Jet stream - Knowledge (XXG)

1062:. Given both hydrostatic and geostrophic balance, one can derive the thermal wind relation: the vertical gradient of the horizontal wind is proportional to the horizontal temperature gradient. If two air masses in the northern hemisphere, one cold and dense to the north and the other hot and less dense to the south, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass. The Coriolis effect will then cause poleward-moving mass to deviate to the East, while equatorward-moving mass will deviate toward the west. The general trend in the atmosphere is for temperatures to decrease in the poleward direction. As a result, winds develop an eastward component and that component grows with altitude. Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the north and south poles. 969:, and whose circulation, with the Coriolis force acting on those masses, drives the jet streams. The polar jets, at lower altitude, and often intruding into mid-latitudes, strongly affect weather and aviation. The polar jet stream is most commonly found between latitudes 30° and 60° (closer to 60°), while the subtropical jet streams are located close to latitude 30°. These two jets merge at some locations and times, while at other times they are well separated. The northern polar jet stream is said to "follow the sun" as it slowly migrates northward as that hemisphere warms, and southward again as it cools. 1550:, and suggested that these patterns were all connected to Arctic amplification. Further work from Francis and Vavrus that year suggested that amplified Arctic warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients. As these gradients are the reason that cause west to east winds through the thermal wind relationship, declining speeds are usually found south of the areas with geopotential increases. In 2017, Francis explained her findings to the 1598:(Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project) improved upon the 2010 findings of PMIP2; it found that sea ice decline would weaken the jet stream and increase the probability of atmospheric blocking, but the connection was very minor, and typically insignificant next to interannual variability. In 2022, a follow-up study found that while the PAMIP average had likely underestimated the weakening caused by sea ice decline by 1.2 to 3 times, even the corrected connection still amounts to only 10% of the jet stream's natural variability. 1114: 1440: 1627:– in their respective hemispheres at around 60° latitude. The polar night jet moves at a greater height (about 24,000 metres (80,000 ft)) than it does during the summer. During these dark months the air high over the poles becomes much colder than the air over the Equator. This difference in temperature gives rise to extreme air pressure differences in the stratosphere, which, when combined with the Coriolis effect, create the polar night jets, that race eastward at an altitude of about 48 kilometres (30 mi). The 1594:

Northern Hemisphere in recent decades. Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes. A 2019 analysis of a data set collected from 35 182 weather stations worldwide, including 9116 whose records go beyond 50 years, found a sharp decrease in northern midlatitude cold waves since the 1980s.

707: 1138: 1012: 1332: 1206: 1124:'s atmosphere has multiple jet streams, caused by the convection cells that form the familiar banded color structure; on Jupiter, these convection cells are driven by internal heating. The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology. In models, as one increases the planetary radius, holding all other parameters fixed, the number of jet streams decreases. 988:, are smaller scale waves superimposed on the Rossby waves, with a scale of 1,000 to 4,000 kilometres (600–2,500 mi) long, that move along through the flow pattern around large scale, or longwave, "ridges" and "troughs" within Rossby waves. Jet streams can split into two when they encounter an upper-level low, that diverts a portion of the jet stream under its base, while the remainder of the jet moves by to its north. 950: 906:(1898–1935), the first man to fly around the world solo in 1933, is often given some credit for discovery of jet streams. Post invented a pressurized suit that let him fly above 6,200 metres (20,300 ft). In the year before his death, Post made several attempts at a high-altitude transcontinental flight, and noticed that at times his ground speed greatly exceeded his air speed. 1377:

average across the southern Rockies and Sierra Nevada mountain range, and is well below normal across the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes states. The northern tier of the lower 48 exhibits above normal temperatures during the fall and winter, while the Gulf coast experiences below normal temperatures during the winter season. The subtropical jet stream across the deep

62: 1101:, and to first order this circulation is symmetric with respect to longitude. Tropical air rises to the tropopause, and moves poleward before sinking; this is the Hadley cell circulation. As it does so it tends to conserve angular momentum, since friction with the ground is slight. Air masses that begin moving poleward are deflected eastward by the 1500:, who had first proposed it in a 2012 paper co-authored by Stephen J. Vavrus. While some paleoclimate reconstructions have suggested that the polar vortex becomes more variable and causes more unstable weather during periods of warming back in 1997, this was contradicted by climate modelling, with PMIP2 simulations finding in 2010 that the 1680:

Coastal low-level jets are related to a sharp contrast between high temperatures over land and lower temperatures over the sea and play an important role in coastal weather, giving rise to strong coast parallel winds. Most coastal jets are associated with the oceanic high-pressure systems and thermal

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of the recent winter cooling trends over Eurasian midlatitudes". A 2018 paper from Vavrus and others linked Arctic amplification to more persistent hot-dry extremes during the midlatitude summers, as well as the midlatitude winter continental cooling. Another 2017 paper estimated that when the Arctic

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or other anomalous situations). If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet, the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference (which ultimately causes wind) is highest within the transition zone. The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area, but is

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In 2013, further research from Francis connected reductions in the Arctic sea ice to extreme summer weather in the northern mid-latitudes, while other research from that year identified potential linkages between Arctic sea ice trends and more extreme rainfall in the European summer. At the time, it

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area warmed up to seven times faster than the global average. While the Arctic remains one of the coldest places on Earth today, the temperature gradient between it and the warmer parts of the globe will continue to diminish with every decade of global warming as the result of this amplification. If

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due to a more northerly storm track and jet stream. The storm track shifts far enough northward to bring wetter than normal conditions (in the form of increased snowfall) to the Midwestern states, as well as hot and dry summers. Snowfall is above normal across the Pacific Northwest and western Great

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Jet streams are typically continuous over long distances, but discontinuities are also common. The path of the jet typically has a meandering shape, and these meanders themselves propagate eastward, at lower speeds than that of the actual wind within the flow. Each large meander, or wave, within the

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Moreover, a range of long-term observational data collected during the 2010s and published in 2020 suggests that the intensification of Arctic amplification since the early 2010s was not linked to significant changes on mid-latitude atmospheric patterns. State-of-the-art modelling research of PAMIP

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observations require several decades to definitively distinguish various forms of natural variability from climate trends. This point was stressed by reviews in 2013 and in 2017. A study in 2014 concluded that Arctic amplification significantly decreased cold-season temperature variability over the

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The thermal wind relation does not explain why the winds are organized into tight jets, rather than distributed more broadly over the hemisphere. One factor that contributes to the creation of a concentrated polar jet is the undercutting of sub-tropical air masses by the more dense polar air masses

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Since the early 2000s, climate models have consistently identified that global warming will gradually push jet streams poleward. In 2008, this was confirmed by observational evidence, which proved that from 1979 to 2001, the northern jet stream moved northward at an average rate of 2.01 kilometres

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relation. The balance of forces acting on an atmospheric air parcel in the vertical direction is primarily between the gravitational force acting on the mass of the parcel and the buoyancy force, or the difference in pressure between the top and bottom surfaces of the parcel. Any imbalance between

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Other jet streams also exist. During the Northern Hemisphere summer, easterly jets can form in tropical regions, typically where dry air encounters more humid air at high altitudes. Low-level jets also are typical of various regions such as the central United States. There are also jet streams in

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Valley exit jets are likely to be found in valley regions that exhibit diurnal mountain wind systems, such as those of the dry mountain ranges of the US. Deep valleys that terminate abruptly at a plain are more impacted by these factors than are those that gradually become shallower as downvalley

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is a strong, down-valley, elevated air current that emerges above the intersection of the valley and its adjacent plain. These winds frequently reach speeds of up to 20 m/s (72 km/h; 45 mph) at heights of 40–200 m (130–660 ft) above the ground. Surface winds below the jet

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Scientists are investigating ways to harness the wind energy within the jet stream. According to one estimate of the potential wind energy in the jet stream, only one percent would be needed to meet the world's current energy needs. In the late 2000s it was estimated that the required technology

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Additionally, a 2021 study found that while jet streams had indeed slowly moved polewards since 1960 as was predicted by models, they did not weaken, in spite of a small increase in waviness. A 2022 re-analysis of the aircraft observational data collected over 2002–2020 suggested that the North

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breaking events. At high altitudes, lack of friction allows air to respond freely to the steep pressure gradient with low pressure at high altitude over the pole. This results in the formation of planetary wind circulations that experience a strong Coriolis deflection and thus can be considered

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within the Atlantic tropics below what is normal, and increases tropical cyclone activity across the eastern Pacific. In the Southern Hemisphere, the subtropical jet stream is displaced equatorward, or north, of its normal position, which diverts frontal systems and thunderstorm complexes from

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events, increased precipitation is expected in California due to a more southerly, zonal, storm track. During the Niño portion of ENSO, increased precipitation falls along the Gulf coast and Southeast due to a stronger than normal, and more southerly, polar jet stream. Snowfall is greater than

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flew from Tokyo to Honolulu at an altitude of 7,600 metres (24,900 ft). It cut the trip time by over one-third, from 18 to 11.5 hours. Not only does it cut time off the flight, it also nets fuel savings for the airline industry. Within North America, the time needed to fly east across the

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is circled by the polar night jet. The warmer air can only move along the edge of the polar vortex, but not enter it. Within the vortex, the cold polar air becomes increasingly cold, due to a lack of warmer air from lower latitudes as well as a lack of energy from the Sun entering during the

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noted that "there a significant change in the vortex mean state over the twenty-first century, resulting in a weaker, more disturbed vortex.", which contradicted the modelling results but fit the Francis-Vavrus hypothesis. Additionally, a 2013 study noted that the then-current

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just like carbon dioxide and methane. It traps heat in the atmosphere. That vapor also condenses as droplets we know as clouds, which themselves trap more heat. The vapor is a big part of the amplification story—a big reason the Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else."

