Political career of Cicero - Knowledge (XXG)

611: 880:, Cicero argued that Milo had no reason to kill Clodius—indeed, Cicero proposed, Milo had everything to gain from Clodius being alive. Furthermore, he asserted that Milo did not expect to encounter Clodius on the Via Appia. The prosecution pointed out that the few living witnesses to the murder were Milo's slaves, and that by subsequently freeing them, Milo had cynically ensured no witness would testify against him. Though Cicero suggested that the slaves' valiant defence of Milo was cause enough for their emancipation, he ultimately lost the case. After the trial, Milo went into exile and continued to live in 351:. At this time it would have been easy for Sulla to have Cicero murdered, as Cicero was barely known in the Roman courts. His arguments were divided into three parts: in the first, he defended Roscius and attempted to prove he did not commit the murder; in the second, he attacked those who likely committed the crime—Titus Roscius Capito and Titus Roscius Magnus relatives of the defendant—and stated how the crime benefited them more than Sextus; in the third, he attacked Chrysogonus, stating Roscius' father was murdered to obtain his estate at a cheap price. On the strength of this case, Roscius was acquitted. 590:

classes. This unprecedented phenomenon for a "new man" is perhaps best underlined by the elections in 67 BC for the praetors of 66. There were eight annual praetorships and many more candidates than positions as the praetorship was the last and most important qualification to stand for the greatest prize of all, the consulate. In 67 the praetorian elections were suspended twice in mid course before finally being completed, and thus held three times in all in the early voting stages. Cicero was elected in first place on all three occasions, and with the support of every voting unit (

749: 1015:, he "had the power any popular leader could possibly have". Cicero heavily fined the supporters of Antony for petty charges and had volunteers forge arms for the supporters of the Republic. According to Appian, although the story is not supported by others, this policy was perceived by Antony's supporters to be so insulting that they prepared to march on Rome to arrest Cicero. Cicero fled the city and the plan was abandoned. 1011:. Praising Octavian to the skies, he labelled him a "god-sent child" and said that the young man only desired honour and would not make the same mistake as his adoptive father. Meanwhile, his attacks on Antony, whom he called a "sheep", rallied the Senate in firm opposition to Antony. During this time, Cicero's popularity as a public figure was unrivalled and according to the historian 1174:

decimated resources throughout the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar's victory had been absolute. Caesar's assassination failed to reinstate the Republic, despite further attacks on the Romans’ freedom by "Caesar’s own henchman, Mark Antony." His death only highlighted the stability of ‘one man rule’ by the ensuing chaos and further civil wars that broke out with Caesar's murderers,

2374: 28: 823:: "Your pleas have prevented me from committing suicide. But what is there to live for? Don't blame me for complaining. My afflictions surpass any you ever heard of earlier". In another letter to Atticus, Cicero suggested that the Senate was jealous of him, and this was why they declined to recall him from exile. In a later letter to his brother 412: 663:. The Orations listed Catiline and his followers' debaucheries, and denounced Catiline's senatorial sympathizers as roguish and dissolute debtors, clinging to Catiline as a final and desperate hope. Cicero demanded that Catiline and his followers leave the city. At the conclusion of his first speech, Catiline burst from the 955: 997:) and Antony as consul, leader of the Caesarian faction, and unofficial executor of Caesar's public will. The two men had never been on friendly terms and their relationship worsened after Cicero made it clear that he felt Antony to be taking unfair liberties in interpreting Caesar's wishes and intentions. When 222:, translator, and philosopher. An impressive orator and successful lawyer, Cicero probably thought his political career his most important achievement. Today, he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings. His voluminous correspondence, much of it addressed to his friend 739:

for his efforts to suppress the conspiracy, but lived thereafter in fear of trial or exile for having put Roman citizens to death without trial. He also received the first public thanksgiving for a civic accomplishment; previously this had been a purely military honor. Cicero's four Catiline Orations

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faction and embark on a campaign of "seditious" reform. His social class and loyalty to the Republic ensured he would "command the support and confidence of the people as well as the Italian middle classes." This appeal was undercut by his lack of social standing and a reliable and viable power base,

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not so much for the risk of my own safety as for the appalling situation which confronted me on arrival. To begin with, our forces were too small and had poor morale. Secondly, with the exception of the commander-in-chief and a handful of others, everyone was greedy to profit from the war itself and

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without noble or even senatorial ancestry), but returned first of all the candidates he stood against every time. That was rarely achieved even by sons of the highest and wealthiest noble families and underlines the genuine depth and breadth of Cicero's popularity among Romans of all but the poorest

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Many years later, Octavian came upon one of his grandsons reading a book by Cicero. The boy, terrified, sought to hide it in his gown but Octavian (then called Augustus) saw it, took the book from him, and read a great part of it as he stood, and then handed the volume back, saying: "A learned man,

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Cicero travelled to Athens, where he again met Atticus, who had fled war-torn Italy to Athens in the 80s. Atticus had become an honorary citizen of Athens and introduced Cicero to some significant Athenians. In Athens, Cicero visited the sacred sites of the philosophers. The most important of them

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government. However, his career as a statesman was marked by inconsistencies and a tendency to shift his position in response to changes in the political climate. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political

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20 April 46 BC, Cicero outlined his strategy under Caesar's dictatorship: "I advise you to do what I am advising myself—avoid being seen even if we cannot avoid being talked about. If our voices are no longer heard in the Senate and in the Forum, let us follow the example of the ancient sages and

