
1658:"Chapter 2 Ice Operations - Ice Class - Section 12 Requirements for Icebreaker(+)",
236:
Summer/autumn operation in thin first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
192:
Year-round operation in second-year ice which may include multi-year ice inclusions
691:
641:
in the 2020s and 2030s, and the first vessel is expected to enter service in 2028.
358:
283:
Although numerous ships have been built to the two least hardened Polar
Classes, PC
214:
Year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
280:, which maintains its own ice class rules parallel to the IACS Polar Class rules.
203:
Year-round operation in thick first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
1163:
102:
were later incorporated in the Polar Code, made reference to the compliance with
813:
807:
713:
525:
345:
332:
256:
1073:. International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), December 2016.
1717:
852:
783:
774:
706:
252:
134:
1908:
van
Lievenoogen, Rinse; Hovilainen, Mika; Valtonen, Ville (1 November 2018),
17:
1023:. International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), April 2016.
752:
729:
630:
4 Icebreaker(+). The first icebreaker is expected to enter service in 2027.
484:
63:
524:. The 28,000-tonne vessels are primarily used to transport nickel ore from
2462:
928:
As of 2024, no ships have been built, under construction or planned to PC
710:
633:
The new Canadian Coast Guard Multi-Purpose Vessels (MPV) will be rated PC
2280:"MSV Fennica and MSV Nordica now Polar Code certified with PC3 notation"
695:
638:
418:
are under construction. Two additional ships have been ordered for the
1572:"Fednav Welcomes the MV Arvik I - Its Newest Icebreaking Bulk Carrier"
1921:
743:
In April 2015, it was reported that Edison Chouest would build two PC
501:
368:
awarded a shipbuilding contract for the construction of six to eight
321:
intended for scientific missions in the polar regions are built to PC
822:
3 rating as part of the vessels' Polar Code certification in 2019.
648:
468:
302:
36:
590:
4 rating as part of the vessels' conversion to Canadian service.
107:
issues. The first IACS Polar Class rules were published in 2007.
1660:
Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships, July 2021
758:
As of 2023, three polar research vessels have been built with PC
67:
1041:
Polar Ship Design Standards – State of the Art, and Way Forward
803:
notation includes Lloyd's Register's "Icebreaker(+)" notation.
291:
7, only a small number of ships have been assigned ice class PC
2518:, International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)
2223:
1887:
1854:
1550:
1517:
1464:
1365:
1332:
1142:
157:
1718:"Japan to build new icebreaker for researching Arctic region"
716:
built in 2016–2019 as well as the arctic condensate tankers
313:
is a small expedition cruise ship with Polar Class 5 rating.
2160:"China Launches Domestically-Built "Xue Long 2" Icebreaker"
626:
is in the process of acquiring 2–3 new icebreakers rated PC
181:
Year-round operation in moderate multi-year ice conditions
2491:"Polar icebreakers and the National Shipbuilding Strategy"
2419:
LR to class versatile icebreaker for Canadian Coast Guard
1230:. The Royal Institution of Naval Architects. January 2017
601:
intended to complement the country's existing icebreaker
895:, these mid-1970s icebreakers do not carry a PC rating.
841:
2 rated vessel in service is the expedition cruise ship
531:
In 2015, the hull of the Finnish 1986-built icebreaker
85:
The IACS Polar Class rules should not be confused with
619:
4 rated icebreaker for researching the Arctic region.
87:
International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters
425:
As of 2023, four cruise ships have been built with PC
80:
International Association of Classification Societies
796:
also has the additional notation "Icebreaker" while
613:
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
41:The 2012-built South African polar research vessel
2360:, Congressional Research Service, 28 February 2022
2244:
2124:
1623:
1421:
1386:
1249:
1196:
898:The future Canadian Coast Guard polar icebreakers
637:4 Icebreaker(+). Sixteen vessels will be built by
195:Up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and sometimes more
2493:(Press release). Government of Canada. 6 May 2021
1228:"Planet ice and the dual-functional Attenborough"
615:(JAMSTEC) is in the process of acquiring a new PC
1696:"Argentina funds construction of new icebreaker"
932:1, the highest ice class specified by the IACS.
