2342:
cultural norms, and institutions, that appeal to people and encourage their compliance. Soft power variables are constructed through the social imagination, meaning they are arbitrary and malleable. For this reason, when the citizenry utilizes soft power variables to contrive its national identity, it induces âsecuritized subjectivity,â whereby âsubjects in a state desire securitization when they are afraid or feel a threat to the existence of their identity. In this situation, every self-identity requires a threat from others.â State leaders, to further consolidate their political power and solidify the domination of the citizenry, deliberately vilify the subpersons of the political order and ensure a continued environment of securitized subjectivity. By manufacturing an enduring security dilemma between dominant and subordinated groups, oppressive regimes convey to dominant groups that the protection provided by the state is necessary for the dominant identity groupâs/nation stateâs survival, which legitimizes the state. In this way, through the manipulation of soft power variables, oppressive regimes manufacture a nationalism that is dependent on the demarcation between dominant and subordinate identity groups.
2338:
of âfull persons,â and outsiders, or the âsubpersonsâ of society. The privileges enjoyed by citizens are given meaning because they are denied to subpersons, on account of their perceived inferiority. The government thereby creates a political order that justifies and enables the dominance of citizens through the systemic âexploitation of bodies, land, resources , and the denial of equal socioeconomic opportunities to them.â In this way, the regime operationalizes the domination and subordination of certain groups to establish its political authority. These repressive states distinguish between citizens and subpersons on the basis of socially agreed-upon conceptions of identity. Governments acquire legitimacy by expounding exclusionary notions of national identity, which sanctify the division between the citizenry and outsiders.
2225:
authority or legitimacy is threatened, regimes respond by overtly or covertly suppressing dissidents to eliminate the behavioral threat. State repression subsequently affects dissident mobilization, though the direction of this effect is still an open question. Some strong evidence suggests that repression suppresses dissident mobilization by reducing the capacity of challengers to organize, yet it is also feasible that challengers can leverage state repressive behavior to spur mobilization among sympathizers by framing repression as a new grievance against the state.
2124:, or general population. Direct repression tactics are those targeting specific actors who become aware of the harm done to them while covert tactics rely on the threat of citizenry being caught (wiretapping and monitoring). The effectiveness of the tactics differ: covert repression tactics cause dissidents to use less detectable opposition tactics while direct repression allows citizenry to witness and react to the repression. Political repression can also be reinforced by means outside of written policy, such as by public and private media ownership and by
2240:
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51:
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2152:
regime. Repressive activities have also been found within democratic contexts as well. This can even include setting up situations where the death of the target of repression is the end result. If political repression is not carried out with the approval of the state, a section of government may still be responsible. Some examples are the
2337:
Some regimes that govern societies experiencing sustained ethno-religious conflict may be consolidated on the basis of exclusionary notions of nationhood. In such discriminatory states, political right is generated through a distinction between citizens, who are afforded the rights and moral standing
2382:
Direct repression is a form of repression where the state targets an opposing political actor by obvious violent action. The target is clearly aware of the harm that is caused to their life and livelihood. Direct repression does not exclusively occur within the boundaries of a state, but also across
2415:
in media and public culture, 100% of citizens vote in âno choiceâ parliamentary elections so the state can identify defectors. Citizens are required to show complete devotion to North Korea's current leader and sacrifice their safety if they choose to speak out. Repressive measures including prison
2151:
states and similar regimes. While the use of political repression varies depending on the authoritarian regime, it is argued that repression is a defining feature and the foundation of autocracies by creating a power hierarchy between the leader and citizenry, contributing to the longevity of the
2224:
are a strong predictor of repressive activity, as are other forms of challenges from non-government actors. States so often engage in repressive behaviors in times of civil conflict that the relationship between these two phenomena has been termed the "Law of
Coercive Responsiveness". When their
2341:
Because the fabrication of nationhood often requires a reorientation of existing group identities, regimes will construe their national identity by taking advantage of soft power variables. Muhammad Pervez defines soft power variables as attractive and intangible power resources like religion,
4741:
1030:
2271:
Political repression is often accompanied by violence, which might be legal or illegal according to domestic law. Violence can both eliminate political opposition directly by killing opposition members, or indirectly by instilling fear.
2064:, thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens. Repression tactics target the citizenry who are most likely to challenge the political ideology of the state in order for the government to remain in control. In
2383:
borders. In personalist dictatorships, initiating conflicts with other states and people outside their own borders is more common because of lack of accountability via extremely limited or no competitive elections.
4710:
991:
2403:, where the effects of repression increased approaching elections, even with deteriorating social and economic conditions. A large signifier of whether or not repression is successful in a state is evidence of
2386:
Indirect repression relies on the threat of violence which constitutes harassment, intimidation, and administrative blockages. These tactics tend to be non-violent, yet still are built to control citizenry.
3229:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
3265:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
3247:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
3238:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
3220:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
3202:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
2464:
in mainland China. At the same time, many domestic
Chinese technology companies are also involved in the country's large-scale surveillance programs. These primarily include companies such as
2374:, the army, paramilitary groups and death squads. Sometimes regimes considered democratic exercise political repression and state terrorism to other states as part of their security policy.
2212:, although in Russian the broad concept of repression is commonly held to include mass killings and is sometimes assumed to be synonymous with it, which is not the case in other languages.
2897:
Johannes
Gerschewski (2013) The three pillars of stability: legitimation, repression, and co-optation in autocratic regimes, Democratization, 20:1, 13-38, DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2013.738860
2056:
is the act of a state entity controlling a citizenry by force for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing the citizenry's ability to take part in the
5204:
1497:
4250:
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COINTELPRO: The FBI's Covert Action
Programs Against American Citizens, Final Report of the Senate Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities.