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in North America goes down by between 1% and 4% on average, with some states suffering up to 20% losses. A 2021 study found that a stratospheric polar vortex disruption is linked with extreme cold winter weather across parts of Asia and North America, including the

1531:. In 2015, Francis' next study concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades. Hence, continued heat-trapping emissions favour increased formation of extreme events caused by prolonged weather conditions. 858:. The main commercial relevance of the jet streams is in air travel, as flight time can be dramatically affected by either flying with the flow or against. Often, airlines work to fly 'with' the jet stream to obtain significant fuel cost and time savings. Dynamic 1002:

storm systems at lower levels in the atmosphere, and so knowledge of their course has become an important part of weather forecasting. For example, in 2007 and 2012, Britain experienced severe flooding as a result of the polar jet staying south for the summer.

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these forces results in the acceleration of the parcel in the imbalance direction: upward if the buoyant force exceeds the weight, and downward if the weight exceeds the buoyancy force. The balance in the vertical direction is referred to as

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and that the climatic impact of harnessing this amount would be negligible. However, Miller, Gans, & Kleidon claim that the jet streams could generate a total power of only 7.5 TW and that the climatic impact would be catastrophic.

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process in midlatitudes, as the acceleration/deceleration of the air flow induces areas of low/high pressure respectively, which link to the formation of cyclones and anticyclones along the polar front in a relatively narrow region.

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rather than solar heating drives their jet streams. The polar jet stream forms near the interface of the polar and Ferrel circulation cells; the subtropical jet forms near the boundary of the Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells.

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On Earth, the northern polar jet stream is the most important one for aviation and weather forecasting, as it is much stronger and at a much lower altitude than the subtropical jet streams and also covers many countries in the

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and are westerly winds (flowing west to east). Jet streams may start, stop, split into two or more parts, combine into one stream, or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet.

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side of the jet, next to and just under the axis of the jet. Clear-air turbulence can cause aircraft to plunge and so present a passenger safety hazard that has caused fatal accidents, such as the death of one passenger on

1348: 1431:. During the Dust Bowl, the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal. This starved the Great Plains and other areas of the Midwest of rainfall, causing extraordinary drought conditions. 1277:

would reportedly take 10–20 years to develop. There are two major but divergent scientific articles about jet stream power. Archer & Caldeira claim that the Earth's jet streams could generate a total power of 1700

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Zielinski, G.; Mershon, G. (1997). "Paleoenvironmental implications of the insoluble microparticle record in the GISP2 (Greenland) ice core during the rapidly changing climate of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition".

3291: 1058:. Beyond the tropics, the dominant forces act in the horizontal direction, and the primary struggle is between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force. Balance between these two forces is referred to as 5755:

Washington, R., and Todd, M. C. (2005), Atmospheric controls on mineral dust emission from the Bodélé Depression, Chad: The role of the low level jet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L17701, doi:10.1029/2005GL023597.

3069: 1364:, ENSO can also impact cold season rainfall in Europe. Changes in ENSO also change the location of the jet stream over South America, which partially affects precipitation distribution over the continent. 5253: 2157:

Part IV., Section III. (B). The connection between the propagation of the sky haze with its accompanying optical phenomena, and the general circulation of the atmosphere. By Mr. E. Douglas Archibald.,

1262:. Unusual wind speed in the jet stream in late February 2024 pushed commercial jets to excess of 800 mph (1,300 km/h; 700 kn) in their flight path, unheard of for a commercial airliner. 1534:

Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of Rossby waves in the northern hemisphere jet stream as the culprit behind other almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the

882:(1811–1889), when he proposed the hypothesis of a powerful air current in the upper air blowing west to east across the United States as an explanation for the behaviour of major storms. After the 4915: 925:. Flyers consistently noticed westerly tailwinds in excess of 160 km/h (100 mph) in flights, for example, from the US to the UK. Similarly in 1944 a team of American meteorologists in 2150:

Part IV., Section III. (A). General geographic distribution of all the optical phenomena in space and time; including also velocity of translation of smoke stream. By the Hon. Rollo Russell.,

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Tenenbaum, Joel; Williams, Paul D.; Turp, Debi; Buchanan, Piers; Coulson, Robert; Gill, Philip G.; Lunnon, Robert W.; Oztunali, Marguerite G.; Rankin, John; Rukhovets, Leonid (July 2022).

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tended to strongly underestimate winter blocking trends, and other 2012 research had suggested a connection between declining Arctic sea ice and heavy snowfall during midlatitude winters.

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Meanders (Rossby Waves) of the Northern Hemisphere's polar jet stream developing (a), (b); then finally detaching a "drop" of cold air (c). Orange: warmer masses of air; pink: jet stream.

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Blackport, Russell; Screen, James A.; van der Wiel, Karin; Bintanja, Richard (September 2019). "Minimal influence of reduced Arctic sea ice on coincident cold winters in mid-latitudes".

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A barrier jet in the low levels forms just upstream of mountain chains, with the mountains forcing the jet to be oriented parallel to the mountains. The mountain barrier increases the

2870: 4368: 5903: 5195:"Response of Northern Hemisphere Weather and Climate to Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Resolution Independence in Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) Simulations" 886:, weather watchers tracked and mapped the effects on the sky over several years. They labelled the phenomenon the "equatorial smoke stream". In the 1920s Japanese meteorologist 1878: 1356:(ENSO) influences the average location of upper-level jet streams, and leads to cyclical variations in precipitation and temperature across North America, as well as affecting 1105:(true for either hemisphere), which for poleward moving air implies an increased westerly component of the winds (note that deflection is leftward in the southern hemisphere). 5844: 5824: 5776:

Boos, W.R. and Emanuel, K.A. (2009), Annual intensification of the Somali jet in a quasi-equilibrium framework: Observational composites. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 135: 319-335.

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The subtropical jet stream rounding the base of the mid-oceanic upper trough is thought to be one of the causes most of the Hawaiian Islands have been resistant to the long

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Origins of aircraft-damaging clear-air turbulence during the 9 December 1992 Colorado downslope windstorm : Numerical simulations and comparison with observations.

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this gradient has a strong influence on the jet stream, then it will eventually become weaker and more variable in its course, which would allow more cold air from the

2345: 1775:(at 3000–4000 m above the surface) is also an important climate feature in Africa. It occurs during the Northern Hemisphere summer between 10°N and 20°N above in the 3354: 6373: 3337: 3314: 1165: 4621:

Kim, Jin-Soo; Kug, Jong-Seong; Jeong, Su-Jong; Huntzinger, Deborah N.; Michalak, Anna M.; Schwalm, Christopher R.; Wei, Yaxing; Schaefer, Kevin (26 October 2021).

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between air masses are greatest, and often exceed 92 km/h (50 kn; 57 mph). Speeds of 400 km/h (220 kn; 250 mph) have been measured.

