1060:
more likely that they will abstain from voting in the
European Parliament election. Hence, political apathy is a phenomenon that heavily impacts the turnout of European Parliament elections. However, in recent years, it is observed that increased politicization within the European Union has led to increased voter turnout. In 2019, 50.66 percent of EU members voted in the European Parliament election, increasing from 42.61 in 2014. Speculated reasons for this increase are pertaining to Brexit, the Migrant Crisis, climate change policy, and rising concern over anti-EU sentiment.
1043:
highlights that the primary reason individuals abstained from voting in 2019 is due to a lack of interest in politics, at 35 percent, followed by 22 percent of non-voters who indicated that they were busy. The majority of non-voters were younger voters aged 18 to 24. Furthermore, Canadians who were citizens by birth reported lower voter turnout than naturalized citizens or immigrants in Canada; this may be due to the fact that individuals from foreign countries are more appreciative of the democratic process. Overall, voter turnout has remained steady within the past decade.
1101:
years old have turnout rates of 69.3% and 66.6% respectively. Younger age groups are typically underrepresented in proportion; the greatest percentage of unregistered voters is in the 18-30 year old age group. People in younger age demographics are speculated to be more focused on other aspects in their life, such as college, marriage, and careers. In turn, younger demographics are less likely to learn about politics or understand the implications behind voting. Voters tend to be older, wealthier, and more educated than non-voters.
1085:
are quite low compared to other developed nations. The United States was ranked 31 out of the 35 countries in this study. The Census Bureau recorded that there were roughly 245.5 million
Americans who were eligible to vote, but only 157.6 million of eligible voters were registered to vote. The United States Election Project had similar findings, estimating apathy slightly higher: 46.9 percent of eligible voters did not vote in 2016. Many Americans do not take the effort to learn the voting process, as some see it as a burden.
1109:
primaries is due to the apathy regarding who will make it to the general election. Many individuals further believe only the general election in the United States is important. Congressional elections are also prone to political apathy. This leads candidates chosen out of increasingly polarized voter pools, which heighten rigidness and gridlock in the government. There is generally an inverse relationship between level of government and turnout rates.
649:
1056:
elections. Political apathy is speculated because individuals within the
European Parliament often perceive such elections to hold low salience context. In such cases, individuals believe that there are less personal stakes attached to elections in the European Parliament. As such, such attitudes further imply that voters perceive such elections to be less important than national elections.
1029:(CIRCLE) breaks down youths into different groups, Broadly Engaged (19%), Political Specialists (19%) and Only Voted (18%), with the rest clustered into Civically Alienated (16%), Politically Marginalized (14%) and Engaged Non-Voters (14%). In 2010, only 21% of youths eligible to vote in the United States between ages 18–21 voted or were politically active.
52:
864:, and there are likely causal relationships between the two concepts. Alienation differs from anti-political sentiment in that the latter tends to focus on negative assessments of politicians and political elites, whereas alienation may encompasses dissatisfaction with other elements of a political system, such as the
1258:
seeks to counteract the effects of political apathy through more modern means, such as social media, applications, and websites. Many startups within the field of civic technology attempt to connect voters to politicians and government, in an attempt to boost voter participation and turnout. Examples
1100:
Voters between 45 and 65 year old and voters over 65 years old have the highest rate of voter turnout. In the time span from 1964 to 2004, 18-24 year olds usually had a voter turnout of 41.8%, compared to 25-44 year olds who had a turnout of 57.9%. Voters between 45 and 65 year old and voters over 65
1084:
According to the Pew
Research Center, only 55.7 percent of the U.S. voting age population cast ballots in the 2016 presidential election. This percentage is a slight increase from the 2012 election, but lower than the 2008 election, which had record numbers. Voter turnout numbers in the United States
1059:
Another line of reasoning suggests that individuals may be dissatisfied with party positions within the
European Parliament, especially regarding the subject of European integration. Research shows that the larger the distance between voters and their national party choices in the European Union, the
972:
believed it was "essential to liberty that the government in general should have a common interest with the people," and felt that a bond between the people and the representatives was "particularly essential." They wrote "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence
1148:
by pointing out that they feel as if their votes carried little weight and said communities had been abandoned by past candidates. Trump and