523:
3585:
4458:
739:
5599:
4982:
2829:
Wang, Y. (2021). The Political Legacy of Violence During China's Cultural Revolution. British Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 463-487. doi:10.1017/S0007123419000255
2183:
1908:
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4409:
3308:
2220:
Political conflict strongly increases the likelihood of state repression. This is arguably the most robust finding in social science research on political repression.
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508:
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2009:
695:
440:
268:
253:
248:
78:
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BartuseviÄius, Henrikas; van Leeuwen, Florian; Petersen, Michael Bang (June 2023). "Political repression motivates anti-government violence".
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233:
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822:
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258:
243:
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Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. âUnder Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses.â Feminist Review, no. 30, 1988, pp. 61â88.
4977:
4441:
3664:
2865:
Resistance is Mobile: Dynamics of Repression, Challenger Adaptationm and Surveillance in US 'Red Squad' and Black Nationalist Archives
2852:
Resistance is Mobile: Dynamics of Repression, Challenger Adaptationm and Surveillance in US 'Red Squad' and Black Nationalist Archives
2395:
Individuals indirectly exposed to repression self-report higher trust in the leader and ruling party. This phenomenon was observed in
2068:, the use of political repression is to prevent anti-regime support and mobilization. It is often manifested through policies such as
1266:
722:
4615:
896:
4446:
3932:
3910:
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3724:
3346:
3284:
2935:
2915:
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727:
189:
167:
3649:
3256:
Rafiq, Samah. âLinear Borders, Partition, and Identity in Postcolonial South Asia.â Geopolitics, vol. 27, no. 2, 2022, pp. 478-500.
3211:
Rafiq, Samah. âLinear Borders, Partition, and Identity in Postcolonial South Asia.â Geopolitics, vol. 27, no. 2, 2022, pp. 478-500.
5362:
5199:
5099:
4546:
4436:
3193:
Mills, Charles. âThe Racial Contract.â Arguing About Political Philosophy, edited by Matt Zwolinski, Routledge, 2014, pp. 86-108.
3166:
Mills, Charles. âThe Racial Contract.â Arguing About Political Philosophy, edited by Matt Zwolinski, Routledge, 2014, pp. 86-108.
2876:
Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R (November 30, 2021). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science.
2840:
The War Against Authority: From the Crisis of Legitimacy to a New Social Contract. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2820:
Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R (November 30, 2021). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science.
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333:
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2500:
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68:
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4813:
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In some states, "repression" can be an official term used in legislation or the names of government institutions. The
1851:
1695:
1102:
685:
623:
3105:
Ritter, Emily Hencken (2014). "Policy Disputes, Political Survival, and the Onset and Severity of State Repression".
5651:
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4103:
3834:
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2433:
1960:
707:
368:
83:
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147:
73:
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613:
493:
468:
398:
328:
204:
3277:
Torturadores, apropiadores y asesinos : el terrorismo de estado en la obra dramĂĄtica de Eduardo Pavlovsky
5718:
5547:
5527:
5389:
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5337:
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4630:
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4568:
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4488:
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4379:
3782:
3640:
Understanding Covert Repressive Action: The Case of the U.S. Government against the Republic of New Africa (
3377:
GarcĂźa-Ponce, Omar; Pasquale, Benjamin (2015). "How Political Repression Shapes Attitudes Toward the State".
2445:
2437:
2417:
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2140:
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675:
660:
34:
3037:
Hill, Daniel W.; Jones, Zachary M. (2014). "An Empirical Evaluation of Explanations for State Repression".
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1955:
1928:
1918:
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779:
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122:
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and similar regimes. In these regimes, acts of political repression can be carried out by the police and
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5507:
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5279:
5034:
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4705:
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142:
3476:
2407:â where the preference expressed by an individual in public diverges from their private preference. In
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4893:
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4262:
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2109:
1794:
1182:
1001:
881:
839:
789:
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572:
535:
263:
117:
3704:
The Death and Life of State Repression: Understanding Onset, Escalation, Termination, and Recurrence
2416:
camps, torture, forced labor, and threats of execution are just some of the costs of defection. The
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5522:
5157:
5059:
5039:
4828:
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4690:
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4128:
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1970:
1831:
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1025:
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1525:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1331:
608:
2202:" and "repression" are used to refer to the same events. He believes the most neutral terms are
2948:
The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther.
5693:
5604:
5532:
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5259:
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4863:
4783:
4620:
3915:
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3362:
Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R (November 30, 2021). "Political Control".
3342:
3322:
Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R (November 30, 2021). "Political Control".
3290:
3280:
2931:
2911:
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2101:
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2002:
1913:
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1152:
1072:
901:
172:
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3090:
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5127:
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4384:
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4123:
3684:
3535:
3401:
3114:
3085:
3046:
3020:
2621:
2611:
2573:
2295:
2287:
2239:
2077:
1965:
1950:
1878:
1799:
1769:
1584:
1420:
1122:
670:
665:
503:
388:
2699:
2334:
and other punishments against political activists, dissidents, and populations in general.