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current"), for the phenomenon in 1939. Many sources credit real understanding of the nature of jet streams to regular and repeated flight-path traversals during

2938: 5243: 4531: 1606:, and found that all of the recently observed changes remain within range of natural variability: the earliest likely time of divergence is in 2060, under the 1564:

In a 2017 study conducted by climatologist Judah Cohen and several of his research associates, Cohen wrote that " shift in polar vortex states can account for

870:, a potential hazard to aircraft passenger safety, is often found in a jet stream's vicinity, but it does not create a substantial alteration of flight times. 3543: 1602:

Atlantic jet stream had actually strengthened. Finally, a 2021 study was able to reconstruct jet stream patterns over the past 1,250 years based on Greenland

6219: 5841: 898:("pibals"), used to measure wind speed and direction, as they rose in the air. Oishi's work largely went unnoticed outside Japan because it was published in 3220:

5A.4. Climatological Studies of the Influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation Events in the Precipitation Pattern Over South America During Austral Summer.

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Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022).

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On ENSO impacts on European wintertime rainfalls and their modulation by the NAO and the Pacific multi-decadal variability described through the PDO index.

2615: 2596: 5624: 1508:, and suggesting that warmer periods have stronger positive phase AO, and thus less frequent leaks of the polar vortex air. However, a 2012 review in the 1318:, causing six deaths and a small amount of damage. American scientists studying the balloons thought the Japanese might be preparing a biological attack. 3038: 2792: 2525: 646: 5513: 5935: 1407:

Lakes. Across the North Atlantic, the jet stream is stronger than normal, which directs stronger systems with increased precipitation towards Europe.

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Mitchell, Daniel M.; Osprey, Scott M.; Gray, Lesley J.; Butchart, Neal; Hardiman, Steven C.; Charlton-Perez, Andrew J.; Watson, Peter (August 2012).

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The polar jet stream can travel at speeds greater than 180 km/h (110 mph). Here, the fastest winds are coloured red; slower winds are blue.

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A second factor which contributes to a concentrated jet is more applicable to the subtropical jet which forms at the poleward limit of the tropical

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The width of a jet stream is typically a few hundred kilometres or miles and its vertical thickness often less than five kilometres (16,000 feet).

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Munday, C., Savage, N., Jones, R.G. et al. Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall. Nature 615, 276–279 (2023).

2071:, Bishop speculates that a rapid current in the upper atmosphere was carrying the dust from the eruption of Krakatau westward around the equator. 5890: 4424: 2553: 2294:(Berlin, Germany: Gebrüder Radetzke , 1939); Seilkopf coins the word "Strahlströmung" on page 142 and discusses the jet stream on pages 142–150. 3433: 1575: 5377: 2498: 5743: 5566: 4216: 5010: 5032:

van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan; Mitchell-Larson, Eli; Vecchi, Gabriel A.; de Vries, Hylke; Vautar, Robert; Otto, Friederike (22 November 2019).

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over northern Africa leads to a low-level westerly jet stream from June into October, which provides the moist inflow to the West African

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However, because the specific observations are considered short-term observations, there is considerable uncertainty in the conclusions.

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The jet stream moves from West to East bringing changes of weather. Meteorologists now understand that the path of jet streams affects

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patterns, and other weather anomalies have caused the Arctic to heat up faster than other parts of the globe, in what is known as the

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The location of the jet stream is extremely important for aviation. Commercial use of the jet stream began on 18 November 1952, when

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Weng, H. (2012). "Impacts of multi-scale solar activity on climate. Part I: Atmospheric circulation patterns and climate extremes".

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Part IV., Section III. (C). Spread of the phenomena round the world, with maps illustrative thereof. By the Hon. Rollo Russell.,

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Highly idealised depiction of the global circulation. The upper-level jets tend to flow latitudinally along the cell boundaries.

5804: 3390: 2570: 2417: 1353: 5401:"Aircraft observations and reanalysis depictions of trends in the North Atlantic winter jet stream wind speeds and turbulence" 3132:

Jet stream wind power as a renewable energy resource: little power, big impacts. Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss. 2. 201–212. 2011.

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which form during the overnight hours. A similar phenomenon develops across Australia, which pulls moisture poleward from the

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The polar-night jet stream forms mainly during the winter months when the nights are much longer – hence the name referencing

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was also suggested that this connection between Arctic amplification and jet stream patterns was involved in the formation of

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work together to accommodate the jet stream and winds aloft that results in the maximum benefit for airlines and other users.

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each have a polar jet and a subtropical jet. The northern hemisphere polar jet flows over the middle to northern latitudes of

2816: 2636: 6359: 2349: 2161:; that Rev. S.E. Bishop of Honolulu first noticed a westward circulation of dust from Krakatau is acknowledged on page 333. 6489: 6092: 6034: 5928: 5764:

Heaviside, C. and Czaja, A. (2013), Deconstructing the Hadley cell heat transport. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 139: 2181-2189.

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Part IV., Section II. General list of dates of first appearance of all the optical phenomena. By the Hon. Rollo Russell.,

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region of West Africa. The mid-level easterly African jet stream is considered to play a crucial role in the West African

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Evidence suggests the jet stream was at least partly responsible for the widespread drought conditions during the 1930s

787:, at 9–12 km (5.6–7.5 mi; 30,000–39,000 ft) above sea level, and the higher altitude and somewhat weaker 3155: 2839: 4650: 3640: 2981: 1987: 1661: 1361: 31: 6252: 2935: 2168:; after page 334 there are map inserts, showing the progressive spread, along the equator, of the dust from Krakatau. 1660:

a southerly low-level jet helps fuel overnight thunderstorm activity during the warm season, normally in the form of

2307: 6257: 6097: 4484: 3551: 2131: 1556:: "A lot more water vapor is being transported northward by big swings in the jet stream. That's important because 1259: 766:, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. On Earth, the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the 683: 5968: 3358: 3330: 3307: 3284: 3258: 3091: 2464: 2106:; on pages 133–136, Bishop discusses the "equatorial smoke stream" that was produced by the eruption of Krakatau. 1685:

regions offshore California, Peru–Chile, Benguela, Portugal, Canary and West Australia, and offshore Yemen–Oman.

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jet stream. Climate scientists have hypothesized that the jet stream will also gradually weaken as a result of

1271: 1161: 1141: 5517: 3030: 2789: 2516: 1439: 3031:"Some international flights are exceeding 800 mph due to high winds. One flight arrived almost an hour early" 2130:(London, England: Harrison and Sons, 1888). Evidence of an equatorial high-speed, high-altitude current (the 6277: 6150: 6145: 5958: 5454:

Osman, Matthew B.; Coats, Sloan; Das, Sarah B.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Chellman, Nathan (13 September 2021).

2273: 1733: 1539: 1214: 985: 966: 827: 678: 2915: 902:, though chronologically he has to be credited for the scientific discovery of jet streams. American pilot 6262: 6102: 4450: 4185: 3856:"Arctic Oscillation during the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum from PMIP2 Coupled Model Simulations" 3782: 3765:; Vavrus, Stephen J. (2012). "Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes". 1948: 1543: 1457: 547: 5696:"The impact of climate change on the Iberian low-level wind jet: EURO-CORDEX regional climate simulation" 6072: 4916:"Weakening and shift of the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex: Internal variability or forced response?" 3240:"WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT NO. 97-37 November 21, 1997: El Niño and California Precipitation." 1826: 1745: 1583: 1386: 1020: 859: 728: 542: 300: 224: 4773:"Increasing large wildfires over the western United States linked to diminishing sea ice in the Arctic" 3905:"The Effect of Climate Change on the Variability of the Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Polar Vortex" 3450: 2228:(in Esperanto). Aerological Observatory Report 1, Central Meteorological Observatory, Japan, 213 pages. 1578:. Another 2021 study identified a connection between the Arctic sea ice loss and the increased size of 4067:(December 2013). "Extreme summer weather in northern mid-latitudes linked to a vanishing cryosphere". 961:(about 1/4 atmosphere) pressure level, or seven to twelve kilometres (23,000 to 39,000 ft) above 6107: 5887: 5707: 5467: 5412: 5353: 5288: 5206: 5147: 5090: 5045: 4984: 4948: 4927: 4888: 4845: 4784: 4717: 4569: 4499: 4406: 4391: 4316: 4259: 4115: 4076: 4017: 3973: 3916: 3867: 3828: 3774: 3685: 3586: 3507: 3430: 2785: 2758: 2550: 2197: 1772: 1711: 1547: 1505: 1246: 867: 660: 258: 5244:"Landmark study casts doubt on controversial theory linking melting Arctic to severe winter weather" 3787: 2954:

Clark T. L., Hall W. D., Kerr R. M., Middleton D., Radke L., Ralph F. M., Neiman P. J., Levinson D.

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can fly with the jet stream, or increased by more than that amount if it must fly west against it.

