1197:
760:. This work has excited great interest because it might enable experimental verification of the basic concept of Hawking radiation, which is widely regarded as one of the most revolutionary proposals in twentieth-century physics but which, in its gravitational incarnation, seems impossible to verify in experiments in earthly laboratories.
752:. This is not work toward a unified field theory, but in another sense, can be regarded as work towards an even more ambitious unification, in which some of the most famous effects usually ascribed to general relativity (but familiar to many metric theories of gravitation) would be seen as essentially
701:
to resurrect and improve Wilson's idea of an optical analog of gravitational effects. If interpreted conservatively as an attempt to provide an alternative approach to GTR rather than as a work toward a theory unifying electromagnetism and gravitation, this approach is not unreasonable, although most
572:
Ibison has considered a "cosmological solution" of PV, analogous to the
Friedmann dust solution with flat orthogonal hyperslices in general relativity, and argues that this model is inconsistent with various observational and theoretical constraints. He also finds a rate of inspiral disagreeing with
713:
effects in a manner somewhat analogous to the way that the (simple) classical theory of elasticity arises from (complicated) particle physics. This work is generally regarded as mainstream and not entirely implausible but highly speculative, and most physicists seem to feel that little progress has
545:(redshift, deflection of light, precession of the perihelion of Mercury) to within the limit of observational accuracy. However, as shown by Ibison (2003), it yields a different prediction for the inspiral of test particles due to gravitational radiation.
643:
PV has origins in more mainstream work by such physicists as Robert Dicke. Still, in current parlance, the term does appear to be most closely associated with the speculations of
Puthoff. The claims have not been accepted in mainstream physics.
568:
is not intended primarily as a test ruling out scalar theories. However, it is widely expected to do so as a side benefit once it detects unambiguous gravitational wave signals exhibiting the characteristics expected in general relativity.
239:
434:. However, according to Dicke and Puthoff, Îș must satisfy a field equation that differs from the field equation of the Watt-Misner theory. In the case of a static spherically symmetric vacuum, this yields the asymptotically flat solution
380:
900:
532:
576:
Contrary to
Puthoff's claims, it is widely accepted that no scalar theory of gravitation can reproduce all of general relativity's successes. It might be noted that De Felice uses
564:
effects. Also, the impact of gravitational radiation on test particles differs profoundly between scalar theories and tensor theories of gravitation, such as general relativity.
416:
943:
158:
584:
which lives in spatial hyperslices; this provides extra degrees of freedom, which help make up for the degree of freedom lacking in PV and other scalar theories.
254:
972:
537:
The resulting
Lorentzian spacetime agrees with the analogous solution in the Watt-Misner theory. It has the same weak-field limit and far-field as the
244:
arguing that this will affect the lengths of rulers made of ordinary matter so that in the presence of a gravitational field, the spacetime metric of
945:. This is a "toy theory", not a fully fledged theory of gravitation, since as Watt and Misner pointed out, while this theory does have the correct
636:
1256:
778:
440:
542:
977:
573:
observation. The latter result disagrees with that of Watt and Misner, whose
Lorentzian manifold differs from PV in the case of cosmology.
1240:
1218:
675:
1159:
Matthew R. Edwards (2014). "Gravity from refraction of CMB photons using the optical-mechanical analogy in general relativity".
768:
431:
611:
general relativity with a scalar theory of gravitation featuring formal analogies with
Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism,
907:
1318:
671:
557:
1294:
Watt, Keith & Misner, Charles (10 Oct 1999). "Relativistic Scalar
Gravity: A Laboratory for Numerical Relativity".
72:
745:
592:
Puthoff himself has offered various characterizations of his proposal, which has been variously characterized as
33:, in which the field equation arises from the notion that the vacuum behaves like an optical polarizable medium.
1211:
1205:
548:
However, requiring stratified-conformally flat metrics rules out the possibility of recovering the weak-field
1323:
1222:
903:
698:
577:
133:
129:
1264:
1168:
1125:
1090:
1055:
733:. According to mainstream physics, their claims rely on incorrect quantum field theory computations.