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was too idealistic. Also, Roman institutions had failed to keep pace with Rome's enormous expansion. The Republic had reached such a state of disrepair that regardless of Cicero's talents and passion, Rome lacked "persons loyal to to trust with armies." Cicero lacked the political power and any

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Cicero's last words were said to have been, "There is nothing proper about what you are doing, soldier, but do try to kill me properly." He was decapitated by his pursuers. Once discovered, he bowed to his captors, leaning his head out of the litter in a gladiatorial gesture to ease the task. By

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Among the proscribed, Cicero was one of the most viciously and doggedly hunted. Other victims included the tribune Salvius, who, after siding with Antony, moved his support directly and fully to Cicero. Cicero was viewed with sympathy by a large segment of the public and many people refused to

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grew more intense in 50 BC. Cicero, rather forced to pick sides, chose to favour Pompey, but at the same time he prudently avoided openly alienating Caesar. When Caesar invaded Italy in 49 BC, Cicero fled Rome. Caesar, seeking the legitimacy that endorsement by a senior senator would provide,

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After the civil war, Cicero recognised that the end of the Republic was almost certain. He stated that "the Republic, the Senate, the law courts are mere ciphers and that not one of us has any constitutional position at all." The civil war had destroyed the Republic. It wreaked destruction and

230:, the 1st-century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters to Atticus contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period. 1055:, one of Caesar's assassins, that same September: "I am pleased that you like my motion in the Senate and the speech accompanying it. Antony is a madman; corrupt and much worse than Caesar whom you declared the worst of evil men when you killed him. Antony wants to start a bloodbath". 366:

in 79 BC. However, the delay of around a year, in which time Cicero also married, hardly points to a panicked flight, and Cicero's own explicit explanation of poor health appears much more likely. Accompanying him on his journey were his brother Quintus, his cousin Lucius, and probably

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faction never truly accepted Cicero, despite his outstanding talents and vision for the security of the Republic. This undermined his efforts to reform the Republic while preserving the constitution. Nevertheless, he was able to successfully ascend the Roman

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in 48 BC, though he was quickly losing faith in the competence and righteousness of the Pompeian lot. He quarrelled with many of the commanders, including a son of Pompey himself. Eventually, he even provoked the hostility of his fellow senator

984:, one of the conspirators, began, "How I could wish that you had invited me to that most glorious banquet on the Ides of March"! Cicero became a popular leader during the period of instability following the assassination. He had no respect for 804:, Greece on 23 May 58 BC. The day Cicero left Italy, Clodius proposed another bill which forbade Cicero approaching within 400 miles (640 km) of Italy and confiscated his property. The bill was passed forthwith, and Cicero's villa on the 473:. Verres was convicted, and he fled into exile. Upon the conclusion of this case, Cicero came to be considered the greatest orator in Rome, surpassing Hortensius. Relations between Hortensius and Cicero remained friendly despite this rivalry. 988:, who was scheming to take revenge upon Caesar's murderers. In exchange for amnesty for the assassins, he arranged for the Senate to agree not to declare Caesar to have been a tyrant, which allowed the Caesarians to have lawful support. 671:. In his following speeches Cicero did not directly address Catiline but instead addressed the Senate. By these speeches Cicero wanted to prepare the Senate for the worst possible case; he also delivered more evidence against Catiline. 476:

Oratory was considered a great art in ancient Rome and an important tool for disseminating knowledge and promoting oneself in elections. It was important because there was only one "newspaper" in Rome, created in 130 BC,

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was asked his opinion and proposed life imprisonment and that the conspirators should be made to suffer the "extremest punishments"; many acceded to his opinion, but then many were swayed when the matter came to a young

1161:. In the same meeting the Senate voted to prohibit all future Antonius descendants from using the name Marcus, the removal of all remaining statues of Antony and to make void any other honors that had been paid him. 827:, he named several factors he believed contributed to his exile: "the defection of Pompey, the hostility of the senators and judges, the timidity of equestrians, the armed bands of Clodius." Atticus borrowed 25,000 726:, one of the conspirators, to the Tullianum. After the executions had been carried out, Cicero seeing many members of the conspiracy still assembled in the forum, announced the deaths by the formulaic expression 931:, Cicero returned to Rome only very cautiously. Caesar pardoned him and Cicero tried to adjust to the situation and maintain his political work, hoping that Caesar might revive the Republic and its institutions. 601:

and is very important in understanding Cicero's political success and rapidly growing self-confidence as well as a simultaneous rising tide of personal jealousy and hostility towards him among the nobility.

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body, there were limits to its power; however, martial law was in effect, and it was feared that simple house arrest or exile—the standard options—would not remove the threat to the state. First,

1001:, Caesar's heir and adopted son, arrived in Italy in April, Cicero formed a plan to play him against Antony. In September he began attacking Antony in a series of speeches he called the 800:

indemnified him from punishment, and he attempted to gain the support of the senators and consuls, especially of Pompey. When help was not forthcoming, he went into exile. He arrived at

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their conversation was so bloodthirsty that I shuddered at the prospect of victory. In a word everything was wrong except the cause we were fighting for." After Caesar's victory at the

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and slated Caesar for his proposed leniency and accused him of involvement, and with that the Senate were swayed and agreed on Cato's proposal. Cicero had the conspirators taken to the

706:, who decried the precedent it would set and argued in favor of life imprisonment in various Italian towns of Cicero's choosing and the confiscation of all of their personal property. 686:, in their plot, but Cicero, working with the Gauls, was able to seize letters which incriminated the five conspirators and forced them to confess their crimes in front of the Senate. 1102:

in a litter going to the seaside from where he hoped to embark on a ship to Macedonia. When the assassins arrived his own slaves said they had not seen him, but he was given away by

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of Rhodes. He instructed Cicero in a more expansive and less intense (and less strenuous on the throat) form of oratory that would define Cicero's individual style in years to come.