1182: 1137: 1076: 863: 855: 796: 792: 759: 706: 655: 552: 491: 317: 5570: 4305:"Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave Resonance and Extreme Weather Events" 1331: 933:, had enough observations to forecast very high west winds that would slow bombers raiding Japan. 6160: 5436: 5369: 5322: 5224: 5116: 5063: 4972: 4953: 4861: 4818: 4741: 4523: 4480: 3942: 3885: 3800: 3622: 3525: 2323: 2030: 1570: 1501: 1461: 1295: 327: 305: 212: 173: 5342:"Recent Trends in the Waviness of the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Polar and Subtropical Jets" 5136:"Insignificant effect of Arctic amplification on the amplitude of midlatitude atmospheric waves" 4702:

Cohen, Judah; Agel, Laurie; Barlow, Mathew; Garfinkel, Chaim I.; White, Ian (3 September 2021).

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Generation of the African Easterly Jet and Its Role in Determining West African Precipitation.

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American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008, abstract #A13A-0229. Retrieved on 8 March 2009.

5739: 5694:

Cardoso, Rita M.; Soares, Pedro M. M.; Lima, Daniela C. A.; Semedo, Alvaro (1 December 2016).

5495: 5428: 5314: 5175: 4810: 4733: 4642: 4603: 4585: 4515: 4342: 4285: 4045: 3934: 3711: 3614: 2391: 2165: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2103: 2099: 2085: 2075: 2068: 1928: 1872: 1796: 1749: 1715: 1403: 910: 557: 4392:"Amplified Arctic warming and mid latitude weather: new perspectives on emerging connections" 2111:"Sereno Bishop, Rollo Russell, Bishop's Ring and the discovery of the "Krakatoa easterlies"," 1681:

low over land. These jets are mainly located along cold eastern boundary marine currents, in

6338: 6323: 6186: 5715: 5485: 5475: 5420: 5361: 5304: 5296: 5248: 5214: 5165: 5155: 5106: 5098: 5053: 5000: 4992: 4943: 4935: 4896: 4853: 4800: 4792: 4725: 4634: 4623:"Reduced North American terrestrial primary productivity linked to anomalous Arctic warming" 4593: 4577: 4507: 4414: 4332: 4324: 4275: 4267: 4133: 4123: 4084: 4035: 4025: 3981: 3924: 3875: 3836: 3792: 3762: 3701: 3693: 3645: 3604: 3594: 3547: 3515: 3464: 2766: 2205: 2021: 1497: 1357: 1038: 721: 435: 322: 234: 77: 5584: 4771:

Zou, Yofei; Rasch, Philip J.; Wang, Hailong; Xie, Zuowei; Zhang, Rudong (26 October 2021).

2979:

Aircraft Accident Investigation United Airlines flight 826, Pacific Ocean 28 December 1997.

2955: 2371: 1787:

which move across the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans during the warm season.

1644:

There are wind maxima at lower levels of the atmosphere that are also referred to as jets.

6333: 6328: 6272: 5907: 5894: 5871: 5848: 5828: 5808: 5611: 5591: 4483:; Coumou, Dim; Agel, Laurie; Barlow, Mathew; Tziperman, Eli; Cohen, Judah (January 2018). 3437: 3414: 3394: 3341: 3318: 3295: 3269: 3246: 3226: 3138: 3118: 3098: 2985: 2962: 2942: 2922: 2899: 2796: 2732: 2692: 2619: 2600: 2577: 2557: 2502: 2441: 2421: 2398: 2378: 2117: 1720:

There are several important low-level jets in Africa. Numerous low-level jets form in the

1694: 1524: 1490: 1043: 981: 823: 628: 403: 106: 5604: 3239: 2666: 5711: 5471: 5416: 5357: 5292: 5210: 5151: 5094: 5049: 4988: 4973:"Arctic amplification decreases temperature variance in northern mid- to high-latitudes" 4931: 4892: 4849: 4788: 4721: 4705:"Linking Arctic variability and change with extreme winter weather in the United States" 4672: 4573: 4503: 4410: 4320: 4263: 4119: 4080: 4021: 3977: 3920: 3871: 3832: 3778: 3689: 3590: 3511: 3112:

Global assessment of high-altitude wind power, IEEE T. Energy Conver., 2, 307–319, 2009.

2892: 2762: 2725: 2201: 6067: 5490: 5455: 5309: 5277:"Robust but weak winter atmospheric circulation response to future Arctic sea ice loss" 5276: 5170: 5135: 4805: 4772: 4598: 4557: 4337: 4304: 4280: 4247: 4128: 4103: 4040: 4005: 3706: 3673: 1737: 1557: 1453: 1420: 1102: 887: 831: 711: 618: 452: 5544: 5400: 4004:; Curry, Judith A.; Wang, Huijun; Song, Mirong; Horton, Radley M. (27 February 2012). 3178: 1698:

tend to be substantially weaker, even when they are strong enough to sway vegetation.

1079:) gradient in the horizontal plane, an effect which is most significant during double 6494: 6483: 6117: 6112: 6024: 6019: 5944: 5860: 5440: 5373: 5326: 5228: 5120: 5067: 4957: 4865: 4822: 4745: 3946: 3889: 3626: 2059:

Bishop, Sereno E. (17 January 1884) "Letters to the Editor: The remarkable sunsets,"

1784: 1482: 1469: 1311: 1303: 1190: 1149: 1085: 958: 895: 839: 800: 574: 528: 474: 423: 310: 5801: 5193:

Streffing, Jan; Semmler, Tido; Zampieri, Lorenzo; Jung, Thomas (24 September 2021).

4527: 3804: 3529: 3387: 2414: 1472:

has been nearly four times faster than the global average, and some hotspots in the

6408: 6398: 6313: 6044: 6039: 6014: 4001: 3735: 3007: 1806: 1657: 1628: 1478: 1428: 1385:

is enhanced due to increased convection in the equatorial Pacific, which decreases

1299: 1291: 1218: 1050: 1024: 922: 879: 848: 784: 755: 464: 388: 219: 3355:"How do El Niño and La Nina influence the Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons?" 2812: 2632: 5625:

Cut-off low pressure systems over southern Australia: climatology and case study.

2518:

Rossby Waves, in Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Holton, Pyle and Curry Eds

1740:, which forms off the East African coast is an important component of the global 1302:, was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the 6458: 6441: 6431: 6393: 6318: 6224: 6087: 6077: 5605:

The Relationship of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet to Nocturnal MCS Development.

4879:

James E. Overland (8 December 2013). "Atmospheric science: Long-range linkage".

4485:"More-Persistent Weak Stratospheric Polar Vortex States Linked to Cold Extremes" 2978: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1741: 1633: 1624: 1590: 1486: 1473: 1098: 1080: 1072: 1059: 1055: 977: 930: 918: 613: 501: 496: 459: 408: 339: 285: 241: 229: 178: 38: 5300: 5058: 5033: 4796: 4581: 4361:"Extreme global weather is 'the face of climate change' says leading scientist" 3697: 3599: 3574: 3219: 2238: 2110: 17: 6468: 6463: 6426: 6403: 6351: 6059: 6009: 5983: 5720: 5695: 5456:"North Atlantic jet stream projections in the context of the past 1,250 years" 5102: 4857: 3986: 3961: 2660:"Notes on the Meteorological Context of the UK Flooding in June and July 2007" 1831: 1399: 1373: 1360:

development across the eastern Pacific and Atlantic basins. Combined with the

1340: 1336: 1250: 1186: 1169: 1030: 941: 903: 891: 816: 767: 591: 533: 481: 344: 280: 275: 268: 195: 190: 148: 136: 5864: 5789: 5432: 5219: 5194: 4589: 4519: 4511: 3938: 3618: 6436: 6413: 6308: 6303: 6004: 5973: 5480: 4729: 4030: 3335:

Average December–February (3-month) Temperature Rankings During ENSO Events.

3151: 2665:. Walker Institute for Climate System Research. 25 July 2007. Archived from 1816: 1682: 1669: 1665: 1416: 1231: 962: 899: 834:

acting on those moving masses. The Coriolis force is caused by the planet's

603: 598: 393: 383: 295: 263: 246: 207: 185: 141: 5499: 5318: 5179: 5160: 4814: 4737: 4622: 4607: 4556:

Coumou, D.; Di Capua, G.; Vavrus, S.; Wang, L.; Wang, S. (20 August 2018).

4346: 4289: 4271: 4186:"Polar Vortex: Climate Change Might Just Be Driving the Historic Cold Snap" 4049: 3929: 3904: 3880: 3855: 3715: 3312:

Average October–December (3-month) Temperature Rankings During ENSO Events.