2079:"Chouest said to have canceled Arctic AHTS duo"
866:2 rated heavy polar icebreakers referred to as
653:The Polar Class 3 icebreaking research vessel
2524:"Ice Class Rules: Description and Comparison"
2434:Newbury, Scott; McGreer, Dan (October 2014).
1294:. Naval Association of Canada. Archived from
8:
1769:"Sjöfartsverket: Första nya isbrytaren 2027"
1600:. Talouselämä. 10 April 2015. Archived from
1485:Hals, Torbjørn; Efraimsson, Fredrik (2011),
818:, built in the early 1990s, were assigned PC
755:'s decision to halt Arctic oil exploration.
608:in Antarctica is currently in design stage.
2372:"USCG PSC Equals meaningful Polar Presence"
1771:(in Swedish). Aftonbladet. 11 November 2022
2516:Unified Requirements for Polar Class ships
1791:"Multi-Purpose Vessel Designed for Canada"
1740:"Baltic Sea icebreaker sets new benchmark"
1034:
1032:
1014:Unified Requirements for Polar Class ships
537:was reinforced with additional steel to PC
397:is undergoing post-acceptance trials, and
76:Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships
1674:"Feature: A Canadian Coast Guard upgrade"
170:Year-round operation in all polar waters
671:3 vessels were two heavy load carriers,
239:30 to 70 cm (0.98 to 2.30 ft)
146:
991:
941:
862:has ordered two out of three planned PC
582:, built in 2000–01 and acquired by the
492:has a hull strengthened according to PC
228:70 to 120 cm (2.3 to 3.9 ft)
217:70 to 120 cm (2.3 to 3.9 ft)
184:Up to 3.0 m (9.8 ft) or more
701:Although usually referred to by their
153:Ice descriptions in Polar Class rules
2327:"Le Commandant Charcot in ice trials"
1488:DP Ice Model Test of Arctic Drillship
1084:
1082:
806:The Finnish multipurpose icebreakers
703:Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
278:Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
7:
2456:Berthiaume, Lee (29 February 2020).
2162:. High North News. 11 September 2018
1916:, OTC Arctic Technology Conference,
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
870:. Construction of the first vessel,
829:3 rated vessels under construction.
104:Unified Requirements for Polar Ships
1285:"Arctic and Offshore Patrol Vessel"
544:The Finnish LNG-powered icebreaker
473:The Finnish LNG-powered icebreaker
370:Arctic Offshore Patrol Ships (AOPS)
156:Corresponding ice thickness in the
91:International Maritime Organization
2471:from the original on 10 March 2020
1720:. The Asahi Shimbun. 12 April 2021
1292:Naval Affairs Program Briefing #14
749:anchor handling tug supply vessels
683:, built for the Netherlands-based
47:is one of the few vessels rated PC
25:
2436:"Vessel report: Polar icebreaker"
2306:"Le Commandant Charcot delivered"
1094:World Meteorological Organization
974:Propulsion units strengthened to
780:Polar Research Institute of China
127:World Meteorological Organization
32:polar icebreaker (disambiguation)
2188:. 28 August 2021. Archived from
1494:, Dynamic Positioning Conference
597:4 polar logistics vessel of the
1698:. Defense Brief. 1 January 2022
891:, are sometimes referred to as
847:operated by the French company
709:, the fifteen first-generation
624:Swedish Maritime Administration
206:Over 120 cm (3.9 ft)
2374:. MarineLink. 14 November 2019
2055:. 4 March 2015. Archived from
1356:National Geographic Resolution
918:National Shipbuilding Strategy
500:The Canadian shipping company
438:National Geographic Resolution
357:is under construction for the
1:
2101:"Kronprins Haakon Ice Trials"
1323:National Geographic Endurance
790:Australian Antarctic Division
432:National Geographic Endurance
2522:Daley, Claude (April 2014).
2081:. MarineLog. 9 November 2015
1914:Day 1 Mon, November 05, 2018
1797:. Aker Arctic. March 8, 2023
685:ZPMC-Red Box Energy Services
586:2018, will be upgraded to PC
550:, built in 2016, is rated PC
325:5 rating: the South African
1676:. Drydock. 3 September 2019
1176:American Bureau of Shipping
825:As of 2023, there are no PC
142:Finnish-Swedish ice classes
2570:
528:in the Canadian Arctic.
29:
2423:Retrieved 2015-04-29.
1823:. Seaspan. March 16, 2023
1119:Retrieved 2011-11-21.
