180:
highlighted details in the deposition that Cox testified in about the revolving details about his departure and resignation as
Chairman of the PAC. It was rumored by the New York Times that Cox was interested in plotting a coup of the CEO Wayne Lapierre because of his financial misconduct. However, during Cox's testimony he found it, "not only false, but offensive". His testimony was a part of the Public Relations Firm (Advertisers) Ackerman McQueen lawsuit against the NRA, in 2021. In May 2023, Randy Kozuch was named the interim Executive Director of the NRA Chief Lobbyist, who previously worked with the NRA-ILA for almost 30 years.
60:
125:, is one who has "not only an excellent voting record on all critical NRA issues, but who has also made a vigorous effort to promote and defend the Second Amendment", whereas an NRA "F" candidate is a "true enemy of gun owners' rights". Since 2010 the NRA-PVF has taken an increasingly hard line on ratings, with the result that by the 2020 US elections there was only one Democrat candidate left with a top "A" rating—down from 25% of Democrat candidates in 2010. By 2022, no Democrat received a top grade.
179:
served as the NRA's chief lobbyist and principal political strategist between 2002 and 2019. In this role he also served as the NRA-PVF chairman, and "has directed NRA's electoral efforts at every level." There were some internal disputes that led to Cox's departure. NRA-Watch Group transcribed the
111:
By 2008, during the elections, the PVF spent millions "on direct campaign donations, independent campaign expenditures and on mobilizing the most aggressive grassroots operation in NRA history." In 2012, NRA-PVF income was $ 14.4 million and expenses were $ 16.1 million. By 2014, the NRA-PVF income
163:
to the
Supreme Court because he did not "respect the individual right to bear arms"—in 2007, Garland had "cast a vote in favor of allowing his court to review a crucial opinion by a three-judge panel that had found D.C.'s handgun ban unconstitutional." This article was cited in
35:(NRA). Founded in 1976, the Fund endorses political candidates on behalf of the NRA and contributes money to those candidate's campaigns. It maintains a rating system which awards grades to political candidates based on their support or opposition of gun control measures.
723:
The
Democratic break from the National Rifle Association is complete: For the first time in at least 25 years, not a single Democrat running for Congress anywhere in the country received an A in the group's candidate ratings, which were once a powerful influence in U.S.
128:
Mike Spies, who has been reporting on the gun lobby since 2015, wrote a series called "The
Gunfighters", which investigated the influence of the National Rifle Association (NRA) on state gun policy and politics. In his March 17, 2016 article published in
120:
Through the
Political Victory Fund, the NRA began to rate political candidates "irrespective of party affiliation—based on voting records, and public statements" on their positions on gun rights on a point scale of A+ to F. An NRA "A+" candidate, such as
849:
50:
The NRA-PVF operates a rating system for political candidates that assesses their support for gun-rights. It also helps its members locate an NRA Election
Volunteer Coordinator (EVC) for their area and to register to vote.
841:
232:
261:
929:
965:
444:
776:
The gun-rights group mines the histories of the president's judicial nominees for anything that resembles a stance on firearms, and finds a way to use it against them.
703:
205:
960:
736:
155:'s nomination to the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and as a result, Senate Republicans blocked her confirmation. In 2016, the NRA opposed the
156:
136:
92:
221:
309:
925:
382:
32:
135:, Mike Spies described how the NRA began to use their scoring system to influence judicial nominations. The first attempt was during the
955:
680:
797:
489:
413:
80:
921:
814:
168:
which presented both sides of the debate between those who "favour more gun controls and those who would prefer fewer of them."
479:
448:
108:
In the 2004 elections, 95% of the NRA-PVF endorsed federal candidates and 86% of the endorsed state candidates were elected.
763:
83:
and gun rights. Along with the creation of its lobbying arm, the
Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA), with activist
513:
59:
710:
305:
88:
44:
28:
871:
896:
197:
612:
584:
559:
76:
131:
793:
495:
485:
419:
409:
399:
378:
281:
273:
64:
672:
265:
252:
152:
352:
331:
818:
160:
144:
140:
105:
By 1998, the NRA-PVF ranked as "one of the biggest spenders in congressional elections".