3202:

Davide Zanchettin, Stewart W. Franks, Pietro Traverso, and Mario Tomasino.

1979: 1668:

towards cut-off lows which form mainly across southwestern portions of the

1419:

in the Midwest United States. Normally, the jet stream flows east over the

4704: 4558:"The influence of Arctic amplification on mid-latitude summer circulation" 3575:"The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979" 2210: 2185: 61: 5365: 4996: 4939: 4900: 4088: 3796: 3609: 3520: 3495: 2771: 2746: 1603: 1579: 1239: 1084:'quasi-geostrophic'. The polar front jet stream is closely linked to the 999: 992: 398: 4248:"Evidence linking rapid Arctic warming to mid-latitude weather patterns" 854:

Meteorologists use the location of some of the jet streams as an aid in

6445: 6287: 6155: 5111: 5005: 4138: 3426: 2459: 1836: 1821: 1780: 1765: 1378: 1121: 1034: 822:

Jet streams are the product of two factors: the atmospheric heating by

752: 564: 442: 430: 378: 361: 332: 290: 253: 200: 129: 85: 4646: 4328: 4217:"How frigid 'polar vortex' could be result of global warming (+video)" 1314:. Relatively ineffective as weapons, they were used in one of the few 878:

The first indications of this phenomenon came from American professor

6282: 6209: 6181: 5963: 5275:

Smith, D.M.; Eade, R.; Andrews, M.B.; et al. (7 February 2022).

4638: 2807: 2805: 1721: 1610:

8.5 which implies continually accelerating greenhouse gas emissions.

1468:. In 2021–2022, it was found that since 1979, the warming within the 1307: 1235: 1226: 1145: 835: 804: 366: 354: 349: 116: 111: 101: 94: 66: 5424: 4419: 3641:"The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world" 3062:"Flight from Dulles to London hits 800 mph due to near-record winds" 2186:"Oishi's Observation: Viewed in the Context of Jet Stream Discovery" 5585:

The influence of mesoscale orography on a coastal jet and rainband.

3854:

Lue, J.-M.; Kim, S.-J.; Abe-Ouchi, A.; Yu, Y.; Ohgaito, R. (2010).

3289:

ENSO Impacts on United States Winter Precipitation and Temperature.

3263:

El Niño (ENSO) Related Rainfall Patterns Over the Tropical Pacific.

2867:"Strong Jet Streams Prompt Record Breaking Transatlantic Crossings" 2270:"Wiley Post: First to Fly Solo Around the World, in the Winnie Mae" 5913: 5765: 1859:. 24 February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 1776: 1516: 1438: 1330: 1210: 1164:

approached and dissipated just before reaching landfall, the U.S.

1136: 953:

Cross section of the subtropical and polar jet streams by latitude

948: 940: 812: 763: 569: 506: 168: 161: 5777: 2269: 1197:

in these contexts usually implies the northern polar jet stream.

1148:

in 2007. Note the large band of moisture that developed East of

3962:"Winter and Summer Northern Hemisphere Blocking in CMIP5 Models" 1729: 1725: 1653: 1424: 1349:

Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the United States

1278: 926: 808: 586: 486: 469: 447: 373: 6355: 5917: 791:

at 10–16 km (6.2–9.9 mi; 33,000–52,000 ft). The

4104:"Influence of Arctic sea ice on European summer precipitation" 3003: 2911: 1254: 945:

General configuration of the polar and subtropical jet streams

581: 3731:"New data reveals extraordinary global heating in the Arctic" 3451:

More rain and more floods as La Niña sweeps across the globe.

1736:, the world's most important single source of dust emission. 5653: 5651: 5034:"Cold waves are getting milder in the northern midlatitudes" 3672:

Isaksen, Ketil; Nordli, Øyvind; et al. (15 June 2022).

2245:. California State University Long Beach. 25 November 2009. 2094:

Rev. Sereno E. Bishop (1886) "The origin of the red glows,"

980:(planetary wave). Rossby waves are caused by changes in the 3960:

Masato, Giacomo; Hoskins, Brian J.; Woollings, Tim (2013).

3841:

10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0547:piotim>2.3.co;2

1656:

of the low level wind by 45 percent. In the North American

4673:"Climate change: Arctic warming linked to colder winters" 1728:

off the desert surface. This includes a low-level jet in

815:, while the southern hemisphere polar jet mostly circles 5802:

Dynamics of the Low-Level Westerly Jet Over West Africa.

3029:

Cerullo, Megan (23 February 2024). Picchi, Aimee (ed.).

1748:. Easterly low-level jets forming in valleys within the 1253:

caused by jet streams. The CAT is strongest on the cold

1075:. This causes a sharp north–south pressure (south–north 5910:, 2020, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-882851-8 4006:"Impact of declining Arctic sea ice on winter snowfall" 949: 5134:

Blackport, Russell; Screen, James A. (February 2020).

3465:"What Caused the U.S. Dust Bowl Drought of the 1930s?" 2747:"On double Rossby wave breaking in the North Atlantic" 1029:

In general, winds are strongest immediately under the

5405:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

4303:

Mann, Michael E.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (27 March 2017).

4155:"Arctic ice loss amplified Superstorm Sandy violence" 1771:

While not technically a low-level jet, the mid-level

1448:(1.25 mi) per year, with a similar trend in the 1245:

Associated with jet streams is a phenomenon known as

1185:, while the southern polar jet stream mostly circles 957:

Polar jet streams are typically located near the 250

3494:

Archer, Cristina L.; Caldeira, Ken (18 April 2008).

3431:

La Nina could mean dry summer in Midwest and Plains.

3280: 3278: 3218:

Caio Augusto dos Santos Coelho and Térico Ambrizzi.

1423:

and turns northward pulling up moisture and dumping

1046:

and flows along the boundary of the two air masses.

6296: 6245: 6202: 6126: 6058: 5992: 5951: 5901:

Jet Stream - A Journey Through our Changing Climate

3544:"Jet stream found to be permanently drifting north" 2239:"Pilot Weather Balloon (Pibal) Optical Theodolites" 4703: 1732:, which is responsible for dust emission from the 2455:"Frequently Asked Questions About The Jet Stream" 2128:The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena 2011:, p.142; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1992. 2009:Sunny Intervals and Showers: our changing weather 5543:. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from 2657:Blackburn, Mike; Hoskins, Brian; Slingo, Julia: 1877:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1496:The hypothesis above is closely associated with 1294:, from late 1944 until early 1945, the Japanese 4492:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 4399:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 4246:Jennifer Francis; Natasa Skific (1 June 2015). 2190:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 1402:, increased precipitation is diverted into the 1166:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 991:The wind speeds are greatest where temperature 5700:Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 2745:Messori, Gabriele; Caballero, Rodrigo (2015). 2524:. Academic Press, London. p. 2780 pages. 2226:Raporto de la Aerologia Observatorio de Tateno 1744:circulation, and supplies water vapour to the 6367: 5929: 5738:, p. 193. Oxford University Press, New York. 5603:Matt Kumijan, Jeffry Evans, and Jared Guyer. 3821:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 1504:was much weaker and more negative during the 729: 8: 5865:Subject: A4) What is an easterly wave ? 5346:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2751:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2290:, which is volume II of: R. Habermehl, ed., 2076:"The equatorial smoke-stream from Krakatoa," 1390:reaching central portions of the continent. 1316:attacks on North America during World War II 3674:"Exceptional warming over the Barents area" 2435:Paths of Polar and Subtropical Jet Streams. 6374: 6360: 6352: 5936: 5922: 5914: 5790:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 3092:Scientists look high in the sky for power. 3000:"NTSB investigates United Airlines plunge" 2893:Amazing flying machines allow time travel. 2126:Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society , 1980:"NWS JetStream - Layers of the Atmosphere" 1857:"jet stream | National Geographic Society" 967:polar, Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells 736: 722: 72: 5888:Current map of winds at the 250 hPa level 5719: 5489: 5479: 5308: 5218: 5169: 5159: 5110: 5057: 5004: 4949:1983/caf74781-222b-4735-b171-8842cead4086 4947: 4804: 4597: 4418: 4336: 4279: 4137: 4127: 4039: 4029: 3985: 3928: 3879: 3786: 3705: 3608: 3598: 3519: 3388:La Niña Impacts in the Pacific Northwest. 2770: 2720: 2718: 2588: 2586: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2346:"When the jet stream was the wind of war" 2243:Martin Brenner's, Pilot Balloon Resources 2209: 2134:) is presented in the following sections: 1249:(CAT), caused by vertical and horizontal 913:is credited with coining a special term, 890:detected the jet stream from a site near 830:circulation cells, and the action of the 5567:"2002 Ozone-Hole Splitting – Background" 1204: 1160:that have approached. For example, when 1112: 1049:All these facts are consequences of the 1010: 60: 45: 5569:. Ohio State University. Archived from 4914:Seviour, William J.M. (14 April 2017). 4405:(5). 2017 Wiley Periodicals,Inc: e474. 3214: 3212: 3130:L.M. Miller, F. Gans, & A. Kleidon 2936:Clear air turbulence over South Africa. 2790:Jet Stream Formation – Subtropical Jet. 1927:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 168. 1848: 1724:, and are important for the raising of 84: 4390:Francis J; Vavrus S; Cohen J. (2017). 3579:Communications Earth & Environment 3496:"Historical trends in the jet streams" 2934:M. P. de Villiers and J. van Heerden. 2639:from the original on 26 September 2008 2471:from the original on 22 September 2008 1894:"One Mystery of Jet Streams Explained" 1870: 1576:February 2021 North American cold wave 1489:, leading to more persistent and more 5822:Lesson 4 – Seasonal-mean Wind Fields. 5340:Martin, Jonathan E. (14 April 2021). 5013:from the original on 23 February 2022 4653:from the original on 28 November 2022 3072:from the original on 21 February 2024 2873:from the original on 11 February 2020 2819:from the original on 7 September 2015 2703:from the original on 11 December 2012 2304:Arbeiten zur allgemeinen Klimatologie 1990:from the original on 15 December 2019 1752:help account for the low rainfall in 1217:using the jet stream eastbound and a 884:1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano 7: 5380:from the original on 15 October 2022 4683:from the original on 20 October 2021 4196:from the original on 11 January 2018 4153:Friedlander, Blaine (4 March 2013). 3653:from the original on 8 November 2023 3449:Paul Simons and Simon de Bruxelles. 2975:National Transportation Safety Board 2813:"NOAA Overview of Hurricane Flossie" 2693:"Why, oh why, does it keep raining?" 2249:from the original on 2 December 2023 2038:from the original on 20 October 2023 1959:from the original on 6 November 2018 1608:Representative Concentration Pathway 862:are one example of how airlines and 27:Fast-flowing atmospheric air current 5863:. AOML Frequently Asked Questions. 5623:L. Qi, L.M. Leslie, and S.X. Zhao. 4537:from the original on 9 October 2022 3909:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 3743:from the original on 1 October 2023 2531:from the original on 7 October 2022 2276:from the original on 9 August 2013. 1529:Early 2014 North American cold wave 1511:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 4752:from the original on 16 April 2023 4461:from the original on 22 April 2022 4430:from the original on 21 March 2023 4371:from the original on 13 April 2019 3729:Damian Carrington (15 June 2022). 2865:Osborne, Tony (10 February 2020). 2268:Sherman, Stephen (January 2001) . 2086:"Letters to the Editor: Krakatoa," 1189:and sometimes the southern tip of 779:The strongest jet streams are the 25: 6237:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility 5256:from the original on 9 March 2023 4971:Screen, James A. (15 June 2014). 4165:from the original on 11 June 2015 3158:from the original on 3 March 2016 3041:from the original on 1 March 2024 2998:Staff writer (29 December 1997). 2613:Jet Streams On Earth and Jupiter. 2594:Jet Streams On Earth and Jupiter. 1978:US Department of Commerce, NOAA. 1760:rainforest. The formation of the 1756:and support high rainfall in the 1117:Jupiter's distinctive cloud bands 4838:Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 4227:from the original on 9 July 2017 3475:from the original on 2 July 2019 3177:McPhee, John (29 January 1996). 3060:Longo, Adam (20 February 2024). 2123:, vol. 50, no. 2, pages 169–175. 1904:from the original on 3 July 2023 1266:Possible future power generation 705: 5766:https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2085 4215:Spotts, Pete (6 January 2014). 4184:Walsh, Bryan (6 January 2014). 3550:. 18 April 2008. Archived from 3141:Retrieved on 16 January 201208. 3110:Archer, C. L. and Caldeira, K. 2840:"The Jet Stream Is The Villain" 2691:Shukman, David (10 July 2012). 2292:Handbuch der Fliegenwetterkunde 2096:American Meteorological Journal 2084:Bishop, S.E. (29 January 1885) 2081:, vol. 1, no. 5, pages 106–110. 1569:experiences anomalous warming, 1558:water vapor is a greenhouse gas 838:on its axis. On other planets, 65:Clouds along a jet stream over 5778:https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.388 5594:Retrieved on 25 December 2008. 5514:"Jet Streams around the World" 5038:Environmental Research Letters 4108:Environmental Research Letters 3440:Retrieved on 29 February 2008. 3417:Retrieved on 29 February 2008. 3406:Southeast Climate Consortium. 3397:Retrieved on 29 February 2008. 3272:Retrieved on 28 February 2008. 3249:Retrieved on 28 February 2008. 3238:John Monteverdi and Jan Null. 2320:"Weather Basics – Jet Streams" 1892:Jeremy Hsu (17 October 2008). 826:that produces the large-scale 1: 6093:Interplanetary magnetic field 6035:Magnetosphere particle motion 5800:B. Pu and K. H. Cook (2008). 4451:"The Arctic Is Getting Crazy" 4221:The Christian Science Monitor 4102:Screen, J A (November 2013). 3121:Retrieved on 24 October 2012. 2392:The Height of the Tropopause. 1322:Changes due to climate cycles 1234:can be decreased by about 30 1152:that came from the hurricane. 4920:Geophysical Research Letters 4129:10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044015 4063:Qiuhong Tang; Xuejun Zhang; 3767:Geophysical Research Letters 3500:Geophysical Research Letters 3408:SECC Winter Climate Outlook. 1662:mesoscale convective systems 1485:and slow the progression of 1435:Longer-term climatic changes 1398:Across North America during 1354:El Niño-Southern Oscillation 5734:Whiteman, C. David (2000). 5242:Paul Voosen (12 May 2021). 3344:Retrieved on 16 April 2008. 3321:Retrieved on 16 April 2008. 3298:Retrieved on 16 April 2008. 1362:Pacific Decadal Oscillation 1306:to reach the west coast of 1172:as evidenced in the photo. 633:Severe weather terminology 95:Temperate and polar seasons 32:Jet stream (disambiguation) 6511: 6098:Heliospheric current sheet 5301:10.1038/s41467-022-28283-y 4797:10.1038/s41467-021-26232-9 4582:10.1038/s41467-018-05256-8 4252:Philosophical Transactions 3698:10.1038/s41598-022-13568-5 3600:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3 2390:B. Geerts and E. Linacre. 2132:quasi-biennial oscillation 1709: 1346: 1269: 1260:United Airlines Flight 826 1018: 751:are fast flowing, narrow, 36: 29: 6454: 6422: 6389: 5721:10.3402/tellusa.v68.29005 5684:Ranjha et al., 2013, 2015 5103:10.1038/s41558-019-0551-4 4858:10.1007/s00376-012-1238-1 3987:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00466.1 3453:Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 3359:Climate Prediction Center 3331:Climate Prediction Center 3308:Climate Prediction Center 3285:Climate Prediction Center 3259:Climate Prediction Center 3229:Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 3206:Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 3117:15 September 2011 at the 2988:Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 2838:Taylor, Frank J. (1958). 