Clinton did the same with Black and Latino voters in urban areas, voicing concerns with political alienation in the past. That election also saw an increase in
1108:
Certain voters are likely to refrain from elections due to their lack of interest in the available political stances. When the wishes of citizens are not properly addressed in government, voters are more likely to become uninterested in the democratic process. One reason for low turnout rates during
1092:
Voter registration in the United States is an independent responsibility, so citizens are able to choose whether they want to register or not. This led to only 64% of the voting age population being registered to vote in 2016. The United States is one of the sole countries that requires its citizens
1055:
European
Parliament elections are when individuals in EU member-states vote for matters concerning the entirety of the European Union through electing a representative from their country into the European Parliament. It is noted that turnout is frequently lower in such elections compared to national
984:
with numerous years with over 80% participation. This was due to several factors. One, political machines gave voters an incredible incentive to vote with favors of work, wealth, and political power (which were especially attractive to poor immigrants); however, political machines lost much of their
1104:
In a USA Today poll taken in 2012, 59 percent of citizens who chose not to vote because they believed that "'nothing ever gets done' in government". Another 54% of non-voters believed there is government corruption. Thirty seven percent explicitly stated that politics did not make any difference in
1088:
There is an overemphasis on the number of
Americans who have claimed they voted. The Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives only recorded 136.8 million people, compared to the 137.5 million who claimed to have voted. This number also includes 170,000 ballots which were blank, spoiled, or null.
1042:
Canada's voter turnout has remained relatively high compared to other developed democracies. In 2019, the share of the voting-age population registered to vote is around 93 percent. In the 2019 federal election, 77 percent of eligible voters reported that they had cast a ballot. However, one study
1051:
Member-states in the
European Union are able to vote in two ways. Voters are allowed to vote in elections within their own countries as well as in elections concerning the European Union through the European Parliament. Political apathy is seen in the European Union through elections within each
958:
The psychological factors that influence voter behavior are a voter's perceptions of politics, that is, how the voter sees the parties, the candidates, and the issues in an election. The farther down the ballot an office is, the fewer the number of votes that will be cast for it. This is called
883:
as, "voter fatigue is the apathy that the electorate can experience under certain circumstances, one of which could be that they are required to vote too often." One of the possible causes for voter fatigue is the barrage of political messages through social media. A large amount of exposure to
793:
Sometimes, alienated voters feel compelled to vote, but feel "estranged or disaffected from the system or somehow left out of the political process." They feel that they are underrepresented or not represented at all by those running for office; their best interest or concerns are not regarded.
777:
One cause of political apathy is due to lack of education. According to a study by CIRCLE director Kei
Kawashima-Ginsberg, nearly 20% of American youth do not feel they know enough to vote. Notably, the study found that many young people have glaring misconceptions about the voting process; for
1195:
and increased education. Multiple studies have shown that decreased civic instruction starting in the 1960s has led to decreased young voter turnout. In 2014, there was a record-low turnout of adults 18–29 with 20% casting a ballot. In 2018, only nine U.S. states required at least one year of
741:. This phenomenon occurs to some extent across all countries or entities where citizens are able to vote. Political apathy has led to increased concerns regarding representative democracies because election results do not encompass the entire population who are eligible to vote.
1156:
study on "Interested Bystanders," experts discovered that 48.9% of people in America are paying attention to the political world but not voicing any opinion on the matter (non-voting, non-volunteering for campaigns etc.), thus increasing political apathy in America.
1096:
Since 1976, voter turnout has stayed between an 8.5 percent range of fluctuation and has been on a historical downward trend, although there are differences among certain racial, ethnic, and age groups. Turnout has been lingering between 48% and 57% since 1980.
1001:
argues that all citizens seem to do, politically, is vote for president every four years, and not much else; they've abandoned politics. Apathy was lower in the 2008 election, which featured a competitive election for president. Voter turnout in
1076:. Low turnout and disengagement in elections and the political process is more prevalent in younger voters. In addition to declining turnout over recent decades trust in the government has fallen also leading to disengagement.