1408:. A disparity occurs in his assassination, which occurs in an orchard rather than on the road to the sea. The TV series also depicts Cicero's assassination at the hands of the 1404:. The portrayal broadly adheres to the historical record, reflecting Cicero's political indecision and continued switching of allegiances between the various factions in Rome's 1094:, and all of their contacts and supporters were numbered among the enemies of the state though, reportedly, Octavian argued for two days against Cicero being added to the list. 1130:, both of whom had displayed the heads of their enemies in the Forum. He was the only victim of the Triumvirate's proscriptions to be displayed in that manner. According to 585:

as Rome's leading orator. Consequently, he was not only elected to all the chief offices at the first attempt and the minimum permitted age (always a difficult task for a

1197:(freedom) the Romans enjoyed for centuries. Cicero's vision had some fundamental flaws. It harked back to a ‘golden age’ that may never have existed. Cicero's idea of the 1114:

baring his neck and throat to the soldiers, he was indicating that he wouldn't resist. His hands were cut off as well and nailed and displayed along with the head on the

1044: 852:. Elated, he returned to Rome, where some time later the Senate passed a resolution restoring his property and ordered reparations to be paid for damages done to him. 331:, a private dispute from 81 BC delivered when Cicero was 26. However, the first major public case of which a written record is still existent was his 80 BC defense of 1379:) appears as a supporter of Octavius. This portrayal deviates sharply from history, as Cicero survives the civil war to witness Octavius assume the title of princeps. 678:’s veterans in Etruria. Many peasant farmers who were racked by debt also supported Catiline in the countryside. These five parties had attempted to involve the 354:

Cicero's successful defense was an indirect challenge to the dictator Sulla, whom he again challenged in a lost speech defending the disenfranchised citizens of

859:, who at the time was Clodius' chief opponent. Clodius typically drew his political support from armed mobs and political violence, and he was slain by Milo's 469:

The prosecution of Gaius Verres in 70 BC was a great forensic success for Cicero. Verres' defense counsel was Rome's greatest lawyer and orator in those days,

2219: 164:(he entered the Senate in 74 BC after finishing his quaestorship in Lilybaeum, 75 BC), and ended in 43 BC, when he was assassinated upon the orders of 1397: 664: 1047:, Caesar's father-in-law, delayed proceedings against Antony. Antony was later declared an enemy of the state when he refused to lift the siege of 674:

Catiline fled and left behind his followers to start the revolution from within while Catiline assaulted the city with an army recruited from among

1964:

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Latin extracts of Cicero on Himself, translated by Charles Gordon Cooper, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1963

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in 52 BC. Clodius' relatives brought charges of murder against Milo, who appealed to Cicero for advocacy. Cicero took the case, and his speech

1649: 610: 318:, though he had no taste for military life. Cicero was first and foremost an intellectual. Several years later he would write to his friend, 2596: 707: 246:

and private change. "Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self-control and adversity with more fortitude!" wrote

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took Cicero's head, pulled out his tongue, and jabbed it repeatedly with her hairpin in final revenge against Cicero's power of speech.

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This represents a "perfect" electoral record, in the sense that it could not be bettered. This had probably not happened before for a

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Cicero is generally perceived to be one of the most versatile minds of ancient Rome. He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of

188: 786:, introduced a law threatening exile to anyone who executed a Roman citizen without a trial. Cicero, having executed members of the 435:

in 75 BC and demonstrated honesty and integrity in his dealings with the inhabitants. As a result, the grateful Sicilians became his

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except to acquire the preliminary experience in warfare that a career in civil service demanded. In 90–88 BC, Cicero served both

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contrary to republican values. He also failed to a certain extent to recognize the real power structures that operated in Rome.

1409: 723: 698: 504:("new man") to have been elected consul without consular ancestors had been the politically radical and militarily innovative 977: 1043:, a certain Salvius, delayed these proceedings and was "reviled", as Appian put it, by Cicero and his party. The speech of 2286: 2064: 1024: 431:

and proconsul (both governors) in financial matters in one of the provinces of Rome. Cicero served as quaestor in western

1961:

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero's letters to Atticus, Vol, I, II, IV, VI, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 1965

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who was collecting marble statues for Cicero's villas: "Why do you send me a statue of Mars? You know I am a pacifist!"

1656: 794:, and having had a public falling-out with Clodius, was clearly the intended target of the law. Cicero argued that the 1946: 1883: 1663: 849: 521:(liberty), the fundamental value of the Roman Republic. Nonetheless, Sulla’s reforms strengthened the position of the 1561: 1717: 689:

The Senate then deliberated upon the conspirators' punishment. As it was the dominant advisory body to the various

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Cicero and Antony then became the two leading men in Rome; Cicero as spokesman for the Senate (he was appointed

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called out Cicero's name, asking him to "restore the Republic" when he lifted the bloodstained dagger after the

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in 30 BC, avenged his father's death somewhat when he announced to the Senate Mark Antony's naval defeat at

972:, 44 BC. Cicero was not involved in the conspiracy, even though the conspirators were sure of his sympathy. 820: 787: 779: 765: 638: 427:). Quaestors, 20 of whom were elected annually, dealt with the financial administration at Rome or assisted 368: 343:

were considered appalling crimes, and the people whom Cicero accused of the murder—the most notorious being

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Cicero's popularity approached its heights during his aedileship and the subsequent years when he eclipsed