400:"Going Hunting Where the Ducks Are: The National Rifle Association and the Grass Roots"
227:
949:
247:
99:
84:
176:
790:
The Second
Amendment and Gun Control: Freedom, Fear, and the American Constitution
166:
The Second
Amendment and Gun Control: Freedom, Fear, and the American Constitution
517:
403:
148:
122:
72:
355:. National Rifle Association of America Institute for Legislative Action. 2014
334:. National Rifle Association of America Institute for Legislative Action. 2014
737:"NRA-Backed Gun Laws Have Found Success In State Legislatures Across The U.S"
643:
499:
447:. National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action. Archived from
423:
285:
277:
43:
The NRA-PVF was established in 1976 as an NRA subsidiary and registered as a
704:"For First Time in at Least 25 Years, No Democrat Has Top Grade From N.R.A."
764:"The NRA's New Playbook for Making Gun-Grabbers Out of Democratic Nominees"
102:
in the 1980 presidential campaign, the first NRA presidential endorsement.
269:
842:"NRA's top lobbyist resigns amid chaos at the gun rights organization"
375:
Shots in the Dark: The Policy, Politics, and
Symbolism of Gun Control
872:"N.R.A. Suspends Second-in-Command, Implicating Him in Coup Attempt"
620:
538:
58:
922:"NRA Appoints Randy Kozuch as Interim NRA-ILA Executive Director"
75:
issues, even backing some minor legislation. With passage of the
79:, an increasing number of NRA members, became more involved in
585:"National Rifle Assn Spending by Cycle: 2014 PAC Summary Data"
560:"National Rifle Assn Spending by Cycle: 2012 PAC Summary Data"
673:"A Democrat with an 'A' Grade from the NRA? There's One Left"
484:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 158–59.
514:"National Rifle Association | Political Victory Fund"
87:
as director, in 1976 the NRA established its non-partisan
541:. National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund. 2015
112:
rose to $ 21.9 million with expenses of $ 20.7 million.
306:"NRA Political Victory Fund: Making Endorsements Count"
222:"N.R.A. Is Politically Armed and, to Florio, Dangerous"
897:"Deposition of Former NRA Chief Lobbyist Chris Cox"
262:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
91:(PAC), the Political Victory Fund, in time for the
644:"NRA Opposes Surgeon General Nominee Vivek Murthy"
220:
607:
605:
445:"100 Years: Remembering President Ronald Reagan"
788:Yuill, Kevin; Street, Joe (12 September 2017).
408:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
71:Until the 1960s, the NRA had often downplayed
840:Katie Zezima; Beth Reinhard (June 26, 2019).
8:
478:Bruce, John M.; Wilcox, Clyde, eds. (1998).
398:Shaiko, Ronald G.; Wallace, Marc A. (1998).
402:. In Bruce, John M.; Wilcox, Clyde (eds.).
67:signs the Gun Control Act of 1968 into law.
377:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 288.
308:. National Rifle Association of America.
299:
297:
295:
248:"School shootings increase NRA donations"
198:"How the NRA flexes its political muscle"
966:1978 establishments in the United States
591:. Center for Responsible Politics. 2015
566:. Center for Responsible Politics. 2015
188:
812:NRA-ILA News Release; 1 January 2005;
683:from the original on September 9, 2020
926:National Rifle Association of America
33:National Rifle Association of America
16:Political action committee of the NRA
7:
481:The Changing Politics of Gun Control
405:The Changing Politics of Gun Control
932:from the original on March 16, 2023
702:Maggie Astor (September 22, 2022).
235:from the original on March 9, 2018.
208:from the original on March 5, 2018.
852:from the original on June 26, 2019
468:Facts on File 1980 Yearbook, p.844
246:Tobias Roemer (20 December 2023).
14:
961:Organizations established in 1978
671:Daniel Nass (September 9, 2020).
304:Cox, Chris W. (August 26, 2010).
196:Richard Lardner (March 5, 2018).
204:. Washington. Associated Press.
312:from the original on 2013-10-14
219:Wayne King (August 23, 1992).
1:
762:Spies, Mike (17 March 2016).
642:Lowes, Robert (2014-03-11).
373:Vizzard, William J. (2000).
151:. In 2011, the NRA opposed
116:Rating political candidates
982:
956:National Rifle Association
815:"NRA-ILA :: Releases"
792:. Routledge. p. 159.
353:"NRA-ILA: Election Center"
332:"NRA-ILA: Election Center"
143:in 2009 at the request of
89:political action committee
45:political action committee
29:political action committee
139:of Supreme Court justice
137:confirmation proceedings
660:(subscription required)
147:and again in 2010 with
77:Gun Control Act of 1968
68:
21:Political Victory Fund
713:on September 22, 2022
98:The NRA-PVF endorsed
62:
619:. nd. Archived from
539:"NRA-PVF: About PVF"
270:10.1126/sciadv.adi75
846:The Washington Post
876:The New York Times
821:on October 3, 2007
707:The New York Times
69:
443:Schmidt, Gina M.