1026:
1270:
For the 2016 US presidential election, Facebook implemented reminders to register to vote in its social network. Several election officials have claimed that these efforts significantly increased voter registration.
1017:
claims that political apathy, or a lack of interest in the political system, is overstated in regards to socioeconomic factors. Wealth and educational attainment correlate most strongly with voter participation.
1120:
there was a historic low of 36.7% turnout to the elections. Based on government data, in the last 60 years eligible voters that have cast a ballot has ranged from 49 to 63%. The highest turnout occurred in the
1093:
to register separately from voting. The lack of automatic registration contributes to the issue that there are over a third of eligible citizen in the United States that are not registered to vote.
753:, "the sense that voters feel like the political system does not work for them and any attempt to influence it will be a fruitless exercise." Political alienation is adversely related to
1003:
988:
Numerous reports suggest voter apathy is widespread and growing. The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did, in fact, vote was 63% in 1960, but has been falling since.
2503:
Hobolt, Sara B.; Spoon, Jae-Jae (October 2012). "Motivating the European voter: Parties, issues and campaigns in European Parliament elections: motivating the european voter".
1068:
In the United Kingdom, like many other western liberal democracies, there has been a steady decline in turnout in general elections over recent decades. After a peak in the
856:
An individual's disinterest to a political decision or participation because of the ruling class bad behaviors, such as, leaders having scandals by doing shameful things.
1267:
report found that $ 431 million had been invested in civic technology from January 2011 through May 2013, with $ 4 million specifically invested in voting technologies.
1941:
1547:
3151:
3125:
840:. An individual's perception that norms or rules intended to govern political relations are broken down, and that departures from prescribed behavior are common.
1197:
3228:
2475:
2706:
2423:
369:
2015:
3061:
1599:
1410:
1141:
1130:
1122:
1113:
334:
1780:
1144:
saw political alienation as one of the central issues of the campaign. Both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton made appeals to the working class in
364:
203:
1521:
306:
3036:
2131:
2070:
1737:
1682:
963:
1073:
1069:
2634:
2612:
2448:
1216:. According to the Tuft study, this has led 20% of young adults to avoid voting due to not knowing enough information to cast a ballot.
509:
2176:
2659:
1829:
786:, restricted their ability to vote. This 20% figure is especially significant when juxtaposed with the 20% total youth turnout in the
959:
ballot fatigue. The expression suggests that many voters exhaust their patience or knowledge as they work their way down the ballot.
2685:
1205:
2904:"The mediating role of political talk and political efficacy in the effects of news use on expressive and collective participation"
2248:"Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch"
677:
1347:
3259:
354:
1886:
2567:
1949:
897:
2298:
787:
631:
291:
1469:
849:. An individual's rejection of political norms and goals that are widely held and shared by other members of a society.
1452:"America's Youth and Community Engagement: How Use of Mass Media is Related to Civic Activity and Political awareness"
1451:
1352:
1177:
783:
282:
2976:"Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour"
2390:
311:
248:
1972:
2714:
1220:
809:
is forced upon the individual by their environment, whereas in the second case it is voluntarily chosen by them.
504:
263:
2247:
2023:
1331:
920:, where the electoral system incentivizes voting for a less preferred option to prevent an undesirable outcome.