2466: 1179: 1085: 1074:. Immediately after legislating their alliance into official existence for a five-year term with consular 1052: 935: 824: 761: 447: 362:, Cicero was so fearful of Sulla's anger after Roscius' acquittal that he left for Greece, Asia Minor and 311: 307: 2406: 2399: 1376: 1232: 922:

if he had stayed in Rome. In Cicero's own words: "I came to regret my action in joining the army of the

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After his return to Rome, Cicero's reputation rose very quickly, assisting his elevation to office as a

730:("they have lived"), which was meant to ward off ill fortune by avoiding the direct mention of death. 722:, the notorious Roman prison, where they were strangled. Cicero himself accompanied the former consul 383:. Because Cicero's philosophical stance was very similar to that of the New Academy as represented by 226:, has been especially influential, introducing the art of refined letter writing to European culture. 2530: 2373: 2211: 2135: 1247: 1221: 1202:

military skill or resources, to enforce his ideal. To enforce republican values and institutions was

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courted Cicero's favour, but even so Cicero slipped out of Italy and in June traveled to Dyrrachium (

783: 388: 387:, he felt that Antiochus had moved too far away from his predecessor. He was also initiated into the 380: 1868: 2537: 2328: 2279: 2265: 1810: 1431: 1307: 1252: 1226: 928: 463: 138: 2459: 2358: 2272: 2172: 2006: 1354: 1292: 1272: 1071: 1036: 948: 715: 659:), and he drove Catiline from the city with four vehement speeches which came to be known as the 582: 522: 515:’s victory in the first of many civil wars led to a new constitutional framework that undermined 470: 180: 1103: 2349: 2111: 2094: 2089: 2043: 2010: 1982: 856: 791: 769: 660: 446:

During his stay in Sicily he discovered, hidden by thick bushes and undergrowth, the tomb of

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Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Political Speeches, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1969

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Cicero remained the "Republic's last true friend" as he spoke out for his ideals and of the

1063: 993: 915: 885: 711: 683: 533:, but more importantly he was a constitutionalist, meaning he did not wish to side with the 400: 384: 376: 234: 215: 1621: 909:), Illyria, where Pompey's staff was situated. Cicero traveled with the Pompeian forces to 490:

Despite his great success as an advocate, Cicero lacked reputable ancestry: he was neither

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March, Duane A., "Cicero and the 'Gang of Five'," Classical World, volume 82 (1989) 225–34

1383: 1325: 1267: 1261: 1241: 1051:, which was in the hands of Decimus Brutus. Cicero described his position in a letter to 227: 124: 1508:

Castren and Pietilä-Castren: "Antiikin käsikirja" /"Handbook of antiquity" (2000) p. 237

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class, contributing to that class’s growing political power. Cicero was both an Italian

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in the United States and Italy) covers Cicero's time as consul through his exile in 58

772:. Cicero refused the invitation because he suspected it would undermine the Republic. 325:

Cicero started his career as a lawyer around 83–81 BC. The earliest known case is the

2585: 2342: 2198: 2067:, Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic, University of Oxford Press, London, 1936 2055: 1287: 1282: 969: 901: 757: 735: 703: 562: 428: 259: 238: 204: 1098:

report that they had seen him. He was caught December 7, 43 BC leaving his villa in

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Smith, R. E., Cicero the Statesman, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 1966

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Cicero's plan to drive out Antony failed, however. After the successive battles of

801: 505: 440: 327: 200: 192: 173: 92: 1526:

Cicero: Samtliga brev (Collected letters) in Swedish translation by G.Sjögren 1963

2023:, The last Generation of the Roman Republic, University of California Press, 1974 848:). He was greeted by a cheering crowd, and, to his delight, his beloved daughter 2487: 2434: 2335: 1436: 1413: 1183: 1131: 1119: 1008: 1003: 985: 964: 690: 652: 479: 399:

in order to learn a less exhausting style of speaking. His chief instructor was

184: 165: 82: 2508: 2480: 2420: 2247: 2205: 1970:

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Works, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1971

869: 841: 829: 679: 500: 279: 176: 147: 110: 70: 1991:

Cowell, Cicero and the Roman Republic, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1973

2473: 1405: 981: 906: 881: 864: 860: 776: 719: 546: 535: 340: 336: 296:. There was just one path to these: public civil service along the steps of 114: 2017:. Edited, Abridged, and with a Critical Foreword by Hans-Friedrich Mueller. 733:

Consequently, Cicero partly due to the help of Cato received the honorific

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for the year 63 BC, defeating patrician candidate Lucius Sergius Catilina (

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and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary, distinguishing himself as a

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invited Cicero to be the fourth member of his existing partnership with

2314: 1099: 1090: 1040: 954: 918:, who told him that he would have been of more use to the cause of the 910: 668: 566: 302:. However, in 90 BC he was too young to apply to any of the offices of 40: 27: 2151: 1318: 1175: 1154: 1139: 1115: 1048: 1012: 944: 943:

serve our country through our writings concentrating on questions of

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From the Gracchi to Nero, University Paperbacks, Great Britain, 1968

2032:, Fall of the Roman Republic, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1972 1084:

their enemies and potential rivals. Cicero and his younger brother

450:, on whose gravestone was carved Archimedes' favourite discovery in 339:. Taking this case was a courageous move for Cicero; parricide and 233:

During the chaotic middle period of the first century BC, marked by

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Rawson, Elizabeth, Cicero, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1975

1387: 557:, holding each magistracy at or near the youngest possible age: 443:, a governor of Sicily, who had badly plundered their homeland. 2124: 819:

Cicero's exile caused him to fall into depression. He wrote to

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Appearances in modern fiction, listed in order of publication

544:, his primary base of support, did not hold much power. The 2372: 808:

was destroyed by Clodius' supporters, as were his villas in

508:—a distant relative of Cicero's who also came from Arpinum. 1306:

covering the life of Cicero as told by his secretary/slave

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came to be considered by some as his crowning masterpiece.