384:978-0-8476-9560-7
65:Lyndon B. Johnson
973:
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940:
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937:
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887:
886:
884:
883:
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
817:. Archived from
810:
804:
803:
785:
779:
778:
773:
771:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
743:. 5 October 2017
733:
727:
726:
720:
718:
709:. Archived from
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
668:
662:
661:
658:
656:
655:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
623:on March 4, 2018
609:
600:
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575:
574:
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571:
556:
550:
549:
547:
546:
535:
529:
528:
526:
525:
516:. Archived from
510:
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253:Science Advances
243:
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210:
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153:Caitlin Halligan
981:
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626:
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611:
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293:
245:
244:
240:
218:
217:
213:
195:
194:
190:
186:
174:
161:Merrick Garland
145:Mitch McConnell
141:Sonia Sotomayor
118:
57:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
979:
977:
969:
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963:
958:
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942:
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728:
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576:
551:
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414:
390:
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365:
344:
323:
291:
238:
228:New York Times
211:
187:
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173:
170:
117:
114:
93:1976 elections
56:
53:
40:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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964:
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836:
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801:
799:9781351783347
795:
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784:
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765:
758:
755:
742:
738:
732:
729:
725:
712:
708:
705:
698:
695:
682:
679:. The Trace.
678:
674:
667:
664:
649:
645:
638:
635:
622:
618:
614:
608:
606:
602:
590:
586:
580:
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561:
555:
552:
540:
534:
531:
520:on 2007-10-11
519:
515:
509:
506:
501:
497:
493:
491:0-8476-8614-0
487:
483:
482:
474:
471:
465:
462:
451:on 2013-02-18
450:
446:
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415:0-8476-8615-9
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126:
124:
115:
113:
109:
106:
103:
101:
100:Ronald Reagan
96:
94:
90:
86:
85:Harlon Carter
82:
78:
74:
66:
61:
54:
52:
48:
46:
38:
36:
34:
31:(PAC) of the
30:
26:
22:
934:. Retrieved
916:
905:. Retrieved
903:. 2022-03-30
900:
891:
880:. Retrieved
878:. 2019-06-20
875:
866:
854:. Retrieved
845:
835:
825:February 21,
823:. Retrieved
819:the original
808:
789:
783:
775:
768:. Retrieved
757:
745:. Retrieved
740:
731:
722:
715:. Retrieved
711:the original
706:
697:
685:. Retrieved
677:thetrace.org
676:
666:
652:. Retrieved
647:
637:
627:February 21,
625:. Retrieved
621:the original
616:
593:. Retrieved
589:Open Secrets
588:
579:
568:. Retrieved
564:Open Secrets
563:
554:
543:. Retrieved
533:
522:. Retrieved
518:the original
508:
480:
473:
464:
453:. Retrieved
449:the original
438:
427:. Retrieved
404:
393:
374:
368:
357:. Retrieved
347:
336:. Retrieved
326:
316:February 21,
314:. Retrieved
257:
251:
241:
226:
214:
201:
191:
177:Chris W. Cox
175:
165:
130:
127:
119:
110:
107:
104:
97:
81:gun politics
70:
49:
42:
24:
20:
18:
770:20 February
766:. The Trace
747:20 February
231:. Trenton.
149:Elena Kagan
123:Todd Tiahrt
73:gun control
950:Categories
936:2023-10-03
907:2023-10-03
882:2023-10-03
724:elections.
654:2014-06-09
595:2015-03-10
570:2015-03-10
545:2015-04-14
524:2007-09-09
455:2013-02-02
429:2014-04-08
359:2014-06-05
338:2014-06-05
184:References
157:nomination
63:President
39:Background
901:NRA Watch
717:16 August
687:16 August
500:833118449
424:833118449
286:892343396
278:2375-2548
132:The Trace
27:) is the
930:Archived
850:Archived
681:Archived
648:Medscape
310:Archived
233:Archived
206:Archived
172:Chairman
650:. WebMD
613:"About"
55:History
47:(PAC).
25:NRA-PVF
856:17 May
796:
498:
488:
422:
412:
381:
284:
276:
260:(51).
858:2023
827:2018
794:ISBN
772:2018
749:2018
719:2023
689:2023
629:2018
496:OCLC
486:ISBN
420:OCLC
410:ISBN
379:ISBN
318:2018
282:OCLC
274:ISSN
19:The
741:NPR
617:NRA
266:doi
202:PBS
159:of
952::
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924:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