2795:27 September 2011 at the 2731:27 September 2007 at the 2633:"Why has it been so wet?" 2580:Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 2569:Glossary of Meteorology. 2560:Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 2549:Glossary of Meteorology. 2494:Glossary of Meteorology. 2444:Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 2091:, vol. 31, pages 288–289. 1527:and played a role in the 1158:list of Hawaii hurricanes 976:jet stream is known as a 828:polar, Ferrel, and Hadley 6050:Van Allen radiation belt 6030:Magnetosphere chronology 5874:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 5851:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 5847:26 February 2020 at the 5831:Retrieved on 3 May 2008. 5827:9 September 2013 at the 5807:19 November 2017 at the 5657:Pomeroy and Parish, 2001 5627:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 5614:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 5220:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1005.1 5059:10.1088/1748-9326/ab4867 4512:10.1175/bams-d-16-0259.1 4449:Fischetti, Mark (2017). 3245:27 December 2009 at the 3101:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2984:2 September 2009 at the 2965:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2945:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2941:15 November 2013 at the 2925:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2902:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2799:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2735:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2622:Retrieved on 4 May 2008. 2603:Retrieved on 4 May 2008. 2505:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2440:13 November 2013 at the 2424:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2411:National Weather Service 2401:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2381:Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 2074:Bishop, S.E. (May 1884) 2026:"A Tale of Two Volcanos" 1925:A Dictionary of Aviation 1923:Wragg, David W. (1973). 1812:Surface weather analysis 1750:East African Rift System 1272:High-altitude wind power 1162:Hurricane Flossie (2007) 1033:(except locally, during 37:Not to be confused with 5959:Atmospheric circulation 5893:8 February 2017 at the 5481:10.1073/pnas.2104105118 4730:10.1126/science.abi9167 4031:10.1073/pnas.1114910109 3393:22 October 2007 at the 3137:18 January 2012 at the 2961:27 January 2012 at the 2921:18 January 2008 at the 2757:(21): 11, 129–11, 150. 2556:26 October 2006 at the 2420:22 October 2013 at the 2184:Lewis, John M. (2003). 2116:22 October 2012 at the 2109:Hamilton, Kevin (2012) 1540:2003 European heat wave 1286:Unpowered aerial attack 819:, both all year round. 5969:Earth's magnetic field 5645:Zemba and Friehe, 1987 5636:Beardsley et al., 1987 5590:6 January 2012 at the 5539:Gedney, Larry (1983). 5161:10.1126/sciadv.aay2880 4272:10.1098/rsta.2014.0170 3930:10.1175/jas-d-12-021.1 3881:10.1175/2010JCLI3331.1 2916:Jet Streams in the UK. 2726:Air pressure and wind. 2515:Rhines, Peter (2002). 1949:University of Illinois 1614:Other upper-level jets 1544:2010 Russian heat wave 1536:2018 European heatwave 1460:, reduced snow cover, 1458:Arctic sea ice decline 1444: 1344: 1222: 1168:(NOAA) cited vertical 1153: 1118: 1016: 954: 946: 811:and their intervening 694:Tropical cyclone terms 70: 58: 6073:Coronal mass ejection 5993:Earth's magnetosphere 5666:Rahn and Parish, 2007 5516:. BBC. Archived from 5281:Nature Communications 5083:Nature Climate Change 4977:Nature Climate Change 4881:Nature Climate Change 4777:Nature Communications 4562:Nature Communications 4069:Nature Climate Change 3436:21 April 2008 at the 3294:12 April 2008 at the 2635:. BBC. 23 July 2007. 2397:27 April 2020 at the 2288:Maritime meteorologie 2211:10.1175/BAMS-84-3-357 1827:Tropical Easterly Jet 1783:, and helps form the 1584:Western United States 1442: 1387:tropical cyclogenesis 1334: 1208: 1140: 1116: 1021:Extratropical cyclone 1014: 952: 944: 909:German meteorologist 860:North Atlantic Tracks 301:Extratropical cyclone 225:Air-mass thunderstorm 64: 56: 6490:Atmospheric dynamics 6246:Other magnetospheres 6108:Solar particle event 5870:18 July 2006 at the 5736:Mountain Meteorology 5366:10.1029/2020JD033668 4997:10.1038/nclimate2268 4940:10.1002/2017GL073071 4901:10.1038/nclimate2079 4679:. 2 September 2021. 4089:10.1038/nclimate2065 3797:10.1029/2012GL051000 3763:Francis, Jennifer A. 3649:. 14 December 2021. 3521:10.1029/2008GL033614 3413:4 March 2008 at the 2786:Lyndon State College 2772:10.1002/2015JD023854 2672:on 26 September 2007 2618:24 July 2008 at the 2599:24 July 2008 at the 2501:1 March 2007 at the 2372:Jet Stream Behavior. 2079:The Hawaiian Monthly 1773:African easterly jet 1712:African easterly jet 1702:distance increases. 1548:2010 Pakistan floods 1506:Last Glacial Maximum 1466:Arctic amplification 1247:clear-air turbulence 1133:Hurricane protection 868:Clear-air turbulence 661:Weather modification 259:Anticyclonic tornado 30:For other uses, see 5906:12 May 2023 at the 5712:2016TellA..6829005C 5675:Winant et al., 1988 5610:30 May 2008 at the 5520:on 13 February 2009 5472:2021PNAS..11804105O 5417:2022QJRMS.148.2927T 5358:2021JGRD..12633668M 5293:2022NatCo..13..727S 5211:2021JCli...34.8445S 5152:2020SciA....6.2880B 5095:2019NatCC...9..697B 5050:2019ERL....14k4004V 4989:2014NatCC...4..577S 4932:2017GeoRL..44.3365S 4893:2014NatCC...4...11O 4850:2012AdAtS..29..867W 4789:2021NatCo..12.6048Z 4722:2021Sci...373.1116C 4716:(6559): 1116–1121. 4574:2018NatCo...9.2959C 4504:2018BAMS...99...49K 4481:Kretschmer, Marlene 4455:Scientific American 4411:2017WIRCC...8E.474F 4321:2017NatSR...745242M 4264:2015RSPTA.37340170F 4120:2013ERL.....8d4015S 4081:2014NatCC...4...45T 4022:2012PNAS..109.4074L 3978:2013JCli...26.7044M 3921:2012JAtS...69.2608M 3872:2010JCli...23.3792L 3833:1997GSAB..109..547Z 3779:2012GeoRL..39.6801F 3690:2022NatSR..12.9371I 3591:2022ComEE...3..168R 3512:2008GeoRL..35.8803A 3340:30 May 2008 at the 3317:30 May 2008 at the 3268:28 May 2010 at the 3225:30 May 2008 at the 3152:"The Fire Balloons" 3097:7 June 2008 at the 2898:5 June 2008 at the 2763:2015JGRD..12011129M 2576:9 June 2009 at the 2377:2 June 2013 at the 2202:2003BAMS...84..357L 1802:Block (meteorology) 1553:Scientific American 1450:Southern Hemisphere 1383:Northern Hemisphere 1183:Northern Hemisphere 1077:potential vorticity 864:air traffic control 856:weather forecasting 797:Southern Hemisphere 793:Northern Hemisphere 656:Weather forecasting 492:Rain and snow mixed 318:Subtropical cyclone 6383:Earth's atmosphere 5820:Dr. Alex DeCaria. 5547:on 15 January 2010 5411:(747): 2927–2941. 5199:Journal of Climate 4309:Scientific Reports 4258:(2045): 20140170. 3966:Journal of Climate 3860:Journal of Climate 3678:Scientific Reports 3463:Oblack, Rachelle. 2592:Robert Roy Britt. 2433:McDougal Littell. 2352:on 29 January 2016 2224:Ooishi, W. (1926) 2031:The New York Times 1571:primary production 1502:Arctic oscillation 1462:evapotranspiration 1445: 1345: 1296:Fu-Go balloon bomb 1223: 1154: 1119: 1017: 955: 947: 712:Weather portal 328:Atlantic hurricane 306:European windstorm 213:Volcanic lightning 174:Cumulonimbus cloud 71: 59: 6477: 6476: 6349: 6348: 6203:Research projects 6171: 6142: 6083:Geomagnetic storm 6000:Birkeland current 5744:978-0-19-803044-7 5205:(20): 8445–8457. 4627:Nature Geoscience 4329:10.1038/srep45242 4159:Cornell Chronicle 4016:(11): 4074–4079. 3972:(18): 7044–7059. 3866:(14): 3792–3813. 3554:on 17 August 2016 3368:on 27 August 2009 3179:"Balloons of War" 2869:. Aviation Week. 2844:Popular Mechanics 2326:on 29 August 2006 2306:by Hermann Flohn 2024:(15 April 2010). 2022:Winchester, Simon 1797:Atmospheric river 1734:Bodélé Depression 1716:Climate of Africa 1456:. Trends such as 1404:Pacific Northwest 1193:. Thus, the term 1142:Hurricane Flossie 1042:deflected by the 1039:tropical cyclones 986:Shortwave troughs 911:Heinrich Seilkopf 746: 745: 54: 16:(Redirected from 6502: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6353: 6187:Van Allen Probes 6169: 6140: 5952:Submagnetosphere 5938: 5931: 5924: 5915: 5875: 5858: 5852: 5838: 5832: 5818: 5812: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5667: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5646: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5601: 5595: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5573:on 21 June 2010. 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5541:"The Jet Stream" 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5493: 5483: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5312: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5249:Science Magazine 5239: 5233: 5232: 5222: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5173: 5163: 5140:Science Advances 5131: 5125: 5124: 5114: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5061: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5008: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4926:(7): 3365–3373. 4911: 4905: 4904: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4808: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4639:10.1038/ngeo2986 4618: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4489: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4340: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4131: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4043: 4033: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3932: 3915:(8): 2608–2618. 3900: 3894: 3893: 3883: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3790: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3709: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3646:Science Magazine 3637: 3631: 3630: 3612: 3602: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3548:Associated Press 3540: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3424: 3418: 3404: 3398: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3367: 3361:. 