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Cicero returned from exile on 5 August 57 BC and landed in

391:, which made a strong impression on him, and consulted the 379:, where he conversed with the present head of the Academy, 195:, and played a critical role in the transformation of the 1975:

Cicero: the life and times of Rome's greatest politician

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imagines Cicero's last thoughts as a short monologue in

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in 31 BC by Octavian and his capable commander-in-chief

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Rawson, Elizabeth: "Cicero, A portrait" (1975) p. 329

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my child, a learned man and a lover of his country".

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remain outstanding examples of his rhetorical style.

667:, where the Senate had convened, and made his way to 207:, Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest 1517:

Everitt, A.: "Cicero, a turbulent life" (2001) p. 43

1275:; Cicero first appears as a precocious young boy in 2561: 2522: 2444: 2391: 2384: 2257: 2188: 2181: 2093:, University of Chicago Press, 448 pages, Reprint: 1893: 1891: 130: 120: 98: 88: 66: 50: 34: 18: 768:, an assembly that would eventually be called the 511:Cicero grew up in a time of civil unrest and war. 498:. A further hindrance was that the last memorable 160:began in 76 BC with his election to the office of 1066:, Antony and Octavian reconciled and allied with 962:Cicero was taken completely by surprise when the 483:(Daily Resolutions), which was published by the 395:. But first and foremost he consulted different 250:, a contemporary Roman statesman and historian. 241:, Cicero championed a return to the traditional 1734:Cicerone in esilio. L’epistolario e le passioni 1358:, a British-Italian film (2003), also shown as 283:(authority), symbolized by the purple-bordered 1998:, Fawcett publications, Inc. Greenwich, Conn. 1594:Rawson, E.: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) p. 27. 2136: 1585:Haskell, H.J.: "This was Cicero" (1940) p. 83 1535:Rawson, E.: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) p. 22 1499:Haskell, H.J.:"This was Cicero" (1964) p. 296 980:. A letter Cicero wrote in February 43 BC to 8: 884:until he returned to stir up trouble in the 1362:in some countries, where Cicero (played by 1321:and leads up to Cicero's election to consul 1134:(in a story often mistakenly attributed to 833:for Cicero's cause and, with Cicero's wife 2388: 2185: 2143: 2129: 2121: 1182:, and finally between his own supporters, 648:Senatus Consultum de Re Publica Defendenda 26: 15: 2003:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 1732:, 1964, pp. 201–02. See also Garcea, A.: 1149:, during his year as a joint consul with 1035:) and urged the Senate to name Antony an 641:, which he claims aimed to overthrow the 637:). During his year in office he thwarted 191:, reached the height of Roman power, the 158:political career of Marcus Tullius Cicero 958:Cicero around age 60, from a marble bust 439:, and he was asked by them to prosecute 2072:Cicero: A sketch of his life and works. 1448: 1260:, (1965) a fictionalized biography, by 462:to that of the smallest right circular 262:" (αἰὲν ἀριστεύειν), a line taken from 1317:(2006) begins with the prosecution of 837:, attempted to recall him from exile. 714:followed him—rising in defense of the 645:, led by Catiline. Cicero procured a 7: 2110:, Doubleday & Company, Reprint: 892:Civil War, opposition to Mark Antony 855:During the 50s BC Cicero supported 710:then opposed Caesar's proposal and 1348:Appearances in film and television 14: 2074:Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. 1747:Samtliga brev/Collected letters 1416:was not Cicero's actual killer. 1366:) appears in several vignettes. 1106:, a freed slave of his brother 1007:, in honour of his inspiration— 724:Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura 423:in 75 BC (the next step on the 1122:according to the tradition of 258:Cicero's childhood dream was " 1: 2287:De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum 1490:16, trans. John Selby Watson. 1400:prominently and is played by 1025:Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus 2552:Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem 569:in 66 (age 40), and finally 487:and of limited circulation. 2597:Political careers by person 1369:In the 2005 ABC miniseries 1147:Marcus Tullius Cicero Minor 1088:, formerly one of Caesar's 968:assassinated Caesar on the 2613: 2220:De Partitionibus Oratoriae 1749:(in a Swedish translation) 1360:Augustus The First Emperor 314:as they campaigned in the 2370: 2227:De Optimo Genere Oratorum 2158: 1620:, Book V, Sections 64–66 1410:fictionalized Titus Pullo 797:senatus consultum ultimum 693:assemblies rather than a 657:Senatus Consultum Ultimum 615:Cicero Denounces Catiline 466:in which it fits is 2:3. 25: 2294:Tusculanae Disputationes 2065:Strachan-Davidson, J. L. 2001:Gibbon, Edward. (1793). 