710:
687:
538:
674:
to reduce gravitation to electromagnetism by pursuing the formal analogy between "light bending" in
631:
for how spacetime gets curved in general relativity, which suggests (to
Puthoff) the possibility of
421:
388:
245:
89:
919:
1295:
1280:
1141:
1024:
1006:
234:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}\to \varepsilon =K\varepsilon _{0}\;;\;\mu _{0}\to \mu =K\mu _{0}}
109:
657:
not a viable theory of gravitation since it violates observational and theoretical requirements.
600:
general relativity in terms of a purely formal analogy with the propagation of light through an
764:
741:
1176:
1172:
1133:
1098:
1063:
1016:
730:
683:
117:
966:
946:
706:
375:{\displaystyle ds^{2}=-{\frac {1}{\kappa ^{2}}}dt^{2}+\kappa ^{2}\,(dx^{2}+dy^{2}+dz^{2})}
105:
1129:
1094:
1059:
911:
718:
679:
620:
601:
561:
426:. This is a "diagonal" metric given in terms of a Cartesian chart and having the same
101:
93:
68:
1312:
1145:
1116:
Fernando de Felice (1971). "On the gravitational field acting as an optical medium".
1028:
914:
80:
737:
694:
997:
H. E. Puthoff (2002). "Polarizable-Vacuum (PV) Approach to
General Relativity".
549:
1180:
1102:
1020:
953:
137:
128:
In essence, Dicke and
Puthoff proposed that the presence of mass alters the
952:
Matthew R. Edwards suggests that the gravito-optical medium is composed of
666:
Antecedents of PV and more recent related proposals include the following:
1067:
1285:
895:{\displaystyle ds^{2}=-\exp(2\,\phi )+\exp(-2\phi )(dx^{2}+dy^{2}+dz^{2}}
1279:
Ibison, M. (2003). "Investigation of the polarizable vacuum cosmology".
527:{\displaystyle \kappa =\exp(m/r)=1+m/r+O\left({\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\right)}
1137:
722:
113:
41:
1300:
1081:
R. H. Dicke (1957). "Gravitation without a principle of equivalence".
1011:
1043:
565:
552:
and is certainly inconsistent with the claim that PV can give a
956:
and may, in turn, connect with the polarizable vacuum approach.
736:
Recent work, motivated in large part by the discoveries of the
651:
not viable as a unification of gravitation and electromagnetism
541:
solution in general relativity. It satisfies three of the four
1190:
748:, to work out a complete theory of physical analogs such as
949:, it disagrees with the result of certain observations.
148:
respectively by multiplying them by a scalar function,
922:
781:
443:
391:
257:
161:
100:(PV) and its associated theory refer to proposals by
63:
55:
47:
37:
21:
937:
894:
526:
410:
374:
233:
635:for such purposes as spacecraft propulsion (see
618:gravitation and electromagnetism in a theory of
709:that gravitation might arise from underlying
8:
654:not a "reformulation" of general relativity,
16:
543:classical tests of relativistic gravitation
1044:"An electromagnetic theory of gravitation"
198:
194:
1299:
1284:
1241:Learn how and when to remove this message
1010:
921:
886:
870:
854:
813:
789:
780:
721:and Alfonso Rueda have proposed that the
560:. In particular, this theory exhibits no
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331:
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188:
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1204:This article includes a list of general
910:which reduces in a vacuum region to the
729:, due to interaction with the so-called
647:Mainstream physicists agree that PV is
51:1957 (R. H. Dicke), 1998 (H. E. Puthoff)
989:
973:Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime
637:Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program
81:(Overview of pseudoscientific concepts)
15:
108:, and others to develop an analog of
7:
978:Electromagnetic stress-energy tensor
763:The 1999 proposal by Keith Watt and
678:and propagation of light through an
25:Gravitation can be described via a
1210:it lacks sufficient corresponding
1118:General Relativity and Gravitation
693:An attempt (roughly 1960â1970) by
31:stratified conformally flat metric
14:
702:likely of rather limited utility.
432:Watt-Misner theory of gravitation
422:dielectric constant of the vacuum
1195:
727:"electromagnetic reaction force"
725:of massive objects arises as a
690:is not considered viable today.