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Archived from 2316: 2310: 2301: 2295: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2235: 2229: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2181: 2175: 2121:Atmosphere-Ocean 2098:, vol. 3, pages 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1853: 1498:Jennifer Francis 1358:tropical cyclone 1343:on North America 1290:Near the end of 1221:route westbound. 1209:Flights between 1066:Polar jet stream 789:subtropical jets 738: 731: 724: 710: 709: 323:Tropical cyclone 235:Dry thunderstorm 130:Tropical seasons 73: 55: 21: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6450: 6418: 6385: 6380: 6350: 6345: 6292: 6241: 6198: 6122: 6054: 5988: 5947: 5945:Magnetospherics 5942: 5908:Wayback Machine 5895:Wayback Machine 5884: 5879: 5878: 5872:Wayback Machine 5859: 5855: 5849:Wayback Machine 5840:Kerry H. Cook. 5839: 5835: 5829:Wayback Machine 5819: 5815: 5809:Wayback Machine 5799: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5733: 5729: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5622: 5618: 5612:Wayback Machine 5602: 5598: 5592:Wayback Machine 5582: 5578: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5425:10.1002/qj.4342 5398: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5146:(8): eaay2880. 5133: 5132: 5128: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4487: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4420:10.1002/wcc.474 4394: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4302: 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Davidson. 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2986:Wayback Machine 2973: 2969: 2963:Wayback Machine 2953: 2949: 2943:Wayback Machine 2933: 2929: 2923:Wayback Machine 2910: 2906: 2900:Wayback Machine 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2803: 2797:Wayback Machine 2784: 2780: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2733:Wayback Machine 2723: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2620:Wayback Machine 2611: 2607: 2601:Wayback Machine 2591: 2584: 2578:Wayback Machine 2568: 2564: 2558:Wayback Machine 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2503:Wayback Machine 2493: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2442:Wayback Machine 2432: 2428: 2422:Wayback Machine 2415:The Jet Stream. 2409: 2405: 2399:Wayback Machine 2389: 2385: 2379:Wayback Machine 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2318: 2317: 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191–193. 5727: 5686: 5677: 5668: 5659: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5616: 5596: 5576: 5558: 5531: 5505: 5446: 5391: 5332: 5267: 5234: 5185: 5126: 5089:(9): 697–704. 5073: 5044:(11): 114004. 5024: 4983:(7): 577–582. 4963: 4906: 4871: 4844:(4): 867–886. 4828: 4763: 4694: 4664: 4633:(8): 572–576. 4613: 4548: 4472: 4441: 4382: 4352: 4295: 4238: 4207: 4176: 4145: 4094: 4065:Francis, J. A. 4055: 3993: 3952: 3895: 3846: 3827:(5): 547–559. 3810: 3754: 3721: 3664: 3632: 3565: 3535: 3486: 3455: 3442: 3419: 3399: 3379: 3346: 3323: 3300: 3274: 3251: 3231: 3208: 3195: 3183:The New Yorker 3169: 3143: 3123: 3103: 3083: 3052: 3021: 2990: 2967: 2947: 2927: 2904: 2884: 2857: 2830: 2801: 2778: 2737: 2714: 2683: 2650: 2624: 2605: 2582: 2562: 2542: 2507: 2482: 2446: 2426: 2403: 2383: 2370:David R. Cook 2363: 2337: 2311: 2296: 2286:Seilkopf, H., 2279: 2260: 2230: 2217: 2196:(3): 357–369. 2176: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2136: 2135: 2124: 2107: 2092: 2082: 2072: 2067:: 259–260; on 2049: 2013: 2001: 1970: 1940: 1933: 1915: 1884: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1792: 1789: 1785:tropical waves 1738:The Somali Jet 1707: 1704: 1690: 1687: 1677: 1674: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1640:Low-level jets 1638: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1454:global warming 1436: 1433: 1421:Gulf of Mexico 1412: 1409: 1395: 1392: 1369: 1366: 1347:Main article: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1287: 1284: 1279:terawatts (TW) 1267: 1264: 1202: 1199: 1177: 1174: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1110: 1107: 1103:Coriolis force 1094: 1091: 1067: 1064: 1008: 1005: 938: 935: 915:Strahlströmung 896:pilot balloons 888:Wasaburo Oishi 875: 872: 832:Coriolis force 785:polar vortices 776: 773: 744: 743: 741: 740: 733: 726: 718: 715: 714: 701: 700: 697: 696: 691: 686: 684:Climate change 681: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 658: 653: 652: 651: 650: 649: 644: 639: 631: 626: 619:Severe weather 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 595: 594: 589: 579: 578: 577: 567: 562: 561: 560: 555: 550: 545: 537: 536: 531: 525: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 510: 509: 504: 499: 494: 484: 479: 478: 477: 467: 462: 457: 456: 455: 453:Megacryometeor 445: 440: 439: 438: 427: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 412: 411: 406: 401: 396: 386: 381: 376: 371: 370: 369: 359: 358: 357: 352: 342: 337: 336: 335: 330: 320: 315: 314: 313: 308: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 272: 271: 266: 261: 251: 250: 249: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 217: 216: 215: 205: 204: 203: 198: 193: 183: 182: 181: 176: 165: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 146: 145: 144: 133: 128: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 98: 93: 92: 89: 88: 82: 81: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6507: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6118:Space weather 6116: 6114: 6113:Space climate 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6025:Magnetosphere 6023: 6021: 6020:Magnetosheath 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5861:Chris Landsea 5857: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5728: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5583:J. 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Doyle. 5580: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5532: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5392: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5268: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5025: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4764: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4698: 4695: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4549: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4442: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4383: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4208: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4114:(4): 044015. 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3773:(6): L06801. 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3610:11250/3115996 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3566: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3053: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788:Meteorology. 2787: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2668: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2551:Cyclone wave. 2546: 2543: 2527: 2520: 2519: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2275: 2272:. AcePilots. 2271: 2264: 2261: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2167: 2166:pages 334–339 2163: 2160: 2159:pages 326–334 2156: 2153: 2152:pages 312–326 2149: 2146: 2145:pages 263–312 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1934:9780850451634 1930: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:Asian Monsoon 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483:mid-latitudes 1480: 1475: 1471: 1470:Arctic Circle 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1312:United States 1309: 1305: 1304:Pacific Ocean 1301: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1273: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1191:South America 1188: 1184: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1150:Hawaii Island 1147: 1143: 1139: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1115: 1109:Other planets 1108: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086:frontogenesis 1082: 1078: 1074: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1013: 1006: 1004: 1001: 996: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 973: 970: 968: 964: 960: 951: 943: 936: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 894:. He tracked 893: 889: 885: 881: 873: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 844: 841: 840:internal heat 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:North America 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 774: 772: 769: 765: 761: 757: 754: 750: 739: 734: 732: 727: 725: 720: 719: 717: 716: 713: 708: 703: 702: 695: 692: 690: 689:Tornado terms 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 670: 669: 662: 659: 657: 654: 648: 647:United States 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 580: 576: 573: 572: 571: 568: 566: 563: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 539: 538: 535: 532: 530: 529:Air pollution 527: 526: 523: 518: 517: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 488: 485: 483: 480: 476: 473: 472: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 454: 451: 450: 449: 446: 444: 441: 437: 434: 433: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424:Precipitation 420: 419: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 368: 365: 364: 363: 360: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 346: 343: 341: 338: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 324: 321: 319: 316: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 252: 248: 245: 244: 243: 240: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 221: 218: 214: 211: 210: 209: 206: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 187: 184: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 158: 157: 150: 147: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 134: 131: 126: 125: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 96: 91: 90: 87: 83: 79: 75: 74: 68: 63: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6409:Thermosphere 6399:Stratosphere 6319:Ring systems 6314:Lunar swirls 6191: 6174: 6045:Ring current 6040:Plasmasphere 6015:Magnetopause 5978: 5856: 5836: 5816: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5751: 5735: 5730: 5706:(1): 29005. 5703: 5699: 5689: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5641: 5632: 5619: 5599: 5579: 5571:the original 5561: 5549:. 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