1981:, hardback, 359 pages, 1927:Cicero, A turbulent life 1795:Cicero: A turbulent life 1736:, Hildesheim: Olms. 2005 1412:, though the historical 1286:series, (1991–2005), by 1080:, the Triumvirate began 665:Temple of Jupiter Stator 237:and the dictatorship of 2545:Epistulae ad Familiares 2322:Cato Maior de Senectute 1973:Everitt, Anthony 2001, 1427:Personal life of Cicero 1302:A trilogy of novels by 788:Catilinarian conspiracy 780:Publius Clodius Pulcher 766:Marcus Licinius Crassus 369:Servius Sulpicius Rufus 320:Titus Pomponius Atticus 189:Roman constitutionalist 2467:Divinatio in Caecilium 2378: 2042:, Allen Lane, London 1994:Haskell, H.J.: (1946) 1086:Quintus Tullius Cicero 959: 753: 699:Decimus Junius Silanus 626: 448:Archimedes of Syracuse 416: 312:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 308:Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo 2400:De Imperio Cn. Pompei 2377:Marcus Tullius Cicero 2376: 2152:Marcus Tullius Cicero 1618:Tusculan Disputations 1398:Marcus Tullius Cicero 957: 896:The struggle between 751: 613: 415:Marcus Tullius Cicero 414: 20:Marcus Tullius Cicero 2531:Epistulae ad Atticum 1375:, Cicero (played by 974:Marcus Junius Brutus 792:without formal trial 784:tribune of the plebs 752:Gaius Julius Caesar. 389:Eleusinian Mysteries 381:Antiochus of Ascalon 211:and prose stylists. 203:. A contemporary of 2538:Epistulae ad Brutum 2329:Laelius de Amicitia 2070:Taylor, H. (1918). 1432:Marcus Tullius Tiro 1253:Joris-Karl Huysmans 1227:William Shakespeare 929:Battle of Pharsalus 629:Cicero was elected 458:of the volume of a 407:Entry into politics 347:—were favorites of 239:Gaius Julius Caesar 2460:Pro Roscio Amerino 2379: 2359:Paradoxa Stoicorum 2040:Cicero, A portrait 2007:The Modern Library 1793:Everitt, Anthony: 1780:Everitt, Anthony: 1460:Cicero, a portrait 1355:Imperium: Augustus 1293:Robert Olen Butler 1273:Colleen McCullough 1210:In popular culture 1072:Second Triumvirate 1037:enemy of the state 960: 949:constitutional law 790:four years before 754: 655:, also called the 651:(a declaration of 627: 583:Quintus Hortensius 471:Quintus Hortensius 417: 181:political theorist 2579: 2578: 2518: 2517: 2407:In Catilinam I–IV 2368: 2367: 2350:Somnium Scipionis 2090:The Art of Memory 2036:Rawson, Elizabeth 1652: ; Sallust, 1484:Cornelius Nepos, 1475:(1964) pp. 300–01 1199:concordia ordinum 1138:), Antony's wife 1023:Cicero supported 770:First Triumvirate 661:Catiline Orations 335:on the charge of 248:C. Asinius Pollio 154: 153: 121:Literary movement 54:December 7, 43 BC 38:January 3, 106 BC 2604: 2502:Pro Archia Poeta 2389: 2301:De Natura Deorum 2186: 2168:Political career 2145: 2138: 2131: 2122: 2108:A Pillar of Iron 2085:Francis A. Yates 1949: 1936: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1908: 1902: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1871: 1862: 1856: 1847: 1841: 1832: 1826: 1823:Second Philippic 1819: 1813: 1804: 1798: 1791: 1785: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1743: 1737: 1726: 1720: 1711: 1705: 1698: 1692: 1685: 1679: 1672: 1666: 1654:Bellum Catilinae 1643: 1637: 1630: 1624: 1614: 1608: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1570: 1564: 1555: 1549: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1482: 1476: 1469: 1463: 1453: 1258:A Pillar of Iron 1238:epistolary novel 1033:Gallia Cisalpina 994:princeps senatus 744:Exile and return 708:Lutatius Catulus 684:Transalpine Gaul 573:in 63 (age 43). 565:in 69 (age 37), 561:in 75 (age 31), 401:Apollonius Molon 393:Oracle of Delphi 385:Philo of Larissa 377:Academy of Plato 216:Greek philosophy 125:Golden Age Latin 30: 16: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2557: 2514: 2440: 2414:In Toga Candida 2380: 2364: 2253: 2190: 2177: 2154: 2149: 2104:Taylor Caldwell 2081: 2079:Further reading 2056:Scullard, H. H. 1996:This was Cicero 1958: 1953: 1952: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1899:This was Cicero 1897:Haskell, H.J.: 1896: 1889: 1878: 1874: 1863: 1859: 1848: 1844: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1760:This was Cicero 1758:Haskell. H.J.: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1730:This was Cicero 1728:Haskell, H.J.: 1727: 1723: 1712: 1708: 1702:This was Cicero 1700:Haskell, H.J.: 1699: 1695: 1689:This was Cicero 1687:Haskell, H.J.: 1686: 1682: 1673: 1669: 1644: 1640: 1634:de lege Manilia 1631: 1627: 1615: 1611: 1605:This was Cicero 1603:Haskell, J.J.: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1567: 1556: 1552: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1483: 1479: 1473:This was Cicero 1471:Haskell, H.J.: 1470: 1466: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1423: 1350: 1329:(2009) (titled 1277:The Grass Crown 1268:Masters of Rome 1262:Taylor Caldwell 1242:Thornton Wilder 1217: 1212: 1171: 1027:as governor of 1021: 934:In a letter to 894: 746: 608: 579: 409: 358:. According to 277:(position) and 256: 228:Cornelius Nepos 142: 55: 39: 21: 12: 11: 5: 2610: 2608: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2417: 2410: 2403: 2395: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2308:De Divinatione 2304: 2297: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2269: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2202: 2194: 2192: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2133: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2101: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2018: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1931: 1918: 1903: 1887: 1872: 1857: 1842: 1827: 1825:Against Antony 1814: 1799: 1786: 1773: 1764: 1751: 1738: 1721: 1706: 1693: 1680: 1667: 1638: 1625: 1609: 1607:(1964) p. 108. 