726:
339:
3264:
2789:
2324:
1573:
1224:
325:
1425:
1116:
in the U.S., turnout was 54.8% while in the midterm elections of 2018 the turnout rate of 50.0% and in the
3269:
1470:"Why young Britons like me are the EU's most apathetic voters | Twiggy Garcia | Comment is free"
1240:
1117:
974:
519:
420:
301:
2219:
2199:
2101:
2875:
2156:
1913:
973:
and sympathy can be effectually secured." In 2009, however, few Americans were familiar with leaders of
968:
374:
359:
258:
3024:
2273:
1072:
with 83.9% turnout in the UK steadily declining to ultimately an all-time low turnout of 59.4% in the
1208:
was ratified, and less than 50% of respondents could accurately identify the member countries of the
924:
670:
2593:
3147:
2541:
1290:
1228:
1181:
415:
2139:
2078:
1855:"Political alienation and referendums: how political alienation was related to support for Brexit"
3107:
3005:
2956:
2925:
2520:
1762:
1754:
1702:
1495:
1391:
1337:
1315:
754:
626:
585:
175:
160:
114:
109:
82:
1624:
3042:
3032:
2398:
1835:
1825:
1357:
1264:
1173:
1165:
1014:
997:
937:
880:
845:
836:
827:
818:
806:
778:
instance, several individuals in the study believed having relatively minor offenses on their
738:
691:
595:
575:
514:
463:
344:
296:
230:
155:
145:
124:
119:
36:
2045:
3099:
2995:
2987:
2915:
2820:
2512:
1922:
1866:
1746:
1694:
1320:
1255:
1201:
916:
902:
865:
458:
410:
253:
239:
2888:
2868:"Understanding America's Interested Bystander: A Complicated Relationship with Civic Duty"
2449:"Explaining the Turnout Decline in Canadian Federal Elections: A New Survey of Non-voters"
2350:
1126:
779:
663:
653:
580:
563:
499:
425:
379:
77:
928:, where government officials or their network use politics for illegitimate private gain.
1650:
1310:
1192:
1022:
1010:
992:
932:
524:
468:
273:
268:
213:
208:
3201:
648:
3253:
3111:
2929:
2516:
2476:"'Not interested in politics' top reason Canadians didn't vote in 2019, StatCan says"
2195:
1766:
1285:
985:
power with the increased ability to vote and with more exposure on corrupt policies.
981:
876:
861:
730:
621:
539:
534:
194:
170:
165:
87:
3009:
2707:"The Effect of Voter Turnout on Political Polarization - United States Common Sense"
2524:
1187:
Another possible solution to political apathy in the younger generation is reducing
831:. An individual's perception that political decisions are unclear and unpredictable.
17:
2375:"Understanding a Diverse Generation :Youth Civic Engagement in the United States".
1732:
1342:
1325:
1213:
1134:
869:
766:
616:
600:
548:
439:
430:
405:
185:
150:
3103:
2736:
2867:
3087:
1362:
1280:
1209:
1169:
908:
822:. An individual's feeling that they cannot affect the actions of the government.
734:
590:
473:
453:
180:
3126:"Book Review: Against Elections: The Case for Democracy by David Van Reybrouck"
1871:
1854:
3046:
2991:
2568:"The extreme choices before Europe drew the biggest voter turnout in 20 years"
1926:
1300:
1188:
912:, where a voter does not receive representation in the final election outcome.
762:
448:
316:
140:
100:
2920:
2903:
2402:
1839:
1411:"Why Do People Vote? A Psychological Analysis of the Causes of Voter Turnout"
2975:
1548:"Apathy? Alienation? How 'disengaged' four in ten voters reject ALL parties"
1260:
1244:
757:, the voter's trust in their ability to influence politics. The most common
96:
2424:"In past elections, U.S. trailed most developed countries in voter turnout"
2157:"Informed Opinions on Today's Topics - Looking for Answers to Voter Apathy"
1781:"On The Sidelines Of Democracy: Exploring Why So Many Americans Don't Vote"
3229:"Facebook Helped Drive a Voter Registration Surge, Election Officials Say"
1994:
1598:
Abé, Nicola; Amann, Melanie; Feldenkirchen, Markus (September 20, 2013).
1382:
Dean, Dwight G. (January 1, 1965). "Powerlessness and Political Apathy".
1295:
1149:
voters in swing states and a decrease in voters living in "safe" states.
758:
733:
among eligible voters in jurisdictions where voting is optional, and the
722:
707:
706:. This includes voter apathy, information apathy and lack of interest in
703:
349:
1395:
1219:
Other possible solutions for the alienation of voters from politics are
729:. Political apathy or lack of interest is often cited as a cause of low
3000:
2960:
1758:
1706:
1145:
885:
2944:
1911:
Gaber, Ivor (1999). "Government by spin: an analysis of the process".
1027:
Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy
51:
2613:"DIVIDED DEMOCRACY POLITICAL INEQUALITY IN THE UK AND WHY IT MATTERS"
1305:
1153:
718:
711:
699:
68:
43:
2841:
2815:
2761:
1750:
1698:
1021:
Political apathy is often found among younger voters, the poor, and
3176:
3029:
The ideational approach to populism: concept, theory, and analysis
1942:"Weekender | The United States of Apathy: To vote or not to vote?"