1075:Retrieved 2017-03-11.
1053:Retrieved 2017-03-11.
1025:Retrieved 2024-02-16.
860:United States Coast Guard
855:, was delivered in 2021.
770:Norwegian Polar Institute
661:Norwegian Polar Institute
337:in 2014, and the British
561:The interim icebreakers
435:(delivered in 2020) and
344:in 2020. In addition, a
2220:Vessel Register for DNV
2186:Damen Marine Components
1884:Vessel Register for DNV
1851:Vessel Register for DNV
1817:"Multi-Purpose Vessels"
1547:Vessel Register for DNV
1514:Vessel Register for DNV
1461:Vessel Register for DNV
1362:Vessel Register for DNV
1329:Vessel Register for DNV
1139:Vessel Register for DNV
948:Hull strengthened to PC
893:Polar-class icebreakers
837:As of 2023, the only PC
2467:. The Canadian Press.
961:Bow strengthened to PC
868:Polar Security Cutters
664:
480:
390:have entered service,
341:Sir David Attenborough
331:in 2012, the American
314:
72:classification society
52:
844:Le Commandant Charcot
652:
554:4 with an additional
472:
306:
120:Polar Class notations
40:
2421:. Lloyd's Register.
1253:ASMAR TALCAHUANO 114
732:project also have PC
722:(built in 2018) and
584:Canadian Coast Guard
443:Lindblad Expeditions
420:Canadian Coast Guard
161:Sea Ice Nomenclature
131:Sea Ice Nomenclature
89:(Polar Code) by the
2336:. Aker Arctic. 2021
2334:Arctic Passion News
1795:Arctic Passion News
1747:Arctic Passion News
849:Compagnie du Ponant
728:(2019) serving the
659:is operated by the
415:Robert Hampton Gray
366:Royal Canadian Navy
2192:on 28 October 2021
1662:, Lloyd's Register
1069:2015-10-19 at the
1047:2017-09-13 at the
1019:2012-06-20 at the
976:Det Norske Veritas
912:are designed to PC
665:
565:Captain Molly Kool
481:
350:5 Antarctic vessel
315:
53:
2445:. pp. 68–71.
2443:Marine Technology
2286:. 31 January 2019
694:plant modules to
408:Frédérick Rolette
271:Polar Class ships
243:
242:
78:developed by the
16:(Redirected from
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1096:. pp. 12–13
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605:Almirante IrĂzar
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556:Lloyd's Register
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328:S. A. Agulhas II
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319:research vessels
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62:) refers to the
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44:S. A. Agulhas II
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1964:
1952:Boris Vilkitsky
1948:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
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1607:
1605:
1604:on 4 March 2016
1596:
1595:
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1579:
1578:. 29 April 2021
1570:
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1071:Wayback Machine
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1037:
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1021:Wayback Machine
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634:
627:
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594:
587:
551:
538:
518:and 2021-built
505:
504:operates two PC
493:
483:The 2012-built
467:
426:
387:Margaret Brooke
376:5. As of 2023,
373:
347:
322:
307:The 2020-built
301:
292:
288:
284:
273:
248:
122:
117:
99:
48:
35:
28:
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5:
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2531:
2519:
2511:
2510:External links
2508:
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2504:
2482:
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2426:
2411:
2385:
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2347:
2318:
2297:
2271:
2259:S&P Global
2236:
2203:
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2151:
2139:S&P Global
2116:
2092:
2070:
2059:on 3 June 2016
2040:
2028:Bureau Veritas
2007:
1995:Bureau Veritas
1974:
1962:Bureau Veritas
1941:
1900:
1867:
1834:
1808:
1782:
1760:
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1638:S&P Global
1615:
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1436:S&P Global
1413:
1401:S&P Global
1378:
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1312:
1301:on 25 May 2019
1276:
1264:S&P Global
1241:
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1207:S&P Global
1188:
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978:ICE-10 rating.
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922:
874:Polar Sentinel
834:
831:
738:Bureau Veritas
736:3 rating from
646:
643:
599:Argentine Navy
579:Vincent Massey
466:
463:
354:Almirante Viel
300:
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295:5 or higher.
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2019:
2018:Boris Sokolov
2011:
2008:
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1985:Yuriy Kuchiev
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1749:. Aker Arctic
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1038:Kendrick, A.