1596: 1587: 1578: 1565: 1550: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1477: 1464: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1380: 1367: 1364:Gottfried John 1349: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1334: 1322: 1300: 1290: 1279: 1264: 1255: 1244: 1229: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1170: 1167: 1145:Cicero's son, 1108:Quintus Cicero 1060:Forum Gallorum 1029:Cisalpine Gaul 1020: 1017: 893: 890: 775:In 58 BC, the 745: 742: 643:Roman Republic 623:Cesare Maccari 607: 604: 578: 575: 554:cursus honorum 425:cursus honorum 408: 405: 333:Sextus Roscius 304:cursus honorum 299:cursus honorum 289:and the Roman 286:toga praetexta 255: 252: 197:Roman Republic 152: 151: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 68: 64: 63: 52: 48: 47: 36: 32: 31: 23: 22: 19: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2609: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2343:De Re Publica 2340: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258:Philosophical 2256: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2199:De Inventione 2196: 2195: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2163:Personal life 2161: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2116:0-385-05303-7 2113: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2099:0-226-95001-8 2096: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2048:0-7139-0864-5 2045: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2015:0-375-75811-9 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1987:0-375-50746-9 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1925:Everitt, A.: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912:Roman History 1910:Cassius Dio, 1907: 1904: 1901:(1964) p. 293 1900: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866:Ad Familiares 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836:Ad Familiares 1831: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1808:Ad Familiares 1803: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1704:, 1964 p. 201 1703: 1697: 1694: 1691:, 1964 p. 200 1690: 1684: 1681: 1678:, 1984 p. 106 1677: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1462:(1975) p. 303 1461: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1377:Michael Byrne 1374: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1304:Robert Harris 1301: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1288:Steven Saylor 1285: 1284: 1283:Roma Sub Rosa 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1233:Ides of March 1230: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1222:Julius Caesar 1219: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 995: 989: 987: 983: 979: 978:assassination 975: 971: 970:Ides of March 967: 966: 956: 952: 950: 946: 941: 937: 932: 930: 925: 921: 917: 912: 908: 903: 902:Julius Caesar 899: 891: 889: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 871: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 831: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 798: 793: 789: 785: 781: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 758:Julius Caesar 750: 743: 741: 738: 737: 736:Pater Patriae 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716:death penalty 713: 709: 705: 704:Julius Caesar 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 682:, a tribe of 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649: 644: 640: 636: 632: 624: 620: 616: 612: 605: 603: 600: 595: 593: 588: 584: 576: 574: 572: 568: 564: 563:curule aedile 560: 556: 555: 549: 548: 543: 538: 537: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519: 514: 509: 507: 503: 502: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 481: 474: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 413: 406: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 372: 370: 365: 361: 357: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 329: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 300: 295: 292: 288: 287: 282: 281: 276: 275: 271:. He pursued 270: 269: 265: 261: 260:Ever to Excel 253: 251: 249: 244: 240: 236: 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 205:Julius Caesar 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 150: 149: 145: 141: 140: 136: 133: 131:Notable works 129: 126: 123: 119: 116: 112: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 93:Ancient Roman 91: 87: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 65: 62: 58: 53: 49: 46: 42: 37: 33: 29: 24: 17: 2570:Summum bonum 2568: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2507: 2500: 2495:Pro Cluentio 2493: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2453:Pro Quinctio 2451: 2433: 2428:Pro Marcello 2426: 2419: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2357: 2348: 2341: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2271: 2264: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2225: 2218: 2204: 2197: 2191:and politics 2167: 2107: 2088: 2071: 2039: 2021:Gruen, Erich 2002: 1995: 1979:Random House 1974: 1942: 