1129:
was elected, while the lowest turnout occurred in 1996 with the
2866:
Krontiris, Kate; Webb, John; Chapman, Chris (January 1, 2015).
980:
In the 19th century there was a substantially large amount of
2686:"OPINION: Most Americans don't vote in elections. Here's why"
2635:"Almost Half of Eligible Voters Didn't Vote in This Election"
1820:
Glasberg, Davita Silfen; Shannon, Deric (November 16, 2010).
812:
There are at least five expressions of political alienation:
3062:"Civics Education Helps Create Young Voters and Activists"
2377:
Tufts University College of Citizenship and Public Service
1995:"US Constitutional Documents: The Federalist Paper No. 52"
1822:
Political Sociology: Oppression, Resistance, and the State
1807:
Political sociology: Oppression, resistance, and the state
1522:"Is Russell Brand right? Are we disenchanted by politics?"
888:
that turns potential voters away from the voting process.
879:, when elections are held too frequently. It's defined in
3023:
Hawkins, Kirk Andrew; Carlin, Ryan E.; Littvay, Levente;
1993:
Alexander Hamilton or James Madison (February 8, 1788).
943:
being unable to vote due to legal or logistical barriers
2660:"U.S. trails most developed countries in voter turnout"
2594:"Political disengagement in the UK: who is disengaged?"
1200:
found only one third of Americans could pass a general
749:
Political apathy is sometimes considered distinct from
3088:"Getting Out the Vote with Voting Advice Applications"
2790:"Why is There so Much Voter Apathy in U.S. Elections?"
2325:"Why is There so Much Voter Apathy in U.S. Elections?"
1973:"Voter apathy reflects lack of interest in EU affairs"
895:
being uncomfortable with the possible choices and the
797:
Political alienation falls into two broad categories:
2246:
interview by David Schimke (September–October 2008).
2102:"Confident Clinton Lends Hand to Congress Candidates"
2016:"Congress' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year"
1574:"Fury with MPs is main reason for not voting – poll"
1196:
government or civic education. A 2018 survey by the
1735:(June 1970). "Dimensions of Political Alienation".
2299:"Voter Turnout Rate Said to Be Highest Since 1968"
2274:"Politics In, Voter Apathy Out Amid Heavy Turnout"
1887:"Definition of voter fatigue in Political Science"
1496:"Young Britons are EU's least enthusiastic voters"
1235:the current problems in Western democracy as the
1727:
1725:
1723:
2536:
2534:
1809:. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. p. 102.
1572:Clark, Tom; Mason, Rowena (December 26, 2013).
891:Additional causes of political apathy include:
2974:Karp, Jeffrey A.; Banducci, Susan A. (2008).
1676:
1674:
1672:
1198:Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
671:
8:
2200:"Congress Must Now Make Own Painful Choices"
1204:, just 13% of young Americans knew when the
1052:country and within the European Parliament.
3152:"Against Elections: The Case for Democracy"
2620:Institute for Public Policy Research Report
2220:"As U.S. Economy Flows, Voter Vitriol Ebbs"
2132:"THE CONGRESS: Makings of the 72nd (Cont.)"
2071:"THE CONGRESS: Makings of the 72nd (Cont.)"
1988:
1986:
380:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
678:
664:
569:
493:
399:
345:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
283:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
235:
64:
31:
3202:"Knight Foundation: Trends in Civic Tech"
2999:
2919:
2842:"2016g - United States Elections Project"
2816:"2016g - United States Elections Project"
2762:"2014G - United States Elections Project"
2737:"Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections"
2498:
2496:
1870:
936:or disinformation in part contributed by
761:consequences of political alienation are
717:Voter apathy is a lack of interest among
710:, political events, public meetings, and
3086:Germann, Micha; Gemenis, Kostas (2019).
1940:Staff, Stella Ho | (November 27, 2019).