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924:Polar Class 1
923:
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910:
904:
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896:
894:
890:
889:
883:
882:
876:
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833:Polar Class 2
832:
830:
823:
817:
816:
811:
810:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:
782:in 2019, and
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
766:
756:
754:
750:
741:
739:
731:
727:
726:
725:Yuriy Kuchiev
721:
720:
719:Boris Sokolov
715:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
690:
686:
682:
681:
676:
675:
662:
658:
657:
651:
645:Polar Class 3
644:
642:
640:
631:
625:
620:
614:
609:
607:
606:
600:
591:
585:
581:
580:
574:
573:
572:Jean Goodwill
567:
566:
559:
557:
549:
548:
542:
536:
535:
529:
527:
523:
522:
517:
516:
512:, 2014-built
511:
510:bulk carriers
503:
498:
491:
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486:
478:
477:
471:
465:Polar Class 4
464:
462:
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459:Swan Hellenic
456:
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389:
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371:
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364:In 2012, the
362:
361:as of 2023.
360:
356:
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343:
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336:
335:
330:
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312:
311:
305:
299:Polar Class 5
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81:
77:
74:based on the
73:
69:
65:
61:
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46:
45:
39:
33:
19:
18:Polar Class 3
2544:Shipbuilding
2495:. Retrieved
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2461:
2451:
2442:
2429:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2400:. 3 Aug 2023
2397:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2366:
2356:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2333:
2321:
2310:. Retrieved
2308:. 2021-08-03
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2283:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2254:
2247:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2219:
2213:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2190:the original
2185:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2134:
2127:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:the original
2052:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2023:
2017:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1990:
1984:
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1957:
1951:
1944:
1933:, retrieved
1913:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1883:
1877:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1850:
1844:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1794:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1746:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1633:
1626:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:the original
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1546:
1540:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1513:
1507:
1500:
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1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1431:
1424:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1396:
1389:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1361:
1355:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1328:
1322:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1291:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1259:
1252:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1202:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1171:
1165:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1138:
1132:
1125:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1059:
1040:
970:
957:
944:
927:
908:
901:
897:
887:
880:
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857:
843:
836:
824:
814:
808:
805:
797:
793:
784:
773:
764:
757:
742:
724:
718:
714:LNG carriers
700:
692:liquefaction
678:
672:
667:The first PC
666:
655:
632:
621:
610:
604:
592:
578:
571:
564:
560:
546:
543:
533:
530:
519:
514:
499:
489:Stena IceMAX
487:
482:
475:
452:
446:
436:
430:
424:
414:
407:
401:William Hall
400:
393:
386:
380:Harry DeWolf
379:
363:
359:Chilean Navy
353:
340:
333:
326:
317:A number of
316:
308:
282:
274:
265:
261:
257:steel grades
249:
246:Requirements
173:Not defined
160:
150:Polar Class
139:
130:
123:
109:
103:
100:
84:
75:
59:
55:
54:
51:5 or higher.
42:
2549:Icebreakers
2053:Rolls-Royce
1680:24 February
1168:(14221929)"
886:USCGC
879:USCGC
872:USCGC
526:Raglan Mine
457:(2022) for
451:(2021) and
441:(2021) for
394:Max Bernays
372:rated at PC
56:Polar Class
2538:Categories
2312:2021-09-17
2250:(9797060)"
2130:(9829241)"
2128:Xue Long 2
1629:(9734161)"
1427:(9895252)"
1392:(9895240)"
1390:SH Minerva
1255:(9843948)"
1172:ABS Record
986:References
907:CCGS
900:CCGS
881:Polar Star
853:North Pole
775:Xue Long 2
762:3 rating:
705:ice class
593:The new PC
448:SH Minerva
429:5 rating:
310:SH Minerva
253:scantlings
135:Icebreaker
115:Definition
97:Background
2398:USNI News
2020:(31415Y)"
1987:(31594T)"
1954:(28765T)"
1930:134457857
1827:March 27,
1801:March 27,
1198:"9798222"
909:Imnaryuaq
888:Polar Sea
792:in 2021.