1934: 1926: 1921: 1911: 1906: 1898: 1880: 1875: 1865: 1860: 1850: 1845: 1835: 1830: 1822: 1817: 1807: 1802: 1794: 1789: 1781: 1776: 1767: 1759: 1754: 1746: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1714: 1709: 1701: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1675: 1674:Rawson, E.: 1670: 1660: 1659:; Plutarch, 1653: 1647:In Catilinam 1646: 1641: 1633: 1628: 1617: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1590: 1581: 1573: 1568: 1558: 1553: 1545: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1467: 1459: 1451: 1402:David Bamber 1391: 1370: 1359: 1353: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1312: 1296: 1281: 1266: 1257: 1246: 1236:, (1948) an 1231: 1220: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1172: 1163: 1144: 1112: 1096: 1089: 1075: 1070:to form the 1057: 1032: 1022: 1002: 992: 990: 963: 961: 939: 933: 923: 919: 895: 877: 875: 868: 854: 839: 828: 818: 802:Thessalonica 795: 774: 755: 734: 732: 727: 688: 673: 656: 646: 639:a conspiracy 628: 625:, 1882–1888. 614: 598: 596: 591: 586: 580: 552: 545: 541: 534: 530: 526: 516: 510: 506:Gaius Marius 499: 489: 478: 475: 468: 445: 441:Gaius Verres 424: 418: 397:rhetoricians 373: 353: 328:Pro Quinctio 326: 324: 303: 297: 284: 278: 272: 266: 257: 254:Early career 232: 213: 201:Roman Empire 157: 155: 146: 143: 139:Pro Quinctio 137: 134: 2488:Pro Caecina 2435:Philippicae 2336:De Officiis 1546:Pro Caecina 1437:Lorem ipsum 1414:Titus Pullo 1271:series, by 1184:Mark Antony 1132:Cassius Dio 1120:Roman Forum 1082:proscribing 1045:Lucius Piso 1009:Demosthenes 1004:Philippicae 986:Mark Antony 965:Liberatores 691:legislative 653:martial law 480:Acta Diurna 454:: that the 345:Chrysogonus 185:philosopher 166:Mark Antony 144:Philosophy: 89:Nationality 83:philosopher 2586:Categories 2509:Pro Caelio 2481:Pro Tullio 2421:Pro Milone 2280:Consolatio 2266:Hortensius 2248:De Legibus 2206:De Oratore 1956:References 1879:Plutarch, 1851:Civil Wars 1713:Plutarch. 1557:Plutarch, 1456:Rawson, E. 1390:TV series 1331:Conspirata 1204:ipso facto 1104:Philologus 878:Pro Milone 870:Pro Milone 861:gladiators 842:Brundisium 756:In 61 BC, 680:Allobroges 599:novus homo 587:novus homo 531:novus homo 523:equestrian 501:novus homo 429:propraetor 316:Social War 280:auctoritas 243:republican 235:civil wars 193:Consulship 179:, lawyer, 148:De Oratore 111:philosophy 71:Politician 67:Occupation 2474:In Verrem 2392:Political 2273:Academica 2182:Treatises 1406:civil war 1396:features 1297:Severance 1248:À rebours 982:Trebonius 924:optimates 920:optimates 911:Pharsalus 907:Epidamnos 886:Civil War 865:Via Appia 830:sestertii 777:demagogue 720:Tullianum 547:optimates 536:populares 496:patrician 341:matricide 337:parricide 199:into the 177:statesman 135:Politics: 2445:Judicial 2385:Orations 2212:Book III 2189:Rhetoric 2173:Writings 2106:(1965), 2087:(1974). 2030:Plutarch 2009:(2003), 1939:Plutarch 1864:Cicero, 1849:Appian, 1834:Cicero, 1821:Cicero, 1806:Cicero, 1797:. p. 208 1762:, p. 204 1745:Cicero, 1645:Cicero, 1616:Cicero, 1572:Cicero, 1544:Cicero, 1421:See also 1338:Dictator 1314:Imperium 1195:libertas 1188:Octavian 1151:Octavian 1136:Plutarch 1077:imperium 999:Octavian 882:Massilia 846:Brindisi 844:(modern 835:Terentia 810:Tusculum 806:Palatine 728:vixerunt 695:judicial 635:Catiline 592:centuria 559:quaestor 518:libertas 464:cylinder 452:geometry 421:quaestor 375:was the 360:Plutarch 356:Arretium 291:lictors' 274:dignitas 220:linguist 162:quaestor 103:politics 2562:Related 2523:Letters 2315:De Fato 2038:(1975) 1784:p. 215. 1632:Cicero 1622:excerpt 1487:Atticus 1326:Lustrum 1180:Cassius 1159:Agrippa 1118:in the 1100:Formiae 1068:Lepidus 1053:Cassius 1041:tribune 863:on the 825:Quintus 821:Atticus 814:Formiae 669:Etruria 577:Praetor 567:praetor 542:equites 540:as the 437:clients 264:Homer's 224:Atticus 209:orators 115:oratory 99:Subject 41:Arpinum 2592:Cicero 2241:Orator 2234:Brutus 2114: 2097: 2046: 2013: 1985: 1943:Cicero 1929:(2001) 1915:47.8.4 1884:46.3–5 1881:Cicero 1782:Cicero 1715:Cicero 1676:Cicero 1661:Cicero 1574:Brutus 1559:Cicero 1372:Empire 1341:(2015) 1319:Verres 1299:(2006) 1176:Brutus 1169:Legacy 1155:Actium 1140:Fulvia 1124:Marius 1116:Rostra 1091:legati 1064:Mutina 1049:Mutina 1039:. One 1013:Appian 945:ethics 898:Pompey 850:Tullia 782:, the 762:Pompey 631:Consul 619:fresco 606:Consul 571:consul 529:and a 485:Senate 460:sphere 433:Sicily 364:Rhodes 187:, and 170:Cicero 79:orator 75:lawyer 57:Formia 1839:10.28 1657:40–45 1562:3.2–5 1443:Notes 1251:, by 1225:, by 1128:Sulla 1019:Death 936:Varro 676:Sulla 527:eques 513:Sulla 492:noble 456:ratio 349:Sulla 268:Iliad 174:Roman 61:Italy 45:Italy 2112:ISBN 2095:ISBN 2044:ISBN 2011:ISBN 1983:ISBN 1947:49.5 1869:12.2 1854:4.19 1664:18.4 1393:Rome 1388:BBC2 1382:The 1308:Tiro 1186:and 1178:and 1126:and 1062:and 947:and 916:Cato 900:and 857:Milo 812:and 764:and 712:Cato 494:nor 310:and 172:, a 156:The 81:and 51:Died 35:Born 1811:9.2 1650:3.2 1576:316 1384:HBO 1240:by 951:". 938:on 876:In 621:by 594:). 294:rod 107:law 2588:: 2005:, 1977:, 1945:, 1941:, 1890:^ 1718:32 1548:97 1458:: 1190:. 1110:. 940:c. 888:. 816:. 617:, 371:. 183:, 168:. 113:, 109:, 105:, 77:, 73:, 59:, 43:, 2144:e 2137:t 2130:v 1636:2 1386:/ 1031:(

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