5671:
5579:
5475:
5424:
5284:
5269:
5249:
5214:
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4838:
4773:
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4148:
3140:
2767:
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2457:
2367:
2351:
2148:
2132:
2125:
1980:
1888:
1784:
1725:
1577:
1562:
1542:
1507:
1216:
1127:
1062:
844:
794:
413:
4294:
567:
2908:
The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of Americaâs Political Intelligence System
5666:
5624:
5594:
5584:
5502:
5495:
5480:
5470:
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5242:
5184:
5179:
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4823:
4758:
4272:
4245:
4093:
3805:
2549:
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2131:
Where political repression is sanctioned and organised by the state, it may constitute
1975:
1933:
1903:
1893:
1811:
1804:
1789:
1779:
1599:
1535:
1477:
1472:
1457:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1112:
1047:
545:
518:
358:
42:
2984:
2972:
Thereâs something happening here: The New Left, the Klan, and FBI counterintelligence.
5743:
5678:
5301:
5237:
5222:
5084:
5049:
5029:
4900:
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4170:
4073:
3421:
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3008:
2519:
2400:
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1987:
1594:
1530:
1515:
1371:
1336:
1316:
1189:
1132:
1067:
435:
338:
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can be reached. Systematic and violent political repression is a typical feature of
5512:
5399:
5227:
5194:
5174:
5104:
5094:
5074:
5054:
4685:
4578:
4573:
4304:
4279:
4138:
4078:
4043:
4013:
3390:"Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989"
2752:
2714:
2694:
2684:
2363:
2299:
2208:
2167:
2160:
2144:
2081:
2069:
1821:
1700:
1520:
1487:
1467:
1391:
1381:
1361:
1341:
966:
859:
854:
577:
552:
403:
343:
308:
278:
3762:
Militant Nationalism between movement and party in Ireland and the Basque Country.
2350:
When political repression is sanctioned and organized by the state, situations of
17:
3009:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930â45"
5414:
5374:
5342:
5209:
5169:
5009:
4922:
4873:
4848:
4748:
4431:
4210:
4160:
4143:
4098:
4018:
2887:
What Everyone Should Know About State Repression, London: New Park Publications.
2704:
2636:
2592:
2408:
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2065:
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1675:
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1502:
1462:
1298:
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363:
283:
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5109:
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4153:
4088:
3937:
3050:
3024:
2733:
2728:
2665:
2656:
2626:
2563:
2449:
2256:
2156:
2093:
1997:
1992:
1873:
1868:
1764:
1740:
1589:
1482:
1440:
1396:
1206:
1194:
1167:
1157:
1077:
452:
447:
418:
353:
194:
3389:
3294:
3118:
5589:
5537:
5254:
4853:
3963:
2469:
2465:
2315:
2311:
2252:
2221:
2121:
2089:
1898:
1846:
1547:
1142:
228:
50:
2928:
Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America.
5554:
5384:
5311:
4962:
4888:
4793:
4753:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4033:
4028:
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298:
293:
238:
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3413:
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2105:
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303:
199:
179:
152:
127:
27:
Act of state entity involving restrictive political freedom of citizens
5014:
4023:
3927:
3905:
3900:
3850:
2762:
2473:
1303:
288:
184:
162:
157:
107:
3405:
2170:
had a legal policy of repression of political opposition defined in
2143:. Systemic and violent political repression is a typical feature of
3747:
Negative Intelligence: The Army and the American Left, 1917 - 1941.
5024:
3855:
2307:
2290:. This intolerance is manifested through discriminatory policies,
2260:
2238:
1311:
112:
3774:
5636:
5465:
2805:
Davenport, Christian, Johnston, Hank and Mueller, Carol (2004).
1945:
1774:
3778:
2539:
2529:
2477:
3436:"North Koreans vote in 'no-choice' parliamentary elections"
3654:
by Christian Davenport, Professor, University of Maryland.
3646:
by Christian Davenport, Professor, University of Maryland.
2436:. These practices involve the use of technologies such as
3175:
Pateman, Carole. The Sexual Contract, Polity Press, 1991.
2985:"Justice Department Campaign Against the IWW, 1917-1920"
3534:(in Traditional Chinese). 25 May 2018. Archived from
5448:
5325:
5118:
4729:
4359:
4196:
3956:
3843:
3812:
3769:
Violence Work: State Power and the Limits of Police
3667:
Interface: a journal for and about social movements
2950:
Chicago, Ill.: Lawrence Hill /Chicago Review, 2010.
2286:Political repression is sometimes accompanied with
2793:State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace
2420:implements extensive surveillance measures in the
5600:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
2194:, in the case of the Soviet Union terms such as "
2184:Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities
1909:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3749:Jackson. University Press of Mississippi, 1991.
2182:had a secret police agency officially named the
5260:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
1553:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
4742:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
3702:Davenport, Christian; Appel, Benjamin (2022).
1031:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
3790:
3339:Authoritarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know
3141:"Los Derechos Humanos y la trata de personas"
2034:
8:
3307:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4958:List of people killed for being transgender
2811:Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2496:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1247:List of people killed for being transgender
3797:
3783:
3775:
3732:Army Surveillance in America, 1775 - 1980.
3275:Patricia., Scipioni, Estela (2000-01-01).
2930:Berkeley: University of California Press.
2041:
2027:
29:
3089:
4054:Social determinants of health in poverty
3734:New Haven. Yale University Press. 1991.
3091:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.101405.143216
319:Social determinants of health in poverty
2780:
41:
3712:Political Repression in Modern America
3300:
3074:"State Repression and Political Order"
2796:New York: Cambridge University Press.
2506:Mass killings under communist regimes
2159:operations from 1956 to 1971 and the
7:
5724:
4764:Capital punishment for homosexuality
4059:Social determinants of mental health
3764:University of Minnesota Press, 1999.
3651:State Repression and Political Order
3450:"North Korea: Systematic Repression"
1053:Capital punishment for homosexuality
324:Social determinants of mental health
4884:Genital modification and mutilation
3337:Frantz, Erica (November 15, 2018).