1683:"Two Categories of Political Alienation"
1600:"The Quixotic Rise of German Non-Voters"
1142:2016 United States presidential election
884:political messages year-round can cause
2100:Peterson, Jonathan (October 21, 1996).
1374:
608:
547:
438:
324:
281:
238:
193:
132:
95:
67:
42:
2884:
2873:
2505:European Journal of Political Research
1265:John S. and James L. Knight Foundation
1176:for new political parties, increasing
2784:
2782:
2305:. Associated Press. December 15, 2008
2175:Brumberg, Daniel (October 30, 2008).
2126:"References about declining turnout".
1824:. SAGE Publications, Inc; 1 edition.
1738:The American Political Science Review
875:Another cause of political apathy is
872:, or the idea of democratic society.
7:
2980:British Journal of Political Science
2474:Aiella, Rachel (February 26, 2020).
2351:"Why the Voting Gap Matters | Demos"
2138:. September 22, 1930. Archived from
2077:. September 22, 1930. Archived from
1520:Arnett, George (February 20, 2014).
1468:Garcia, Twiggy (February 24, 2014).
946:being overwhelmed by personal issues
3227:Chokshi, Niraj (October 12, 2016).
2272:Gugliotta, Guy (November 3, 2004).
2022:. September 2, 2009. Archived from
1546:Grice, Andrew (November 15, 2013).
949:encountering registration problems.
860:Political alienation overlaps with
2592:Uberoi, Elise (October 16, 2019).
2566:Timsit, Annabelle (May 27, 2019).
1006:(62%) was the highest since 1968.
240:Plurality and majoritarian systems
25:
2218:hook, Janet (December 22, 1997).
2177:"America's Re-emerging Democracy"
1418:Stanford Journal of Social Issues
1206:Constitution of the United States
350:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
2542:"2019 European election results"
2517:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2012.02057.x
647:
50:
2633:Mei, Gina (November 10, 2016).
2598:House of Commons Briefing Paper
1631:. Jamaica, VI. January 19, 2014
1348:Religious rejection of politics
3060:Wong, Alia (October 5, 2018).
2611:Birch, Sarah (November 2013).
2155:becker, Maki (June 17, 1994).
355:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1:
3104:10.1080/10584609.2018.1526237
2391:"Why young people don't vote"
1184:can reduce political apathy.
898:lesser of two evils principle
27:Indifference towards politics
3025:Rovira Kaltwasser, CristĂłbal
2949:The American Economic Review
2945:"Entry Barriers in Politics"
2908:Communication and the Public
2794:International Business Times
2329:International Business Times
1971:Amies, Nick (May 25, 2009).
788:2018 United States elections
632:End-to-end verifiable voting
292:Single non-transferable vote
1353:Renunciation of citizenship
1237:democratic fatigue syndrome
940:and social media platforms.
784:driving under the influence
490:Voting patterns and effects
3286:
2711:United States Common Sense
1872:10.1057/s41293-020-00134-8
1853:Fox, Stuart (March 2021).
1805:Glasberg; Shannon (2011).
1221:voting advice applications
1114:2016 presidential election
727:representative democracies
312:Single transferable voting
249:First-past-the-post voting
2992:10.1017/S0007123408000161
1927:10.1080/13569779908450008
1681:Olsen, Marvin E. (1968).
1263:in the United Kingdom. A
1118:midterm elections of 2014
1033:Regional political apathy
805:. In the first instance,
698:is a lack of interest or
505:Voting advice application
335:Mixed-member proportional
264:Plurality-at-large voting
3206:www.knightfoundation.org
2943:Tullock, Gordon (1965).
2921:10.1177/2057047319829580
2902:Park, Chang Sup (2019).
1625:"Remedying voter apathy"
1332:Political Disappointment
933:Political misinformation
803:political discontentment
370:Rural–urban proportional
365:Dual-member proportional
340:Additional member system
3092:Political Communication
2741:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
1409:Harder, Joshua (2008).
1225:participatory democracy
2883:Cite journal requires
2050:www.historycentral.com
1241:deliberative democracy
1231:describes in his book
799:political incapability
520:Passive electioneering
421:Straight-ticket voting
3260:Political terminology
1946:The Daily Californian
1914:Contemporary Politics
1074:2001 General election
1070:1950 General election
991:Vanderbilt professor
969:The Federalist Papers
375:Majority bonus system
360:Alternative Vote Plus
259:Instant-runoff voting
3150:(October 20, 2016).