1161:Astrophysics and Space Science
906:, where Ï satisfies a certain
844:
841:
829:
817:
807:
676:metric theories of gravitation
470:
456:
369:
321:
209:
172:
38:Related scientific disciplines
1:
908:partial differential equation
411:{\displaystyle \kappa ^{2}=K}
1261:Living Reviews in Relativity
938:{\displaystyle \Box \phi =0}
769:scalar theory of gravitation
558:general theory of relativity
59:Robert Dicke, Harold Puthoff
27:scalar theory of gravitation
773:stratified conformally flat
682:having a spatially varying
428:stratified conformally flat
1340:
902:, given with respect to a
1181:10.1007/s10509-014-1864-4
1103:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.363
1083:Reviews of Modern Physics
969:(for Sakharov's proposal)
746:black hole thermodynamics
686:. Wilson's approach to a
79:
67:Harold Puthoff (see also
627:an attempt to provide a
116:and its relationship to
1225:more precise citations.
1173:2014Ap&SS.351..401E
1021:10.1023/A:1016011413407
754:thermodynamical effects
717:In a series of papers,
556:"approximation" of the
999:Foundations of Physics
939:
896:
670:A proposal in 1921 by
578:constitutive relations
528:
412:
376:
235:
1255:Visser, Matt (2005).
1068:10.1103/PhysRev.17.54
1042:H. A. Wilson (1921).
940:
897:
758:gravitational effects
705:The 1967 proposal of
582:susceptibility tensor
529:
413:
377:
236:
134:magnetic permeability
130:electric permittivity
64:Subsequent proponents
920:
779:
711:quantum field theory
688:unified field theory
633:"metric engineering"
539:Schwarzschild vacuum
441:
389:
255:
159:
1319:Theories of gravity
1130:1971GReGr...2..347D
1095:1957RvMP...29..363D
1060:1921PhRv...17...54W
775:metric of the form
771:which postulates a
756:, not specifically
750:optical black holes
246:Minkowski spacetime
90:theoretical physics
56:Original proponents
18:
1138:10.1007/BF00758153
935:
892:
699:Fernando de Felice
629:physical mechanism
524:
408:
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231:
110:general relativity
98:polarizable vacuum
17:Polarizable vacuum
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1250:
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765:Charles W. Misner
742:Hawking radiation
518:
418:is the so-called
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85:
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1303:
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1286:astro-ph/0302273
1275:
1273:
1272:
1263:. Archived from
1257:"Analog Gravity"
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1226:
1221:this article by
1212:inline citations
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1167:(2): 401â406.
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680:optical medium
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621:electrogravity
614:an attempt to
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1269:. Retrieved
1265:the original
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1228:
1209:
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1054:(1): 54â59.
1051:
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1002:
998:
992:
772:
757:
753:
749:
738:Unruh effect
726:
695:Robert Dicke
672:H. A. Wilson
665:
662:Related work
646:
642:
632:
628:
619:
615:
608:
597:
591:
581:
580:to obtain a
575:
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553:
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430:form in the
427:
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384:
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149:
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112:to describe
97:
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30:
26:
1223:introducing
1124:(4): 347â.
598:reformulate
550:Kerr metric
124:Description
1313:Categories
1271:2006-06-02
1206:references
984:References
714:been made.
29:, using a
1231:June 2009
1146:115547188
1029:118146080
954:gravitons
927:ϕ
924:◻
839:ϕ
833:−
827:
815:ϕ
805:
799:−
588:Criticism
454:
445:κ
394:κ
312:κ
284:κ
275:−
223:μ
213:μ
210:→
201:μ
186:ε
176:ε
173:→
164:ε
138:spacetime
961:See also
136:of flat
132:and the
1219:improve
1169:Bibcode
1126:Bibcode
1091:Bibcode
1056:Bibcode
723:inertia
609:replace
554:general
114:gravity
42:physics
1208:, but
1144:
1027:
744:, and
385:where
22:Claims
1296:arXiv
1281:arXiv
1142:S2CID
1025:S2CID
1007:arXiv
767:of a
616:unify
144:and Ό
697:and
566:LIGO
71:and
1177:doi
1165:351
1134:doi
1099:doi
1064:doi
1017:doi
824:exp
802:exp
451:exp
140:, Δ
88:In
73:SED
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142:o
75:)
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