1173:Genital modification and mutilation
3669:on repression and social movements
3584:(in Simplified Chinese). çșœçșŠæ¶æ„äžæçœ.
3364:Annual Review of Political Science
3324:Annual Review of Political Science
3078:Annual Review of Political Science
25:
3039:American Political Science Review
2569:Restrictions on political parties
2391:Repressive success and monitoring
5723:
5714:
5713:
5363:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
5200:Law for Protection of the Nation
5100:White genocide conspiracy theory
3569:from the original on 2019-02-17.
3501:Vicky Xiuzhong Xu (2018-03-31).
2460:, and are closely linked to the
1664:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1493:Law for Protection of the Nation
1387:White genocide conspiracy theory
49:
5205:MSM blood donation restrictions
4953:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
3613:from the original on 2019-04-10
3588:from the original on 2019-10-16
3509:from the original on 2018-09-29
3483:from the original on 2019-10-16
1498:MSM blood donation restrictions
1242:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
5218:(as religious or racial quota)
3528:"äșșèèć„ + 瀟æ俥çšçł»ç”±ïŒäžć ŽéćĄäșșéĄèĄçșç瀟æ毊é©ïŒ"
3107:Journal of Conflict Resolution
2974:Berkeley: Univ. of California.
2748:An unjust law is no law at all
2617:Arbitrary arrest and detention
2378:Direct vs. indirect repression
1511:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
5632:Second-generation gender bias
5348:Constitutional colorblindness
4049:Social determinants of health
3503:"ăèçŠăäžćœç€ŸäŒäżĄçšçł»ç»èŽćäșäžșć
Źæ°æććč¶æčé 瀟äŒèĄäžș"
3388:Kuran, Timur (October 1991).
3072:Davenport, Christian (2007).
2910:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2090:stripping of citizen's rights
1941:Second-generation gender bias
1649:Constitutional colorblindness
314:Social determinants of health
3717:University of Illinois Press
3007:Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996).
2501:Anti-communist mass killings
2188:Soviet and communist studies
5543:Medical model of disability
5395:Hate speech laws by country
3438:. BBC News. March 10, 2019.
3341:. Oxford University Press.
2838:Kittrie, Nicholas N. 1995.
2808:Repression and Mobilization
2678:Types of states and regimes
1852:Medical model of disability
1696:Hate speech laws by country
5781:
5652:Social model of disability
4104:Discrimination against men
3709:Goldstein, Robert Justin,
3706:. Oxford University Press.
3677:Royal Society Open Science
2525:Committee of Public Safety
2450:voice and iris recognition
2446:fingerprint identification
2422:People's Republic of China
2413:highly repressive activity
2279:
2243:Members of the right-wing
2232:
1961:Social model of disability
369:Discrimination against men
5709:
5005:Opposition to immigration
3906:Race / Ethnicity
3582:"ćæ50äžæŹĄäșșèžèŻć«ïŒäžćœćŠäœçšAIçæ§ç»Žæäșș"
3279:. Edition Reichenberger.
3051:10.1017/s0003055414000306
3025:10.1080/09668139608412415
2926:Donner, Frank J. (1990).
2906:Donner, Frank J. (1980).
2863:Sullivan, Christopher M.
2850:Sullivan, Christopher M.
2251:and the publisher of the
1294:Opposition to immigration
163:Race / Ethnicity
5000:Occupational segregation
4769:Compulsory sterilization
3771:. Duke University Press.
3477:"äžćœçćšæäž»äčæȘæ„ïŒäșșć·„æșèœäžæ ćäžć
„ççæ§"
3119:10.1177/0022002712468724
2605:Restrictions and actions
2405:preference falsification
2114:extrajudicial punishment
2096:, and violent action or
1289:Occupational segregation
1058:Compulsory sterilization
5528:Internalized oppression
5390:Fighting Discrimination
5380:Fat acceptance movement
5338:Anti-discrimination law
4978:Native American mascots
3607:"äžćœć€©çœć·„çšèćæäžć€§ćèŁïŒć
æŹäžć
Žäžćäžș"
3479:(in Chinese). çșœçșŠæ¶æ„äžæçœ.
2722:Institutions and groups
2418:Chinese Communist Party
2360:crimes against humanity
2292:human rights violations
2141:crimes against humanity
1837:Internalized oppression
1691:Fighting Discrimination
1681:Fat acceptance movement
1639:Anti-discrimination law
1267:Native American mascots
5647:Social identity threat
5620:Reverse discrimination
5610:Racial color blindness
5090:Violence against women
5070:Sex-selective abortion
2542:(primarily during the
2268:
2086:involuntary settlement
1956:Social identity threat
1929:Reverse discrimination
1919:Racial color blindness
1377:Violence against women
1357:Sex-selective abortion
5615:Religious intolerance
5575:Political correctness
5405:Intersex human rights
5353:Cultural assimilation
5035:Religious persecution
4799:Disability hate crime
4574:Jewish / Antisemitism
3767:Seigel, Micol. 2018.
3505:(in Chinese). ABCäžæ.
2970:Cunningham, D. 2004.
2885:Serge, Victor, 1979,
2867:. Volume 55, Issue 2.
2854:. Volume 55, Issue 2.