3148:Reybrouck, David Van
2846:www.electproject.org
2796:. September 19, 2011
2766:www.electproject.org
2397:. October 29, 2014.
2331:. September 19, 2011
2026:on September 5, 2009
1227:. Belgian historian
925:political corruption
751:political alienation
745:Political alienation
326:Mixed-member systems
18:Political alienation
3177:"About / mySociety"
3156:LSE Review of Books
2664:Pew Research Center
2546:European Parliament
2428:www.pewresearch.org
2142:on January 30, 2011
2081:on January 30, 2011
1431:on January 23, 2019
1291:First they came ...
1229:David van Reybrouck
1125:in which President
1009:On the other hand,
654:Politics portal
416:Split-ticket voting
3233:The New York Times
3128:. October 20, 2016
1338:Political quietism
1316:Democratic deficit
1161:Possible solutions
755:political efficacy
627:Voter registration
586:Voter intimidation
110:Write-in candidate
83:Provisional ballot
3038:978-1-315-19692-3
2224:Los Angeles Times
2204:Los Angeles Times
2161:Los Angeles Times
2106:Los Angeles Times
1657:. August 29, 2017
1358:Social alienation
1233:Against Elections
1174:barriers to entry
1166:Electoral reforms
1146:Midwestern states
998:Bad for Democracy
903:two-party systems
881:political science
692:political science
688:
687:
639:
638:
596:Voter suppression
576:Ballot harvesting
554:
553:
515:Paradox of voting
481:
480:
464:None of the above
396:Voting strategies
387:
386:
297:Cumulative voting
231:Electoral systems
221:
220:
156:Electronic voting
146:Compulsory voting
16:(Redirected from
3277:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2955:(1/2): 458–466.
2940:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2821:Electproject.org
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2713:. Archived from
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2453:Elections Canada
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2198:(July 8, 1986).
2191:
2189:
2187:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1952:on March 2, 2021
1948:. Archived from
1937:
1931:
1930:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1859:British Politics
1850:
1844:
1843:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1733:Finifter, Ada W.
1729:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1424:. Archived from
1415:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1321:Disfranchisement
1256:Civic technology
1251:Civic technology
1239:and advocates a
1202:citizenship test
964:Founding Fathers
917:strategic voting
866:electoral system
737:where voting is
696:political apathy
680:
673:
666:
652:
651:
570:
530:Political apathy
494:
459:Election boycott
400:
254:Two-round system
236:
65:
54:
32:
21:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3208:. February 2014
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3039:
3031:. p. 281.
3022:
3021:
3017:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2882:
2872:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2303:Washington Post
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2278:Washington Post
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2181:Washington Post
2174:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2046:"Voter turnout"
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1751:10.2307/1953840
1731:
1730:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1699:10.2307/2575027
1680:
1679:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1552:The Independent
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1494:Moody, Oliver.
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1277:
1253:
1182:presidentialism
1178:proportionality
1163:
1127:John F. Kennedy
1082:
1066:
1049:
1040:
1035:
1023:minority groups
956:
854:disappointment.
828:meaninglessness
780:criminal record
775:
747:
684:
646:
641:
640:
581:Ballot stuffing
567:
564:Electoral fraud
556:
555:
500:Coattail effect
491:
483:
482:
426:Tactical voting
397:
389:
388:
302:Binomial system
233:
223:
222:
101:Ballot measures
78:Absentee ballot
62:
37:Politics series
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3265:Youth politics
3262:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3219:
3193:
3168:
3139:
3117:
3078:
3052:
3037:
3015:
2986:(2): 311–334.
2966:
2935:
2894:
2885:|journal=
2858:
2833:
2807:
2778:
2753:
2728:
2717:on May 2, 2017
2698:
2677:
2666:. May 15, 2017
2651:
2625:
2603:
2584:
2558:
2530:
2511:(6): 701–727.