772:in 2018,
753:Shell Oil
730:Yamal LNG
485:drillship
125:based on
64:ice class
27:Ice class
2469:Archived
2463:CTV News
2378:7 August
2340:7 August
2290:7 August
2264:7 August
2229:7 August
2216:(34021)"
2196:7 August
2166:7 August
2144:7 August
2024:BV Fleet
1991:BV Fleet
1958:BV Fleet
1935:7 August
1893:7 August
1880:(34383)"
1860:7 August
1847:(34382)"
1724:7 August
1702:7 August
1643:7 August
1608:11 April
1582:7 August
1556:7 August
1543:(39740)"
1523:7 August
1510:(32867)"
1470:7 August
1441:7 August
1406:7 August
1371:7 August
1358:(40923)"
1338:7 August
1325:(39066)"
1269:7 August
1234:7 August
1212:7 August
1166:Sikuliaq
1148:7 August
1135:(30528)"
1067:Archived
1045:Archived
1017:Archived
902:Arpatuuq
788:for the
778:for the
768:for the
711:Yamalmax
508:4 rated
334:Sikuliaq
287:6 and PC
2554:Sea ice
2255:Sea-web
2135:Sea-web
2109:22 July
1634:Sea-web
1627:Polaris
1541:Arvik I
1508:Nunavik
1457:"30052"
1432:Sea-web
1425:SH Vega
1397:Sea-web
1260:Sea-web
1203:Sea-web
1181:16 June
1100:5 April
815:Nordica
809:Fennica
696:Sabetta
639:Seaspan
547:Polaris
521:Arvik I
515:Nunavik
476:Polaris
454:SH Vega
93:(IMO).
2284:Arctia
2248:Nuyina
2085:14 May
2063:14 May
1928:
1878:Pugnax
1576:Fednav
1305:25 May
963:
950:
930:
914:
864:
839:
827:
820:
798:Nuyina
785:Nuyina
760:
745:
734:
680:Pugnax
669:
635:
628:
617:
595:
588:
575:, and
552:
539:
506:
502:Fednav
494:
445:, and
427:
374:
348:
323:
293:
289:
285:
129:(WMO)
49:
2527:(PDF)
2497:8 May
2475:8 May
2439:(PDF)
2404:4 Aug
2330:(PDF)
2104:(PDF)
2033:3 May
2000:3 May
1967:3 May
1926:S2CID
1845:Audax
1775:2 May
1753:2 May
1743:(PDF)
1492:(PDF)
1299:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
936:Notes
801:'
674:Audax
577:CCGS
570:CCGS
563:CCGS
413:HMCS
406:HMCS
399:HMCS
392:HMCS
385:HMCS
378:HMCS
233:PC 7
222:PC 6
211:PC 5
200:PC 4
189:PC 3
178:PC 2
167:PC 1
70:by a
2499:2021
2477:2021
2406:2023
2380:2022
2342:2022
2292:2022
2266:2022
2231:2022
2198:2022
2168:2022
2146:2022
2111:2019
2087:2016
2065:2016
2035:2023
2002:2023
1969:2023
1937:2022
1895:2022
1862:2022
1829:2023
1803:2023
1777:2023
1755:2023
1726:2022
1704:2022
1682:2020
1645:2022
1610:2015
1584:2022
1558:2022
1525:2022
1472:2022
1443:2022
1408:2022
1373:2022
1340:2022
1307:2019
1271:2022
1236:2022
1214:2022
1183:2014
1150:2022
1102:2023
905:and
884:and
858:The
812:and
707:Arc7
677:and
622:The
611:The
603:ARA
534:Otso
411:and
383:and
339:RRS
255:and
68:ship
2224:DNV
1918:doi
1888:DNV
1855:DNV
1551:DNV
1518:DNV
1465:DNV
1366:DNV
1333:DNV
1143:DNV
689:LNG
158:WMO
137:".
2540::
2460:.
2441:.
2396:.
2332:.
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2257:.
2253:.
2222:.
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2184:.
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2026:.
2022:.
1993:.
1989:.
1960:.
1956:.
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1912:,
1886:.
1882:.
1853:.
1849:.
1819:.
1793:.
1745:.
1636:.
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1516:.
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1331:.
1327:.
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1262:.
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1205:.
1201:.
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1170:.
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1137:.
1092:.
1081:^
1051:.
1031:^
994:^
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952:4.
747:3
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698:.
568:,
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346:PC
60:PC
2529:.
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2344:.
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2268:.
2246:"
2233:.
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2200:.
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