2710:Military Dictatorship
2598:Religious Persecution
2513:National institutions
2432:, and other forms of
2320:extrajudicial killing
2242:
2216:In political conflict
1924:Religious intolerance
1884:Political correctness
1706:Intersex human rights
1654:Cultural assimilation
1322:Religious persecution
1088:Disability hate crime
855:Jewish / Antisemitism
5755:Political repression
5750:Comparative politics
5020:Political repression
4009:Anti-left handedness
3999:Anti-intellectualism
2989:depts.washington.edu
2788:Davenport, Christian
2632:Forced disappearance
2588:Judicial persecution
2581:Types of persecution
2462:Social Credit System
2332:forced disappearance
2259:on June 4, 1930, in
2110:forced disappearance
2100:such as the murder,
2054:Political repression
1308:Political repression
274:Anti-left handedness
264:Anti-intellectualism
5760:Human rights abuses
5523:Historical eugenics
5060:Segregation academy
5040:Religious terrorism
4829:Enemy of the people
4737:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
4241:Jehovah's Witnesses
4129:Perpetual foreigner
3689:10.1098/rsos.221227
3013:Europe-Asia Studies
2426:Internet censorship
2368:totalitarian states
2128:within the public.
2118:political activists
1832:Historical eugenics
1347:Segregation academy
1327:Religious terrorism
1118:Enemy of the people
1026:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
514:Jehovah's Witnesses
394:Perpetual foreigner
5435:Social integration
5430:Self-determination
5420:Racial integration
5368:Diversity training
5358:Cultural pluralism
5333:Affirmative action
5233:Racial segregation
5143:Crime of apartheid
5045:Religious violence
4538:Indigenous people
3933:Sexual orientation
3760:Irvin, Cynthia L.
3580:ććźć (2019-04-15).
3475:ććźć (2018-07-17).
3454:Human Rights Watch
2442:facial recognition
2269:
2235:Political violence
2192:Stephen Wheatcroft
2102:summary executions
2074:surveillance abuse
1736:Social integration
1731:Self-determination
1721:Racial integration
1669:Diversity training
1659:Cultural pluralism
1634:Affirmative action
1526:Racial segregation
1436:Crime of apartheid
1332:Religious violence
819:Indigenous people
190:Sexual orientation
18:Political vendetta
5737:
5736:
5605:Racism by country
5533:Intersectionality
5518:Heteronormativity
5317:Voter suppression
5065:Sexual harassment
4864:Forced conversion
4784:Cultural genocide
4437:African Americans
4251:postâCold War era
4236:Eastern Orthodoxy
3994:Anti-drug addicts
3989:Anti-homelessness
3916:Scientific racism
3745:Talbert Jr. Roy.
3665:Special issue of
3456:. 14 January 2020
2758:National Security
2642:Mass Surveillance
2434:mass surveillance
2430:camera monitoring
2324:summary execution
2282:Infrahumanisation
2255:newspaper at the
2249:Red Guard officer
2247:assault a former
2180:Fulgencio Batista
2051:
2050:
1914:Racism by country
1842:Intersectionality
1827:Heteronormativity
1610:Voter suppression
1352:Sexual harassment
1153:Forced conversion
1073:Cultural genocide
718:African Americans
524:postâCold War era
509:Eastern Orthodoxy
259:Anti-drug addicts
254:Anti-homelessness
173:Scientific racism
16:(Redirected from
5772:
5727:
5726:
5717:
5716:
5657:Social privilege
5642:Social exclusion
5570:Police brutality
5491:Multiculturalism
5461:Amatonormativity
5292:Social exclusion
5128:Age of candidacy
4928:Homeless dumping
4834:Ethnic cleansing
3799:
3792:
3785:
3776:
3730:Jensen, Joan M.
3692:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3557:"æé ćčłćźććžçČŸćè§éąçæ§çœç»"
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3034:
3028:
3019:(8): 1319â1353.
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2924:
2918:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2785:
2741:Related concepts
2622:Black Propaganda
2612:Abuse of process
2574:Press censorship
2296:police brutality
2163:from 1919-1920.
2139:, politicide or
2078:police brutality
2043:
2036:
2029:
1966:Social privilege
1951:Social exclusion
1879:Police brutality
1800:Multiculturalism
1770:Amatonormativity
1585:Social exclusion
1421:Age of candidacy
1217:Homeless dumping
1123:Ethnic cleansing
53:
30:
21:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5705:
5580:Polyculturalism
5476:Civil liberties
5444:
5425:Reappropriation
5326:Countermeasures
5321:
5250:Racial steering
5216:Numerus clausus
5120:
5114:
4839:Ethnic conflict
4774:Corrective rape
4725:
4355:
4310:minority Muslim
4192:
4084:HIV/AIDS stigma
3952:
3901:Mental disorder
3839:
3808:
3803:
3674:
3631:
3629:Further reading
3626:
3625:
3616:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3512:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3486:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3406:10.2307/2010422
3387:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3299:
3287:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2946:Haas, Jeffrey.