2492:
2480:www.ctvnews.ca
2466:
2455:. May 12, 2020
2440:
2415:
2382:
2367:
2342:
2316:
2290:
2264:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2215:
2196:Tumulty, Karen
2192:
2172:
2152:
2118:
2092:
2062:
2037:
2007:
1982:
1977:Deutsche Welle
1963:
1932:
1921:(3): 263–275.
1903:
1878:
1845:
1831:978-1412980401
1830:
1812:
1797:
1772:
1745:(2): 389–410.
1719:
1693:(3): 288–299.
1668:
1651:"Voter Apathy"
1642:
1616:
1604:Spiegel Online
1590:
1564:
1538:
1512:
1486:
1460:
1442:
1401:
1390:(4): 208–213.
1384:Social Science
1373:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1311:Anti-democracy
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1252:
1249:
1193:youth suffrage
1162:
1159:
1133:for President
1081:
1078:
1065:
1064:United Kingdom
1062:
1048:
1047:European Union
1045:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1015:Jamie Chandler
1011:Hunter College
993:Dana D. Nelson
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:political spin
929:
921:
913:
905:
858:
857:
850:
841:
832:
823:
774:
771:
767:protest voting
746:
743:
686:
685:
683:
682:
675:
668:
660:
657:
656:
643:
642:
637:
636:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
611:
610:
606:
605:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
568:
566:and prevention
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
551:
545:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
525:Vote splitting
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
479:
478:
477:
476:
471:
469:Refused ballot
466:
461:
456:
451:
443:
442:
436:
435:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
329:
328:
322:
321:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
286:
285:
279:
278:
277:
276:
274:Usual judgment
271:
269:General ticket
266:
261:
256:
251:
243:
242:
234:
229:
228:
225:
224:
219:
218:
217:
216:
214:Voting machine
211:
206:
198:
197:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
135:
134:
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
104:
103:
93:
92:
91:
90:
85:
80:
72:
71:
63:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
40:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3282:
3271:
3270:Voting theory
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3071:September 17,
3067:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2877:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:The Economist
2392:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2356:
2355:www.demos.org
2352:
2346:
2343:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2257:September 20,
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2141:
2137:
2136:Time Magazine
2133:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2080:
2076:
2075:Time Magazine
2072:
2066:
2063:
2055:September 16,
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1956:September 17,
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1896:September 17,
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1790:September 17,
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:Social Forces
1684:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1661:September 17,
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1453:
1450:Pasek, Josh.
1446:
1443:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:Anti-politics
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1180:and reducing
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:1960 election
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1105:their lives.
1102:
1098:
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510:Likely voter
431:Vote pairing
406:Issue voting
204:Popular vote
186:Voting booth
151:Early voting
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3212:November 5,
3186:November 5,
3098:: 149–170.
3001:10036/64393
2851:October 26,
2827:October 26,
2771:January 25,
2746:January 25,
2644:January 21,
2577:December 2,
2551:December 2,
2485:December 2,
2459:December 2,
2433:December 2,
2408:November 7,
2335:November 5,
2252:Utne Reader
1629:The Gleaner
1363:Wasted vote
1281:Apoliticism
1210:Axis powers
1172:, reducing
1170:wasted vote
966:writing in
735:donkey vote
591:Vote buying
474:Spoilt vote
454:Donkey vote
181:Vote center
161:Open ballot
3254:Categories
3047:1053623603
2309:October 1,
2283:October 1,
2229:October 1,
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2186:October 1,
2166:October 1,
2146:October 1,
2111:October 1,
2085:October 1,
2030:October 1,
2000:October 1,
1891:oer2go.org
1655:polyas.com
1369:References
1301:Abstention
1189:voting age
1013:professor
962:Prominent
954:Background
852:Political
844:Political
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826:Political
817:Political
807:alienation
782:, such as
763:abstention
739:compulsory
609:Prevention
449:Abstention
317:Spare vote
307:Party-list
141:Ballot box
133:Collection
115:Electorate
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3132:March 10,
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759:electoral
723:elections
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1396:41885108
1296:Populism
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1131:election
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195:Counting
176:Precinct
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2020:Reuters
1785:NPR.org
1759:1953840
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