2945:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2804:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:Totalitarianism
2743:
2738:
2724:
2719:
2690:State Terrorism
2680:
2675:
2607:
2602:
2583:
2578:
2559:
2557:Related systems
2554:
2515:
2510:
2491:
2486:
2393:
2380:
2352:state terrorism
2348:
2346:State terrorism
2284:
2278:
2237:
2231:
2218:
2186:. According to
2133:state terrorism
2126:self-censorship
2047:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1889:Polyculturalism
1785:Civil liberties
1757:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1726:Reappropriation
1626:
1625:Countermeasures
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1543:Racial steering
1509:Numerus clausus
1413:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1128:Ethnic conflict
1063:Corrective rape
1018:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
643:
632:
631:
630:
629:
628:
583:minority Muslim
471:
461:
460:
459:
458:
457:
349:HIV/AIDS stigma
221:
213:
212:
211:
210:
209:
158:Mental disorder
100:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5778:
5776:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5721:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5625:Reverse racism
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5595:Prisoner abuse
5592:
5587:
5585:Power distance
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5503:Ethnic penalty
5500:
5499:
5498:
5496:Neurodiversity
5493:
5483:
5481:Dehumanization
5478:
5473:
5471:Cisnormativity
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5449:Related topics
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5307:State religion
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5243:Nuremberg Laws
5240:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5185:Ghetto benches
5182:
5180:Gerrymandering
5177:
5172:
5167:
5165:Gender pay gap
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5119:Discriminatory
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4948:Lavender scare
4945:
4943:Kill Haole Day
4940:
4938:Indian rolling
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4903:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4824:Eliminationism
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4759:Cancel culture
4756:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4733:
4731:
4730:Manifestations
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4616:Middle Eastern
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4351:Zoroastrianism
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4273:Untouchability
4270:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:Leprosy stigma
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
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3809:
3806:Discrimination
3804:
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3801:
3794:
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3779:
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3743:
3728:
3719:, 1978, 2001)
3707:
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3642:186kb PDF file
3636:
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3532:theinitium.com
3519:
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3394:World Politics
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3113:(1): 143â168.
3097:
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2550:Kangaroo court
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2482:
2480:, and others.
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2245:Lapua Movement
2233:Main article:
2230:
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2172:its penal code
2058:political life
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2038:
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2020:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2007:
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2005:
1995:
1990:
1985:
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1983:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1937:
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1934:Reverse racism
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
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1904:Prisoner abuse
1901:
1896:
1894:Power distance
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1819:
1814:
1812:Ethnic penalty
1809:
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1805:Neurodiversity
1802:
1792:
1790:Dehumanization
1787:
1782:
1780:Cisnormativity
1777:
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1756:Related topics
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1536:Nuremberg Laws
1533:
1523:
1518:
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1500:
1495:
1490:
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1478:Ghetto benches
1475:
1473:Gerrymandering
1470:
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1458:Gender pay gap
1455:
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1237:Lavender scare
1234:
1232:Kill Haole Day
1229:
1227:Indian rolling
1224:
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1113:Eliminationism
1110:
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1080:
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1048:Cancel culture
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1017:Manifestations
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359:Leprosy stigma
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54:
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43:Discrimination
39:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5777:
5766:
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5708:
5702:
5699:
5695:
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5691:
5690:
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5679:Social stigma
5677:
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5341:
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5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:State atheism
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5238:Jim Crow laws
5236:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:One-drop rule
5221:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Blood quantum
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5085:Victimisation
5083:
5081:
5080:Trans bashing
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:Religious war
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5030:Racialization
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Glass ceiling
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Ethnic hatred
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:Counter-jihad
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
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4740:
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4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
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4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
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4624:
4622:
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4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
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4592:
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4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4552:United States
4550:
4548:
4545:
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4537:
4535:
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4462:
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4457:
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4448:
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4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4415:United States
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:Protestantism
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:LDS or Mormon
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Transmisogyny
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Gerontophobia
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:Anti-intersex
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Anti-albinism
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
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3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Institutional
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:0-87805-495-2
3752:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:0-300-04668-5
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:0-8467-0301-7
3722:
3718:
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3713:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3690:
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3628:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3573:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3538:on 2021-08-04
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3348:9780190880194
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3286:9783931887919
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3190:
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3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3149:
3148:www.ohchr.org
3142:
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3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
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2940:
2937:
2936:0-520-05951-4
2933:
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2917:
2916:0-394-40298-7
2913:
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2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Secret Police
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:
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2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:, accused of
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:Robert Mugabe
2398:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2372:secret police
2369:
2365:
2364:dictatorships
2361:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:extermination
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:mass killings
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2145:dictatorships
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Social stigma
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
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1854:
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1840:
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1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1753:
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1742:
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1734:
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1717:
1714:
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1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
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1679:
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1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:State atheism
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Jim Crow laws
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:One-drop rule
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
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1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Blood quantum
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Victimisation
1370:
1368:
1367:Trans bashing
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Religious war
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Racialization
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
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1255:
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1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Glass ceiling
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Ethnic hatred
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:Counter-jihad
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
834:
833:United States
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
697:
696:United States
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
642:
636:
635:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:Protestantism
607:
605:
602:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
537:
534:
532:
529:
525:
522:
520:
519:LDS or Mormon
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
470:
465:
464:
454:
451:
449:
446:
442:
439:
437:
436:Transmisogyny
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:Gerontophobia
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:Anti-intersex
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:Anti-albinism
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
217:
216:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
96:
95:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
69:Institutional
67:
66:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5513:Gender-blind
5400:Human rights
5228:Racial quota
5215:
5195:Jewish quota
5175:Gerontocracy
5170:Gender roles
5148:Disabilities
5133:Blood purity
5105:Wife selling
5095:White flight
5075:Slut-shaming
5055:Scapegoating
5019:
4973:Murder music
4636:Palestinians
4579:Anti-Zionism
4447:South Africa
4432:Black people
4410:South Africa
4226:Christianity
4216:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
4139:Sectarianism
4079:Heterosexism
4044:Ephebiphobia
4014:Anti-Masonry
3881:Hair texture
3768:
3761:
3746:
3731:
3710:
3703:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3650:
3641:
3615:. Retrieved
3601:
3590:. Retrieved
3575:
3551:
3540:. Retrieved
3536:the original
3531:
3522:
3511:. Retrieved
3496:
3485:. Retrieved
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3453:
3444:
3430:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3372:
3363:
3357:
3338:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:
3135:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3016:
3012:
3003:
2992:. Retrieved
2988:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2927:
2922:
2907:
2902:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2753:Human Rights
2715:Police State
2695:Dictatorship
2685:Police state
2671:White Terror
2652:Provocateurs
2424:, including
2394:
2385:
2381:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2300:imprisonment
2285:
2270:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2168:Soviet Union
2165:
2161:Palmer Raids
2149:totalitarian
2130:
2112:, and other
2082:imprisonment
2072:violations,
2070:human rights
2053:
2052:
1822:Gender-blind
1701:Human rights
1521:Racial quota
1508:
1488:Jewish quota
1468:Gerontocracy
1463:Gender roles
1441:Disabilities
1426:Blood purity
1392:Wife selling
1382:White flight
1362:Slut-shaming
1342:Scapegoating
1262:Murder music
917:Palestinians
860:Anti-Zionism
728:South Africa
713:Black people
691:South Africa
499:Christianity
489:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
404:Sectarianism
344:Heterosexism
309:Ephebiphobia
279:Anti-Masonry
138:Hair texture
5765:Persecution
5415:Nonviolence
5410:LGBT rights
5375:Empowerment
5343:Anti-racism
5265:Segregation
5210:No kid zone
5010:Persecution
4923:Hate speech
4874:Gay bashing
4849:Ethnic joke
4804:Dog whistle
4749:Blood libel
4427:Azerbaijani
4331:Neopaganism
4324:Persecution
4285:Persecution
4268:Persecution
4231:Catholicism
4211:Exclusivism
4161:Transphobia
4144:Supremacism
4099:Lesbophobia
4019:Aporophobia
3984:Anti-autism
3835:Taste-based
3830:Statistical
3400:(1): 7â48.
2705:Nanny State
2637:Martial Law
2593:Persecution
2458:DNA testing
2409:North Korea
2288:intolerance
2276:Intolerance
2066:autocracies
1716:Nonviolence
1711:LGBT rights
1676:Empowerment
1644:Anti-racism
1558:Segregation
1503:No kid zone
1299:Persecution
1212:Hate speech
1163:Gay bashing
1138:Ethnic joke
1093:Dog whistle
1038:Blood libel
708:Azerbaijani
604:Neopaganism
597:Persecution
558:Persecution
541:Persecution
504:Catholicism
484:Exclusivism
426:Transphobia
409:Supremacism
364:Lesbophobia
284:Aporophobia
249:Anti-autism
84:Taste-based
79:Statistical
5744:Categories
5689:Stereotype
5684:Speciesism
5565:Oppression
5560:Oikophobia
5456:Allophilia
5440:Toleration
5297:Sodomy law
5190:Internment
5110:Witch-hunt
4988:Blackhawks
4918:Hate group
4906:Hate crime
4879:Gendercide
4869:Freak show
4859:Excellence
4819:Employment
4789:Defamation
4716:Vietnamese
4711:Venezuelan
4596:Lithuanian
4258:Falun Gong
4188:Xenophobia
4183:Vegaphobia
4166:Non-binary
4124:Pedophobia
4089:Homophobia
3911:Skin color
3871:Disability
3844:Attributes
3825:Structural
3617:2019-11-14
3592:2019-11-14
3542:2019-11-14
3513:2019-11-14
3487:2019-11-14
3153:2017-05-14
2994:2023-04-13
2775:References
2734:Government
2729:Dissidents
2700:Ătat lĂ©gal
2666:Harassment
2657:Red Terror
2627:Censorship
2564:Censorship
2456:analysis,
2280:See also:
2257:Vaasa riot
2222:Civil wars
2204:repression
2200:the purges
2196:the terror
2157:COINTELPRO
2122:dissidents
2094:lustration
1998:Stereotype
1993:Speciesism
1874:Oppression
1869:Oikophobia
1765:Allophilia
1741:Toleration
1590:Sodomy law
1483:Internment
1397:Witch-hunt
1277:Blackhawks
1207:Hate group
1195:Hate crime
1168:Gendercide
1158:Freak show
1148:Excellence
1108:Employment
1078:Defamation
997:Vietnamese
992:Venezuelan
877:Lithuanian
531:Falun Gong
453:Xenophobia
448:Vegaphobia
431:Non-binary
389:Pedophobia
354:Homophobia
168:Skin color
128:Disability
99:Attributes
74:Structural
5662:Christian
5590:Prejudice
5538:Masculism
5486:Diversity
5280:religious
5255:Redlining
4854:Ethnocide
4814:Education
4701:Ukrainian
4631:Pakistani
4621:Mongolian
4542:Australia
4524:Hungarian
4479:Colombian
4459:Bulgarian
4341:Rastafari
4290:Ahmadiyya
4198:Religious
4176:Trans men
4134:Pregnancy
4069:Gayphobia
4064:Fatphobia
3969:Acephobia
3964:Arophobia
3948:Viewpoint
3422:154090678
3303:cite book
3295:477299442
3127:145054180
2470:Sensetime
2466:Hikvision
2316:terrorism
2312:extortion
2253:communist
1971:Christian
1899:Prejudice
1847:Masculism
1795:Diversity
1573:religious
1548:Redlining
1143:Ethnocide
1103:Education
982:Ukrainian
912:Pakistani
902:Mongolian
823:Australia
805:Hungarian
760:Colombian
740:Bulgarian
614:Rastafari
563:Ahmadiyya
469:Religious
441:Trans men
399:Pregnancy
334:Gayphobia
329:Fatphobia
234:Acephobia
229:Arophobia
205:Viewpoint
5719:Category
5701:The talk
5637:Snobbery
5555:Net bias
5385:Feminism
5312:Ugly law
5153:Catholic
5121:policies
4968:Mortgage
4963:Lynching
4894:examples
4889:Genocide
4809:Economic
4794:Democide
4754:Bullying
4666:Scottish
4661:Romanian
4626:Nigerian
4569:Japanese
4504:Georgian
4489:Filipino
4422:Assyrian
4395:Armenian
4385:American
4380:Albanian
4362:National
4346:Yazidism
4263:Hinduism
4221:Buddhism
4119:Nepotism
4114:Misogyny
4109:Misandry
4034:Clannism
4029:Biphobia
3974:Adultism
3891:Language
3659:Journals
3634:Articles
3611:Archived
3609:. ć€ç»Žæ°é».
3586:Archived
3564:Archived
3507:Archived
3481:Archived
3084:: 1â23.
3059:54908565
2790:(2007).
2662:Stalking
2647:Massacre
2544:Cold War
2489:Killings
2484:See also
2454:big data
2397:Zimbabwe
2356:genocide
2229:Violence
2190:scholar
2137:genocide
2010:The talk
1946:Snobbery
1864:Net bias
1686:Feminism
1605:Ugly law
1446:Catholic
1412:Policies
1257:Mortgage
1252:Lynching
1183:examples
1178:Genocide
1098:Economic
1083:Democide
1043:Bullying
947:Scottish
942:Romanian
907:Nigerian
850:Japanese
785:Georgian
770:Filipino
703:Assyrian
676:Armenian
666:American
661:Albanian
641:national
619:Yazidism
536:Hinduism
494:Buddhism
384:Nepotism
379:Misogyny
374:Misandry
299:Clannism
294:Biphobia
239:Adultism
148:Language
35:a series
33:Part of
5729:Commons
5508:Figleaf
4933:Housing
4696:Turkish
4641:Pashtun
4611:Mexican
4591:Kurdish
4564:Italian
4514:Haitian
4499:Finnish
4474:Chinese
4469:Chechen
4464:Catalan
4454:Bengali
4375:African
4360:Ethnic/
4319:Judaism
4305:Sunnism
4295:Shi'ism
4206:Atheism
4039:Elitism
3938:Species
3876:Genetic
3866:Dialect
3460:2 March
3414:2010422
2535:Gestapo
2328:torture
2265:Finland
2106:torture
2062:society
1817:Figleaf
1222:Housing
977:Turkish
922:Pashtun
892:Mexican
872:Kurdish
845:Italian
795:Haitian
780:Finnish
755:Chinese
750:Chechen
745:Catalan
735:Bengali
656:African
639:Ethnic/
592:Judaism
578:Sunnism
568:Shi'ism
479:Atheism
304:Elitism
195:Species
133:Genetic
123:Dialect
5694:threat
5548:autism
5285:sexual
5275:racial
5158:Jewish
5015:Pogrom
4993:Chiefs
4983:Braves
4706:Uyghur
4681:Somali
4676:Slavic
4656:Romani
4651:Quebec
4646:Polish
4586:Korean
4547:Canada
4534:Indian
4519:Hazara
4494:Fulani
4405:France
4370:Afghan
4300:Sufism
4024:Audism
3957:Social
3886:Height
3753:
3738:
3723:
3562:. ćäžș.
3420:
3412:
3345:
3293:
3283:
3125:
3057:
2934:
2914:
2763:Racism
2474:Huawei
2399:under
2178:under
2098:terror
2003:threat
1857:autism
1578:sexual
1568:racial
1451:Jewish
1304:Pogrom
1282:Chiefs
1272:Braves
987:Uyghur
962:Somali
957:Slavic
937:Romani
932:Quebec
927:Polish
867:Korean
828:Canada
815:Indian
800:Hazara
775:Fulani
686:France
651:Afghan
573:Sufism
289:Audism
220:Social
143:Height
5672:white
5025:Purge
4721:Welsh
4686:Tatar
4606:MÄori
4601:Malay
4559:Irish
4509:Greek
4484:Croat
4442:China
4400:Asian
4280:Islam
4149:White
3896:Looks
3861:Class
3856:Caste
3813:Forms
3697:Books
3683:(6).
3567:(PDF)
3560:(PDF)
3418:S2CID
3410:JSTOR
3144:(PDF)
3123:S2CID
3055:S2CID
2308:exile
2261:Vaasa
2060:of a
1981:white
1312:Purge
1002:Welsh
967:Tatar
887:MÄori
882:Malay
840:Irish
790:Greek
765:Croat
723:China
681:Asian
553:Islam
414:White
153:Looks
118:Class
113:Caste
60:Forms
5667:male
5466:Bias
4911:LGBT
4691:Thai
4671:Serb
4529:Igbo
4390:Arab
4154:Male
3943:Size
3923:Rank
3751:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3721:ISBN
3462:2023
3343:ISBN
3309:link
3291:OCLC
3281:ISBN
2932:ISBN
2912:ISBN
2358:and
2206:and
2198:", "
2176:Cuba
2174:and
1976:male
1775:Bias
1200:LGBT
972:Thai
952:Serb
810:Igbo
671:Arab
419:Male
200:Size
180:Rank
5270:age
3928:Sex
3851:Age
3685:doi
3402:doi
3115:doi
3086:doi
3047:doi
3043:108
3021:doi
2664:or
2540:FBI
2530:KGB
2478:ZTE
2154:FBI
2116:of
1563:age
185:Sex
108:Age
5746::
3681:10
3679:.
3530:.
3452:.
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2440:,
2438:AI
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2366:,
2354:,
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2326:,
2322:,
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